FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.

GAMBELLA WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: GAMBELLA TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

THIS PROJECT IS PREPARED FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

DEGREE IN WATER RESOURCE AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Submitted to: Dep’t of WRIE Submission Date: 29/05/2024

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 1

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project entitled design of Gambella town water supply project.

By Group two

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Water Resource
and Irrigation Engineering at Gambella University in the year 2016 E.C

Under the guidance of

Mr. Lual Moses (MSc.)

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page I

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

DECLARATION

GAMBELLA TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC) DEGREE IN WATER RESOURCE AND
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AT GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

BY: ID NUMBER

1. GIRMA TEMESGEN…………………………………………..

2. TEMESGEN AMARE………………………………………….470

3. SAMUEL ELIAS……………………………………………..….413

4. HUSEN JAFAR…………………………………………………….

5. TESFALEM ADINAW……………………………………………476

6. TESFAYE ISAK………………………………………………..…475

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page II

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Acknowledgement
All praises, glory and honor are to the almighty GOD who enabled us to complete our study in
Gambella University.
We would like to express our special thanks and heartfelt appreciation to our project advisors
Mrs. Lual Moses for his supporting and valuable advising during the course of the project and
for their support by providing necessary material that help us to safe completion of our project.
Our grateful thanks go to all the staff of water resources and irrigation engineering department
for the commitment that they have shown in their duties and for all that, they have had for us for
the last four years.
Last but not least, the group member would like to express thanks those who helped us
materially, manually and financially for successful completion of this project
Finally, we are very much happy to express our heartfelt thanks to our families and friends who
have supported throughout our study in GBU.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page III

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Contents
DECLARATION................................................................................................................................II

Acknowledgement.............................................................................................................................III

CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objective of the Company.................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 General Objective.......................................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Specific objective........................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Description of project area.................................................................................................................3
2.1 Location and topography of the project area......................................................................................3
2.1.1 Climate........................................................................................................................................4

2.1.2 Topography.................................................................................................................................4

2.2 Socio-economic condition.................................................................................................................5

2.2.1 Administrative Context...............................................................................................................5

2.2.2 Socio-Economic Environment Given...........................................................................................6

2.3 Existing Water supply and sanitation.................................................................................................6

2.4 Transportation....................................................................................................................................7
2.5 Telecommunications..........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................9
3.0 Design period and Population forecasting.........................................................................................9
3.1 Design period.....................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Population Forecasting....................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Methods of forecasting population...........................................................................................10

3.2.2 Population forecasting using different method........................................................................13

CHAPTER FOUR..................................................................................................................................18
4.0 WATER DEMAND........................................................................................................................18

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page IV

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

4.1 Domestic water demand...................................................................................................................18

4.2 Per capita Domestic water Demand.................................................................................................19
4.3 Institutional water demand...............................................................................................................20
4.4 Commercial water demands.............................................................................................................20
4.5 Industrial water demands.................................................................................................................20
4.6 Firefighting water demand...............................................................................................................20
4.7 Loss and waste.................................................................................................................................20
4.8 The adjusted domestic water demand..............................................................................................27
4.9 summary of water demand...............................................................................................................30
4.9.1 Total Average Daily Water Demand..........................................................................................31

4.9.2 Maximum Daily Water Demand................................................................................................31

4.9.3 Peak Hour Demand...................................................................................................................31

CHAPTER FIVE....................................................................................................................................34
5.0 DESCIRIPTION OF PROJET ESTEEM.........................................................................................34
5.1 Source of water................................................................................................................................34
5.1.1 Surfaces Sources.......................................................................................................................34

5.2 Determination of storage capacity of the reservoir..........................................................................36

5.3 Depth and shape of service reservoir...............................................................................................42
5.3.1 Depth of service reservoir.........................................................................................................42

5.3.2 Shape of service reservoir.........................................................................................................43

5.4 Structural Design of service reservoir..............................................................................................43

5.4.1 Water Tank (reservoir) Design Consideration...........................................................................43

5.4.2 Design of 800m3 circular reservoir...........................................................................................45

5.5 Distribution system..........................................................................................................................46

5.5.1 Methods of distribution............................................................................................................47

5.5.2 Layout of distribution system...................................................................................................48

5.5.3 Design procedure of the distribution system............................................................................50

5.6 Laying of pipe..................................................................................................................................50

5.6.1 Selections of pipe materials......................................................................................................50

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page V

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

5.6.2 Design of pipelines....................................................................................................................51

5.7 Pressure in distribution....................................................................................................................51

5.8 Nodal demand computation.............................................................................................................52
5.9 Computer analysis of distribution system........................................................................................53
5.10 Appurtenances...............................................................................................................................53
5.11 Pump..............................................................................................................................................53
Characteristics of pump.....................................................................................................................55

5.2 Pump System Design.......................................................................................................................55

5.3 Water Hammer Analysis..................................................................................................................55
5.12 Treatment process..........................................................................................................................57
5.13 Disinfection...................................................................................................................................57
CHAPTER SIX......................................................................................................................................58
6.0 Environmental Impact and Assessment General.............................................................................58
6.1 Description of possible impact.........................................................................................................58
6.1.1 Positive Impacts of Project........................................................................................................60

6.2 Mitigation of Impacts......................................................................................................................60

6.3 Possible Adverse impacts................................................................................................................61
6.4 Mitigation measures.........................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER SEVEN.................................................................................................................................62
7.0 Cost estimation................................................................................................................................62
7.1 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for reservoirs...........................................................................63
7.2 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for water treatment..................................................................65
CHAPTER EIGHT.................................................................................................................................67
8.0 Conclusion and Recommendation...................................................................................................67
8.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................67
8.2 Recommendation.............................................................................................................................67
8.3 Reference:........................................................................................................................................68

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page VI

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page VII

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water plays an important role in making life comfortable. It is used in many ways example for
drinking, cooking, bathing, flushing of sewers, firefighting etc. It is possible to survive without
food and shelter for same days but without water, it is not possible to survive for much of the
time. without air we cannot live even for few minutes next to air it is water which of paramount
importance for living beings hence sufficient water supply provision is the most important and
prior need for any society with quality and quantity.

About 75% of earth is covered by water. However, from this high amount only 3% of it is
available as fresh water, which is found in lakes, rivers, springs, ice and ground water etc. Even
this little amount of fresh water is not found evenly distributes in all parts of the earth. In
addition, It is polluted and contaminated by water born diseases like typhoid, cholera, Bacillary,
Disunity, Amoeba and other kinds of bacteria. In addition, the density of population in cities and
towns is high. Therefore, the provision of safe, clean, sufficient and potable water and disposal
of garbage and undesirable material has become an important factor to live with. This is the main
responsibilities of the water Engineers especially Hydraulic Engineers to design, construct,
operate and maintain the water supply and sanitary services.

1.1 Objective of the Company

1.1.1 General Objective

The general objective of this project is to provide adequate, good quality, safe, and sustainable
water for the Gambella town population.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 1

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

1.1.2 Specific objective

 To provide whole water to the consumers for drinking purposes.

 To attain safe human health.

 To promote enough access of water to the community with well-designed sanitary activities.

 Maximize the economic, social, and political issues of the community by reducing the burden of
women and children.

 To prevent pollution of water at source, storage, and conveyance.

 To design and maintain a system that is economical and reliable.

 To prevent disease transmission and make water acceptable.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Description of project area

2.1 Location and topography of the project area

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 2

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The Gambella People's Regional State (GPRS) is located south west Ethiopia between the
geographical coordinates 60 28'38" to 80 34' North Latitude and 330 to 350 11’11" East
Longitude, which covers an area of about 34,063 km2 about 3% of the nation. The Region is
bounded to the North, North East and East by Oromia National Regional State, to the South and
Southeast by the Southern Nations and Nationalities People's Regional State and to the
Southwest, West and Northwest by the South Sudan. Topography is an integral part of the land
surface. It influences soil formation, drainage, runoff, erosion, exposure, accessibility etc. The
topography of the region is divided into two broad classes, i.e., the Lower Piedmonts between
500 to 1900masl and the Floodplains of below 500m contours.

Figure 1,
Geographical view of the
Gambella regional
state

2.1.1 Climate

The climate of the Gambella town is formed under the influence of the tropical monsoon from
the Indian Ocean. The region is characterized by high rainfall in the wet period from May to
October and has little rainfall during the dry period from November to April. According to the
Ethiopia agro-ecological classification, the climate of Gambella is mostly humid lowland

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 3

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

climate. The region is mostly flat, with a humid, warm climate. The annual climate for 17 years
is 615.9 mm, with an average of 21.12℃ low and 35.9 ℃ high. July is the coldest month
whereas March is the hottest month, with mid-day temperatures exceeding 31 ℃. Daily high
temperature is above 29 ℃. In the warm season, from February to March, temperatures above
35℃. The mean annual temperature of the Region varies from 17.3 ℃ to 28.3 ℃ and annual
monthly temperature varies throughout the year from 27 ℃ to 33 ℃. The absolute maximum
temperature occurs in mid-March and is about 45℃ and the absolute minimum temperature
occurs in December and is 10.3℃.

The annual rainfall of the Region in the lower altitudes varies from 900-1,500mm. At higher
altitudes, it ranges from 1,900-2,100mm. The annual evapotranspiration in the Gambella reaches
about 1,612mm and the maximum value occurs in March and is about 212mm.

Rainfall is the most important climatic factor. The annual rainfall of Gambella city varies from
319mm to 1000mm with a mean annual value of 665.5 mm. The rainy period extends from April
to September with a slight decline in June. The maximum rainfall occurs in April and the
minimum in January. The rainy season extends from July to October. Generally, the climate of
Gambella city and its surroundings have warm climatic conditions and experience two distinct
wet and dry seasons.

2.1.2 Topography

The town is characterized by, a gently rolling topography, which has enabled expansion of the
town in all directions as shown on the figure below. Elevation increases from the Baro River
towards North, South and East directions. Measured elevation of the project service area varies
from about 440masl near the Baro Bridge to about 525masl at the top of the Jajebe Hill.

