CSS PREPARATION

I. Introduction to Computing

Q. No. 2.

1-Super Computing Technologies: Computer HW and SW Details and Types of Computer Hardware."
(CSS-2023)

2-Performance Metrics for Super Computers: This relates to "Computer System Components and
Communication System" and "Major Software Issues." (CSS-2023)

3-Role of Web Crawling, Indexing & Searching operations for a Search Engine: "Search Engines,
Browsers" and "Information Representation & Number Systems." (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 2.

3-Write the differences between Computer Science, Software Engineering, Information Technology,
Information Systems, Computer Engineering, and Bioinformatics. Introduction to Computing :- Various
Computing Disciplines (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 3.

2-Write a detailed note on the principles of Information Security/Privacy. Introduction to Computing:-

Information Security/Privacy (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 2.

1-What are office productivity tools? Explain uses of any two productivity tools in your home or
workplace. Introduction to Computing (CSS-2021)

2-Write a detailed note on computer crimes and ethical challenges.Introduction to Computing:-

Computer Crimes and Ethical Challenges. (CSS-2021)

3-What are the different types of computers? Explain the benefits of miniaturization. Introduction to
Computing:- Types of Computers and the benefits of miniaturization (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 3.

1-Describe any two of the following briefly: ISP, HTML, SSD, Cloud Computing. Introduction to
Computing (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 3.

1-Write standard ports for following services HTTP, FTP, SMTP, HTTPS, DNS. Introduction to Computing:
Standard Ports (CSS-2020)

2-Design an appropriate interface for citizen portal mobile application. The interface should contain
different features which are part of the portal application. The Interface may contain different screens to
support these features.Introduction to Computing domain.:- Interfaces and Mobile Applications (CSS-
2020)

3-If you are transferring a file over the Internet, would you prefer TCP or UDP as the underlying protocol.
Explain.Introduction to Computing:- Computer System Components and Communication System (CSS-
2020)

4-If you are transferring live audio in real-time over the Internet, would you prefer TCP or UDP as the
underlying protocol. Explain.Introduction to Computing:- Computer System Components and
Communication System (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 2.

1-Give a detailed note on a revised BSD 3-clause license. Also name 5 softwares using this license.
Introduction to Computing:- software license and naming software using that license.(CSS-2019)

2-How do artificial intelligence may facilitate us in improving cyber security? Introduction to Computing:
artificial intelligence usecase for cyber security.(CSS-2019)

3-What are the main parts and phases of a computer virus program? Introduction to Computing: main
parts and phases of a computer virus program.(CSS-2019)

Q. No. 5.

1-Discuss the security issues associated with the cloud computing. Introduction to Computing:-
Information security and privacy. (CSS-2019)

3-An image is a representation of some information. Discuss how does a computer represents an image
internally? Name different algorithms used to extract features from images.Introduction to Computing:-
computer represents an image internally and the algorithms used to extract features from images.
(CSS-2019)

Q. No. 2.

1-How many layers are in the TCP/IP stack? What are the names? Introduction to Computing:-Computer
System Components and Communication System. (CSS-2018)

2-How digital evidences can be preserved from a crime scene. Write in details by taking examples of
digital devices commonly used these days. Introduction to Computing:-digital forensics and
cybersecurity. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 2.

1-The internet era has given rise to the problem of cybercrimes. Given the need to maintain privacy
which is an ethical responsibility of the government, what technical means would you suggest to curb
this problem? Introduction to Computing:- Computer Crimes and Ethical Challenges. (CSS-2017)
2-Describe the difference between Harvard and Von-Neumann architectures of computers. Also discuss
their traits in the light of their capabilities.Introduction to Computing:- Computer HW and SW Details.
(CSS-2017)

3-Virtual memory is used by the computer to support the running of heavy applications.Describe the
functioning of virtual memory in the computer. Also comment on the management of virtual and
physical memory by an operating system. Introduction to Computing:- Computer HW and SW Details.
(CSS-2017)

Q. No. 3.

1-Three types of languages exist for use in programming of computers, Machine, Low Level and High
Level languages. Elucidate on these three types, giving details of the conversion process between Low
Level and High Level language into Machine language. Introduction to Computing:- Computer HW and
SW Details. (CSS-2017)

Q. No. 2.

2-Which type of computer (supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers)

will suit an individual? Justify your answer.Introduction to Computing:-Types of Computer Hardware,
Software, and Programming languages. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 3

2-Explain and differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory, giving examples.Introduction to
Computing:-Computer System Components and Communication: Types of Computer HardwareSystem.
(CSS-2016)

Q. No. 2.

3-What are the responsibilities of Operating system kernel? Operating Systems:- Operating System
Kernel. (CSS-2018)

7-If time slice is of 50 milliseconds and context switch requires a microsecond, how many processes can
the machine service in a second?Operating Systems:- Process Scheduling. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 2.

