7001_ThomasET_ch15p854–918.

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858 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

z Solution Figure 15.6 displays the volume beneath the surface. By Fubini’s Theorem,
z 5 100 2 6x 2y
1 2 1

6 L-1L0 L-1
100 x=2
ƒsx, yd dA = s100 - 6x 2yd dx dy = C 100x - 2x 3y D x = 0 dy
R
1

L-1
50 1
= s200 - 16yd dy = C 200y - 8y 2 D -1 = 400.

–1
Reversing the order of integration gives the same answer:
1 1 y
R 2 1 2

L0 L-1 L0
x 2 y=1
s100 - 6x 2yd dy dx = C 100y - 3x 2y 2 D y = -1 dx
2

L0
FIGURE 15.6 The double integral
4R ƒ(x, y) dA gives the volume under this
= [s100 - 3x 2 d - s - 100 - 3x 2 d] dx
surface over the rectangular region R
2

L0
(Example 1).
= 200 dx = 400.

z
z 5 10 1 x 2 1 3y 2
EXAMPLE 2 Find the volume of the region bounded above by the ellipitical paraboloid
10
z = 10 + x 2 + 3y 2 and below by the rectangle R: 0 … x … 1, 0 … y … 2.

y
2 Solution The surface and volume are shown in Figure 15.7. The volume is given by the
R
1 double integral
x
1 2

6 L0 L0
FIGURE 15.7 The double integral
4R ƒ(x, y) dA gives the volume under this
V = s10 + x 2 + 3y 2 d dA = s10 + x 2 + 3y 2 d dy dx
surface over the rectangular region R R
(Example 2). 1

L0
y=2
= C 10y + x 2y + y 3 D y = 0 dx
1 1

L0
2 3 86
= (20 + 2x 2 + 8) dx = c20x + x + 8x d = .
3 0 3

Exercises 15.1
Evaluating Iterated Integrals 2 2p

L-1L0 Lp L0
p/2 p

In Exercises 1–12, evaluate the iterated integral. 11. y sin x dx dy 12. (sin x + cos y) dx dy
2 4 2 1

L1 L0 L0 L-1
1. 2xy dy dx 2. (x - y) dy dx
Evaluating Double Integrals over Rectangles
2 2 In Exercises 13–20, evaluate the double integral over the given
0 1 1 1 x + y
L-1L-1 L0 L0
3. (x + y + 1) dx dy 4. a1 - b dx dy region R.
2

6
3 2 3 0 13. s6y 2 - 2xd dA, R: 0 … x … 1, 0 … y … 2

L0 L0 L0 L-2
2 2
5. (4 - y ) dy dx 6. (x y - 2xy) dy dx R

6
y 1 1 4 4 2x

L0 L0 1 + xy L1 L0
x 14. a b dA, R: 0 … x … 4, 1 … y … 2
7. dx dy 8. a + 2yb dx dy y2
2 R
ln 2 ln 5 1 2

L0 L1 L0 L1 6
9. e 2x + y dy dx 10. xye x dy dx 15. xy cos y dA, R: - 1 … x … 1, 0 … y … p
R
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15.2 Double Integrals over General Regions 859

Volume Beneath a Surface z = ƒ(x, y)

6
16. y sin (x + y) dA, R: - p … x … 0, 0 … y … p 23. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the paraboloid
R z = x 2 + y 2 and below by the square R: - 1 … x … 1,

6
- 1 … y … 1.
17. e x - y dA, R: 0 … x … ln 2, 0 … y … ln 2
24. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the ellipitical
R
paraboloid z = 16 - x 2 - y 2 and below by the square

6
2
18. xye xy dA, R: 0 … x … 2, 0 … y … 1 R: 0 … x … 2, 0 … y … 2.
R 25. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the plane
xy 3 z = 2 - x - y and below by the square R: 0 … x … 1,
6x + 1
19. 2
dA, R: 0 … x … 1, 0 … y … 2 0 … y … 1.
R 26. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the plane
y
6x y + 1
z = y>2 and below by the rectangle R: 0 … x … 4, 0 … y … 2.
20. 2 2
dA, R: 0 … x … 1, 0 … y … 1
R
27. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the surface
z = 2 sin x cos y and below by the rectangle R: 0 … x … p>2,
In Exercises 21 and 22, integrate ƒ over the given region. 0 … y … p>4.
21. Square ƒ(x, y) = 1>(xy) over the square 1 … x … 2, 1 … y … 2 28. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the surface
22. Rectangle ƒ(x, y) = y cos xy over the rectangle 0 … x … p, z = 4 - y 2 and below by the rectangle R: 0 … x … 1,
0 … y … 1 0 … y … 2.

Double Integrals over General Regions

15.2
In this section we define and evaluate double integrals over bounded regions in the plane
which are more general than rectangles. These double integrals are also evaluated as iterated
integrals, with the main practical problem being that of determining the limits of integration.
Since the region of integration may have boundaries other than line segments parallel to the
coordinate axes, the limits of integration often involve variables, not just constants.

Double Integrals over Bounded, Nonrectangular Regions

To define the double integral of a function ƒ(x, y) over a bounded, nonrectangular region
R, such as the one in Figure 15.8, we again begin by covering R with a grid of small rec-
!Ak tangular cells whose union contains all points of R. This time, however, we cannot exactly
R
!yk (xk , yk ) fill R with a finite number of rectangles lying inside R, since its boundary is curved, and
!xk some of the small rectangles in the grid lie partly outside R. A partition of R is formed by
taking the rectangles that lie completely inside it, not using any that are either partly or
completely outside. For commonly arising regions, more and more of R is included as the
norm of a partition (the largest width or height of any rectangle used) approaches zero.
Once we have a partition of R, we number the rectangles in some order from 1 to n
and let ¢Ak be the area of the kth rectangle. We then choose a point sxk , yk d in the kth rec-
FIGURE 15.8 A rectangular grid tangle and form the Riemann sum

Sn = a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak .
partitioning a bounded nonrectangular n
region into rectangular cells.
k=1

As the norm of the partition forming Sn goes to zero, 7P7 : 0, the width and height of
each enclosed rectangle goes to zero and their number goes to infinity. If ƒ(x, y) is a con-
tinuous function, then these Riemann sums converge to a limiting value, not dependent on
any of the choices we made. This limit is called the double integral of ƒ(x, y) over R:

lim a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak =

n

6
ƒsx, yd dA.
ƒ ƒ P ƒ ƒ :0
k=1
R
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15.2 Double Integrals over General Regions 865

The idea behind these properties is that integrals behave like sums. If the function
ƒ(x, y) is replaced by its constant multiple cƒ(x, y), then a Riemann sum for ƒ

Sn = a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak
n

z
k=1

16 is replaced by a Riemann sum for cƒ

z 5 16 2 x 2 2 y 2

a cƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak = c a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak = cSn .

n n

k=1 k=1

Taking limits as n : q shows that c limn: q Sn = c 4R ƒ dA and limn: q cSn = 4R cƒ dA

are equal. It follows that the constant multiple property carries over from sums to double
integrals.
2 y The other properties are also easy to verify for Riemann sums, and carry over to
1 y 5 2!x double integrals for the same reason. While this discussion gives the idea, an actual
y 5 4x 2 2
x
proof that these properties hold requires a more careful analysis of how Riemann sums
(a)
converge.
y
y 5 4x 2 2 EXAMPLE 4 Find the volume of the wedgelike solid that lies beneath the surface z =
16 - x 2 - y 2 and above the region R bounded by the curve y = 22x, the line
2 y 5 2!x (1, 2) y = 4x - 2, and the x-axis.
y2
x5
4
y1 2 Solution Figure 15.18a shows the surface and the “wedgelike” solid whose volume we
R x5
4 want to calculate. Figure 15.18b shows the region of integration in the xy-plane. If we inte-
x grate in the order dy dx (first with respect to y and then with respect to x), two integrations
0 0.5 1
will be required because y varies from y = 0 to y = 21x for 0 … x … 0.5, and then
(b)
varies from y = 4x - 2 to y = 21x for 0.5 … x … 1. So we choose to integrate in the
FIGURE 15.18 (a) The solid “wedgelike” order dx dy, which requires only one double integral whose limits of integration are indi-
region whose volume is found in Example 4. cated in Figure 15.18b. The volume is then calculated as the iterated integral:
(b) The region of integration R showing

6
the order dx dy. (16 - x 2 - y 2) dA
R
2 ( y + 2)>4

L0 Ly2>4
= (16 - x 2 - y 2) dx dy

2 x = ( y + 2)>4

L0
x3
= c16x - - xy 2 d dx
3 x = y2>4
2 ( y + 2) 3 ( y + 2)y 2 y6 y4
L0 3 # 64 3 # 64
2
= c4( y + 2) - - - 4y + + d dy
4 4
191y 63y 2 145y 3 49y 4 y5 y7 2 20803
= c + - - + + d = L 12.4.
24 32 96 768 20 1344 0 1680

