Models of Communication:

A model is an abstract representation of reality which is widely used to depict any idea,
thought or a concept in a much simpler way through diagrams, pictorial representations
etc. showing the structure of communication process as clearly as possible. Through a
model one can easily understand a process and draw conclusions from it. In simpler
words a model makes the learning simple.
Communication models are based on the assumptions of theorists which help in
understanding how communication functions and what effect it has upon individual
society. Communication models provide a framework to ensure that messages are clear
to help us understand the various elements of the communication process, such as
sender, receiver, message, channel and feedback so that we can communicate
effectively and avoid misunderstandings.

Types of Communication Model

Linear Model of Communication
Linear model of communication is a simple one-way communication model. The
message flows in a straight line from sender to the receiver. There is no concept of
feedback. The only task that a receiver does here is to receive the message. Key
features of linear model:
 One-way communication
 Used for mass communication
 Sender sends message and receiver only receives
 No feedback
 Concept of Noise

Advantages
 Good at audience persuasion and propaganda setting
 Intentional results

Disadvantages
 Communication is not continuous because of any feedback
 No direct way to know effectiveness of the communication

Different models that follow linear model of communication are: Aristotle’s

Model, Lasswell’s Model, Shannon Weaver Model and Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model.
  Aristotle Model of Communication
Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and writer born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He was
also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied physics, logic, mathematics, etc.
While exploring the human nature scientifically, Aristotle developed a linear model of
communication for oral communication known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication.
This model had only three elements essential for communication to happen i.e. speaker-
speech-audience. This is considered as the first model of communication and was
proposed before 300 B.C. It is also most widely accepted among all communication
models.
Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. According to this model, the
speaker plays a key role in communication. He is the one who takes complete charge of
the communication. It can be broadly divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker, Speech,
Occasion, Audience and Effect. Such type of communication takes place during face-to-
face situations.
The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model as the speaker has
the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver
a speech to the audience.
The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the target audience
and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared so that the audience be
persuaded or influenced from the speech. For this purpose the sender first prepares a
content which he does by carefully putting his thoughts in words with an objective of
influencing the listeners or the recipients, who would then respond in the sender’s
desired way. He should understand his target audience and then prepare his speech.
Making eye contact with the second party is again a must to create an impact among
the listeners.
The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the
communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. This model says that the
speaker communicates in such a way that the listeners get influenced and responds
accordingly.
Aristotle believed “Rhetoric” (public speaking or speech making) is the study of
communication and persuasion and different message or speech should be made for
different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or to establish
propaganda. That’s why this model is widely used for public speech in politics. It is also
less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication and it has no concept of
feedback.
  Lasswell’s Communication Model
Lasswell’s communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D.
Lasswell in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also known as action model or
linear model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one of the most
influential communication models.
Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which are used as an analysis tool
for evaluating the process of mass communication. The components are the questions
to be asked to get the answers and keep communication going.
1. Who(Sender): the communicator or source of message (control analysis)
2. Says what(message): the content of the message (content analysis)
3. In which channel(channel): the medium or media (media analysis)
4. To whom(audience): receiver of the message or audience (audience analysis)
5. With what effect(effect): the feedback of the receiver to the sender (effect
analysis)
Explanation of different Components of Lasswell’s Model
 Control analysis helps the sender to have all the power.

 Content analysis is associated to stereotyping and representation of different

groups politically. It is also related to the purpose or the hidden motives of the
message.
 Media analysis represents which medium should be used to exercise maximum
power against the receivers.
 Audience analysis shows who are the target population to be manipulated or
brain-washed.
 Effect analysis is done before the process starts. It is used to predict the effect of
message over the target population to be exploited.
Though Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is
used for interpersonal communication or group communication to be disseminated
message to various groups in various situations. It is a linear model as it sees
communication as the transmission of messages.
The major criticism of Lasswell’s Model is that it does not include feedback and it
ignores the possibility of noise. Without feedback, a communication process cannot be
fruitful. Lasswell’s model is very linear and does not consider barriers in the
communication process. The model is said to be propaganda based as it is more focused
on the resulting outcome and generally used for media persuasion.