5-Why do modern processors use more power when their clock frequency is increased?Computer
System Components and Communication System:- Computer Hardware. (CSS-2018)

6-Ali is telling Ahmad that he is representing a -ve number and its most significant bit is 1, Ahmad
immediately shouted you are representing numbers using 2's compliment. True or False. And why?
representation of negative numbers using two's complement:-computer architecture and digital
representation. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 8.
3-Parallel processing and the use of pipelining for this purpose. Computer Organization & Architecture:-
Parallel Processing and possibly Graphs. (CSS-2017)

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Programming Fundamentals

1-How does dynamic memory allocation is managed programmatically in a C++ program? Clarify yours
understanding through a viable program: "Programming Fundamentals":-Program development and
execution and "Memory management" (CSS-2023)

2-Write a note on the use of overloaded operators. Discuss with examples: "Programming
Fundamentals":- Operator overloading (CSS-2023)

3-What is bit twiddling? Give a brief description:Programming Fundamentals:-Bit manipulation

operators. (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 2.

1-Using C++ write a function pattern(int n) that produces the following output. Pay special attention to
the spaces and clearly state the return type of the function. Note that the following is just an example;
your solution should work for any input “n”. Programming Fundamentals:-function implementation and
output generation (CSS-2022)

2-Write the output of the following C++ code assuming that there is no error in the code: int ary[4] =
{1,2,3,4}; int *p1 = ary + 3; cout << p1[-2] << endl; int *p2 = &p1[-2]; *p2 = 10; cout << ary[1] << endl;
Programming Fundamentals:-programming and understanding pointer operations (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 3.

1-Complete the C++ code below to find the number of distinct elements in an array in O(n) time (linear
time complexity) where "n" is the number of elements in the array.Programming Fundamentals:- Array
Manipulation and Time Complexity Analysis (CSS-2022)

3-Write the output of the following C++ code assuming that there is no error in the code.Programming
Fundamentals:- Programming and Understanding Pointer Operations (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 4.

1-Write a C++ program to check whether a string is palindrome or not.Programming Fundamentals:-

string manipulation and logic implementation (CSS-2022)

2-Write the output of the following C++ code assuming that there is no error in the code. Programming
Fundamentals:- Programming and Bitwise Operations (CSS-2022)
Q. No. 3.

2-Write a program that should output the factors of the number passed as input – one factor on each
line. Factors of a number, say x, are those whole numbers which can be multiplied with other whole
numbers to get x. Programming Fundamentals (CSS-2021)

3-What are IDEs? How do they help in software development? List the IDEs you have ever used.
Introduction to Computing:- IDEs (Integrated Development Environments). (CSS-2021)

4-Write a program in C/C++ to convert a decimal number to hexadecimal. Programming Fundamentals:-

decimal number to hexadecimal. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 5.

2-What is pass by value and pass by reference? Can we pass an object as a parameter to call a method in
java? Programming Fundamentals:- pass by value and pass by reference. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 2.

1-Write a C/C++ program which implements binary logical ‘AND’, ‘OR’ and ‘NOT’ gates. The program
takes binary numbers and desired logical gate as inputs and outputs the desired output of the gate.
Programming Fundamentals:- implementing logical gates (CSS-2020)

2-Write a C/C++ program which inputs a number from a user and prints Fibonacci series up to the
number. Programming Fundamentals:- Fibonacci series. (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 4.

1-Write a program to perform mathematical operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication on

complex numbers. Each operation should be supported by a separate method. Programming
Fundamentals:- mathematical operations on complex numbers. (CSS-2020)

3-Write a program to convert numbers into words. For instance, if the user types 123, the program
should give output one hundred and twenty three. Programming Fundamentals:-writing a program to
convert numbers (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 3.