Baro River, which passes through the center of the town in the East-West direction, divides the
town into two north and south halves of similar topographic pattern, both draining towards the
river. In the same way, the Jajebe River that drains the Northeastern part of the town and flows in
the South-West direction, divides the northern half further into two.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 4

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Figure 2. Baro (Left)

and Jabjabe (right)
river in Gambella
town

2.2 Socio-economic condition

2.2.1 Administrative Context

Gambella Town is the headquarters of the Gambella People’s National Regional State and its
largest town. It sits at the crucial bridge across the Baro River. Consequently, it hosts Regional
Offices for all Regional Government functions. The town administration also has a large number
of offices. Data obtained from the Town Administration indicated that a large number of heads
of household are government employees making administration the main economic activity.

Administratively, Gambella town is divided into five Kebeles. Kebeles 03 and 04 are to the north
of the Baro River while Kebele 05 is to the South where also the airport is located. Kebele 01
and 02 are to the East of Jajebe River tributary and host the largest and smallest proportion of the
population at 25 and 15%, respectively. Kebeles 03 and 04 to the west of Jajebe River are
divided by the Addis- South Sudan Road with Kebele 03 to the east and 04 to the west.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 5

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2.2.2 Socio-Economic Environment Given

The fact that employment in the formal sector has been increasing recently in addition to
agriculture, the main economic activity in the region. The income-generating activities of a
bigger part of the municipal population are mainly through petty businesses and few practices
farming activities, hence, a majority of the municipal population has low income. The state’s
population is engaged predominantly in farming, civil service, and commerce.

The majority of the town’s population is driving their livelihoods by undertaking small and
medium trades. The major undertakings in Gambella city include small-scale trading and micro
enterprises, hotels, retail trading, cereal marketing, flour mills, and clothes making, etc. As such,
business activities are the main source of cash income for Gambella. A significant number of
municipality residents are employed in large-scale farms (as workers), and the remaining earn
livelihoods as daily laborers, from pensions and other activities. Regarding industrial activities,
there are small-scale manufacturing and processors such as tubes and bricks, grinding mills,
woodworks, metal works, and bakeries. Other business establishments and service providers in
Gambella, which are expected to be potential sources of wastes, include hotels, bars, and
restaurants, fuel stations, over shops, small-scale processors (woodwork, metalwork, and
flourmills), garages, banks, abattoirs, small industries, stadiums, etc.

A large number of the Gambella Town residents derive their livelihood by operating small and
medium size businesses. These include small scale shops, Bajaje and micro enterprises, hotels
(81), bars and restaurants (68), fueling stations (6), shops (2,428), garages (29), banks (13), cloth
making (weaving and sewing) and livestock products marketing. Industry in Gambella Town is
in its nascent stage. Nevertheless, several small-scale industries include flourmills, cloth making,
small-scale manufacturing, grinding mills, wood works, metal works, and bakeries.

2.3 Existing Water supply and sanitation

Gambella city is dissected on both sides of the Baro River by many small perennial and seasonal
streams, which ultimately join the Baro River. There also are numerous springs in the city that
forms a critical source of water for the residents. Most of the area around Gambella city is
covered by crystalline basement rock with only shallow weathering, as observed in the drilled
borehole log reports, is not deep. Unless a fault, structure is intersected. Jajebe River, a major

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 6

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

tributary of Baro Rivers flows through the city in a South Westerly direction separating Kebele
01 and 02 from 03 and 04. The river confluences with Baro River next to the city Centre just
upstream of the Baro River Bridge. Therefore, it is important to give due attention during
construction and operation.

Water supply services in Gambella Town are provided by, the Gambella Water and Sewerage
Agency. The existing water supply system comprises a river intake on Baro River about 400 m
upstream of the Baro Bridge, raw water pumping station, raw water rising mains, conventional
water treatment works, treated water rising mains, reservoirs and distribution System. Because of
a rapid increase in the population of the town coupled with technical problems, the water supply
system was upgraded in 2015 to 10,000 m3/day. However, during the dry season, the suction
pipe at the intake plunges into accumulated river bed sediment making abstraction of raw water
difficult. Consequently, the water supply averages 6,840 m3/d, which is insufficient to meet the
current water demand estimated in this study as 8,600 m³/d.

The water intake is situated about 400 m upstream of the Baro River Bridge. It comprises a
platoon suspended in the river by a hinged intake structure. The raw water is pumped using
centrifugal pumps through a 250 mm diameter-pumping main to a 10,000 m3/d capacity
conventional wastewater treatment plant located 2.6 km north of the intake.

There is a network of water supply connections in the town. However, the town lacks sanitation
services composed of a central sewer system and septic tank system which empties their septic
tanks using a private sludge emptier. Gambella town has no central sewer system and houses are
not connected to any sewer system and do not have flush toilets with septic tanks; these houses
use pit latrines.

2.4 Transportation
The road network in the town is characterized by asphalt, gravel and cobblestone roads that
interconnect different parts of the city. The town is easily accessible from Addis Ababa via the
main asphalt road through Jimma and Metu Towns. Gambella is connected to the nearby towns
through an all-weather gravel road. Land transport facilities (such as bus, minibus and trucks
etc.) are the main transport facilities in the town. Bajaj is the main transport facility used within

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 7

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Gambella town. The town has a domestic airport, Gambella Airport, with a 2.5 km long runway
18 km south of the Town.

Hence, the influx of visitors and travelers in and out of the town is increasing from time to time
which is expected to contribute and increase waste generation in return.

2.5 Telecommunications
The town has a telecommunication network that is supported by analogue and digital
telecommunication services and mobile service. According to the town telecommunication
branch office, there is a plan to expand and upgrade telecommunication infrastructure. It is
expected that the current effort to connect Ethiopia with broadband fiber Optics network will
also benefit Gambella Town.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 8

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Design period and Population forecasting

3.1 Design period

A water supply scheme shall, almost without exception, cater for a requirement which is
continuously increasing with the coming years. Hence, a new water supply scheme is normally
made large enough to meet the needs of growing communities for an economically justifiable
number of years in future. Huge and costly construction works like dams, reservoirs, treatment
works and distribution pipelines are required for a complete water supply scheme. These works
cannot be replaced easily and conveniently for future expansion. Hence these works should be
designed for sufficient capacity to meet the future demand of the town for an established length
of time. This length of time or the number of years for which the design of the water supply
works has done is known as design period.

The design period should neither be too long that the financial burden is thrown on the future
generation nor should be too small that the whole financial burden is thrown on the present
generation and the design of water work becomes uneconomical. The design period is not only
limited by general economic consideration but also the following factors.

 Funds available for the completion of the project if more funds are available design period
may be more, but if small funds are available the design period shall be less.

 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the materials used in the water
supply work.

 Rate if interest on the loans taken to complete the project. If rate of interest is less, it will be good
to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is very high, the design should be small.

For design of water supply schemes for small towns, a design period of 20-25 years is considered
appropriate. For Gambella town water supply project by considering the above factors we adopt
a design period of 20 years. This period is divided in to two phases. The first phase covers the
time up to 2024 and the second up to 2034.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 9

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

3.2 Population Forecasting

In the design of a water supply scheme, after deciding the design period the next step is to
determine population in various times. Several methods are present, but it should be point out
that judgment must be exercised by the engineer as to which method is most applicable. The
methods of forecasting future population are discussed below so that the most appropriate
method can be used on the basis of the available past population data.

3.2.1 Methods of forecasting population

a) Arithmetic increase method

b) Geometric increase method

c) Incremental increase method

d) Decreasing rate method

e) Simple graphical method

f) Ratio and correlation

g) Master plan method

h) The logistic curve method

i) Method used by Ethiopian Statistics Authority

a. Arithmetic increase Method

This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at a constant rate. The
rate of change of population with time is constant i.e. dp/dt=k (a=constant)

Integrating ∫pnpodp=k∫0ndt

Pn=Po +kn, where Pn=population at n decades or years

n= decades k=Arithmetic increase

Limitation This method is generally applicable to large and old cities.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 10

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

b. Geometric increase method

This method is based on the assumption that the percent increase in population from decade to
decade remains constant. In this method, the average percentage of growth of last few decades is
determined; the population forecasting is done on the basis that percentage increase per decade
will be the same. The method is expressed as follow

Pn=Po (1+k) n, where Po= initial population Pn=population at n th decade or year

n= number of decades
k=percentage (geometric) increase

Limitation This method is generally applicable for growing cities.

c. Incremental increase method

This method is an improvement over the above two methods. The average increase in the
population is determined by the arithmetic method and to this is added the average of the net
incremental increase once for each future decade.

d. Decrease Rate of Growth Method

It has been seen that all life grows within limited space. If the complete growth of a very old city
is plotted, it will be seen that the curve has s-shape, which indicates that early growth takes place
at an increasing rate, later growth is at a decreasing rate, which indicates that saturation limit is
reached. In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is worked out and is
then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive decade. This method is
applicable where the rate of growth of population showed a down ward trend.

e. simple graphical method

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 11

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted to a suitable scale on the
graph with respect to decade. The curve is smoothly extended to forecast the future population.
The graph on present city is plotters’ from the beginning and it will show the growth curve.

f. Ratio and Correlation method

In this method, the rate of population growth of a town is related to the rate of population growth
of state or nation. Hence, it is possible to estimate the population of a town under consideration
by considering the rate of population growth of state or nation.

g. The Master Plan Method

The development of towns and cities is not allowed in haphazard way. For the development of
the towns and cities, their master plans are prepared. The city is divided in to various zones such
as commercial centres, industrial areas and residential areas, the schools, colleges, parks etc. The
future expansion of the cities is strictly regulated by various laws of corporations and other local
bodies according to the master plan.