 Osgood-Schramm’s Interactive Model/ Schramm’s Interactive Model

This model is different from earlier models as it does not follow the conventional
pattern of communication from source to receiver. According to the Osgood-Schramm’s
model, encoding and decoding are the two essential processes of an effective
communication. The model was proposed in 1954.
According to this model of communication, when a sender passes on the information to
the receiver, the receiver must interpret it in the desired form the sender wants and
give him the feedback or respond accordingly. Any communication where the sender
does not get the feedback, the communication is not complete and thus ineffective.
Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates the process of communication
by convertingiithe thought into content. When the information reaches the recipient,
his prime responsibility is to understand what the speaker intends to convey. Unless and
until the second party is able to understand or decode the information what the sender
wants to communicate, the message is actually of no use. Thus, encoding and decoding
are two most important factors of an effective communication without which
information can never flow between two individuals.
Osgood described communication as a dynamic process in which there is an interactive
relationship between the source and the receiver where a person may be a source one
moment, a receiver the next and again a source the following moment. This is
particularly true in interpersonal communication. Thus, each participant in the
communication process sends as well as receives messages and as such encodes,
decodes and interprets messages.
Schramm believed that communication is actually a two way process between the first
party and the second party. That’s why he emphasizes that the communication is
incomplete unless and until the sender receives a feedback from the recipient.
Schramm also believed that an individual’s knowledge, experience and cultural
background also play an important role in communication. Individuals from diverse
cultures, religion or background tend to interpret the message in different ways.

 Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Shannon and Weaver model is the most popular model of communication and is widely
accepted all over the world. Shannon Weaver model of communication was created in
1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal with Warren Weaver.
Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist. The
Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of
communication or “mother of all models.” This model is more technological than other
linear models.
Shannon and weaver model simply proposes that a message actually originates from the
person who gets the thought or has the information. The sender is also called the
Source of information or the Information Source. The information then gets transmitted
from the brain to the mouth and comes out as a signal which then reaches the recipient
after joining hands with several noises and other disturbances. The recipient then
further passes on the message to its final destination or other minds of other
individuals.

Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model

Sender (Information source): Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses
the channel and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter): Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts
message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel: Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver): Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into
message or the receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination): Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where
the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise: Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not
let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.
Explanation of Shannon Weaver Model
The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a technological
channel like telephone and telegraph. The sender converts the message into codes
understandable to the machine. The message is sent in codes through a medium.
The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The
receptor machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can have noise
and the receiver might not have the capacity to decode which might cause problems in
communication process.
Here, for instance, brain might be the sender, mouth might be the encoder which
encodes to a particular language, air might be the channel, another person’s ear might
be the receptor and his brain might be the decoder and receiver.
Similarly, air is the channel here, the noise present in his environment that disturbs
them is the noise whereas his response is the feedback. There were only 5 components
when the model was made. Noise was added later.
As Shannon was an engineer, this model was first made to improve technical
communication, mainly for telephonic communication. It was made to maximize
telephone capacity with minimum noise.
Later, Weaver applied it for all kind of communications to develop effective
communication and the model became famous as Shannon Weaver model. In
engineering, Shannon’s model is also called information theory and is used academically
to calculate transmission through machines and also has a formula.

Drawback of Shannon-Weaver Model

No acknowledgement of the importance of Feedback.
  New Comb’s model of communication
The New Comb’s model of communication was introduced by Theodore M Newcomb of
the University of Michigan in 1953. He gives different approach to the communication
process. This model is triangular and represents interpersonal communication. The main
purpose of this theory is to introduce the role of communication in a social relationship
(society) and to maintain social equilibrium within the social system. He concentrates on
the social purpose of communication, showing all communication as a means of
sustaining relationships between people. Sometimes it’s called as an “ABX” model of
communication.
The Newcomb’s model works in a triangular format or A-B-X system
A – Sender, B – Receiver and X – Matter of Concern