1-See the following C++ program to declare whether an input number is a prime number or not. Identify
the logical errors in the given program (if any). Give your correct statement(s) exactly at the same line
number. Programming Fundamentals:- logical errors and correcting (CSS-2019)

2-What is the difference between call by value and call by reference? Programming Fundamentals:- call
by value and call by reference.(CSS-2019)

3-What is the role of preprocessor directives? Give three examples in C++. Programming Fundamentals:-
role of preprocessor directives and provides examples in C++. (CSS-2019)
Q. No. 2.

4-List down any four best practices for coding standards.Programming Fundamentals:- coding standards
and best practices,. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 5.

2-What is bit twiddling? Give brief description.Concept of bit twiddling, which involves manipulating
individual bits within binary data. (CSS-2019)

Q. No. 3.

1-Write a program grade average calculator, User will input marks for five subjects and program will
output the average of its marks. Print appropriate message on the base of its mark's average e.g.; Well
done, Keep it up, Better luck next time etc. Programming Fundamentals Basic programming elements
and concepts. (CSS-2018)

2-Given that i,j,k,n & m are integer variables. Write a condition such that: i- hello is only printed when,
any of the following conditions are met: i is twice the value of j, j is smaller than k and less than n, or m is
negative. inti,j,k,n,m; cin>>i>>j>>k>>n>>m;Programming Fundamentals Control structures. (CSS-2018)

3-Write equivalent instruction to following instruction without the use of += operator: where w,z are
integers. w+=2*z+4; Programming Fundamentals:- Assignment operators and expressions. (CSS-2018)

4-Predict the values of variables a & b after every instruction integer a=5 b=6, a=(b++) + 3; b=--
a;Programming Fundamentals:- Assignment operators and expressions. (CSS-2018)

(e) Complete the code such that it prompts the user for +ve number n. Then displays the output.
(whatever the value of n is)(HINT: instead of triangles of stars its triangles of increasing numbers)[marks
It pertains to writing a code to display a pattern of numbers based on user input.. (CSS-2018)

(f) In following code replace the character at posth location in the string st with the ,character ch. For
example in string helloworld replacing 2nd character with i would result in hilloworld Programming
Fundamentals:- Arrays, pointers, and strings. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 3.

2-Write a function that calculates the quadratic equation in . You may use the math library for this
purpose. The program should ask the user to enter values of a, b and c and should print the result. A
sample execution of the program is shown below:- Programming Fundamentals User-defined functions
and parameter passing. (CSS-2017)

3-Consider that you are required to create a program for a supermarket checkout machine. The machine
has a database of the items available in the supermarket which consists of the items name, code and
price. Programming Fundamentals:- Structures, unions, and bit manipulation operators. (CSS-2017)

Q. No. 2.
1-Write a program to input choice from user for temperature conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius or
Celsius to Fahre00000000nheit. After the choice, input temperature from user and display the converted
answer. Sample execution of the program is given below; Programming Fundamentals:- Basic
programming elements and concepts, Program structure. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 3.

1-Define a function named monthly-profit which will calculate the monthly profit on the given
investment amount. Function will take two float arguments, percent profit rate and investment amount
and return the monthly profit (float). Programming Fundamentals:- User-defined functions and
parameter passing. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 4.

(a) Define a structure to store records of Persons. We want to store only Name, age and address of
Person.Programming Fundamentals:- Structures and Standard I/O streams and statements. (CSS-2016)

(b) Convert given binary numbers to Decimal, Octal and Hexadecimal. (i) 100(2) (ii) 10100(2) (iii)
100101(2)Programming Fundamentals:- Number Systems and Data Conversion. (CSS-2016)

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Object Oriented Paradigm

Q. No. 4

1-What is Polymorphism? Explain Ad-Hoc Polymorphism, Parametric Polymorphism & Subtyping with
suitable coding examples."Object-Oriented Paradigm:- Polymorphism (CSS-2023)

2-Discuss Late Binding with a short program."Object-Oriented Paradigm":- Late Binding or Dynamic
Binding.(CSS-2023)

3-Differentiate between Abstraction & Encapsulation:"Object-Oriented Paradigm":-Abstraction" and

"Encapsulation.(CSS-2023)

Q. No. 5

1-In the main function (driver program), separately create 5 different objects of the Circle class using a
different way of object creation (mentioned above) for each of them.Object-Oriented Programming :-
Object Creation and Constructors, classes (CSS-2022)