Exercises 15.2
Sketching Regions of Integration 5. 0 … x … 1, ex … y … e
In Exercises 1–8, sketch the described regions of integration.
1. 0 … x … 3, 0 … y … 2x 6. 1 … x … e 2, 0 … y … ln x
2. -1 … x … 2, x - 1 … y … x2 7. 0 … y … 1, 0 … x … sin-1 y
2
3. -2 … y … 2, y … x … 4
1
4. 0 … y … 1, y … x … 2y 8. 0 … y … 8, y … x … y 1>3
4
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866 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

In Exercises 9–18, write an iterated integral for 4R dA over the de-

Finding Limits of Integration 0 -y

L-2 Ly
29. 2 dp dy sthe py-planed
scribed region R using (a) vertical cross-sections, (b) horizontal cross-
1 21 - s2

L0 L0
sections.
30. 8t dt ds sthe st-planed
9. 10.
sec t

L-p>3 L0
p>3
y y
y 5 x3 31. 3 cos t du dt sthe tu-planed
y 5 2x 3>2 4 - 2u
y58

L0 L1
4 - 2u
32. dy du sthe uy-planed
y2
x53
Reversing the Order of Integration
x x In Exercises 33–46, sketch the region of integration and write an
equivalent double integral with the order of integration reversed.
1 4 - 2x 2 0

L0 L2 L0 Ly - 2
33. dy dx 34. dx dy
11. 12.
1 2y 1 1 - x2

L0 Ly L0 L1 - x
y y
35. dx dy 36. dy dx
y 5 ex
y 5 3x
1 ex ln 2 2

L0 L1 L0 Le y
37. dy dx 38. dx dy

y 5 x2 y51 3>2 9 - 4x 2 2 4 - y2

L0 L0 L0 L0
x x 39. 16x dy dx 40. y dx dy

1 21 - y 2 2 24 - x 2

L0 L-21 - y 2 L0 L-24 - x 2
x52
41. 3y dx dy 42. 6x dy dx
13. Bounded by y = 1x, y = 0, and x = 9 e ln x 1>2

L1 L0 L0 Lsin x
p>6
14. Bounded by y = tan x, x = 0, and y = 1 43. xy dy dx 44. xy 2 dy dx
15. Bounded by y = e -x, y = 1, and x = ln 3 3 ey 13 tan-1 y

L0 L1 L0 L0
16. Bounded by y = 0, x = 0, y = 1, and y = ln x 45. (x + y) dx dy 46. 2xy dx dy
17. Bounded by y = 3 - 2x, y = x, and x = 0
In Exercises 47–56, sketch the region of integration, reverse the order
18. Bounded by y = x 2 and y = x + 2 of integration, and evaluate the integral.
2 2
Finding Regions of Integration and Double Integrals sin y
L0 Lx L0 Lx
p p

In Exercises 19–24, sketch the region of integration and evaluate the 47. y dy dx 48. 2y 2 sin xy dy dx
integral. 1 1 2 4 - x2

L0 Ly L0 L0
xe 2y
x sin x 49. x 2e xy dx dy 50. dy dx

L0 L0 L0 L0
p p
4 - y
19. x sin y dy dx 20. y dy dx
22ln 3 2ln 3 3 1

L0 Ly>2 L0 L2x>3
2 3
ln 8 ln y 2 y2 51. e x dx dy 52. e y dy dx
L1 L0 L1 Ly
x+y
21. e dx dy 22. dx dy
1>16 1>2

L0 Ly1>4
1 y2 4 2x 53. cos s16px 5 d dx dy
L0 L0 L1 L0
3 y>2x
23. 3y 3e xy dx dy 24. e dy dx
2 8 2 dy dx
L0 L2 x
54.
In Exercises 25–28, integrate ƒ over the given region. 3
y4 + 1
25. Quadrilateral ƒsx, yd = x>y over the region in the first quad- 55. Square region 4R s y - 2x 2 d dA where R is the region
rant bounded by the lines y = x, y = 2x, x = 1, and x = 2 bounded by the square ƒ x ƒ + ƒ y ƒ = 1
26. Triangle ƒsx, yd = x 2 + y 2 over the triangular region with ver- 56. Triangular region 4R xy dA where R is the region bounded by
tices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (0, 1) the lines y = x, y = 2x, and x + y = 2
27. Triangle ƒsu, yd = y - 2u over the triangular region cut
from the first quadrant of the uy-plane by the line u + y = 1 Volume Beneath a Surface z = ƒ(x, y)
57. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the paraboloid
28. Curved region ƒss, td = e s ln t over the region in the first z = x 2 + y 2 and below by the triangle enclosed by the lines
quadrant of the st-plane that lies above the curve s = ln t from y = x, x = 0, and x + y = 2 in the xy-plane.
t = 1 to t = 2
58. Find the volume of the solid that is bounded above by the cylinder
Each of Exercises 29–32 gives an integral over a region in a Cartesian z = x 2 and below by the region enclosed by the parabola
coordinate plane. Sketch the region and evaluate the integral. y = 2 - x 2 and the line y = x in the xy-plane.
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15.2 Double Integrals over General Regions 867

59. Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region in the xy- 73. ƒsx, yd = x + y over the region R bounded above by the semicir-
plane that is bounded by the parabola y = 4 - x 2 and the line cle y = 11 - x 2 and below by the x-axis, using the partition
y = 3x, while the top of the solid is bounded by the plane x = - 1, -1>2 , 0, 1> 4, 1> 2, 1 and y = 0, 1> 2, 1 with sxk , yk d the
z = x + 4. lower left corner in the kth subrectangle (provided the subrectangle
60. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the lies within R)
coordinate planes, the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4, and the plane 74. ƒsx, yd = x + 2y over the region R inside the circle
z + y = 3. sx - 2d2 + s y - 3d2 = 1 using the partition x = 1, 3> 2, 2, 5> 2,
61. Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the 3 and y = 2, 5> 2, 3, 7> 2, 4 with sxk , yk d the center (centroid) in
coordinate planes, the plane x = 3, and the parabolic cylinder the kth subrectangle (provided the subrectangle lies within R)
z = 4 - y 2.
Theory and Examples
62. Find the volume of the solid cut from the first octant by the
75. Circular sector Integrate ƒsx, yd = 24 - x 2 over the smaller
surface z = 4 - x 2 - y.
sector cut from the disk x 2 + y 2 … 4 by the rays u = p>6 and
63. Find the volume of the wedge cut from the first octant by the u = p>2.
cylinder z = 12 - 3y 2 and the plane x + y = 2.
76. Unbounded region Integrate ƒsx, yd = 1>[sx 2 - xds y - 1d2>3]
64. Find the volume of the solid cut from the square column over the infinite rectangle 2 … x 6 q , 0 … y … 2.
ƒ x ƒ + ƒ y ƒ … 1 by the planes z = 0 and 3x + z = 3.
77. Noncircular cylinder A solid right (noncircular) cylinder has
65. Find the volume of the solid that is bounded on the front and back its base R in the xy-plane and is bounded above by the paraboloid
by the planes x = 2 and x = 1, on the sides by the cylinders z = x 2 + y 2. The cylinder’s volume is
y = ; 1>x, and above and below by the planes z = x + 1 and
1 y 2 2-y

L0 L0 L1 L0
z = 0. V = sx 2 + y 2 d dx dy + sx 2 + y 2 d dx dy.
66. Find the volume of the solid bounded on the front and back by the
planes x = ; p>3, on the sides by the cylinders y = ; sec x, Sketch the base region R and express the cylinder’s volume as a
above by the cylinder z = 1 + y 2, and below by the xy-plane. single iterated integral with the order of integration reversed.
Then evaluate the integral to find the volume.
In Exercises 67 and 68, sketch the region of integration and the solid
whose volume is given by the double integral. 78. Converting to a double integral Evaluate the integral
3 2 - 2x>3 2

L0 L0 L0
1 1
67. a1 - x - y b dy dx stan-1px - tan-1 xd dx.
3 2
4 216 - y 2 (Hint: Write the integrand as an integral.)
L0 L-216 - y
68. 225 - x 2 - y 2 dx dy
2 79. Maximizing a double integral What region R in the xy-plane
maximizes the value of
Integrals over Unbounded Regions

6
Improper double integrals can often be computed similarly to im- s4 - x 2 - 2y 2 d dA?
proper integrals of one variable. The first iteration of the following
R
improper integrals is conducted just as if they were proper integrals.
One then evaluates an improper integral of a single variable by taking Give reasons for your answer.
appropriate limits, as in Section 8.7. Evaluate the improper integrals 80. Minimizing a double integral What region R in the xy-plane
in Exercises 69–72 as iterated integrals. minimizes the value of
q 1

L1 Le-x
1
6
69. dy dx sx 2 + y 2 - 9d dA?
x 3y
R
1 1> 21 - x 2

L-1 L-1> 21 - x 2
Give reasons for your answer.
70. s2y + 1d dy dx
81. Is it possible to evaluate the integral of a continuous function
q q
ƒ(x, y) over a rectangular region in the xy-plane and get different
L- q L- q
1
71. dx dy answers depending on the order of integration? Give reasons for
sx 2 + 1ds y 2 + 1d
q q your answer.