The master plans are prepared for the development of the cities for 25-30 years. The population
densities for various zones of the towns to be developed are also fixed. It is very easy to design
the water supply scheme for the particular zones. The future development of the various stages of
the water works is also designed on the basis of the master plan.

h. Logistic Curve Method

When the growth rate of population due to birth death and migration takes place under normal
situation and it is not subjected to extraordinary changes to unusual situations like war, epidemic,
earthquake, exodus of refugees etc. The population would probably follow the growth curve
characteristics of living things within limited space and economic opportunity. This curve has s-
shape and is known as logistic curve.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 12

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

I. Method by Using Ethiopian Statistical Authority

This method is used by the central statistics Authority of Ethiopia. It is expressed by in the form
of the following.

Pn=Poekn Where; Pn=population of n decade or year

n =decade

k=growth rate

3.2.2 Population forecasting using different method

1. Arithmetic increase method

Table1. Given Population Data

Year population

2023 4049

2034 11749

Pn=Po+kn

From the above population data lets estimate

K = P2024 – P2034 =

K = 770

Let P2023 = 11749

P2024 = P2023+Kn

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 13

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

=11749+770*14 =22529

Using similar fashion

P2028=? Let P = P2023 = 22529

P2028=P2023 + K*n = 22529+770*5

P2028=26379

P2033=P2028 +Kn = 26379+ 770*5

P2028=30229 - stage 1

P2033=? Let P2028=30229

P2033=36229+770* 5

P2033=34079

P2033=? Let Po=P2028=34079

P2028=34079+770*5

P2033=37929 -stage 2

Summary

Year population stage

2034 11749

2024 22529

2028 26379

2028 30229 Stage 1

2033 34079

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 14

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2033 37929 Stage 2

2. Geometric increase method

Pn=Po(1+k)^n

Po=P2023=4049

Pn=P2034=11749, n=10

Pn=Po(1+k)^n

11749=4049 (1+k) ^20

K=0.112

P2026=1174(1+0.112) ^3 = 16155

P2031=16155(1+0.112) ^5=27468

P2037=27468(1+0.112) ^6=51934

P2028=51934(1+0.112) ^3=88303

P2031=88303(1+0.112) ^3=15041 –stage 1

P2033=150141(1+0.112) ^3=283876

P2034=283876(1+0.112) ^4=434058 –stage 2

Summary

Year population stage

2034 11749

2026 16155

2031 27468

2037 51934

2028 88303

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 15

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2031 150, 141 Stage 1

2033 283, 876

2034 434, 058 Stage 2

3. Method used by Ethiopian Statistics Authority

Ethiopian statistics authority use the following formula for population forecast
Pn=Poe^kn, where the value of k obtained from table below
Po=P2023=11749
P2026=11749(e)^0.049*3=13609
P2029=13609 (e)^0.046*3=17300
=22936
17300
=28723
22936
=35791 –stage 1
3
=46326
150141
=54582 –stage 2
283876
Summary

Year K (%) population

2023 4049

2024 11749

2027 4.9 13609

2028 4.8 17300

2031 4.7 22936

2019 4.5 28723

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 16

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2024 4.4 35791 –stage 1

2024 4.3 46326

2034 4.1 54582 –stage 2

Therefore, the population of Gambella town for the selected design period of 20 years and by
assuming the commissioning of the project in 2023 is the following

Forecasted population

Stage 1 – up to 2024= 35791

Stage 2—up to 2034=54582

From all the above method we select the of Ethiopian statistics authority because it gives
reasonable result.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 17

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 WATER DEMAND

General

The design and execution of any water supply scheme requires an estimate of the total amount of
water required by community. The total amount of water demand is affected by the expected
development of the city, presence of industries, quality of water and its cost, characteristics of
the population and efficiency of the water work administration. In designing the water supply
scheme for a town or city, it is necessary to determine the total quantity of water required for
various purposes. The demand for various purposes is divided under the following categories.

▪ Domestic water demand

▪ Commercial water demand and industrial water demand.

▪ Loss due to leaking joints.

▪ Open taps on unauthorized tapping of water.

▪ Fire water demand.

4.1 Domestic water demand

The water demand for actual household activity is known as domestic water demand. It includes
water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, flushing, toilet, etc. The demand will depend on
many factors, the most important of which are economic, social and climatic factors.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 18

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Water supply for population is served by the mode of service, which is prevalent to most

Ethiopian towns used to be Classified in to three major categories as follows:-

 House tap users (HTU)

 Yard tap users (YTU)

 Public tap users (PTU)

4.2 Per capita Domestic water Demand

The per capita water demand for various demand categories varies depending on the size of the
town, the level of development , the type of water supply schemes, the socio- economic
conditions of the town, cost of water, system of sanitation and climatic condition of the area. The
per capita water demand for adequate supply level has to be determined based on basic human
water requirements and adjusted to the specific conditions of each area as required.

The basic human water requirement for different use could vary based on the mode of service to
be used and the closeness to water supply facilities. The following table shows the composition
of the basic human per capital water demand based on needs for different use adopted for the
estimation of water demand for Gambella town.

Table 2: Consumption of water for different purposes in 20022

Activity HC YC PF

Drinking 1.6 1.6 1.6

Cooking 6 6 6

Ablution 2.5 2 1

Washing 4.5 3.5 2

Utensils 8.5 8.2 3.4

Laundry 4 2.5 2

House cleaning 15.8 8.5 2

Toilet 6.5 4.5 1

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 19

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

total 49.4 36.8 19

(Source: Gambella town Water supply study result)

Non-domestic water demand

Depending on the relative importance, size, economic conditions of a city, the rate of water
demand will always be associated with non-domestic need also. The various aspects of non-
domestic need will be discussed below.

4.3 Institutional water demand

This is also known as public demand and it includes the quantity of water required for various
public utility purposes. The water required for various public buildings and institutions, public
parks, playgrounds, gardening, sprinkling on roads etc. will come under this demand.

4.4 Commercial water demands

This consumption includes water used for commercial buildings & commercial centers including
stores, hotels, shopping centers, cinema houses, restaurants, bars, airports and bus stations etc.

4.5 Industrial water demands

The water required by factories, paper mills, cloth mills, cotton mills, breweries, sugar refineries
etc. The water required in the industries mainly depends on the type of industries, which exist in
the city.

4.6 Firefighting water demand

Fire generally breaks in thickly populated localities, industrial area, and cause serious damages
of properties. Fire may take place due to faulty electric wires by short circuiting, fire catching
materials explosions, bad iterations of criminal people or any other unforeseen happenings. If

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 20

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

fires are not properly controlled and extinguished in minimum possible time, they lead to serious
damages and may burn the city.

4.7 Loss and waste

This is due to defective joints in the main, broken and cracked pipes, defective house
connections and faulty plumbing, unauthorized water connections etc. this allows a continuous
flow of water going to waste.

Water demand projection (calculation

The result of the project population of the year 2014, 2024 and 2034 is presented as follows.

Table 3 population projection of the Gambella town

year 2014 2024 2034

Projected population 22936 35791 54582

Domestic demand by mode of services
Table 4. Projection of service level in percentage of the Gambella town

Mode of service Year

2028 2032 2037 2038

House connection 0.2 5.9 15.5 25

Yard connection 3.6 17.8 41.4 65

Public fountain 67.3 54.1 32.1 10

Estimation of per capital water domestic demand by mode of service for the year 2014,
2024 and 2034:

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 21

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Change in living standard and improved service coverage are two of the main factors which
often have substantial influence on percentage distribution of population by modes of services. In
estimating projected per capital water demand corresponding to each mode of service, Water
Works Design and Supervision Enterprise (WW DSE) had adopted the following growth rates.
HC = 2%, YC = 2%, PF= 1%,

To calculate the domestic demand by mode services the following formula is derived as follows.

HC2024 is given

• For HC2020=HC2025+(HC2024* R)

HC2020=HC2023 (1+R) ----------------------------------------------a

• For HC2022 = HC2021+(HC20022*R)---------------------------------b

Substitute equation “a” in to equation “b”

HC2022 = HC2024+ (HC2024*R) + (HC2024 (1+R)*R)

HC2022 = HC2024 (1+R)(1+R)

HC2022 = HC2024 (1+R) 2 -------------------------------------------c

• For HCn = HC2024 (1+R)a

Where n is the year for which domestic demand by mode of service is to be estimated, a is the
number of years between HC2024&HCn and R is growth rate per year.

Sample calculation for year 2043, HC

Activity type; cooking in HC

HC = 6 l/c/d

a = 2043-2024 = 19 n= 2043

HC2043 = HC2024 (1+R) a

HC2043 = 6(1+2%) 19 = 8.74

Table 5 domestic demand by mode service for year 2014, 2024, 2034

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 22

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Activity Year 2014 Year 2024 Year 2034

HC YC PF HC YC PF HC YC PF

drinking 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Cooking 7.17 7.17 6.56 8.74 8.74 7.25 10.66 10.6 8.01

Ablution 2.99 2.39 1.09 3.64 2.91 1.21 4.44 3.55 1.33

Washing 5.38 4.18 2.19 6.56 5.10 2.42 7.99 6.22 2.67
utensil

Laundry 10.16 9.8 3.72 12.38 11.95 4.11 15.09 14.56 4.54

House 4.78 2.99 2.19 5.83 3.64 2.42 7.10 4.44 2.67
cleaning

Bath or 18.88 10.16 2.19 23.2 12.38 2.67 28.06 15.09 2.67
shower

Toilet 7.77 5.38 1.09 9.47 6.56 1.21 11.54 7.99 1.33

total 58.73 43.67 20.63 71.42 52.88 22.89 86.48 64.11 24.82

(NB: the above calculation is done by the growth rate of HC=2, YC=2 and PF= 1)
Table 4.5: projection of per capital water demand by mode of service for 2014, 2024, and 2034

Year Demand (l/c/d)

HC YC PF

2014 58.73 43.67 20.63

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 23

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2024 71.42 52.88 22.89

2034 86.48 64.11 24.82

Projection of Population distribution by modes of service for year 2014, 2024 and 2034

As shown above in table 4.3 the percentage populations of house connection (HC) and yard
connection (YC) users are increasing, whereas the public fountain users are decrease.