2-What is a virtual function in C++? Using an example, explain how does a virtual function mechanism
work. Object-Oriented Paradigm :-Polymorphism and virtual functions (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 4
1-Explain object oriented programming paradigm. Write a detailed note on any two of the principles of
object oriented programming paradigm.Object-Oriented Paradigm:- Object-Oriented Programming
(OOP) paradigm. (CSS-2021)

2-Why do we need interfaces in OOP? How does it help in achieving abstraction. Object-Oriented
Paradigm:- concept of interfaces in OOP and their role in achieving abstraction (CSS-2021)

3-What do you mean by runtime and compile time errors? Introduction to Computing:-concepts of
runtime and compile-time errors. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 6

2-Differentiate between overloading and overriding with the help of an example. Object-Oriented
Paradigm:- overloading and overriding (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 2

3-Explain the concept of abstract class with an example. Object-Oriented Paradigm:- abstract class (CSS-
2020)

Q. No. 4

2-How object encapsulation is useful? Explain Object-Oriented Paradigm:- encapsulation (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 5

A university maintains records for students, Faculty, and academic record. Following three classes are
part of the system Student (ID, Name, Age, Address, Contact, Program, CGPA) Teachers (ID, Name, Age,
Address, Highest Degree, Subjects, Salary) Courses (Semester, Course Code, Student ID, Teacher ID,
Grade). All the data is stored in files

1-Draw a class diagram to represent the three classes and their relationships. Object-Oriented Paradigm
(CSS-2020)

2-Write C++ programs to compute following: Programming Fundamentals:- various operations adding a
student, adding a course, finding a student based on CGPA, adding a teacher, and updating a student.
(CSS-2020)

i. Add a student ii. Add a course iii. Find a student with respect to CGPA iv. Add a Teacher v. Update a
student

Q. No. 4

1-How do the OOP paradigm can be associated with the real-world problems? Explain. Object-Oriented
Paradigm: Real World Usecase. (CSS-2019)

2-Discuss critical reasons given by the professionals for not supporting the OOP paradigm. Object-
Oriented Paradigm: Professionals Not Supporting OOP paradigm. (CSS-2019)

Q. No. 4

Consider the inheritance hierarchy shown below. Each part of this question is independent.

1- In which class(es) would it make most sense to have protected members? Which class(es) would be
able to access those protected members directly? Object-Oriented Paradigm:- Inheritance and Access
Modifiers. (CSS-2018)

2-Which class(es) can access private members of class C directly? Object-Oriented Paradigm:-
Inheritance and Access Modifiers. (CSS-2018)

3-Suppose class C contains a pure virtual function. Suppose we wish to instantiate objects of this
hierarchy. Which class(es) are or could be abstract and which are concrete? Object-Oriented Paradigm:-
Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions. (CSS-2018)

4-Consider the following list of classes: Car, SteeringWheel, Vehicle, Van, Minivan,AudioSystem,
ParkingLot. Your task is to describe all of the is-a and has-a relationships between these classes. Include
an inheritance hierarchy for all classes that fit. Fill in the table with is-a or has-a relationship while
leaving the cells empty where no relation is applicable.It pertains to describing the relationships
between classes and constructing an inheritance hierarchy. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 2

3-Suppose you are trying to build a Student Registration System using object oriented approach.
Objective of the system is to store information of course registration of students and their course
results.Object-Oriented Paradigm:- Introduction to Classes and Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism,
and Files & streams. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 4

3-Suppose you are trying to build a Library Information System using object oriented approach. System
should be able to keep track of books issued and returned. It should be able to calculate fine if a book is
late.Object-Oriented Paradigm:- Introduction to Classes and Objects, Encapsulation, Inheritance, and
Polymorphism. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 4

(c) Suppose you are designing software for a Medical Store, using object oriented techniques. Decide
and define classes (like ‘Person’, ‘Customer’, ‘Salesman’, ‘Purchase’ etc.) and their attributes in C++ or
Java syntax.Object-Oriented Paradigm:-Classes and Objects, Inheritance, and possibly Polymorphism.
(CSS-2016)

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 Algorithms & Data Structures

Q. No. 5

1-This question is related to algorithm analysis, specifically the theoretical and asymptotic analysis of
algorithms. It falls under the domain of "Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations." (CSS-2023)

2-This question asks about the four types of analysis that can be performed to evaluate the asymptotic
behavior of an algorithm. It also falls under the domain of "Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic
Notations." (CSS-2023)

3-This question involves evaluating the order of growth of different functions and comparing them. It
also falls under the domain of "Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations."(CSS-2023)