A and B are communicator and receiver respectively. X is the part of their social
environment.
The relationship between A and B is like student and teacher, government and public,
management and union or newspaper and readers. Sender and Receiver may work in a
same flow but the same time some factor like “X” may affect their flow of relationship.
ABX is a system which means its internal relations a interdependent. Changes of A will
result in changes of B and X.
“X” can be third persons, issue, topic or policy.
For Example:
Teachers introduce a new policy to increase the college timing from 6 hours to 8 hours.
A – Teachers B – Students X – Policy or issue
If both students and teachers are satisfied with this policy then the communication
maintains its equilibrium status between them. Otherwise the flow of communication
between “A” and “B” becomes trouble in the social system. If “A” or “B” is not ready to
accept the policy then it will directly affect the social system and can’t maintain the
equilibrium status. So Teachers ”A” can convince students “B” as much as possible.
Otherwise they have to make some adjustments in the Policy “X” and convince them
towards the policy.
Hence, Newcomb’s model assumes significance in the light of people’s increasing need
for information.

 Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication

In 1960, David Berlo proposed Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model
of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of Communication. He described
factors affecting the individual components in the communication making the
communication more efficient. The model focuses on encoding and decoding which
happens before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message
respectively. It also takes into account the emotional aspect of the message.
Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication process.
They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the components is affected by
many factors.
Components of Berlo’s Model of Communication
1. S -Sender
Sender is the source of the message or the person who originates the message. He is the
one who transfers the message/information to the receiver after carefully putting his
thoughts into words.
The following are the factor related to sender and is also the same in the case of
receiver:
Communication Skills
An individual must possess excellent communication skills to make his communication
effective and create an impact among the listeners. That’s why communication skill of a
person is a factor that affects the communication process. The speaker must know
where to take pauses, where to repeat the sentences, how to speak a particular
sentence, how to pronounce a word and so on. If the sender has good communication
skills, the message will be communicated better than if the sender’s communication
skills are not good. Similarly, if the receiver cannot grasp the message, then the
communication will not be effective. Communication skills include the skills to speak,
present, read, write, listening, etc.
Attitude
It is rightly said that if one has the right attitude, the whole world is at his feet. There is
actually no stopping for the person if he has the right attitude. The attitude of the
sender and the receiver creates the effect of the message. The person’s attitude
towards self, the receiver and the environment changes the meaning and effect of the
message.
Knowledge
Here knowledge is not related to the educational qualification of the speaker or the
number of degrees he has in his portfolio. Knowledge is actually the clarity of the
information which the speaker wants to convey to the second party. Familiarity with the
subject of the message makes the communicated message have its effect more.
Knowledge on the subject matter makes the communicator send the message
effectively.
Social Systems
Imagine a politician delivering a speech where he proposes to construct a religious
structure in an area dominated by persons of other belief or religion. What would be the
reaction of the listeners? They would obviously be not interested. Values, beliefs, laws,
rules, religion and many other social factors affect the sender’s way of communicating
the message. It creates difference in the generation of message. Place and situation also
fall under social systems.
Culture
Culture refers to the cultural background of the community or the listeners where the
speaker is communicating or delivering his speech. Cultural differences make messages
different. A person from one culture might find something offensive which is very much
accepted in another culture.