L0 L0
72. xe -sx + 2yd dx dy 82 How would you evaluate the double integral of a continuous func-
tion ƒ(x, y) over the region R in the xy-plane enclosed by the trian-
gle with vertices (0, 1), (2, 0), and (1, 2)? Give reasons for your
Approximating Integrals with Finite Sums
answer.
In Exercises 73 and 74, approximate the double integral of ƒ(x, y) over
the region R partitioned by the given vertical lines x = a and horizon- 83. Unbounded region Prove that
tal lines y = c. In each subrectangle, use sxk , yk d as indicated for your q q b b

L- qL- q b: q L L-b
2
- y2 2
- y2
approximation. e -x dx dy = lim e -x dx dy
-b

ƒsx, yd dA L a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak

n

6
q 2

L0
2
k=1 = 4a e -x dxb .
R
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868 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

84. Improper double integral Evaluate the improper integral Use a CAS double-integral evaluator to find the integrals in Exercises
1 3 89–94. Then reverse the order of integration and evaluate, again with a

L0 L0 s y - 1d2>3
x2 CAS.
dy dx.
1 4 3 9

L0 L2y L0 Lx
2
89. e x dx dy 90. x cos s y 2 d dy dx
2
COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
Use a CAS double-integral evaluator to estimate the values of the inte- 2 422y 2 4 - y2

L0 Ly 3 L0 L0
grals in Exercises 85–88. 91. sx 2y - xy 2 d dx dy 92. e xy dx dy
3 x 1 1

L1 L1 L0 L0
1 2
+ y2 d
85. xy dy dx 86. e -sx dy dx
2 x2 2 8

L1 L0 x + y L1 Ly 2x 2 + y 2
1 1
93. dy dx 94. dx dy
1 1 1 21 - x 2

L0 L0 L-1 L0
3

87. tan-1 xy dy dx 88. 3 21 - x 2 - y 2 dy dx

Area by Double Integration

15.3
In this section we show how to use double integrals to calculate the areas of bounded re-
gions in the plane, and to find the average value of a function of two variables.

Areas of Bounded Regions in the Plane

If we take ƒsx, yd = 1 in the definition of the double integral over a region R in the pre-
ceding section, the Riemann sums reduce to

Sn = a ƒsxk , yk d ¢Ak = a ¢Ak .

n n
(1)
k=1 k=1

This is simply the sum of the areas of the small rectangles in the partition of R, and ap-
proximates what we would like to call the area of R. As the norm of a partition of R ap-
proaches zero, the height and width of all rectangles in the partition approach zero, and the
coverage of R becomes increasingly complete (Figure 15.8). We define the area of R to be
the limit

lim a ¢Ak =
n

6
dA. (2)
ƒ ƒ P ƒ ƒ :0k=1
R

DEFINITION The area of a closed, bounded plane region R is

6
A = dA.
R

As with the other definitions in this chapter, the definition here applies to a greater
variety of regions than does the earlier single-variable definition of area, but it agrees with
the earlier definition on regions to which they both apply. To evaluate the integral in the
definition of area, we integrate the constant function ƒsx, yd = 1 over R.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of the region R bounded by y = x and y = x 2 in the first
quadrant.
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870 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

EXAMPLE 3 Find the average value of ƒsx, yd = x cos xy over the rectangle
R: 0 … x … p, 0 … y … 1.

Solution The value of the integral of ƒ over R is

L
1 y=1

L0 L0 L0
p p
x cos xy dy = sin xy + C
x cos xy dy dx = csin xy d dx
y=0

L0
p
= ssin x - 0d dx = - cos x d = 1 + 1 = 2.
0

The area of R is p. The average value of ƒ over R is 2>p.

Exercises 15.3
Area by Double Integrals Finding Average Values
In Exercises 1–12, sketch the region bounded by the given lines and 19. Find the average value of ƒsx, yd = sin sx + yd over
curves. Then express the region’s area as an iterated double integral a. the rectangle 0 … x … p, 0 … y … p.
and evaluate the integral.
b. the rectangle 0 … x … p, 0 … y … p>2.
1. The coordinate axes and the line x + y = 2
20. Which do you think will be larger, the average value of
2. The lines x = 0, y = 2x, and y = 4 ƒsx, yd = xy over the square 0 … x … 1, 0 … y … 1, or the aver-
3. The parabola x = - y 2 and the line y = x + 2 age value of ƒ over the quarter circle x 2 + y 2 … 1 in the first
quadrant? Calculate them to find out.
4. The parabola x = y - y 2 and the line y = - x
21. Find the average height of the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 over the
5. The curve y = e x and the lines y = 0, x = 0, and x = ln 2 square 0 … x … 2, 0 … y … 2.
6. The curves y = ln x and y = 2 ln x and the line x = e, in the first 22. Find the average value of ƒsx, yd = 1>sxyd over the square
quadrant ln 2 … x … 2 ln 2, ln 2 … y … 2 ln 2.
7. The parabolas x = y 2 and x = 2y - y 2
Theory and Examples
8. The parabolas x = y 2 - 1 and x = 2y 2 - 2
23. Bacterium population If ƒsx, yd = s10,000e y d>s1 + ƒ x ƒ >2d
9. The lines y = x, y = x>3, and y = 2 represents the “population density” of a certain bacterium on the
10. The lines y = 1 - x and y = 2 and the curve y = e x xy-plane, where x and y are measured in centimeters, find the to-
tal population of bacteria within the rectangle -5 … x … 5 and
11. The lines y = 2x, y = x>2, and y = 3 - x
- 2 … y … 0.
12. The lines y = x - 2 and y = - x and the curve y = 1x
24. Regional population If ƒsx, yd = 100 s y + 1d represents the
population density of a planar region on Earth, where x and y are
Identifying the Region of Integration
measured in miles, find the number of people in the region
The integrals and sums of integrals in Exercises 13–18 give the areas
bounded by the curves x = y 2 and x = 2y - y 2.
of regions in the xy-plane. Sketch each region, label each bounding
25. Average temperature in Texas According to the Texas
curve with its equation, and give the coordinates of the points where
Almanac, Texas has 254 counties and a National Weather Ser-
the curves intersect. Then find the area of the region.
vice station in each county. Assume that at time t0, each of the
6 2y 3 xs2 - xd 254 weather stations recorded the local temperature. Find a for-
L0 Ly >3 L0 L-x
13. dx dy 14. dy dx mula that would give a reasonable approximation of the average
2

temperature in Texas at time t0. Your answer should involve in-

cos x 2 y+2

L0 Lsin x L-1Ly
p>4
formation that you would expect to be readily available in the
15. dy dx 16. dx dy Texas Almanac.
2

0 1-x 2 1-x 26. If y = ƒ(x) is a nonnegative continuous function over the closed

L-1L-2x L0 L-x>2
17. dy dx + dy dx interval a … x … b, show that the double integral definition of
area for the closed plane region bounded by the graph of ƒ, the
2 0 4 2x vertical lines x = a and x = b, and the x-axis agrees with the

L0 Lx 2 - 4 L0 L0
18. dy dx + dy dx definition for area beneath the curve in Section 5.3.
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15.4 Double Integrals in Polar Form 875

2p 1

6 L0 L0
s9 - x 2 - y 2 d dA = s9 - r 2 d r dr du
R
2p 1

L0 L0
= s9r - r 3 d dr du
2p r=1

L0
9 1
= c r2 - r4 d du
2 4 r=0
2p

4 L0
17 17p
= du = .
2

EXAMPLE 6 Using polar integration, find the area of the region R in the xy-plane en-
closed by the circle x 2 + y 2 + 4, above the line y = 1, and below the line y = 13x.