Q. No. 6

1-Complete the following recursive function using C++ to calculate k raised to the power n, i.e., kn.
Algorithms & Data Structures :- Recursion (CSS-2022)

2-Compare and contrast the DES, AES, and RSA encryption algorithms.Algorithms & Data Structures :-
Encryption Algorithms (CSS-2022)

3-Write the time complexity of the following C++ code in terms of Big-O notation. Assume that there is
no error in the code. Data Structures:- Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notations (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 7

1-The following function performs binary search on a given array of n numbers: Draw control flow graph
for the above function. Also find its cyclomatic complexity.Algorithms & Data Structures:- Flow Charts
and Cyclomatic Complexity (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 5

1-What is a tree in data structure? Describe its types with the help of examples. Algorithms & Data
Structures:- trees in data structures (CSS-2021)

3-Convert following infix notation to prefix (i) (30+23)*(43-21)/(84+7) (ii) 2*(1+(4*(2+1)+3)) Algorithms
& Data Structures:- converting infix notation to prefix. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 6

1-Convert following NFA to DFA. Algorithms & Data Structures:- NFA (Nondeterministic Finite
Automaton) to a DFA (Deterministic Finite Automaton). (CSS-2021)

3-What is recursion in data structures? Explain three conditions of a recursive function with the help of
an example. Algorithms & Data Structures:- recursion (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 6
John rides a Van service from new square (S) to the city harbor (T). The van service charges Rs 10 per Km.
There are numerous routes between the two points.

1-In order to rip off his customers, John always wanted to use the longest path. To find the longest path,
John evaluates all the possible paths and selects the longest path. Write an algorithm to select the
longest path using this approach. Algorithms & Data Structures:-writing an algorithm to select the
longest path between two points (CSS-2020)

2-Compute the complexity of this algorithm and determine that whether it is in P, NP, or NP-complete.
Algorithms & Data Structures:- computing the complexity of the algorithm (CSS-2020)

3-Write an algorithm to find a minimum distance between ‘S’ and ‘T’. Algorithms & Data Structures:-
writing an algorithm to find the minimum distance between two points. (CSS-2020)

4-Derive the complexity of this algorithm.Algorithms & Data Structures:- complexity of the algorithm
for finding the minimum distance between two points. (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 8

1-Is P = NP? Comment. Algorithms & Data Structures:- complexity class P vs. NP. (CSS-2020)

2-Suppose you are representing a social network (such as facebook) as a graph. Devise an algorithm
through which you can determine friends of friends. Algorithms & Data Structures : algorithm to
determine friends of friends represented as a graph. (CSS-2020)

3-Explain the complexity of this algorithm. Algorithms & Data Structures (complexity of the algorithm
for determining friends of friends. (CSS-2020)

4-Optimal problems are generally NP hard problems. Is it appropriate to use heuristics based
approaches? Algorithms & Data Structures:- heuristics-based approaches for solving NP-hard
problems. (CSS-2020)

Q. No. 6

1-Discuss the limitations of genetic algorithms. Algorithms & Data Structures:- heuristic search
algorithms. (CSS-2019)

2-What is AVL tree? Under what condition, a binary tree becomes AVL tree?Algorithms & Data
Structures:- AVL trees, self-balancing binary search tree, concept of tree balancing. (CSS-2019)

3-Consider the following graph. Find out the sequence of edges added to the minimum spanning tree
using Kruskal’s algorithm. Algorithms & Data Structures:-graph algorithms ruskal's algorithm. (CSS-
2019)

Q. No. 5

1-What is dangling pointer? Algorithms & Data Structures: Pointers and Dynamic Memory Allocation. It
asks about the concept of a dangling pointer. (CSS-2018)

2-What data structure would employ to build a text editor and why? It pertains to selecting a suitable
data structure for building a text editor and providing a rationale for the choice. (CSS-2018)

3-Random insertion of nodes into a binary search tree would result in what types of tree shape.
Elaborate.Algorithms & Data Structures: Trees. (CSS-2018)

4-How would you modify a link list based queue so that first and last node can be accessed in a constant
time regardless of data nodes in the queue? Algorithms & Data Structures:- Linked Lists and Queues.
(CSS-2018)

Q. No. 6

1-Define balanced tree both for AVL and Binary search tree.Algorithms & Data Structures:-Trees and
Balanced Trees. (CSS-2018)