Calculation for the percentage of population for years 2014, 2024, 2034, are follows.

Mode service type …………………………house connection(HC)

Percentage of population in 2005…………PHC-2005 =5.9%

Percentage of population in 2015…………PHC-2015 =15.5% Percentage of population in

2025…………PHC-2025 =25.0%

Percentage growth rate from 2005 to 2015

Where R= percentage growth rate

Percentage growth rate from 2015 to 2025

R= PHC2025− PHC2015 =0.95

2025− 2015

The percentage of HC in 2008=PHC2005+R*(2008-2005) =8.78%

The percentage of HC in 2018=PHC2015+R*(2018-2015) =18.35%

The percentage of HC in 2028=PHC2025+R*(2028-2025)=27%

The values of YC and PF is calculated as above and the result is summarized in table below

Table 6 projection of the percentage of population by modes of services

Connection type Year

2014 2024 2034

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 24

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

HC 8.78% 18.35% 27%

YC 24.88% 48.48% 71%

PF 47.5% 25.47% 2%

The projected average domestic water demand

Based on the above discussions results and information the projected average domestic water
demand of Gambella town is calculated and tabulated as follows.

Projected population = population distribution by mode of service * total population.

Table 4.7 projected population by mode of services

Year Modes of Total Population Projected

service population distribution population

2014 HC 22936 8.78% 2014

YC 22936 24.88% 5706

PF 22936 58.72% 10895

2024 HC 18.35% 35781 6568

YC 48.48% 35791 17351

PF 25.47% 35791 9116

2034 HC 27% 54582 14737

YC 71% 54582 38753

PF 2% 54582 1092

Sample calculation of the above table for the year 2024

Data:

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 25

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Total population =35781

Population distribution by mode of service (%)

• HC =18.35%

• YC = 48.48%

• PF = 25.47%Projected population = population distribution

by mode of service * total population Therefore, HC = 18.35%* 35781 = 6568 YC48.48%*

35781 = 17351 PF = 25.4% * 35781= 9116

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 26

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Year Modes of projected Projected per Projected

population capital water average
service
demand domesticate
2014 HC 2014 58.73 118282.22

YC 5706 43.67 249181.02

PF 10895 20.63 224763.85
Total average domestic demand(l/d) 592227.09
2024 HC 6568 71.42 469086.56
YC 17351 52.88 917520.88
PF 9116 22.89 208665.24
Total average domestic demand(l/d) 1595272.68
2034 HC 14737 86.48 1274455.76
YC 38753 64.11 2484454.83
PF 1092 24.82 27103.44
Total average domestic demand(l/d) 3786014.03

Projected daily average domestic demand

This is obtained by multiplying the projected population of each mode of service and the
projected per capita water demand by mode of service.

Projected average domestic demand (l/d) = projected population * projected per capita water
demand.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 27

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

4.8 The adjusted domestic water demand

The projected daily average domestic demand should be adjusted considering socioeconomic
factor and climatic effects.
Adjustment due to socio-economic factor
The socio-economic factor is selected from socio-economic factors table given below:

Table 7: socio-economic factor

Group Distribution Factors

A Town enjoining high living 1.10

standard and with high
potential for development

B Town having a very high 1.05

Potential for development,
but lower living standard at
present

C Town under normal 1.00

Ethiopian condition

D Advanced rural town 0.9

(Source: national water supply and sanitary master plan)

The socio-economic factor for Gambella town is selected to be group “B”, with factor 1.05 as the
town has high potential for development.

1. Adjustment due to climatic effect

Since Gambella town has a mean annual rainfall of 1170 mm, it is grouped under group “C”
town with adjusted factor of 1.0

Table 8: climatic effects factor

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 28

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Group Mean annual Factors

precipitation(mm)

A 600 or less 1.10

B 601-900 1.05

C 901 or more 1.00

(Source: national water supply and sanitary master plan)

Thus, the overall adjustment of the projected average domestic demand for the town can be
calculated as

D adjusted = D* socio-economic factor * climatic factor

Where: - D adjusted = adjusted average domestic demand

D= The projected average domestic demand For Gambella town,

D adjusted = D * 1.05* 1.0= 1.05D

The results are tabulated below.

Table 9 adjusted domestic water demand

Year Projected domestic average Adjusted domestic water

demand(l/d)=[D] demand(l/d)=[1.05*D]

2014 592227.09 621838.445

2024 1595272.68 1675036.314

2034 3786014.03 3975314.732

Firefighting water demand

The requirement of firefighting water demand is for protection of property and human levies
from fury of fire. It is taken as 10% of the volume of storage of the tank or the reservoir or the
average demand of the town.

On-line community water demand

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 29

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Four (4%) of the average daily demand water is allocated for on-line communities.

Industrial water demand

The demands imposed on the water supply system by industries are assessed separately and
individually, if the industrial demand is excessively high, serious consideration should be made
as to whether to supply the industrial water demand from the water supply or not. However, in
our case, 7% of the daily net demand is adopted for industries.

Uncounted for water loss

Defective joints in the main, broken and cracked pipes, defective house connections and faulty
plumbing, an authorized water connection causes the water loss. This allows a continuous flow
of water going to waste. Care full maintenance and universal metering can minimize this.

Generally, 20%-30% of the daily demand is allocated for water losses. For Gambella town, 25%
of the daily demand is considered as loss.

4.9 summary of water demand

The water demand analysed and determined earlier are summarized and presented in the table
below.

Table 10: Summery of water demand

Year 2014 2024 2034

Population unit 22936 35791 54582

Adjusted average domestic m3/day 621.835 1675.036 3975.315

demand

Institutional & commercial m3/day 360.28 659.01 1044.76

water demand

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 30

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Industrial water demand m3/d 68.748 163.383 351.40

(10%)

Firefighting water demand m3/day 98.2 233.405 502.607

(4%)

On-line community m3/day 39.285 53.362 200.803

(4%)

Uncounted loss (25%) m3/day 245.53 583.512 1255.019

Total average daily m3/d 1433.891 3407.708 7329.309

demand

Variation of water use

In fixing the capacities of different components of water supply system, it is vital to consider the
daily and hourly fluctuation of demand. Hence, the following conditions of demands are
considered.

 Total average daily water demands.

 Maximum daily water demands.

 Peak hourly water demand.

4.9.1 Total Average Daily Water Demand

It is the total sum of domestic, non-domestic and an accounted for water demand.

4.9.2 Maximum Daily Water Demand

The water consumption in a year varies day to day due to habits of the consumers, climatic
condition, holidays, etc. The ratio of the maximum daily consumption to the average day
consumption is said to be maximum day factor. There is no recorded data for the maximum day
factor for many Ethiopian towns. However, a factor ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 is used in several of
our towns; hence, these figures may be adopted for other towns. Therefore, a maximum day
factor of 1.4 is taken for Gambella town water supply project.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 31

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

4.9.3 Peak Hour Demand

The peak hour demand is greatly influenced by the living standard of the population and the size
of the town. The peak hour demand is the most prominent figure for the design of the distribution
networks. On this particular, project the peak hour demand factor of about 1.9 is given and the
peak hourly demand calculation is performed and tabulated below

Table 11: summary of total average daily water demand, maximum daily water demand and peak
hourly water demand

Year 2014 2024 2034

Total population 22936 35791 54582

Total Avg. daily 16.59017 39.44106 84.82997

water demand(L/s)

Total Avg. daily 1433.891 3407.708 7329.309

water
demand(m3/d)

Maximum daily 26.54428 63.1057 135.7279

water demand(L/S)

Maximum daily 2007.447 4770.791 10261.03

water
demand(m3/d)

Peak hourly 33.1803 78.882 169.66

variation of water demand
water demand(L/s)
180
Peak hourly 2867.78 6815.4 14659
160
water (m3/d)
average daily
water
water demand in l/s

140
120 (l/s)
100
80 maximum daily water
60
40 demand peak hourly
GBU WRI ENGINEERING
20 Page 32
0 water demand (l/s)
2000 2014 2024 2034
time in year
 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 33

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DESCIRIPTION OF PROJET ESTEEM

5.1 Source of water

The origin of all water is rainfall. Water can be collected as it falls as rain before it reaches the
ground; or as surface water when it flows over the ground; or is pooled in lakes or ponds; or as
ground water when it percolates in to the ground and flows or collects as groundwater; from the
sea/ocean in to which it finally flows.

All the sources of water can be broadly divided into:

 Surfaces sources and

 Sub surface sources

5.1.1 Surfaces Sources

The surface sources further divided into:

 Streams and rivers

 Ponds and Lakes

 Impounding reservoirs etc.

A/ Streams and Rivers

Rivers and streams are the main source of surface source of water. In summer, the quality of
river water is better than monsoon because in rainy season the run-off water also carries with
clay, sand, silt etc. which make the water turbid. So river and stream water require special
treatments. Some rivers are perennial and have water throughout the year and therefore they do
not require any arrangements to hold the water. But some rivers dry up wholly or partially in
summer. So they require special arrangements to meet the water demand during hot weather.
Mostly all the cities are situated near the rivers discharge their used water of sewage in the
rivers; therefore, much care should be taken while drawing water from the river.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 34

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

B/ Natural Ponds and Lakes

In mountains at some places, natural basins are formed with impervious bed by springs and
streams are known as “lakes”. The quantity of water in the natural ponds and lakes depends upon
the basin’s capacity, catchment area, annual rainfall, porosity of ground etc. Lakes and ponds
situated at higher altitudes contain almost pure water, which can be used without any treatment.
But ponds formed due to construction of houses, road, and railways contains large amount of
impurities and therefore cannot be used for water supply purposes.

C/ Impounding and Reservoirs

In some rivers, the flow becomes very small and cannot meet the requirements of hot weather. In
such cases, the water can be stored by constructing weir or a dam across the river at such places
where minimum area of land is submerged in the water and maximum quantity of water to be
stored. In lakes and reservoirs, suspended impurities settle down in the bottom, but in their beds
algae, weeds, vegetable and organic growth takes place which produce bad smell, taste and color
in water. Therefore, this water should be used after purification. When water is stored for long
time in reservoirs it should be aerated and chlorinated to kill the microscopic organisms which
are born in water.