2. M-Message
A message is the substance that is being sent by the sender to the receiver. When an
individual converts his thoughts into deliverable codes, a message is created. The
process is also called as Encoding. It might be in the form of voice, audio, text, video or
other media. The key factors affecting the message are:
Content
One cannot show his grey matter to others to let him know what he is thinking. A
thought has to be put into words and content has to be prepared. Content is the thing
that is in the message. The whole message from beginning to end is the content.
Elements
It has been observed that speech alone cannot bring a difference in the communication.
Keep on constantly speaking and the listeners will definitely lose interest after some
time. The speech must be coupled with lots of hand movements, gestures, postures,
facial expressions, body movements to capture the attention of the listeners and make
the speech impressive. Hand movements, gestures, postures, facial expressions, body
movements, gestures all come under the elements of the message.
Treatment
Treatment is actually the way one treats his message and conveys to the listeners. One
must understand the importance of the message and must know how to handle it.
Treatment is the way in which the message is conveyed to the receiver. Treatment also
affects the feedback of the receiver.
Structure
A message cannot be expressed in one go. It has to be properly structured in order to
convey the message in the most desired form. The structure of the message or the way
it has been structured or arranged, affects the effectiveness of the message.
Code
Code is the form in which the message is sent. It might be in the form of language, text,
video, etc. Our body movements, language, expressions, gestures are actually the codes
of the message and have to be accurate otherwise the message gets distorted and the
recipient will never be able to decode the correct information.

3. C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other
forms of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone,
internet, etc.
But in general communication, the five senses of a human being is the channel for the
communication flow and it affects the effectiveness of the channel.
Hearing: We receive the message through hearing.
Seeing: We perceive through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing.
Touching: Many of the non-verbal communication happen from touching like holding
hands.
Smelling: We collect information from smelling.
Tasting: Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message.
4. R- Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. When the message
reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the listener actually wants to convey
and then responds accordingly. This is also called as decoding.
This model believes that the thinking pattern and all other factors mentioned above
must be in sync to that of the sender for the communication to be effective. The
receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smooth flow of information
and better understanding of the message. The message might not have the same effect
as intended if the receiver and sender are not similar. The receiver must also have a very
good listening skill. Other factors are similar to that of the sender.

Criticisms of Berlo’s SMCR Model

There is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered.
There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication process.
It is a linear model of communication, there is no two way communication.
Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above, which
is not always practical in the real scenario.

 George Gerbner Model of Communication (1956)

George Gerbner, a Professor at the Annenberg School of Communications in the
University of Pennsylvania, is one of the pioneers in the field of communication
research. In 1956, Gerbner attempted a general purpose of communication model. He
stressed the dynamic nature of communication in his work and also the factor affecting
the reliability of communication.
The model assumes significance as it is seen as an advancement over earlier models in
two ways. It relates the messages to reality and enables us to approach the question of
perception and meaning.
Further it sees communication process as consisting of two alternative dimensions-the
perceptual or receptive dimension and the communicating or means and control
dimension
(i) Perceptual Dimension:

An ‘E’ is an event happens in the real life and the event content or message is perceived by ‘M’ (Man
or a Machine). After Perceives the message from “E” by “M” is known as “E1”. E1 is not same as like
‘E’. Because any man or machine can’t perceives the whole event and they perceives only the part of
the event (E1). This is known as “Perceptual Dimension”.
These 3 factors are involves between ‘E’ and ‘M’
 Selection
 Context
 Availability
M (man or machine) cannot perceive the entire content of the event “E”. So M selects the interesting
or needed content from the entire event and filtering the others. The context occurs in the event and
Availability is based on ‘M’s attitude, mood, culture and personality. (For eg. How a journalist
perceives the messages from the event and also can’t focus the whole event so they filter the
unwanted or unrelated content from the event. This filtered content is not same as like the actual
event content because the journalist edits the content based on his attitude, mood and cultural
background or press policies).
(ii) Means and Controls dimension:
E2 is the event content which is drawn or artified by M. Here M becomes the source of a message
about E to send someone else. M creates a statement or signals about the message and Gerbner
termed its Form and content as “SE2”. S (Signal or Form) it takes and E2 (Man’s content). Here
Content (E2) is structured or formed (S) by ‘M’ and it can communicate in a different ways or based
on the structured ways.
M has to use channels (or media) over to send the message which he has a greater or lesser degree of
control. The question of ‘control’ relates to M’s degree of skill in using communication channels. If
using a verbal channel, how good is he using words? If using the Internet, how good is he at using new
technology and words?
This process can be extended to infinitum by adding on other receivers (M2, M3etc.) who have
further perceptions (SE3, SE4 etc.) of the statements about perceived events.
Important Note:
Message at every level is altered or changed.