2-What is informed or heuristic search what type of algorithm is used to do such a search?Algorithms &
Data Structures:- Heuristic Search. (CSS-2018)

3-Differentiate between graph and trees. Which is special case of the other? Algorithms & Data
Structures:- Graphs and Trees. (CSS-2018)

4-Explain what type of problems can be solved by genetic algorithm. Algorithms & Data Structures:-
Genetic Algorithms. (CSS-2018)

Q. No. 5

1-Draw and build a Red-black tree for the following keys (50, 60, 70, 80, 90) and (50, 40, 30, 20, 10).
Would a binary tree be suitable for the insertion of these keys? Algorithms & Data Structures:- Trees.
(CSS-2017)

2-Hash tables enable for fast insertion and searching within the database. Describe the process of
hashing with a suitable example.Algorithms & Data Structures:- Hash Tables. (CSS-2017)

3-Describe the process of Bubble Sorting. Write down the output after each pass of the Bubble Sort
algorithm for sorting the sequence (3, 8, 2, 6, 1, 10). Algorithms & Data Structures:-Sorting Algorithms.
(CSS-2017)

Q. No. 8

1-Global, Local and shared variables for nested function access.Algorithms & Data Structures:-
Implementation of Stacks and Queues using ADTs, as well as Recursion.(CSS-2017)

4-Resource allocation during runtime processes. Algorithms & Data Structures:-Designing

Algorithms:Heuristic (Guided) Search. (CSS-2017)
6-Searching Algorithms. Algorithms & Data Structures:- Searching and Sorting Algorithms: Linear
Search and Binary Search. (CSS-2017)

Q. No. 5

1-Describe the followings (no description with more than three lines); i. Sibling Nodes ii. Degree of a tree
iii. Leaf Node iv. Height/ Depth of a tree v. Binary Tree vi. Full Binary Tree vii. Complete Binary Tree viii.
Maximum number of nodes in a Binary Tree at level L. Data Structures and Algorithms. (CSS-2016)

2-Find the time complexity of Binary search by resolving the recurrence (given below) using iterative
substitution method. T(1) = 2 if n =< 1 T(n) = 4 + T(n/2) if n>1. Algorithms:- Time Complexity Analysis.
(CSS-2016)

3-Draw the given array in the form of binary tree. Then apply ‘Build-Heap’ Algorithm to convert the given
tree in the form of Max-Heap (i.e. draw final Max-heap in the form of tree and array). Finally show
execution of ‘Heap-sort’ algorithm by rewriting the Heap array after each iteration of the algorithm. A =
{8, 14, 2, 26, 10, 12, 16, 28, 20, 7} Data Structures and Algorithms:- Binary Trees, Heap Data Structure,
Build-Heap Algorithm, and Heap-Sort Algorithm. (CSS-2016)

Q. No. 6

1-Write Abstract Data Types (ADT) of Stack and Queue. Include the specifications of Add, Delete,
IsEmpty, IsFull functions along with their respective functions. Algorithms and Data Structures. (CSS-
2016)

2-For step count expressions n2 + 10 and 2n / 4 find breakeven point i.e. for which value of n (starting
from 1,2…) second expression will become greater than value of first expression. Algorithms:-
Mathematical Expressions and Analysis. (CSS-2016)

3-In AVL tree balance factor of every node is -1 or 0 or +1. We can calculate the balance factor as Height
left-sub-tree – Height right-sub-tree. Construct AVL tree from the given data; A = {8, 14, 2, 26, 10, 12, 16,
28, 20, 7}. Algorithms and Data Structures:- AVL Trees and Tree Construction. (CSS-2016)

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Software Engineering

Q. No. 6

1-Discuss the architecture of aspect-oriented system. Software Engineering:- Aspect-Oriented Software

Engineering, (CSS-2023)

2-Briefly discuss the motivation for aspect-oriented programming. Software Engineering:- Aspect-
Oriented Software Engineering (CSS-2023)
3-Briefly describe 05 agile software development frameworks.Software Engineering:- Agile Software
Development (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 7

2-What is the difference between white box (Glass Box) testing and black box testing? Software
Engineering:- Software Testing (CSS-2022)

3-Requirements can be specified using natural language specification. Software Engineering :-

Requirements Engineering (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 7

1-Write detailed notes on any TWO of the following: i. PERT chart ii. Unified Modeling Language iii. AVL
Trees. Software Engineering:- PERT charts, Unified Modeling Language (UML), and AVL Trees. (CSS-
2021)