5.1.2. Sub-surface Sources

These are further divided into:

▪ Infiltration galleries

▪ Infiltration wells

▪ Springs
▪ Well

Choice of source of water supply

Factor affecting the choices of the water source for water supply scheme:

1. Location- the source of water should be as near to the town as possible. If there, are both
surface and ground sources available to the town the selection will be deciding by considering
other factors also.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 35

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

2.Quantity of water- the source of water should have sufficient quantity of water to meet up
all the demands of city such as domestic, industrial, firefighting, public etc. throughout the year.
There should be sufficient extra quantity of water to be required in the future while expansion of
the city is done.

3. Quality of water – the quality of water should be good which can be easily and cheaply
treated. It should not contain disease germs or other pathogenic bacteria, which may endanger
the health of the public. Therefore, as far as possible the water of the source should be safe and
free from pollution.

Cost of water supply scheme- the cost of water supply project should also be taken in to account
while selecting the source of water. The cost of water supply scheme depends on many factors as
system of supply, ground levels of city, distance between source and distribution system etc. if
the water flows under the gravitational force it will be cheap, but if it is to be pumped it will be
costly.

Generally; the selection of the source of water supply is done on the above points and the source
that will give good quality and the quantity at less cost will be selected.

According to the analysis of the given hydrometric data flow of Baro river, the 95% dependable
minimum flow read from the flow duration curve is (Q95percentage=88L/S). And the maximum
daily demand at the end of the design period (year 2028) is 85L/S which directly indicates the
river flow is much enough for the proposed water supply project and for downstream users.

Based on the above criteria the source of water selected for the Gambella water supply project is
surface source of water specifically Baro River.

5.2 Determination of storage capacity of the reservoir

The required reservoir capacity is determined by using

▪ Analytical method

▪ Mass curve

▪ Sequent peak algorithm

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 36

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

For the Gambella water supply scheme, the analytical and the mass curve methods are selected
for their simplicity of calculation and interpretation.

Time Cumulative Cumulative Excess

(hr) Hourly Hourly Hourly hourly hourly
supply demand(lit
(1) Factor supply(liters) demand(liter s) supply(liters) demand(liters)
(liters) (5) ers)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
– (6) +ve (6) –
(7) (5) +ve
(8)

1 0.3 0 42596.3 0 42596.25 42596.3

2 0.3 0 42596.3 0 85192.5 85192.5

3 0.3 0 42596.3 0 127788.75 127789

4 0.3 0 42596.3 0 170385 170385

5 0.3 212981.25 42596.3 212981.25 212981.25

6 0.6 212981.25 85192.5 298173.75 127788.7

425962.5 5

7 1.1 212981.25 156186 454360 184583.7

638943.75 5

8 2 212981.25 283975 851925 738335 113590

9 1.8 212981.25 255578 1064906.25 993912.5 70993.75

10 1.6 212981.25 227180 1277887.5 1221092.5 56795

11 1.5 212981.25 212981 1490868.75 1434073.75 56795

12 1.4 212981.25 198783 1703850 1632856.25 70993.75

13 1.4 0 198783 1703850 1831638.75 127789

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 37

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

14 1.3 0 184584 1703850 2016222.5 312373

15 1.3 0 184584 1703850 2200806.25 496956

16 1.5 212981.25 212981 1916831.25 2413787.5 496956

17 1.6 212981.25 227180 2129812.5 2640967.5 511155

18 1.4 212981.25 198783 2342793.75 2839750 496956

19 1.2 212981.25 170385 2555775 3010135 454360

20 0.9 212981.25 127789 2768756.25 3137923.75 369168

21 0.7 212981.25 99391.3 2981737.5 3237315 255578

22 0.5 212981.25 70993.8 3194718.75 3308308.75 113590

23 0.4 212981.25 56795 3407700 3365103.75 42596.25

24 0.3 0 42596.3 3407700 3407700

The long study of 24 hourly peak factors of the Gambella town

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Hourly factor 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.1 2 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4

Time 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Hourly 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3
factor

When water is supplied for balancing the variable demand against a constant rate of pumping for
24 hrs.

The analysis of storage capacity can be calculated as follows.

Phase I (2014 – 2024)

 Total demand of the town =3407.7m3/day

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 38

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 Total demand of the town in liters per day=34077

 Hourly demand of the town = 141987.5 liters

 Pumping hours=16

 The calculation is as shown below in table

Table 8.1 the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase I

 Thus the reservoir capacity for phase I from the above table will be

 Maximum value of excess supply = 184583.75liters

 maximum value of excess demand = 511155liters

 capacity of reservoir = 184583.75+511155

 695738.75liters=695.73m3

 For fire requirement (10%) = 69.574m3

 Miscellaneous losses (3%) = 20.87217m3

 Total recommended reservoir capacity = 786.1852m3

Say=800m3 of standard reservoir capacity

Using mass curve method

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 39

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Phase II (2024-2034)

 Total demand of the town =7329.309m3/day

 Total demand of the town in liters per day=7329309Hourly demand of the town =

 305387.875liters

 Pumping hours=20

 Pumping rate=366465.45liters/hour

 Thus the reservoir capacity for phase I from the above table will be

 Maximum value of excess supply = 855086.05liters

Excess
Time Hourly Hourly Hourly Cumulative Cumulative

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 40

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

(hr) Factor supply(liters) demand(liters) hourly hourly supply demand

(1) (2) (3) (4) supply demand(liters) (liters) (5) – (liters) – (5)
(liters) (6) (6) +ve value +ve value
(5) only only (8)
(7)

1 0.3 0 91616.363 0 91616.3625 91616.363

2 0.3 0 91616.363 0 183232.725 183232.73

3 0.3 366465.5 91616.363 366465.45 274849.0875 91616.3625

4 0.3 366465.5 91616.363 732930.9 366465.45 366465.45

5 0.3 366465.5 91616.363 1099396.35 458081.8125 641314.538

6 0.6 366465.5 183232.73 1465861.8 641314.5375 824547.263

7 1.1 366465.5 335926.66 1832327.25 977241.2 855086.05

8 2 366465.5 610775.75 2198792.7 1588016.95 610775.75

9 1.8 366465.5 549698.18 2565258.15 2137715.125 427543.025

10 1.6 366465.5 488620.6 2931723.6 2626335.725 305387.875

11 1.5 366465.5 458081.81 3298189.05 3084417.538 213771.513

12 1.4 366465.5 427543.03 3664654.5 3511960.563 152693.938

13 1.4 0 427543.03 3664654.5 3939503.588 274849.09

14 1.3 0 397004.24 3664654.5 4336507.825 671853.32

15 1.3 366465.5 397004.24 4031119.95 4733512.063 702392.11

16 1.5 366465.5 458081.81 4397585.4 5191593.875 794008.47

17 1.6 366465.5 488620.6 4764050.85 5680214.475 916163.62

18 1.4 366465.5 427543.03 5130516.3 6107757.5 977241.2

19 1.2 366465.5 366465.45 5496981.75 6474222.95 977241.2

20 0.9 366465.5 274849.09 5863447.2 6749072.038 885624.84

21 0.7 366465.5 213771.51 6229912.65 6962843.55 732930.9

22 0.5 366465.5 152693.94 6596378.1 7115537.488 519159.39

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 41

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

23 0.4 366465.5 122155.15 6962843.55 7237692.638 274849.09

24 0.3 366465.5 91616.363 7329309 7329309 0 0

 Maximum value of excess demand = 977241.2liters

 Capacity of reservoir = 855086.05+977241.2=1832327liter =1832.327m3

 For fire requirement (10%) = 183.233m3

 Miscellaneous losses (3%) = 54.96982m3

 Total recommended reservoir capacity = 2070.53m3

 Say=2100m3 of standard reservoir capacity

Provide additional two reservoirs with capacity of 500m3 and 800m3 for second phase

Table 8.2: the analytical calculation of storage capacity for phase II

Using mass curve method

Figure 8.2 mass curve diagrams for phase II

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 42

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

5.3 Depth and shape of service reservoir

5.3.1 Depth of service reservoir

For any given quantity of water, either shallow reservoir having long walls and large floor are, or
alternatively a deep reservoir constructed with high retaining wall and smaller floor area.

Factors influencing a depth of a given storage are

 Depth at which suitable foundation conditions are encountered

 Depth at which out let main must laid

 Slope of ground, nature and types of backfill

 The slope and size of the land available

5.3.2 Shape of service reservoir

Circular reservoir is geometrically the most economical shape give, the least amount of walling
for a given volume and depth, it has the attraction of allowing of construction thin reinforce
concrete.

5.4 Structural Design of service reservoir

5.4.1 Water Tank (reservoir) Design Consideration

The primary purpose of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure being
designed will not become unfit in any way for the use it is intended. To accommodate the
required amount of water and to ensure watertight structure, the reservoir must be designed using
reinforced cement concrete that accounts for tensile forces as well as those due to bending.

The different types of reservoirs depending on the geometry (Circular and Rectangular), supports
(resting on the ground, underground and elevated), and end restraints (free sliding, hinged and
fixed at top and/or base) should be compared and selected based on their suitability and
economic condition during the design of water containing reservoirs.

For small capacities, rectangular tanks are usually used. Moreover, for bigger capacities circular
tanks are generally used to ensure economical and efficient system of work.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 43

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The design of tank should also consider both full and empty conditions, and the assumptions
regarding the arrangement of loading conditions to cause the most critical effects. When the
structure is empty, it must have strength to withstand the active pressure of any retained earth.
The possible resistance of the earth, never certain to act, is generally ignored when designing for
structure full of water.

Important considerations have to be given in limiting the size of crack (mostly with no cracks) so
that leakage does not take place. The design generally governed by the requirements of the
elastic design method, but stability considerations are particularly important. The design has to
take careful account of the construction methods to be used.

The requirements for the elastic design method are listed as follows.