Solution A sketch of the region R is shown in Figure 15.28. First we note that the line
y
y 5 !3x y = 13x has slope 13 = tan u, so u = p>3. Next we observe that the line y = 1 inter-
sects the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 when x 2 + 1 = 4, or x = 13. Moreover, the radial line
2 from the origin through the point ( 13, 1) has slope 1> 13 = tan u, giving its angle of in-
(1, !3)
y 5 1, or clination as u = p>6. This information is shown in Figure 15.28.
r 5 csc u Now, for the region R, as u varies from p>6 to p>3, the polar coordinate r varies from
R
the horizontal line y = 1 to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4. Substituting r sin u for y in the equa-
1 tion for the horizontal line, we have r sin u = 1, or r = csc u, which is the polar equation
(!3, 1) of the line. The polar equation for the circle is r = 2. So in polar coordinates, for
p 2 p>6 … u … p>3, r varies from r = csc u to r = 2. It follows that the iterated integral for
p 3 x 1 y2 5 4 the area then gives
6 x
0 1 2 2

6 Lp>6 Lcsc u
p>3
dA = r dr du
FIGURE 15.28 The region R in R
Example 6. r=2

Lp>6
p>3
1
= c r2 d du
2 r = csc u

Lp>6
p>3
1
= C4 - csc2 uD du
2
1 p>3
= C4u + cot uD p>6
2
1 4p 1 1 4p p - 13
= a + b - a + 13b = .
2 3 13 2 6 3

Exercises 15.4
Regions in Polar Coordinates 3. 4.
In Exercises 1–8, describe the given region in polar coordinates. y y
1. 2. 1

y y !3
9 4
x
–1 0 1
1 x
x x 0 1
0 9 0 4
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876 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

5. 6. Area in Polar Coordinates

y y 27. Find the area of the region cut from the first quadrant by the curve
r = 2s2 - sin 2ud1>2.
2
28. Cardioid overlapping a circle Find the area of the region that
2 lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos u and outside the circle r = 1.
1 x 29. One leaf of a rose Find the area enclosed by one leaf of the rose
0 1 2
r = 12 cos 3u.
x
0 1 2!3 30. Snail shell Find the area of the region enclosed by the positive
2 x-axis and spiral r = 4u>3, 0 … u … 2p. The region looks like a
snail shell.
7. The region enclosed by the circle x 2 + y 2 = 2x. 31. Cardioid in the first quadrant Find the area of the region cut
8. The region enclosed by the semicircle x + y = 2y, y Ú 0. 2 2 from the first quadrant by the cardioid r = 1 + sin u.
32. Overlapping cardioids Find the area of the region common to
Evaluating Polar Integrals the interiors of the cardioids r = 1 + cos u and r = 1 - cos u.
In Exercises 9–22, change the Cartesian integral into an equivalent
polar integral. Then evaluate the polar integral. Average values
2 2 In polar coordinates, the average value of a function over a region R
1 21 - x 1 21 - y

L-1 L0 L0 L0
9. dy dx 10. sx 2 + y 2 d dx dy (Section 15.3) is given by

Area (R) 6
1
ƒ(r, u) r dr du.
2 24 - y 2 a 2a2 - x 2

L0 L0 L-a L-2a2 - x 2
2 2
11. sx + y d dx dy 12. dy dx R
33. Average height of a hemisphere Find the average height of
6 y 2 x

L0 L0 L0 L0
the hemispherical surface z = 2a 2 - x 2 - y 2 above the disk
13. x dx dy 14. y dy dx
x 2 + y 2 … a 2 in the xy-plane.
23 x 2 y 34. Average height of a cone Find the average height of the (single)

L1 L1 L22 L24 - y 2
15. dy dx 16. dx dy cone z = 2x 2 + y 2 above the disk x 2 + y 2 … a 2 in the xy-plane.
0 0 35. Average distance from interior of disk to center Find the

L-1 L-21 - x 2 1 + 2x 2 + y 2
2 average distance from a point P(x, y) in the disk x 2 + y 2 … a 2 to
17. dy dx
the origin.
1 21 - x 2 36. Average distance squared from a point in a disk to a point in

L-1 L-21 - x 2 s1 + x + y d
2
18. 2 2 2
dy dx its boundary Find the average value of the square of the dis-
tance from the point P(x, y) in the disk x 2 + y 2 … 1 to the
ln 2 2sln 2d2 - y 2 boundary point A(1, 0).
L0 L0
2
+ y2
19. e 2x dx dy
Theory and Examples
1 21 - y 2 37. Converting to a polar integral Integrate ƒsx, yd =
L-1 L-21 - y 2
20. ln sx 2 + y 2 + 1d dx dy
[ln sx 2 + y 2 d]> 2x 2 + y 2 over the region 1 … x 2 + y 2 … e.
1 22 - x 2
38. Converting to a polar integral Integrate ƒsx, yd =

L0 Lx
21. sx + 2yd dy dx [ln sx 2 + y 2 d]>sx 2 + y 2 d over the region 1 … x 2 + y 2 … e 2.
39. Volume of noncircular right cylinder The region that lies in-
2 22x - x 2 side the cardioid r = 1 + cos u and outside the circle r = 1 is

L1 L0
1
22. dy dx the base of a solid right cylinder. The top of the cylinder lies in the
(x 2 + y 2) 2
plane z = x. Find the cylinder’s volume.
In Exercises 23–26, sketch the region of integration and convert each 40. Volume of noncircular right cylinder The region enclosed by
polar integral or sum of integrals to a Cartesian integral or sum of in- the lemniscate r 2 = 2 cos 2u is the base of a solid right cylinder
tegrals. Do not evaluate the integrals. whose top is bounded by the sphere z = 22 - r 2. Find the
1 cylinder’s volume.
L0 L0
p>2
23. r 3 sin u cos u dr du
41. Converting to polar integrals

I = 10 e -x dx is first to calculate its square:

csc u a. The usual way to evaluate the improper integral
Lp>6 L1
p>2
q
r 2 cos u dr du
2
24.

2 sec u q q q q

L0 L0
p>4

L0 L0 L0 L0
r 5 sin2 u dr du
2 2 2
+ y 2d
25. I2 = a e -x dx b a e -y dyb = e -sx dx dy.

tan-1 43 3 sec u 4 csc u

L0 L0 Ltan-1 43 L0
p>2
26. r 7 dr du + r 7 dr du Evaluate the last integral using polar coordinates and solve
the resulting equation for I.
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15.5 Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 877

b. Evaluate 46. Area Suppose that the area of a region in the polar coordinate
plane is
x 2

x: qL
2e -t 3p>4 2 sin u

Lp>4 Lcsc u
lim erf sxd = lim dt.
x: q 0 2p A = r dr du.

42. Converting to a polar integral Evaluate the integral Sketch the region and find its area.
q q

L0 L0
1 COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS
dx dy.
s1 + x 2 + y 2 d2 In Exercises 47–50, use a CAS to change the Cartesian integrals into
an equivalent polar integral and evaluate the polar integral. Perform
43. Existence Integrate the function ƒsx, yd = 1>s1 - x 2 - y 2 d the following steps in each exercise.
over the disk x 2 + y 2 … 3>4 . Does the integral of ƒ(x, y) over
a. Plot the Cartesian region of integration in the xy-plane.
the disk x 2 + y 2 … 1 exist? Give reasons for your answer.
b. Change each boundary curve of the Cartesian region in part (a)
44. Area formula in polar coordinates Use the double integral in
to its polar representation by solving its Cartesian equation for r
polar coordinates to derive the formula
and u.
c. Using the results in part (b), plot the polar region of integra-
La 2
b
1 2
A = r du tion in the ru-plane.
d. Change the integrand from Cartesian to polar coordinates.
for the area of the fan-shaped region between the origin and polar Determine the limits of integration from your plot in part (c)
curve r = ƒsud, a … u … b. and evaluate the polar integral using the CAS integration utility.
45. Average distance to a given point inside a disk Let P0 be a 1 1 y 1 x>2

L0 Lx x + y L0 L0
x
point inside a circle of radius a and let h denote the distance from 47. 2 2
dy dx 48. dy dx
P0 to the center of the circle. Let d denote the distance from an x2 + y2
arbitrary point P to P0. Find the average value of d 2 over the re- 1 y>3 1 2-y
y
L0 L-y>3 2x + y L0 Ly
gion enclosed by the circle. (Hint: Simplify your work by placing 49. dx dy 50. 2x + y dx dy
2 2
the center of the circle at the origin and P0 on the x-axis.)

Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates

15.5
Just as double integrals allow us to deal with more general situations than could be han-
dled by single integrals, triple integrals enable us to solve still more general problems. We
use triple integrals to calculate the volumes of three-dimensional shapes and the average
value of a function over a three-dimensional region. Triple integrals also arise in the study
of vector fields and fluid flow in three dimensions, as we will see in Chapter 16.

z Triple Integrals
If F(x, y, z) is a function defined on a closed, bounded region D in space, such as the re-
(x k , yk , zk ) gion occupied by a solid ball or a lump of clay, then the integral of F over D may be de-
fined in the following way. We partition a rectangular boxlike region containing D into
rectangular cells by planes parallel to the coordinate axes (Figure 15.29). We number the
!zk
D cells that lie completely inside D from 1 to n in some order, the kth cell having dimensions
! xk ¢xk by ¢yk by ¢zk and volume ¢Vk = ¢xk ¢yk ¢zk. We choose a point sxk , yk , zk d in each
!yk
cell and form the sum

Sn = a Fsxk , yk , zk d ¢Vk.
x n
y (1)
k=1

FIGURE 15.29 Partitioning a solid with

rectangular cells of volume ¢Vk . We are interested in what happens as D is partitioned by smaller and smaller cells, so
that ¢xk , ¢yk , ¢zk and the norm of the partition 7P7, the largest value among ¢xk , ¢yk , ¢zk ,
all approach zero. When a single limiting value is attained, no matter how the partitions
and points sxk , yk , zk d are chosen, we say that F is integrable over D. As before, it can be
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15.5 Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 883

z EXAMPLE 4 Find the average value of Fsx, y, zd = xyz throughout the cubical region
2
D bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2, and z = 2 in the first
octant.

Solution We sketch the cube with enough detail to show the limits of integration
(Figure 15.33). We then use Equation (2) to calculate the average value of F over the
D cube.
2 The volume of the region D is s2ds2ds2d = 8. The value of the integral of F over the
y cube is
2
2 2 2 2 2 x=2 2 2

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
x x2
xyz dx dy dz = c yz d dy dz = 2yz dy dz
2 x=0
FIGURE 15.33 The region of integration 2 y=2 2 2

L0 L0
in Example 4. = cy 2z d dz = 4z dz = c2z 2 d = 8.
y=0 0

With these values, Equation (2) gives

volume 9
Average value of = 1 1
xyz dV = a bs8d = 1.
xyz over the cube 8
cube

In evaluating the integral, we chose the order dx dy dz, but any of the other five possible
orders would have done as well.

Properties of Triple Integrals

Triple integrals have the same algebraic properties as double and single integrals. Simply
replace the double integrals in the four properties given in Section 15.2, page 864, with
triple integrals.

Exercises 15.5
Triple Integrals in Different Iteration Orders Evaluating Triple Iterated Integrals
1. Evaluate the integral in Example 2 taking Fsx, y, zd = 1 to find Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 7–20.
the volume of the tetrahedron in the order dz dx dy. 1 1 1

L0 L0 L0
7. sx 2 + y 2 + z 2 d dz dy dx
2. Volume of rectangular solid Write six different iterated triple
integrals for the volume of the rectangular solid in the first octant
22 3y 8 - x2 - y2 e e2 e3

L0 L0 Lx 2 + 3y 2 L1 L1 L1
bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 1, y = 2, 1
8. dz dx dy 9. xyz dx dy dz
and z = 3. Evaluate one of the integrals.
3. Volume of tetrahedron Write six different iterated triple inte- 1 3 - 3x 3 - 3x - y 1 3

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L-2
p>6
grals for the volume of the tetrahedron cut from the first octant by 10. dz dy dx 11. y sin z dx dy dz
the plane 6x + 3y + 2z = 6. Evaluate one of the integrals.
1 1 2

L-1 L0 L0
4. Volume of solid Write six different iterated triple integrals for 12. sx + y + zd dy dx dz
the volume of the region in the first octant enclosed by the cylin-
der x 2 + z 2 = 4 and the plane y = 3. Evaluate one of the 3 29 - x 2 29 - x 2 2 24 - y 2 2x + y

L0 L0 L0 L0 L-24 - y L0
integrals. 13. dz dy dx 14. dz dx dy
2
5. Volume enclosed by paraboloids Let D be the region bounded
by the paraboloids z = 8 - x 2 - y 2 and z = x 2 + y 2. Write six 1 2-x 2-x-y 1 1 - x2 4 - x2 - y

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L3
different triple iterated integrals for the volume of D. Evaluate 15. dz dy dx 16. x dz dy dx
one of the integrals.

L0 L0 L0
p p p
6. Volume inside paraboloid beneath a plane Let D be the region 17. cos su + y + wd du dy dw suyw-spaced
bounded by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 and the plane z = 2y.
Write triple iterated integrals in the order dz dx dy and dz dy dx 1 2e e (ln t) 2
L0 L1 L1
that give the volume of D. Do not evaluate either integral. 18. se s ln r t dt dr ds srst-spaced
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884 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

ln sec y 2t 24. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes
L0 L0 L- q
p>4
19. e x dx dt dy styx-spaced and the planes x + z = 1, y + 2z = 2
z
7 2 24 - q 2 q
L0 L0 L0
20. dp dq dr spqr-spaced
r + 1

Finding Equivalent Iterated Integrals

21. Here is the region of integration of the integral
y
1 1 1-y

L-1 Lx 2 L0
x
dz dy dx.
25. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes,
z the plane y + z = 2, and the cylinder x = 4 - y 2
Top: y " z ! 1 z
Side: 1
y ! x2 –1
(–1, 1, 0)

y
1 1
y
x (1, 1, 0)

Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order x

a. dy dz dx b. dy dx dz
26. The wedge cut from the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 by the planes
c. dx dy dz d. dx dz dy z = - y and z = 0
e. dz dx dy. z
22. Here is the region of integration of the integral
1 0 y2

L0 L-1 L0
dz dy dx.
y
z
(0, –1, 1)
x
(1, –1, 1) 1
z!y 2 27. The tetrahedron in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes
and the plane passing through (1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0), and (0, 0, 3)
z
0 y
(0, 0, 3)
(1, –1, 0)
1
x

Rewrite the integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the order

a. dy dz dx b. dy dx dz (0, 2, 0)
y
c. dx dy dz d. dx dz dy (1, 0, 0)
e. dz dx dy.
x
Finding Volumes Using Triple Integrals
28. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes,
Find the volumes of the regions in Exercises 23–36.
the plane y = 1 - x, and the surface z = cos spx>2d,
23. The region between the cylinder z = y 2 and the xy-plane that is 0 … x … 1
bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = - 1, y = 1
z
z

y
y

x x
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15.5 Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 885

29. The region common to the interiors of the cylinders x 2 + y 2 = 1 33. The region between the planes x + y + 2z = 2 and 2x + 2y +
and x 2 + z 2 = 1, one-eighth of which is shown in the accompa- z = 4 in the first octant
nying figure 34. The finite region bounded by the planes z = x, x + z = 8, z = y,
z y = 8, and z = 0
35. The region cut from the solid elliptical cylinder x 2 + 4y 2 … 4 by
the xy-plane and the plane z = x + 2
36. The region bounded in back by the plane x = 0, on the front and
sides by the parabolic cylinder x = 1 - y 2, on the top by the pa-
x2 1 y2 5 1 raboloid z = x 2 + y 2, and on the bottom by the xy-plane
Average Values
In Exercises 37–40, find the average value of F(x, y, z) over the given
x2 1 z2 5 1 region.
37. Fsx, y, zd = x 2 + 9 over the cube in the first octant bounded by
the coordinate planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2, and z = 2
38. Fsx, y, zd = x + y - z over the rectangular solid in the first
octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes
y
x x = 1, y = 1, and z = 2
39. Fsx, y, zd = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 over the cube in the first octant
30. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes bounded by the coordinate planes and the planes x = 1, y = 1,
and the surface z = 4 - x 2 - y and z = 1
40. Fsx, y, zd = xyz over the cube in the first octant bounded by the
z coordinate planes and the planes x = 2, y = 2, and z = 2
Changing the Order of Integration
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 41–44 by changing the order of
integration in an appropriate way.
4 1 2 4 cos sx 2 d
L0 L0 L2y
41. dx dy dz
y 22z
1 1 1

L0 L0 Lx
2
x 42. 12xze zy dy dx dz
2

1 1 ln 3 pe 2x sin py 2
L0 L2z L0
31. The region in the first octant bounded by the coordinate planes,
43. dx dy dz
the plane x + y = 4, and the cylinder y 2 + 4z 2 = 16 3 y2
2 4 - x2 x

L0 L0 L0 4 - z
z sin 2z
44. dy dz dx

Theory and Examples

45. Finding an upper limit of an iterated integral Solve for a:
y 1 4 - a - x2 4 - x2 - y

L0 L0 La
4
dz dy dx = .
15
x
46. Ellipsoid For what value of c is the volume of the ellipsoid
32. The region cut from the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 by the plane z = 0 x 2 + s y>2d2 + sz>cd2 = 1 equal to 8p?
and the plane x + z = 3 47. Minimizing a triple integral What domain D in space mini-
z mizes the value of the integral

9
s4x 2 + 4y 2 + z 2 - 4d dV ?
D
Give reasons for your answer.
48. Maximizing a triple integral What domain D in space maxi-
mizes the value of the integral

9
s1 - x 2 - y 2 - z 2 d dV ?
y D

x Give reasons for your answer.