2-What is a Software Process Model? Explain the Spiral model in detail. Software Engineering :-software
process models (CSS-2021)

3-What do you mean by software quality? List at least five quality attributes. Software Engineering:-
Software Quality. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 8

5-Write a note on Aspect Oriented Programming. Software Engineering:- Aspect-Oriented Programming

(AOP). (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 7

1-Discuss the architecture of aspect-oriented system. Software Engineering:- architecture of aspect-

oriented systems: aspect-oriented software engineering.(CSS-2019)

2-Briefly discuss the motivation for aspect-oriented programming. Software Engineering :-aspect-
oriented programming:- aspect-oriented software engineering.(CSS-2019)

3-What is the significance of quantification and obliviousness. Programming Languages:- Quantification

and Obliviousness. (CSS-2019)

Q. No. 7

1-Outline the difference between software verification and software validation. Software Engineering:-
Software Verification and Validation.(CSS-2018)

2-Give an outline of the unit testing process for verification.Software Engineering:- Software Testing.
(CSS-2018)

3-Agile Development is a process that values responding to change over following a plan. Discuss three
issues a Software Engineer should be mindful of when adopting this approach during software
development.Software Engineering:- Agile Software Development . (CSS-2018)

4-What type of project is not suited to incremental methods?Software Engineering :Agile Software
Development.(CSS-2018)

5-Outline the difference between Black box and White box testing. Software Engineering:-Software
Testing: black box testing and white box testing.(CSS-2018)

Q. No. 4

1-What factors should be considered when choosing particularly between evolutionary and incremental
models? Elucidate the characteristics of Rapid Application Development, Joint Application Development
and Agile Software Engineering.Software Engineering:-Software Process Models.(CSS-2017)

2-Differentiate between Software Validation and Verification. Discuss some of the techniques used for
empirical software evaluation. Software Engineering:- Software Quality Assurance.(CSS-2017)

3-Discuss the importance of Requirements Engineering in the success of a software project. Explain in
detail the process of ‘Requirements Sign-off’. Software Engineering:- Requirements Engineering.(CSS-
2017)

Q. No. 6

1-The design methodologies of programs can have multiple approaches including the Big Bang, Code and
Fix, Water Fall and the Spiral Model. Consider a test application and describe the development of the
application while following each of these four approaches.Software Engineering:- Software Process
Models.(CSS-2017)

2-Discuss the design issues of Task Partitioning and Task Allocation in Distributed Software Engineering
tasks. Software Engineering specifically:- Distributed Software Engineering.(CSS-2017)

3-Explain the importance of Design Patterns under the umbrella of Agile software design and
programming. Explain Software Testing and different methodologies.Software Engineering:-Agile
Software Development.(CSS-2017)

Q. No. 8

2-Protecting IP rights in the digital domain. Software Engineering:- Software Evolution, Software Quality
Assurance, Distributed Software Engineering.(CSS-2017)

Q. No. 7

3-Describe Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Explain your answer with the help of depicting and
describing different phases of pure water fall software life cycle.Software Engineering:- Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC).(CSS-2016)
4-What is the difference between SRS document and design document? What are the contents we
should contain in the SRS document and design document. Documentation in Software Engineering:-
SRS document (Software Requirements Specification) and the design document.(CSS-2016)

Q. No. 8

1-What are the purposes of Data Flow diagrams, Entity-Relationship diagrams? Give an example diagram
of each.Software Engineering:- Data Flow diagrams and Entity-Relationship diagrams.(CSS-2016)

2-Explain five properties of language using the example of English. Explain why a software language like
MiniJava meets these properties as well. Software Engineering.(CSS-2016)

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Compiler Construction

Q. No. 7

1-Design and draw a finite automaton to recognize the regular language of all strings that contain the
string ‘001’ as a substring.:-Finite Automata and Regular Languages (CSS-2023)

2-Consider the following state diagram and extract the standard information, i.e., Q, Σ, q0, F, and
δ.Compiler Construction:- Finite Automata and State Diagrams (CSS-2023)

3-How would you optimize a loop? Describe the techniques briefly.Compiler Construction:-Loop
Optimization(CSS-2023)

Q. No. 8

1-Discuss the role of Syntax Tree in representing formal text structure. Develop a Syntax Tree structure
for the following piece of code: while b ≠ 0 if a > b a = a - b; else b = b - a; return a; - Compiler
Construction:-Syntax Trees and Syntax Analysis (CSS-2023)