Concrete grade class as C- 30 with a minimum cement content of 330 kg/m 3 and has maximum
water cement ration = 0.55, but the concert should not be more than the maximum cement
content to keep the shrinkage down.

The maximum cracked width is limited to 0.2mm for all faces of liquid containing or excluding
structures, unless aesthetic appearance is critical, where 0.1mm is required to avoid staining of
concrete.

Minimum cover = 40mm

Maximum bar spacing = 300mm

The allowable tensile stresses in concrete than control cracks in concrete grade of C-30 shall be
1.44 N/mm2 and 2.02 N/mm2 due to direct tension and bending respectively.

The allowable tensile stresses in steel taken as 100 N/mm 2 using deformed bars for alternate
wetting and drying exposure conditions.

The maximum steel area in each of the two directions at right angle are 0.3% of the concrete
area (0.15% near each face) for deter med bars.

The operational processes with in the water and other industries dealing with fluids often require
circular structures to ensure their systems of work carried out efficiently and economically.
Hence, circular tank is chosen for the design of Gambella town water supply project.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 44

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The primary stresses set up with in the structure are usually a result of the ring tension generated
by the contained liquid and the main reinforcement therefore consists of bond of circular steel
hops. The ability of the cylinder to increase in diameter is resisted, however at the base where
restraints occur. If out ward movement is prevented, by a fixed joint the ring tension will be zero
and vertical bending movement and sheared force will occur.

Out of three types of base conditions i.e. free sliding, pined and fixed base, fixed base is the most
effective due to the above reasons i.e. the ring tension will be zero and only vertical bending
moment and shear force will occur. Therefore, due to its effectiveness, fixed base type is selected
for the design of the circular reservoir

5.4.2 Design of 800m3 circular reservoir

Type: Fixed base and free ends

At the top of the will, shear force and bending moments are zero, and at the base of the wall,
slope and deflection is zero.

F
γW * H

Figure 5.3 fixed base and free end reservoir

 Capacity of reservoir = 800m3

 Height of reservoir = 4m

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 45

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 Assumed free board = 0.2m

 Total height of reservoir = 4m+0.2m =4.2m

 Diameter of reservoir =

 4V 4*800

 D=16m ∏*H 3.1416*4

 Assume top thickness of wall =200mm

 Assume bottom thickness of wall=250mm

 The average thickness of wall

 tavg= = 225mm

5.5 Distribution system

5.5.0 General

After the water has reached to the service reservoir, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a
number of houses, industries and public places by means of network of distribution system. The
distribution systems, the distribution systems consist of pipes of various sizes, valves, meters,
distribution reservoirs, pumps, hydrants etc. the pipe lines carry water to each and every street
and road. Valves control the flow of water through the pipes. Meters are provided to measure the
quantity of water consumed by the individual as well as by the town. Hydrants are provided to
connect the water to the firefighting equipment during fine accident. Service connection is done
to connect the individual building with the water line passing through the streets. Pumps are
provided to pump the water to the elevated service reservoir or directly in the water mains to
obtain the required pressure in the pipe lines. The layout of the roads and the elevation of the
town also considered to select the layout of the distribution systems respectively the following
are the requirement of a good distribution system

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 46

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 It should convey the reacted water to the consumers with the same degree of purity.

 The water should reach to every consumer with the required pressure head.

 Sufficient quantity of reacted water should reach for the domestic and industrial use.

 The distribution system should be economical and easy to maintain and operate.

 It should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during emergency such as fire
fighting

 During repair work, it should not cause obstruction to the traffic.

 It should be safe against any future pollution. The pipe lines as much as possible should
not be laid below the sewer lines.

 The quality of the pipe should be good and it should not burst.

 It should be water-tight and the water losses due to leakage should be bare minimum as
much as possible.

For efficient distribution it is required that water should each to every consumers with required
rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipe lines is necessary which should force the water to
reach at every place.

5.5.1 Methods of distribution

For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumer with required
rate of flow. Therefore, some pressure in pipelines is necessary to force the water to reach at
every node. This can be done by one of the following methods, as local conditions or other
considerations may dictate.

I gravity distribution system

This is possible when the source of the supply is at some elevation above the city so that
sufficient pressure can be maintained in the mains for domestic and fire service. This is the most

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 47

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

reliable method if the conduit leading from source to city is adequate in size and well safe
guarded against accidental breaks.

II pumping system without storage

In this system water is directly pumped in mains. Since the pumps have to work at different rates
in a day, the maintenance const increases. It is preferred to have number of pumps and only the
required numbers may work at various times to meet the varying demand, in place of proving
pump of variable speed. High lift pumps are required and their operations are continuously
watched.

If the power fails, the whole supply of town will be stopped. Therefore, it is better to have a
diesel pumps in addition to the electric pumps as standby. During fires, the water dan be pumped
in the required quantity by the stand by units also.

III combined gravity and pumping system (dual system)

In this system the pump is connected to the mains as well as to an elevated reservoir. At the
beginning when the demand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, when the
demand increases the flow in the distribution system comes from both the pumping station as
well as elevated reservoir. In this system water comes from two sources from reservoir and for
pumping station, which is called dual system this system is more reliable and economical
because it requires uniform rate of pumping but meets low as well as maximum demand, the
water stored in elevated reservoir meets the requirements of demand during breakdown of pumps
and for fire fighting.

Following are the main advantages of this system:-

i) The balance reserve in the storage reservoir will be utilized during fire. In case of fire demand
is more and if required the water supply of few localities may be closed. ii) This system is the
overall best system. It is economical efficient and reliable.

This system has the advantages that during power failure, the balance water stored in the
reservoir will be supplied to the town.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 48

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The pumps have to work at constant speed without any variation in their speed. In Gambella
town the water is distributed to the community by the gravity system because the service
reservoir is located at high elevation of the town. So the water reaches to every consumer in
sufficient quantity.

5.5.2 Layout of distribution system

Depending upon their layout direction of supply, they are classified as follows:-

Dead end or three system:- it is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. In this system
one man starts from service reservoir along the main road. Sub mains are connected to the main
in both the direction along other roads, which meet the roads carrying sub-mains, branches and
minor distributors are laid and are connected to sub mains. From these branches service
connections are made to individual houses. the advantage of these system are cheap in initial cost
and easy determination of pipe diameter, value size etc. but the main disadvantage of this system
is formation of dead ends and if pipe breaks down or is closed for repair, the whole locality
beyond the point grows without water. Since the water is reaching at each point from one side
only it cannot meet the fire demand.

Grid-iror system: - this system is most convenient for towns having rectangular layout of roads.
Actually, this system is an improvement over dead end system. All the dead ends ae
interconnected with each other and water circulated freely throughout the system. In this system
mainline is laid along the main road. Sub-mains are taken in both directions along other minor
roads and streets. From these sub-mains branches are taken out and are interconnected to each
other and water circulates freely throughout the system. This system removes all the
disadvantages of dead end system.

Following are main advantages of this system

i. As the water is supplied from both the sides to every point, very small area will be

affected during repair.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 49

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

ii. Since the water reaches every point form more than one route, the friction losses and the sizes of
the pipes are reduced.

iii. All the dad ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water remains in continuous flow and
there is no stagnation and chance of pollution is reduced to minimum.

iv. In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted towards the affected area, by closing
the valves of nearby localities.

As this system has many advantages it also has some disadvantages:-

More number of valves and longer length of pipe is required in this system, there by increasing
the overall cost.

ii. If one section is to be repaired more number of valves are required to be closed. iii. The design
is difficult and costlier.

Considering the above advantage and layout of roads of Gambella town this method is adopted.

III circular or ring system:- this system is adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this
system each locality is divided into square and the water main are laid around all the four sides
of the square. All the sub-mains and branches ae taken off from the boundary mains and are are
inter connected. This system is the best of the other system but it requires many valves and more
pipe length. The ring system is most suitable for towns and cities having well planned road.

iv. Radial system:- actually this is the reverse of ring system and water flows towards outer
periphery from one point. The entire district is divided in to various zones and one reservoir is
placed for each zone which is placed at the center of the zone. The water lines are laid radically
from it.

5.5.3 Design procedure of the distribution system

First the layouts of the distribution pipes are prepared and the position of valves, fire hydrants
etc. are also marked on it. The reduced levels of the town at various points are also marked on it.
The reduced levels of the town at various points are also marked on the plan. Now the total
population to be served at each node is also marked on the plan. After this the minimum water
pressure required at the tail end and near the highest building of the city are also determined and

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 50

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

noted on the plan. After completing the above work, the main work is to determine the sizes of
distribution popes, which would be capable to carry the required quantity of water at the desired
pressure.

5.6 Laying of pipe

5.6.1 Selections of pipe materials

The types of pipe used for distributing water under pressure includes: ductile iron, cast iron,
asbestos, cement concrete, steel and PVC. Small diameter pipes for house connection are usually
plastic. For use in transmission and distribution system pipe materials must have the following
characteristics.

Adequate tensile and bending strength to with stand external loads that result from trench back
fill and earth movement caused by freezing, thawing or unstable soil condition

Ability to resist impact loads encountered in transportation, handling and installation.

Smooth, non corrosive interior surface for minimum resistance to water flow.

Pipe materials that can be provided with tight joints and easy to tap for making connections.

Among different types of pipes, existing on the market PVC pipes are selected for the
distribution system. This is because PVC pipes are light in weight, cheap, easy to join and install
durable, good electric insulators and free from corrosion. Additionally, DCI pipes are extended
from river to service reservoir due to its strength and resistance to corrosion.

5.6.2 Design of pipelines

Till date no direct methods are available for the design of distribution pipes. While doing the
design first of all the diameters of pipes are assumed, the terminal pressure heads which could be
made available at the end of each pipe section after allowing for the loss of pressure head in the
pipe section when full peak flow discharge is flowing are then determined. The determination of
the friction loss in each pipe section is done. The total discharge flowing through main pipe is to
be determined in advance. While design of pipes the following points should be kept in mind:-

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 51

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The main lines should be designed to carry and times the average demand of the city.