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886 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS z
51. Fsx, y, zd = over the solid bounded below by
In Exercises 49–52, use a CAS integration utility to evaluate the triple sx 2 + y 2 + z 2 d3>2
integral of the given function over the specified solid region. the cone z = 2x 2 + y 2 and above by the plane z = 1
2 2
49. Fsx, y, zd = x y z over the solid cylinder bounded by
x 2 + y 2 = 1 and the planes z = 0 and z = 1 52. Fsx, y, zd = x 4 + y 2 + z 2 over the solid sphere x 2 + y 2 +
50. Fsx, y, zd = ƒ xyz ƒ over the solid bounded below by the paraboloid z2 … 1
z = x 2 + y 2 and above by the plane z = 1

Moments and Centers of Mass

15.6
This section shows how to calculate the masses and moments of two- and three-
dimensional objects in Cartesian coordinates. Section 15.7 gives the calculations for cylin-
drical and spherical coordinates. The definitions and ideas are similar to the single-variable
case we studied in Section 6.6, but now we can consider more realistic situations.
z

!mk " !(xk , yk , zk ) !Vk Masses and First Moments

If dsx, y, zd is the density (mass per unit volume) of an object occupying a region D in space,
D the integral of d over D gives the mass of the object. To see why, imagine partitioning the ob-
(xk , yk , zk )
ject into n mass elements like the one in Figure 15.34. The object’s mass is the limit

M = lim a ¢mk = lim a dsxk, yk, zk d ¢Vk =

n n

9
dsx, y, zd dV.
n: q n: q
k=1 k=1
D

x y
The first moment of a solid region D about a coordinate plane is defined as the triple in-
FIGURE 15.34 To define an object’s tegral over D of the distance from a point (x, y, z) in D to the plane multiplied by the density
mass, we first imagine it to be partitioned of the solid at that point. For instance, the first moment about the yz-plane is the integral
into a finite number of mass elements

9
¢mk.
Myz = xdsx, y, zd dV.
D

The center of mass is found from the first moments. For instance, the x-coordinate of
z the center of mass is x = Myz>M .
For a two-dimensional object, such as a thin, flat plate, we calculate first moments
about the coordinate axes by simply dropping the z-coordinate. So the first moment about
z " 4 $ x2 $ y2
the y-axis is the double integral over the region R forming the plate of the distance from
the axis multiplied by the density, or

6
My = xd(x, y) dA.
c.m.
R
R
0
Table 15.1 summarizes the formulas.
y
x2 # y2 " 4
x
EXAMPLE 1 Find the center of mass of a solid of constant density d bounded below
FIGURE 15.35 Finding the center of by the disk R: x 2 + y 2 … 4 in the plane z = 0 and above by the paraboloid
mass of a solid (Example 1). z = 4 - x 2 - y 2 (Figure 15.35).
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15.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 891

Beam A Similarly, the moment of inertia about the y-axis is

1 2x

L0 L0
39
Iy = x 2dsx, yd dy dx = .
Axis 5

Notice that we integrate y 2 times density in calculating Ix and x 2 times density to find Iy.
Since we know Ix and Iy, we do not need to evaluate an integral to find I0; we can use
the equation I0 = Ix + Iy from Table 15.2 instead:
Beam B
39 60 + 39 99
I0 = 12 + = = .
5 5 5
Axis
The moment of inertia also plays a role in determining how much a horizontal metal
beam will bend under a load. The stiffness of the beam is a constant times I, the moment of
inertia of a typical cross-section of the beam about the beam’s longitudinal axis. The
FIGURE 15.41 The greater the polar greater the value of I, the stiffer the beam and the less it will bend under a given load. That
moment of inertia of the cross-section of a is why we use I-beams instead of beams whose cross-sections are square. The flanges at
beam about the beam’s longitudinal axis, the the top and bottom of the beam hold most of the beam’s mass away from the longitudinal
stiffer the beam. Beams A and B have the axis to increase the value of I (Figure 15.41).
same cross-sectional area, but A is stiffer.

Exercises 15.6
Plates of Constant Density 10. The first moment of an infinite plate Find the first moment
1. Finding a center of mass Find the center of mass of a thin about the y-axis of a thin plate of density dsx, yd = 1 covering the
2
plate of density d = 3 bounded by the lines x = 0, y = x, and infinite region under the curve y = e -x >2 in the first quadrant.
the parabola y = 2 - x 2 in the first quadrant.
Plates with Varying Density
2. Finding moments of inertia Find the moments of inertia 11. Finding a moment of inertia Find the moment of inertia about
about the coordinate axes of a thin rectangular plate of constant the x-axis of a thin plate bounded by the parabola x = y - y 2 and
density d bounded by the lines x = 3 and y = 3 in the first the line x + y = 0 if dsx, yd = x + y.
quadrant.
12. Finding mass Find the mass of a thin plate occupying the
3. Finding a centroid Find the centroid of the region in the first smaller region cut from the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 12 by the
quadrant bounded by the x-axis, the parabola y 2 = 2x, and the parabola x = 4y 2 if dsx, yd = 5x.
line x + y = 4. 13. Finding a center of mass Find the center of mass of a thin tri-
4. Finding a centroid Find the centroid of the triangular region angular plate bounded by the y-axis and the lines y = x and
cut from the first quadrant by the line x + y = 3. y = 2 - x if dsx, yd = 6x + 3y + 3.
5. Finding a centroid Find the centroid of the region cut from the 14. Finding a center of mass and moment of inertia Find the
first quadrant by the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2. center of mass and moment of inertia about the x-axis of a thin
plate bounded by the curves x = y 2 and x = 2y - y 2 if the den-
6. Finding a centroid Find the centroid of the region between the
sity at the point (x, y) is dsx, yd = y + 1.
x-axis and the arch y = sin x, 0 … x … p.
15. Center of mass, moment of inertia Find the center of mass
7. Finding moments of inertia Find the moment of inertia about and the moment of inertia about the y-axis of a thin rectangular
the x-axis of a thin plate of density d = 1 bounded by the circle plate cut from the first quadrant by the lines x = 6 and y = 1 if
x 2 + y 2 = 4. Then use your result to find Iy and I0 for the plate. dsx, yd = x + y + 1.
8. Finding a moment of inertia Find the moment of inertia with 16. Center of mass, moment of inertia Find the center of mass
respect to the y-axis of a thin sheet of constant density d = 1 and the moment of inertia about the y-axis of a thin plate bounded
bounded by the curve y = ssin2 xd>x 2 and the interval by the line y = 1 and the parabola y = x 2 if the density is
p … x … 2p of the x-axis. dsx, yd = y + 1.
9. The centroid of an infinite region Find the centroid of the in- 17. Center of mass, moment of inertia Find the center of mass
finite region in the second quadrant enclosed by the coordinate and the moment of inertia about the y-axis of a thin plate bounded
axes and the curve y = e x. (Use improper integrals in the mass- by the x-axis, the lines x = ; 1, and the parabola y = x 2 if
moment formulas.) dsx, yd = 7y + 1.
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892 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

18. Center of mass, moment of inertia Find the center of mass z

and the moment of inertia about the x-axis of a thin rectangular
plate bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 20, y = - 1, and y = 1 if
dsx, yd = 1 + sx>20d.
z!2"x
19. Center of mass, moments of inertia Find the center of mass,
the moment of inertia about the coordinate axes, and the 2
x ! –2
polar moment of inertia of a thin triangular plate bounded by the
lines y = x, y = - x, and y = 1 if dsx, yd = y + 1.
20. Center of mass, moments of inertia Repeat Exercise 19 for
dsx, yd = 3x 2 + 1. 1 y
2
x # 4y 2 !4
Solids with Constant Density 2
x
21. Moments of inertia Find the moments of inertia of the rectan-
gular solid shown here with respect to its edges by calculating 25. a. Center of mass Find the center of mass of a solid of con-
Ix , Iy , and Iz . stant density bounded below by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2
and above by the plane z = 4.
z b. Find the plane z = c that divides the solid into two parts of equal
c volume. This plane does not pass through the center of mass.
26. Moments A solid cube, 2 units on a side, is bounded by the
planes x = ; 1, z = ; 1, y = 3, and y = 5. Find the center of
b
y mass and the moments of inertia about the coordinate axes.
27. Moment of inertia about a line A wedge like the one in Exer-
a cise 22 has a = 4, b = 6, and c = 3. Make a quick sketch to
x check for yourself that the square of the distance from a typical
point (x, y, z) of the wedge to the line L: z = 0, y = 6 is
r 2 = s y - 6d2 + z 2. Then calculate the moment of inertia of the
22. Moments of inertia The coordinate axes in the figure run
wedge about L.
through the centroid of a solid wedge parallel to the labeled
edges. Find Ix , Iy , and Iz if a = b = 6 and c = 4. 28. Moment of inertia about a line A wedge like the one in Exer-
cise 22 has a = 4, b = 6, and c = 3. Make a quick sketch to
z check for yourself that the square of the distance from a typical
point (x, y, z) of the wedge to the line L: x = 4, y = 0 is
r 2 = sx - 4d2 + y 2. Then calculate the moment of inertia of the
wedge about L.