Example:
In case of news reporting, E can be any event that has happened and the reporter (M) selects a
particular part of event (E1) that may be provide his channel higher TRP ratings or the news may
boost the particular party which his channel supports. This SE2 is sent through a medium to the mass
audience. Then the audience distributed the message (SE2) and he (M1) sends to his friends with his
interpretation and the process continues.

 Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication

Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication was suggested by Bruce Westley (1915-1990) and
Malcolm S. MacLean Jr. (1913-2001) in 1957.
This model says that communication does not begin when one person starts speaking, but it does
when a person responds to something from his/her surroundings. The person must first receive
message from the environment and then, he/she responds according to his/her object of orientation
(point of reference).
This model also suggests that, it is not necessary that the signals coming from the surroundings are
intentionally sent to start the process of communication. Sometimes events might accidentally occur
or the thought can be accidentally received. Thus signals can be received anytime and communication
can begin anytime.
The Westley and MacLean’s model can be applied in two contexts: interpersonal and mass
communication, the point of difference being the feedback. Feedback is direct and fast in
interpersonal communication and indirect and slow in mass communication. The model also
differentiates message as purposive and non-purposive.

Components of Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication

Source (A): Source is the message creator and sender.
Environment (X): Environment is the physical and psychological situation where the message is being
created and sent.
Sensory experience (X1…): Sensory experience is the first thing that the source sees by which the
source gets the idea for the formation of the message.
Objects of Orientation (X1, X2,…): Objects of orientation is the person’s social and cultural reality that
has formed from his/her past experiences and teachings.
Message Interpretation or Coding (X’): Message is interpreted with the objects of orientation of the
receiver of the message.
Receiver (B): The person who gets the message sent by the source and the person who interprets
according to his/her objects of orientation.
Object of Orientation of Receiver (X, b): The views and ideas of the receiver or his/her social reality is
his/her object of orientation. That is how the receiver interprets the message.
Feedback (f): The receiver forms another message after interpreting the message and sends it back to
the sender. It is known as feedback.
Gatekeeper (C): Gatekeepers are found in mass communication. The gatekeeper is the editor who
filters the message as per the needs of the audience and media institution.
Opinion Leader: Opinion leaders are well known and recognized people who can influence public
opinions.

Concepts of Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication

The process of communication in Westley and MacLean’s model of communication starts when the
source creates a message from his/her environment. The communicator acts and creates the message
as a response to the sensory experience with his/her own objects of orientation.
Then, the response is coded after interpreting the environmental response. The coded message is
transmitted to a second respondent who interprets the message differently according to his/her
objects of orientation and provide feedback to the sender.
Gatekeeper and opinion leader are the parts of communication process in mass communication. They
are the editors, proofreaders, etc. who choose which message should be published and what effect
will it have on the audience. Filter of the message is dependent on many factors.

Gatekeeping is done in these levels:

Individual level: A person’s gender, sexual orientation, culture, likes, dislikes, etc.
Routine practice level: Pre-established set of rules and practices for a particular type of work to be
done.
Communication organizations: The policies of the organization that is publishing the work.
Social institutions: The social systems by which the message is formed.
Societies: Societal values and belief systems, rules and norms, etc.
Advantages of Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication
There is the concept of feedback.
As the message comes from the environment, sensory field improves the message formation.
Social and other factors are included in objects of orientation.
The model can be applied to interpersonal, group communication as well as mass communication.
The model is very descriptive.

Disadvantages of Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication

There are many variables even for simple communication which makes the model very complicated.
The model is only two-dimensional and does not explain communication which involves multiple
messages and complicated messages.
The information can get modified while sending it from the sender to the receiver as there can be
noise. The model does not account for noise in communication.