The water demand at various pints in the city should be noted.

The velocity in pipelines should be less than 2m/sec.

In the distribution system the minimum size of distribution pipe is as 50mm and service pipe of
20mm is used for giving house connection.

5.7 Pressure in distribution

When the water enters in the distribution main the water head continuously is lost due to friction
in pipes, at entrance of reduces, due to valves, bends, meters etc till it reaches consumers tap.
The net available head at the consumers tap is the head at the entrance of the water minus all the
losses in the way. The effective head available at the service connection to the building is very
important because, the height up to which the water can rise in the building will depend on this
available head only. The greater the geed the more will be the height up to which it will rise.

If adequate head is not available at the connection to the building, the water will not reach the
upper storey, to overcome this difficulty the required effective head is maintained lithe street
pipe lines.

The water should reach for each and ever consumer. Therefore it should reach on the upper most
storeys. The pressure which is required to be maintained in the distribution system depends up on
the following factors:-

The height of the highest building up to which water should reach without boosting.

The distance of the locality form the distribution reservoir

Supply is to be metered or not, higher pressure will be required to compensate for the high loss
of head in meters.

How much pressure will be required for fie hydrants.

The funds available for the project work.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 52

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

5.8 Nodal demand computation

The average consumption in the odes can be determined in two ways

1. From the geographical map, by dividing the system in to a number of areas assumed to be
supplied from the corresponding node.

2. By calculating the average number of consumers per meter of pipe in each loop. Even
dispersion of house connections through the system is assumed in both cases. Location of the
source connections to the system will depend on the route of secondary mains, more over:

They should be concentrated towards the areas of higher demand

The pipe route should be as short as possible.

The pipe should be easily accessible; passing underneath the building should be avoided.

5.9 Computer analysis of distribution system

The distribution network is simulated using Epanet 2.0. The simulation was carried out for
extended period analysis by taking in to consideration the hourly demand variation pattern on
maximum and average day. The analysis began by feeding assumed diameter in the computer;
and the pressure, velocity and headless are checked for peak and average flow. As the result of
Epanet 2.0 analysis is shown in the appendix.

5.10 Appurtenances
The different device required for controlling the flow of water for preventing leakage and other
similar purposes in water distribution network is called appurtenances. In this network the
following appurtenance are used:-

Valves: - in distribution network it is used to control flow of water, regulates pressure, releases
and admits air, prevents flow of water in opposite direction and so on. Valves such as check
valves, pressure valves, gate valves, air relief valves and drain valves are to be provided where
they are needed.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 53

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Pipe fittings:- the various pipe fittings such as beds, crosses, tees, elbows, caps, ripples, plugs,
flanges are to be provided during the laying of the distribution.

Manholes: - for inspection and maintenance purpose manholes are to be provided at every
junction of pipes and at places where valves are to be installed and when there is a change in
direction of pipes.

5.11 Pump
A pump may be defined as a mechanical device, which converts the mechanical energy supplied
to hydraulic energy, & transfers the liquid through the pipe line there by increasing the energy of
the flowing liquid. In a water supply works, pumps are required for the following reasons:

1. To lift water from its sources to an elevated installation; such as reservoirs, elevated tank,

2. To lift water from a low water demand area to a high water demand area,

3. To lift water to upper floors of multistory buildings,

4. To supply water under pressure directly to the consumers,

5. For pumping chemical solutions at treatment plant.

Among several types of pumps, the centrifugal & displacement pumps are frequently used. In the
centrifugal pump, the rotating (impeller) imparts energy to the water. In displacement pump such
as the reciprocating type, a piston draws water in to the cylinder on the stroke & forces it out on
the next. In the rotary type of pump, two rams or gears mesh together & rotate in opposite
direction to forces water continuously. Other types of pumps include jet pump; air lift pump &
hydraulic rams are in use.

Factor affecting the selection of pumps

Before the selection of a particular pump, there are a various factors, which must be kept in
view. The following are the main factors that should consider while selection of pumps for a
particular scheme.

 The discharge & total head should be adequate for the purpose with high efficiency.

 At the specified suction head, the pump should be safe from occurrences of cavitation.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 54

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 Where there are fears of submersion pumps of vertical axis, type should be Adopted in case of
deep wells, submersed motor pumps should be employed.

 Power consumption.

 Number of pumping unit required.

 Cost of pumps.

 Efficiency of pumps, which will be provided by the manufacturers.

 Maintenance in case of failure.

Among the different types of pumps, centrifugal pumps are selected for Gambella water supply
system due to the above-mentioned factors & the following additional reasons:

1. Their discharging capacity is very much greater than other types of pumps, which can handle
relatively small quantity of, required.

2. They can be used other types of liquids.

3. They can be operated at every high speed without any danger of separation & cavitation.

4. The maintenance cost is low &only periodical checkup is sufficient.

Characteristics of pump

The following table will be such as a guide lines deciding the capacity & number of pumps for
pumping water to the reservoirs(sources of water supply engineering reference books by ministry
of water resources and Japan works association).

Table 5-1 Planned Water Amount and Number of Pumps for Transmission

Water amount(m3/day) No of pumps Total no of pumps

<2820 1+1 2

2820-9000 2+1 3

>9000 3+1 and above 4 & more

Note: 1+1 pump is to mean one duty and one stand by pump.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 55

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

5.2 Pump System Design

According to the design aspect of Gambella town water supply, we adopt different types of
submersible centrifugal and booster pump. We have designed the centrifugal pump for pumping
from the wet well; and booster pumps that will be used to pump for zonal reservoirs. The detail
design of transmission main, suction pipe, total dynamic head determination of pump, pump
efficiency and power requirement of the pump are listed in annex-5.

5.3 Water Hammer Analysis

Without any water hammer devices installed in pumping system and due to the shape of the
profile, the pipeline will be exposed to too high negative pressure, thereby resulting in separation
water column. This will occur when the pumps stop after a period of pumping or when there is
power failure, thereby tripping the pumps. Separation of water column will create cavities in the
water. When the water columns meet after being separated, extreme pressure due to collapsing of
the cavity will occur. This may result in the pipe damaged. Device to protect the pipeline are
therefore required.

To create a safe hydraulic system with regard to water hammer a number of approach or method
can be adopted. One of these methods, the most famous one in recent past is the introduction of
either a surge tank or an air chamber either at pumping station or somewhere in along the
transmission main .the provision of open-end surge tanks depends highly on topographic and
hydraulic profile of the system.

Under consideration, in this case, open-end surge tank is not appropriate, as there is no available
data on topographic feature. The only viable option that can be introduce here is air chamber at
the pumping station

The second of this method is widely utilized currently and in the recent past is use of surge
arresting device. One of which is double acting air valves with built in anti-shock mechanism.
The air chamber is provided at the pumping station. In addition, a number of air valve are
provided at local peak on the profile

If properly designed and maintained, an air chamber can alleviate both negative and positive
pressure problem in pumping system. They are normally located within or near the pumping
station where they would have greatest effect, .it may be extremely effective in solving transient

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 56

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

problem but it is highly expensive. However, Air chamber have advantage that the tank
sometimes multiple –can be mounted vertically or horizontally

In air vacuum and air release valve method for preventing sub atmospheric pressure and vapor
cavity formation, is the admittance of air from air vacuum valve (vacuum breaker) at selected
point along the piping system. The advantage of an air vacuum breaker is less expensive than
other measures

Therefore, the first option requires a very big air chamber requires big size air compressor, which
is not preferable. The second options, which is double acting air valve with built in anti-shock
mechanism are preferred as they require minimum maintenance and no power supply.

5.12 Treatment process

Treatment process have been given here .it is not essential that all these process will have to be
employed at all places, but it depends up on the quality of raw water .in the case of raw
water ,obtained from lakes, screening and sedimentation are not required ,because suspended and
floating debris have already settled in the lake basin. But aeration is a must because lake wastes
have generally no treatment is required. Only disinfection may be done and supplied to the
consumers therefore, the character and degree of treatment directly depends up on the nature of
water or in other words on the source.

 Screening –used to exclude floating mater, it is done just at the intake.

 Aeration – employed where elements causing taste and odor have to be removed.

 Sedimentation and coagulation – in this process suspended impurities like silt, clay,
sand, and some bacteria are removed.

 Filtration – employed to remove very fine particles and colloidal matter which may
have escaped from sedimentation process ,micro-organisms are also removed largely.

 Other processes – used in specific cases ;

Removing hardiness if it is beyond permissible limits.

 Removing color taste and odour if any.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 57

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 Removing iron and manganese if present.

 Maintain fluorides between 1to 1.5 p.p.m by adding if in deficiency and

removing if in excess.

5.13 Disinfection
A safe water supply is the prime concern of any water supply project. Safety against disease is of
utmost importance in water supply, especially the water borne, water related, or water based
diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and many others. Even though a certain degree of disease
causing pathogen removal is achieved in treatment process such as flocculation and filtration,
there still exist a significant number of pathogens that are not removed by these processes. This
necessitates subsequent treatment to remove pathogens, which are conventionally carried out by
disinfection. Disinfection is generally the final treatment process in water treatment train.
Disinfection is carried out through chemical means.

CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Environmental Impact and Assessment

General
When we implement the water supply project, there are impacts that imposed on the environment
at the designing process of the project.

Displacement of people We should consider the impacts during construction and resulted from
operation and maintenance of the system. Therefore, we have tried to discuss the possible
positive and negative impacts and their corresponding mitigation process.

The most common adverse impacts on the environment due to water resource development
projects are

 Water borne diseases

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 58

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

 Land subsidence

 Deforestation in the u/s area of the project(storage area)

 Sedimentation of reservoir(cause flooding)

 Bird mitigation, wild life destruction

6.1 Description of possible impact

Negative Impacts of the Project

 The adverse effects could possibly occur due to the implementation of this project

 Flow reduction for irrigation

 Adverse effect on d/s habitats(fish)

 Obstacle for traffic during construction

 Pollution of fresh quality water

 Flora fauna

 Public disturbance and safety

 Air pollution and public health wizard

 Loss of land due to the project

Large portion of land is lost due to this project due to construction of reservoirs, treatment plant,
pumping station, well field and other parts of the land which are part of the system. If the land
were free of all this structures; it could serve for crop production as well as grazing land for live
stocks.