2-Describe your understanding of Constant Folding using a brief pseudo code.Compiler Construction :-
Code Optimization:- Constant Folding (CSS-2023)

3-What is an Optimization problem? What are its 02 general categories? Write down the mathematical
representation of a standard optimization problem.Compiler Construction:- Optimization Problems and
their categories (CSS-2023)

Q. No. 8

1-Draw a finite automaton over ∑ = {0, 1} that accepts all binary strings starting and ending with 0
(single-0 string counts). Finite Automata (CSS-2022)

2-Write a regular expression over ∑ = {0, 1} to represent a set of strings that begin with 101 and end
with 110.Regular Expressions (CSS-2022)

3-Write a Context-Free Grammar (CFG) over ∑ = {0, 1} for the language of all binary strings of the form
0a. Context-Free Grammars (CFG) (CSS-2022)

Q. No. 8

1-Consider the grammarS → cAd,A → a b | a construct a top-down parse tree for the input string w =
cad. Compiler Construction:- top-down parse tree for a given grammar and input string. (CSS-2021)

2-Is the above given grammar ambiguous or unambiguous? Justify your answer.Compiler Construction:
given grammar is ambiguous or unambiguous. (CSS-2021)

3-Write similarities and differences of CFG and regular expression.Compiler Construction:- Context-Free
Grammars (CFGs) and regular expressions. (CSS-2021)

4-Design grammar for the following language:“The set of all strings of 0s and 1s such that every 0 is
immediately followed by at least one 1”.Compiler Construction: designing a grammar for a specific
language. (CSS-2021)

Q. No. 7

1-How many tokens are there in in this C code : printf("k = %d, &k = %x", k, &k); Compiler Construction:-
counting the number of tokens in a C code snippet.(CSS-2020)

2-Create State Transition Table from the following graph. Compiler Construction:- creating a State
Transition Table (CSS-2020)

3-Draw Finite State Automata which accepts following input. i. JIM ii. JMI iii. JJIIM iv. JJMMII Compiler
Construction:- Finite State Automaton to accept specific inputs.(CSS-2020)

4-Determine which of these inputs are valid for the FSM shown below: i. aaaaa ii. ababa iii. abcabc iv.
abccba v. acbcd vi. acbcdcd. Compiler Construction:- Determining the validity of inputs for a given
Finite State Machine.(CSS-2020)

Q. No. 8

1-Write down the major steps involved in code generation. Compiler Construction:- Code Generation.
(CSS-2019)

2-How would you optimize a loop? Describe the techniques briefly.Compiler Construction:-Code
Optimization: Optimizing a loop.(CSS-2019)

3-Differentiate machine-dependent optimization and machine-independent optimization.Compiler

Construction :-Code Optimization: Machine-dependent optimization and machine-independent
optimization .(CSS-2019)
Q. No. 8

1-What is the difference between lexers and parsers?Compiler Construction:- Lexical Analysis and
Parsing.(CSS-2018)

2-Write a grammar (BNF) for the language of palindromes. Compiler Construction:- Syntax Analysis and
Context-Free Grammars.(CSS-2018)

3-Here DFA is given for the language L find the DFA for L2. Compiler Construction:- Finite Automata.
(CSS-2018)

4-Convert the following DFA to a RE: Compiler Construction:- Finite Automata and Regular Expressions.
(CSS-2018)

Q. No. 8

5-Intermediate Code Generation.Compiler Construction:-Code Generation.(CSS-2017)

Q. No. 7

1-Draw a diagram that illustrates the process of translating a C++ source file into an executable file. Give
example of each phase depicted in your diagram of compilation process.Compiler Construction.(CSS-
2016)

2-Compare and contrast among compiler, interpreter and assembler.Compiler Construction:-

translators, Compiler, Interpreter, and Assembler.(CSS-2016)

Q. No. 8

3-Lexical analysis: Consider the following regular expression r1 = (A | …. | Z) * (0 | …. | 9)* Describe the
language defined by r1 in English. Turn r1 into an equivalent finite automaton. Remove ɛ-moves from the
finite automation.Compiler Construction:- Lexical Analysis.(CSS-2016)

4-What do you mean by Context Free Grammar (CFG)? Illustrate your answer with examples.Compiler
Construction:- Context-Free Grammars (CFG)..(CSS-2016)

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