a Centroid Solids with Varying Density

at (0, 0, 0) In Exercises 29 and 30, find
2
a. the mass of the solid. b. the center of mass.
c b
3 29. A solid region in the first octant is bounded by the coordinate
y
c planes and the plane x + y + z = 2. The density of the solid is
a
3 dsx, y, zd = 2x.
x b 30. A solid in the first octant is bounded by the planes y = 0 and z = 0
and by the surfaces z = 4 - x 2 and x = y 2 (see the accompanying
23. Center of mass and moments of inertia A solid “trough” of figure). Its density function is dsx, y, zd = k xy, k a constant.
constant density is bounded below by the surface z = 4y 2, above z
by the plane z = 4, and on the ends by the planes x = 1 and
x = - 1. Find the center of mass and the moments of inertia with 4
respect to the three axes.
24. Center of mass A solid of constant density is bounded below
by the plane z = 0, on the sides by the elliptical cylinder z 5 4 2 x2
x 2 + 4y 2 = 4, and above by the plane z = 2 - x (see the ac-
companying figure).
a. Find x and y.
b. Evaluate the integral
x 5 y2
2 s1>2d24 - x 2 2-x

L-2 L-s1>2d24 - x 2L0

Mxy = z dz dy dx
y
2
using integral tables to carry out the final integration with respect
(2, !2, 0)
to x. Then divide Mxy by M to verify that z = 5>4. x
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15.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 893

In Exercises 31 and 32, find z

a. the mass of the solid. b. the center of mass. L c.m.
c. the moments of inertia about the coordinate axes.
31. A solid cube in the first octant is bounded by the coordinate L
v 5 xi 1 yj
planes and by the planes x = 1, y = 1, and z = 1. The density of
the cube is dsx, y, zd = x + y + z + 1. hi (x, y, z)
32. A wedge like the one in Exercise 22 has dimensions a = 2, b = 6, i y
v2h c.m.
and c = 3. The density is dsx, y, zd = x + 1. Notice that if the
D
density is constant, the center of mass will be (0, 0, 0).
(h, 0, 0)
33. Mass Find the mass of the solid bounded by the planes x
x + z = 1, x - z = - 1, y = 0 and the surface y = 2z. The
density of the solid is dsx, y, zd = 2y + 5. b. To prove the Parallel Axis Theorem, place the body with its
34. Mass Find the mass of the solid region bounded by the para- center of mass at the origin, with the line Lc.m. along the z-axis
bolic surfaces z = 16 - 2x 2 - 2y 2 and z = 2x 2 + 2y 2 if the and the line L perpendicular to the xy-plane at the point (h, 0, 0).
density of the solid is dsx, y, zd = 2x 2 + y 2 . Let D be the region of space occupied by the body. Then, in
the notation of the figure,
Theory and Examples
9
The Parallel Axis Theorem Let Lc.m. be a line through the center of IL = ƒ v - hi ƒ 2 dm.
mass of a body of mass m and let L be a parallel line h units away from D
Lc.m.. The Parallel Axis Theorem says that the moments of inertia Ic.m. Expand the integrand in this integral and complete the proof.
and IL of the body about Lc.m. and L satisfy the equation 36. The moment of inertia about a diameter of a solid sphere of constant
density and radius a is s2>5dma 2, where m is the mass of the sphere.
IL = Ic.m. + mh 2. (2) Find the moment of inertia about a line tangent to the sphere.
37. The moment of inertia of the solid in Exercise 21 about the z-axis
As in the two-dimensional case, the theorem gives a quick way to is Iz = abcsa 2 + b 2 d>3.
calculate one moment when the other moment and the mass are a. Use Equation (2) to find the moment of inertia of the solid about
known. the line parallel to the z-axis through the solid’s center of mass.
35. Proof of the Parallel Axis Theorem b. Use Equation (2) and the result in part (a) to find the moment
a. Show that the first moment of a body in space about any of inertia of the solid about the line x = 0, y = 2b.
plane through the body’s center of mass is zero. (Hint: Place 38. If a = b = 6 and c = 4, the moment of inertia of the solid wedge
the body’s center of mass at the origin and let the plane be in Exercise 22 about the x-axis is Ix = 208. Find the moment of
the yz-plane. What does the formula x = Myz >M then tell inertia of the wedge about the line y = 4, z = - 4>3 (the edge of
you?) the wedge’s narrow end).

Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

15.7
When a calculation in physics, engineering, or geometry involves a cylinder, cone, or
sphere, we can often simplify our work by using cylindrical or spherical coordinates,
which are introduced in this section. The procedure for transforming to these coordinates
z and evaluating the resulting triple integrals is similar to the transformation to polar coordi-
nates in the plane studied in Section 15.4.
P(r, u, z)
Integration in Cylindrical Coordinates
We obtain cylindrical coordinates for space by combining polar coordinates in the xy-plane
0
z with the usual z-axis. This assigns to every point in space one or more coordinate triples of
the form sr, u, zd, as shown in Figure 15.42.
x
u r
y DEFINITION Cylindrical coordinates represent a point P in space by ordered
y
x triples sr, u, zd in which

1. r and u are polar coordinates for the vertical projection of P on the xy-plane
FIGURE 15.42 The cylindrical
coordinates of a point in space are r, u, 2. z is the rectangular vertical coordinate.
and z.
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15.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 901

Coordinate Conversion Formulas

CYLINDRICAL TO SPHERICAL TO SPHERICAL TO
RECTANGULAR RECTANGULAR CYLINDRICAL
x = r cos u x = r sin f cos u r = r sin f
y = r sin u y = r sin f sin u z = r cos f
z = z z = r cos f u = u
Corresponding formulas for dV in triple integrals:
dV = dx dy dz
= dz r dr du
= r2 sin f dr df du

In the next section we offer a more general procedure for determining dV in cylindri-
cal and spherical coordinates. The results, of course, will be the same.

Exercises 15.7
Evaluating Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates integrals in cylindrical coordinates that give the volume of D us-
Evaluate the cylindrical coordinate integrals in Exercises 1–6. ing the following orders of integration.
2p 1 22 - r 2 2p 3 218 - r 2

L0 L0 Lr L0 L0 Lr >3
a. dz dr du b. dr dz du c. du dz dr
1. dz r dr du 2. dz r dr du
2

2p 3 + 24r 2 324 - r 2
Finding Iterated Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0 L-24 - r 2
u>2p p u>p
3. dz r dr du 4. z dz r dr du 13. Give the limits of integration for evaluating the integral

9
2p 1 1>22 - r 2 ƒsr, u, zd dz r dr du
L0 L0 Lr
5. 3 dz r dr du
2p 1 1>2 as an iterated integral over the region that is bounded below by the

L0 L0 L-1>2
6. sr 2 sin2 u + z 2 d dz r dr du plane z = 0, on the side by the cylinder r = cos u, and on top by
the paraboloid z = 3r 2.
Changing the Order of Integration in Cylindrical Coordinates 14. Convert the integral
The integrals we have seen so far suggest that there are preferred or-
1 21 - y2 x

L-1L0 L0
ders of integration for cylindrical coordinates, but other orders usually sx 2 + y 2 d dz dx dy
work well and are occasionally easier to evaluate. Evaluate the inte-
grals in Exercises 7–10. to an equivalent integral in cylindrical coordinates and evaluate
2p 3 z>3 1 2p 1 + cos u

L0 L0 L0 L-1L0 L0
the result.
7. r 3 dr dz du 8. 4r dr du dz

7D ƒsr, u, zd dz r dr du over the given region D.