-Flow Reduction for Irrigation

When we divert the river water from the water supply purpose the farmers which are found at the
d/s side face the shortage of water for their irrigated land.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 59

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

-Adverse effects on the d/s Habitat and Fish

Different aquatic habitat including fish will disappear due to the reduction inflow which is
caused by diverting of the river for water supply purpose.

-Pollution of Fresh Quality water

The land that is excavated for the project is exposed for soil erosion and becomes the cause of
detachment, transportation and deposition of sediment in fresh stream water; large volume of
deposited sediment in surface water is the main cause for the pollution of fresh water.

-Destruction of Flora and Fauna

Natural feature of the surrounding area of Gambella has pleasant appearance. But some part of
this pleasant nature will be lost due to construction of project.

-Public Disturbance and Health

To perform the project development work certain area is required for water storage, service
reservoir construction, transmission pipeline etc. This may affect residential buildings and may
cause property damage. The sound and vibration of machinery service for construction,
loading /unloading purpose; vehicles serve for project work and materials serves for construction
affect the comfort of dwellers of area.

*some Negative impacts due to poor sanitation condition

There is a well-established sewerage system. The waste released from each house may normal
living facility of town. The flood during rainy season stored on the road, due to lack of proper
drainage system, damages the road causes traffic problems.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 60

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

6.1.1 Positive Impacts of Project

General improvement of water supply situation and living standard of population Solves shortage
of water supply in town assuming an adequate supply of water in quality as well as in quantity
for population.

Control the problem of water related diseases.

▪ It saves time energy in collection of drilling water.

▪ For conveyance of new industries and factories

6.2 Mitigation of Impacts

When such a project is implemented for the benefit of the community it could also have adverse
effects. It should be assessed and measures have to be taken. Now some of the adverse effects
and their corresponding mitigation measures are suggested.

6.3 Possible Adverse impacts

▪ loss of agricultural and grazing land due to project

▪ Reduction of flow for irrigation

▪ obstacle of traffic due to construction

6.4 Mitigation measures

 provides another plot of land to compensate the losses

 Try to use the GW as an alternative source

 Proper scheduling of project

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 61

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

CHAPTER SEVEN

7.0 Cost estimation

Financing arrangement for planning, design, construction and operation of water supply
project must be based on reliable cost data

The cost estimation of Gambella town water supply is based on the present cost that occur in
the southwestern part of our country i.e. the engineering cost estimation used for construction of
water supply project in the southwestern part.

Table 9.1 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for diversion weir

Item Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount

I Earth work
1. Excavation work
U/s &D/s impervious floor M3 1509.43 25 37735.75
U/s protection work M3 636.48 25 15912

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 62

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

U/s cut off M3 540.35 25 13508.75

Glacious M3 32.66 25 816.5
Retaining wall M3 53.2 25 1330
2 Filling work
U/s &D/s cut off M3 360.23 20 7204.6
Stone peach M3 954.72 40 38188.8
Sub total 114596.4
II Masonry work
1 Retaining wall M3 337.44 300 101232
2 U/S & D/s cut off M3 180.12 300 54036
3 Floor below 1m depth under M3 954.72 300 286416
weir bay section & D/s floor

Sub total 286416

III Concrete work

1 U/S and D/S impervious floor M3 636.48 750 477360
(1:3:6)
2 Glacious of under sluice M3 32.73 750 24547.5
(1:3:6)
3 Weir bay section (1:3:6) M3 150.47 750 112852.5
Floor under the weir bay M3 318.24 750 238680
section &d/s floor (1m
depth) 1:3:6
sub total 853440
IV Finishing
1 Plastering of Retaining wall in M2 404.32 10 4040.32
one side only with 3cm thick

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 63

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Sub 4040.32

Total 1413863.6

7.1 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for reservoirs

Table 9.2 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for reservoirs

No Description unit Quantity Unit price Total price

1. Earth work
1.1 Site clearing to remove top soil up M3 170.0 15 2550
to 20cm depth
1.2 Excavation for foundation to a M3 126.67 25 3166.75
depth of 1m
1.3 Back fill with selected material M3 50.6 20 1012
with ECO depth and compaction
1.3 Gravel pack at the bottom of lean M3 117.83 40 4713.2
concrete with 0.4m thick
1.3 40cm thick basaltic or equivalent M3 10.9 40 436

stone hard core

Sub total 11877.95

2. Concrete work
2.1 15 cm thick C-30 Lean Concrete M3 25.34 750 19005
laid at the bottom of base slab
2.2 C-30 Concrete work for reservoir M3 39.86 750 29895
wall
2.3 250 mm thick C-30 Concrete work M3 30.68 750 23010
for base slab
2.4 150mm thick C-30 Concrete work M3 18.41 750 13806
for top slab

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 64

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Sub total 85716

3.0 Steel Reinforced bare
3.1 φ16mm for hope reinforcement Kg 517.51 6.97 3607.04

3.2 φ12mm for vertical reinforcement Kg 962.56 6.80 6545.41

3.3 φ12mm for top slab reinforcement Kg 44030.16 6.80 299405.1

3.3 φ25mm for base slab Kg 26496.73 7.2 190776.51

reinforcement
Sub total 500334.06

4.0 Pipe and fitting

4.1 φ300mm DCI pipe (including M 15 96.97 1454.5

joint &gate valves)
5.0 Finishing
5.1 5cm thick Plastering (the interior M2 19.60 10 196
wall of reservoir)
5.2 3cm thick Plastering (the area b/n M2 27.17 10 271.7
reservoir wall and collector ditch)
Sub total 467.7

Total 598395.71

Total reservoir cost (for 3 reservoir) = 1795187.13 birr

7.2 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for water treatment

Table 9.3 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for water treatment

No Description unit Quantity Unit price Total price

1. Earth work for the treatment plant
1.1 Site clearing to remove top soil up M3 79.75 20 1595

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 65

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

to 20cm depth
1.2 Excavation for foundation to a M3 255.06 25 6376.5
depth of 1m
1.3 Back fill with selected material with M3 37.4 30 1122
ECO depth and compaction
2. Concrete work (C-25)
2.1 Concrete work for M3 2.35 750 1762.5
chemical feeding tank
2.2 Flocculation tank M3 30.2 750 22650
2.3 Sedimentation tank M3 90.26 750 67695
2.4 Rapid sand filter M3 21.29 750 15967.5
2.5 Under drain system M3 18.72 750 14040
3.0 Clear water reservoir (masonry) M3 132 300 39600
Total 161715

Table 9.4 Cost estimation and bill of quantity for pipes and pumps (for pase 1)
S,no Work item/ Description Unit Quantity Unit Total amount
price
1. Excavation of soil at average M3 4651.2 10 46512

depth of 0.4m

2 Back file of soil M3 1860.48 5 9302.4

Sub total 55814.40

Pipes and fittings for 6m length
Φ 450mm m 1435 1200 286800
Φ350mm m 345 900 51300
Φ 300mm m 2611 700 304616.67
Φ 250mm m 2354 500 196166.67
Φ200mm m 1700 350 99050

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 66

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

Φ150mm m 7362 225 276075

Φ100mm m 9156 150 228900
Φ80mm m 3293 90 49395
sub total 1,492303.34
Pumps and other accessories no 3 140610 421830
Total cost 1969947.74
Total project cost for the first phase = 5231914.25 birr
Add . (take 10%) , the total cost = 5755105.68 birr

CHAPTER EIGHT

8.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

8.1 Conclusion
The existing water supply system of Gambella town town cannot afford the rapidly growing
population, hence development of new water supply system has been found necessary. The
project is designed for design period of 10 year for two phases. The first phase cover from 2014
to 2024, the second phase covers from 2024 to 2034 G. C

Since the topographic, socio-economic condition and settlement nature of the town is not
favoring centralized sanitation, decentralized sanitation system which was assumed to be
implemented in the future. And one treatment plant recommended for the wastewater treatment.

8.2 Recommendation
It was recommended at feasibility stage, that the abstraction from the source be monitored to
ensure that the ecological needs of the Baro River continue to be met, and that the flow of water

Since the population of Gambella town is increasing rapidly, it is recommended that water
supply project should be constructed for the population living surrounding the town at the end of
the design period 2034.

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 67

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

The source is selected based on the basis of its quality and the convenience of the project.
Ground water is also recommended for the future use in addition to existing to water from 2014
to 2034. Center fugal pumps with electric motors should be provided at the pump house. At
pump station there should be standby pump to serve in case of pump failure. To avoid
interruption of water flow during power failure, it is recommended to have standby diesel
generator.

The source of water is naturally portable water that fulfills the WHO quality standards. Only
chlorine injection in to the reservoir is recommended.

Design of wastewater treatment plant and appropriate Site selection have to be done in future
since it is not address in this design project.

Calendars‟ are in Gregorian calendar unless and otherwise specified.

8.3 Reference:

1. B.C. Punimia, Ashock, Jaine and Arun Jain, Environmental Engineering I, Water Supply
Engineering

2. BSN Raju Water Supply Waste Water Engineering

3. Foundation engineering exercise book, 2009

4. Principle of water quality control. Thyfebbult. 3rd edition

5. Ray, K.Linsley, Water Resources Engineering 3rd edition

6. RCC-two hand out that Prepared by Muftah Ahmed, 2009

7. Twort, law and Crowley, 1985 water supply 3rd edition

8. Water supply and sanitation engineering. DL Gupta and Bharat single, 4th edition.

9. Water supply and sanitation engineering. G.s Biridie, 1989

10. Water supply engineering. S.K. Garg, Khan publisher

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 68

 FINAL YEAR PROJECT 2016 E.C

GBU WRI ENGINEERING Page 69