Example of Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication

A person ‘A’ is going to a meeting. Thunderstorms ‘X1’ and heavy rains ‘X2’ start. The roads ‘X3’ are all
blocked. ‘A’ will have to convey the message to the people who are conducting the meeting that
he/she will not be reaching on time. ‘A’ can inform all others through phone.
Here, the message is conceived from the environmental message through the person’s sensory
experience. The object of orientation of the person makes him call others because he thinks that
reaching late is impolite. Sender ‘A’ creates the message as a courteous request.
The message is coded in a language form and is sent to the receiver ‘B’. ‘B’ interprets according to
his/her own object of orientation like the receiver can still find reaching late to a meeting rude. The
feedback is given accordingly.
Similarly, in mass communication, ‘A’ sends a message to ‘C’ who is the editor. ‘C’ acts as a
gatekeeper and publishes the news after proper editing. There might be readers’ ‘B’ replies to which
are in the form of letters or directly face to face. The process of letter reaching the writer takes a long
time whereas direct review reaches fast.
In a website, there are many writers. They write and send the articles to get them published. But the
editor chooses the articles that are relevant. The comment box is the place where the audience can
give feedback.
Here,
X1 is any article
X2 is the audience comments
X3 is the website
f is feedback
A is writers
B is the audience
C is the gatekeeper or the editor
So, there is a feedback loop between Audience (B) and the Editor (C) after sending the article for
publishing, which is known as “fBC”.
There is a feedback loop between Editor (C) and Writer (A) giving response to the writers, which is
known as “fCA”.
There is another feedback loop between Audience (B) and the Writers (A) in the comments, which is
known as “fBA”.
The message received from the environment can be accidental or abrupt, so might not be intentional.
So, the signals can be received anytime and message is formed anytime.

Interactive Model of Communication

Interactive model or convergence model is similar to transactional model as they are both two way communication
model. But, interactive model is mostly used for new media like internet. Here, people can respond to any mass
communications like videos, news, etc. People can exchange their views and ideas. Model that follows interactive model
of communication is: Schramm’s Interactive Model.
Key features:
 Used for new communications like Internet
 Slower feedback in turn
 Concept of field of experience
 Known as convergence model
 Communication becomes linear if receiver does not respond
Advantages
 Feedback even in mass communication
 New communication channels
Disadvantages
 Feedback can take a very long time
 Sender and receiver might not know who the other person is

Transactional Model of Communication

“Transactional” means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. In any transactional process,
each element exists in relation to all the other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without
a receiver and no message without a source. In transactional model, senders and receivers both are known as communicators
and both play equally important role in communication. Transactional model relates communication with social reality,
cultural up-bringing and relational context (relationships). Each person in the communication process reacts depending on
factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self-esteem. Non-verbal feedback like
gestures, body language, is also considered as feedback in this model. Different models that follow transactional model of
communication are: Barnlund’s Transactional Model, Helical Model and Becker’s Mosaic Model.
Key features:
 Used for interpersonal communication
 Senders and receivers interchange roles
 Simultaneous feedback
  Context of environment and noise
 Feedback is taken as a new message
Advantages
 Simultaneous and instant feedback
 No discrimination between sender and receiver
Disadvantages
 Encourages non-verbal communication
 More noise due to communicators talking at the same time

Dance’s Helix Model (1967) or Helica Model

Another very important model of communication is the Helical Model of communication, proposed by Frank Dance in 1967.
Helix is a three-dimensional object with a shape like that of a smooth curve that goes upwards as also comes downwards.
Frank Dance explains the communication process based on this Helix structure, the bottom or starting is very small then it
gradually moves upward in a back and forth circular motion forming bigger circles in the top. The whole process takes some
time to reach. Just as a helix, the communication process starts very slowly (defined by a small circle). Communicators share
only small portions information and this gradually develops into next level expanding its boundaries; but this will take some
time. Later the communicators commit more and share more information. Frank Dance included the concept of time in his
theory. Something happens over time and the subsequent events will be based on the first event. This theory of
communication was the subject of a number of experiments. Even though this model of communication clarifies everything,
there is the problem of over simplification.