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Structure Toefl

The document discusses various skills for identifying and correcting errors related to sentence structure in English. It covers topics such as subjects and verbs, clauses, connectors, word order, agreement, parallel structure, comparisons, verb forms, tense, and passive voice.

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31 views6 pages

Structure Toefl

The document discusses various skills for identifying and correcting errors related to sentence structure in English. It covers topics such as subjects and verbs, clauses, connectors, word order, agreement, parallel structure, comparisons, verb forms, tense, and passive voice.

Uploaded by

dreamocelschair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE

Skill 1. Be sure the sentence has a subect and a verb


A sentence in english must have at least one subject and one verb

Skill 2. Be careful of objects of prepositions


A prepostion is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that is called an object of the
preposition if a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject, e.g : in, at, of, to, by, behind,
on, etc

Skill 3. Be careful of appositives

Skill 4. Be careful of present participles

Skill 5. Be careful of past participles

SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a
buject and a verb). Whenever you find a sentence with more than one caluse, you need to make sure
that every subject has a verb and every verb has a subject. Next you need to check that the various
clauses in the sentence are correctly joined.

Skill 6. Use coordinate connectors correctly


One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, or yet.

Skill 7. Use adverb time and cause connectors correctly

Adverb time and cause connectors


Time Cause
after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the
as, because, inasmuch as, now that, since
time, once, since, until, when, whenever, while

Skill 8. Use other adverb connectors correctly


Condition : if, in case, provided, providing, unless, whether
Contrast : although, even though, though, while, whereas
Manner : as, in that
Place : where, wherever

MORE SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CALUSES


Skill 9. Use noun clause connectors correctly
Noun clause connectors : what, when, where, why, how; whatever, whenever; whether, if; that.

Skill 10. Use noun clause connector/subjects correctly


Noun clause connectro/subjects : who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever.

Skill 11. Use adjective clause connectors correctly


whom (for people), which (for things), that (for people or things)

Skill 12. Use adjective clause connector/subjects correctly


SENTENCES WITH REDUCED CLAUSES
The two types of clauses that can reduce in english are
1. Adjective clauses
2. Adverb clauses

Skill 13. Use reduced adjective clauses correctly


To reduce an adjective clause, omit the adcjective clause connector/subject and the be-verb.
If there is no be-verb, omit the connector/subject and change the main verb to the -ing form.
Only reduce an adjective clause if the connector.subject is directly followed by the verb.
If an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced clause can be moved to the front of the
sentence.

Skill 14. Use reduced adverb clauses correctly


Reduces in ACTIVE :
Time : after, before, since, while
Condition : if, unless, whether
Contrast: although, though

Reduces in PASSIVE :
Time : once, until, when, whenever
Condition : if, unless, whether
Contrast: although, though
Place : where, wherever
Manner : as

SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS


The most common problems with inverted subjects and verbs occur in the following situations:
1. With question words such as what, when, where, why, and how.
2. After some place expressions
3. After negative expressions
4. In some conditionals
5. After some comparisons

Skill 15. Invert the subject and verb with question words
WHAT THE DOG DOING is wrong
WHAT IS THE DOG DOING is the right one.

Skill 16. Invert the subject and verb with place expressions
After ideas expressing place, the subject and the verb sometimes invert in english. This can happen
with single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere.
HERE is the book that you lent me
THERE are the keys that I thought I lost
NOWHERE have I seen such beautiful weather.
The subject and verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrases expressing place.
In the closet are the clothes that you want
Around the corner is sams house.
Skill 17. Invert the subject and verb with negatives
The subject and verb can also be inverted after certain negatives and related expressions. When
negative expressions, such as no, not, or never, come at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and
ver are inverted.
NOT ONCE did I miss a question
NEVER has mr jones taken a vacation
AT NO TIME can the woman talk on the telephone

Certain words in english, such as hardly, barely, scarcely, and only, act like negatives.
HARDLY EVER does he take time off.
(this means that he almost never takes time off)
ONLY ONCE did the manager issue overtime paychecks.
(this means that the manager almost never issued overtime paychecks)

When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb in the middle of a sentence, the
subject and verb are also inverted. This happens often with the negative words neither and nor.
I do not want to go, and NEITHER DOES TOM.
The secretary is not attending the meeting, NOR IS HER BOSS.

Contoh negatives: no, not, never, neither, nor, barely, hardly, only, rarely, scarcely, seldom.

Skill 18. Invert the subject and verb with conditionals


Conditional clause : had, should, were
And the conditional connector if is omitted.

Skill 19. Invert the subject and verb with comparisons.

PROBLEM WITH SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT


Skill 20. Make verbs agree after prepositional phrases
Skill 21. Make verbs agree after expressions of quantity
Skill 22. Make inverted verbs agree
Skill 23. Make verbs agree after certain words
Contoh kata yang gramatically singular :
Anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+noun)
Anyone everyone no one someone every (+noun)
Anything everything nothin something

PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL STRUCTURE


Skill 24. Use parallel structure with coordinate conjuctions
(and, but, or)
Skill 25. Use parallel structure with paired conjunctions
Paired conjunctions : both … and, either … or, neither … nor, not only … but juga harus parallel.

Skill 26. Use parallel structure with comparisons

PROBLEMS WITH COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES


Skill 27. Form comparatives and superlatives correctly

Skill 28. Use comparatives and superlatives correctly

Skill 29. Use the irregular -er, -er structure correctly


PROBLEMS WITH THE FORM OF THE VERB
1. Check what comes after have.
2. Check what comes after be.
3. Check what comes after will, would, and other modals

Skill 30. After have, use the past participle


HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Skill 31. After BE, use the present participle or the past participle
The verb be in any of its forms (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being)

Skill 32. After WILL, WOULD, or other modals, use the base from of the verbs
Such as will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, or must.

PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF THE VERB


1. Knowing when to used the past with the present
2. Using had and have correctly
3. Using the correct tense with time expressions
4. Using the correct tense with will and would.

Skill 33. Know when to use the past with the present

Skill 34. Use have and had correctly


Skill 35. Use the correct tense with time expressions

Skill 36. Use the correct tense with will and would

PROBLEMS WITH PASSIVE VERBS

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