In Exercises 15–20, set up the iterated integral for evaluating
1 2z 2p

L0 L0 L0
2 2 2
9. sr cos u + z d r du dr dz
15. D is the right circular cylinder whose base is the circle r = 2 sin u
2 24 - r 2 2p
in the xy-plane and whose top lies in the plane z = 4 - y.
L0 Lr - 2 L0
10. sr sin u + 1d r du dz dr
z
11. Let D be the region bounded below by the plane z = 0, above by z!4"y
the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, and on the sides by the cylinder
x 2 + y 2 = 1. Set up the triple integrals in cylindrical coordi-
nates that give the volume of D using the following orders of in-
tegration.
a. dz dr du b. dr dz du c. du dz dr y
12. Let D be the region bounded below by the cone z = 2x 2 + y 2
x r ! 2 sin !
and above by the paraboloid z = 2 - x 2 - y 2. Set up the triple
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902 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

16. D is the right circular cylinder whose base is the circle z

r = 3 cos u and whose top lies in the plane z = 5 - x. z!2"x
z 2

z552x

y
y
1
r 5 3 cos u x
x y!x
17. D is the solid right cylinder whose base is the region in the
xy-plane that lies inside the cardioid r = 1 + cos u and outside
the circle r = 1 and whose top lies in the plane z = 4. Evaluating Integrals in Spherical Coordinates
Evaluate the spherical coordinate integrals in Exercises 21–26.
z
2 sin f

L0 L0 L0
p p
4 21. r2 sin f dr df du

2p 2

L0 L0 L0
p>4
22. sr cos fd r2 sin f dr df du
y
2p s1 - cos fd>2

L0 L0 L0
p
23. r2 sin f dr df du
r!1
x 3p>2 1

L0 L0 L0
r ! 1 # cos ! p
24. 5r3 sin3 f dr df du
18. D is the solid right cylinder whose base is the region between the
circles r = cos u and r = 2 cos u and whose top lies in the plane 2p 2

L0 L0 Lsec f
p>3
z = 3 - y. 25. 3r2 sin f dr df du
z
2p sec f

L0 L0 L0
p>4
z!3"y
26. sr cos fd r2 sin f dr df du

Changing the Order of Integration in Spherical Coordinates

y The previous integrals suggest there are preferred orders of integra-
tion for spherical coordinates, but other orders give the same value
and are occasionally easier to evaluate. Evaluate the integrals in Exer-
x
cises 27–30.
r ! cos !
2 0

L0 L-p Lp>4
p>2
r ! 2 cos ! 27. r3 sin 2f df du dr
19. D is the prism whose base is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded 2 csc f 2p

Lp>6 Lcsc f L0
p>3
by the x-axis and the lines y = x and x = 1 and whose top lies in 28. r2 sin f du dr df
the plane z = 2 - y.
z 1

L0 L0 L0
p p>4
29. 12r sin3 f df du dr
2 z!2"y
2

Lp>6 L-p/2 Lcsc f

p>2 p/2
30. 5r4 sin3 f dr du df

31. Let D be the region in Exercise 11. Set up the triple integrals in
spherical coordinates that give the volume of D using the follow-
y ing orders of integration.
a. dr df du b. df dr du
1
y!x
32. Let D be the region bounded below by the cone z = 2x 2 + y 2
x
and above by the plane z = 1. Set up the triple integrals in spher-
20. D is the prism whose base is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded ical coordinates that give the volume of D using the following or-
by the y-axis and the lines y = x and y = 1 and whose top lies in ders of integration.
the plane z = 2 - x. a. dr df du b. df dr du
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15.7 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 903

Finding Iterated Integrals in Spherical Coordinates volume of D as an iterated triple integral in (a) cylindrical and
In Exercises 33–38, (a) find the spherical coordinate limits for the in- (b) spherical coordinates. Then (c) find V.
tegral that calculates the volume of the given solid and then (b) evalu- 41. Let D be the smaller cap cut from a solid ball of radius 2 units by
ate the integral. a plane 1 unit from the center of the sphere. Express the volume
33. The solid between the sphere r = cos f and the hemisphere of D as an iterated triple integral in (a) spherical, (b) cylindrical,
r = 2, z Ú 0 and (c) rectangular coordinates. Then (d) find the volume by eval-
uating one of the three triple integrals.
z
42. Express the moment of inertia Iz of the solid hemisphere
r 5 cos f 2 r52 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 … 1, z Ú 0, as an iterated integral in (a) cylindri-
cal and (b) spherical coordinates. Then (c) find Iz.

Volumes
Find the volumes of the solids in Exercises 43–48.
43. 44.
2 2 z z
x y
z ! 4 " 4 (x 2 # y 2)
34. The solid bounded below by the hemisphere r = 1, z Ú 0, and z512r
above by the cardioid of revolution r = 1 + cos f
z 21 21
r 5 1 1 cos f
r51 1 1 y
x

x y
z ! (x 2 # y 2 ) 2 "1 z 5 2!1 2 r2

45. z 46. z
z ! –y z ! !x 2 # y 2
x y
35. The solid enclosed by the cardioid of revolution r = 1 - cos f
36. The upper portion cut from the solid in Exercise 35 by the r ! 3 cos ! y
xy-plane
37. The solid bounded below by the sphere r = 2 cos f and above by x r ! –3 cos !
x y
the cone z = 2x 2 + y 2
47. 48.
z
z 5 !x2 1 y2 z z

z ! !1 " x2 " y2 z 5 3!1 2 x2 2 y2

r 5 2 cos f

x y
x
38. The solid bounded below by the xy-plane, on the sides by the y
sphere r = 2, and above by the cone f = p>3 r ! sin ! x y
r 5 cos u
z
p 49. Sphere and cones Find the volume of the portion of the solid
f5
3
sphere r … a that lies between the cones f = p>3 and
f = 2p>3.
r52 50. Sphere and half-planes Find the volume of the region cut from
the solid sphere r … a by the half-planes u = 0 and u = p>6 in
x y the first octant.
51. Sphere and plane Find the volume of the smaller region cut
from the solid sphere r … 2 by the plane z = 1.
Finding Triple Integrals 52. Cone and planes Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the
39. Set up triple integrals for the volume of the sphere r = 2 in cone z = 2x 2 + y 2 between the planes z = 1 and z = 2.
(a) spherical, (b) cylindrical, and (c) rectangular coordinates. 53. Cylinder and paraboloid Find the volume of the region
40. Let D be the region in the first octant that is bounded below by bounded below by the plane z = 0, laterally by the cylinder
the cone f = p>4 and above by the sphere r = 3. Express the x 2 + y 2 = 1, and above by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2.
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904 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

54. Cylinder and paraboloids Find the volume of the region bounded 73. Moment of inertia of solid cone Find the moment of inertia of
below by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2, laterally by the cylinder a right circular cone of base radius 1 and height 1 about an axis
x 2 + y 2 = 1, and above by the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 + 1. through the vertex parallel to the base. (Take d = 1.)
55. Cylinder and cones Find the volume of the solid cut from the 74. Moment of inertia of solid sphere Find the moment of inertia
thick-walled cylinder 1 … x 2 + y 2 … 2 by the cones z = of a solid sphere of radius a about a diameter. (Take d = 1.)
; 2x 2 + y 2. 75. Moment of inertia of solid cone Find the moment of inertia of
56. Sphere and cylinder Find the volume of the region that lies in- a right circular cone of base radius a and height h about its axis.
side the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 and outside the cylinder (Hint: Place the cone with its vertex at the origin and its axis
x 2 + y 2 = 1. along the z-axis.)
57. Cylinder and planes Find the volume of the region enclosed by 76. Variable density A solid is bounded on the top by the parabo-
the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes z = 0 and y + z = 4. loid z = r 2, on the bottom by the plane z = 0, and on the sides by
58. Cylinder and planes Find the volume of the region enclosed the cylinder r = 1. Find the center of mass and the moment of in-
by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes z = 0 and ertia about the z-axis if the density is
x + y + z = 4. a. dsr, u, zd = z b. dsr, u, zd = r.
59. Region trapped by paraboloids Find the volume of the region 77. Variable density A solid is bounded below by the cone
bounded above by the paraboloid z = 5 - x 2 - y 2 and below by z = 2x 2 + y 2 and above by the plane z = 1. Find the center of
the paraboloid z = 4x 2 + 4y 2. mass and the moment of inertia about the z-axis if the density is
60. Paraboloid and cylinder Find the volume of the region a. dsr, u, zd = z b. dsr, u, zd = z 2.
bounded above by the paraboloid z = 9 - x 2 - y 2, below by the 78. Variable density A solid ball is bounded by the sphere r = a.
xy-plane, and lying outside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis if the density is
61. Cylinder and sphere Find the volume of the region cut from a. dsr, f, ud = r2 b. dsr, f, ud = r = r sin f.
the solid cylinder x 2 + y 2 … 1 by the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
79. Centroid of solid semiellipsoid Show that the centroid of the
62. Sphere and paraboloid Find the volume of the region bounded solid semiellipsoid of revolution sr 2>a 2 d + sz 2>h 2 d … 1, z Ú 0,
above by the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2 and below by the parabo- lies on the z-axis three-eighths of the way from the base to the top.
loid z = x 2 + y 2. The special case h = a gives a solid hemisphere. Thus, the cen-
troid of a solid hemisphere lies on the axis of symmetry three-
Average Values eighths of the way from the base to the top.
63. Find the average value of the function ƒsr, u, zd = r over the re- 80. Centroid of solid cone Show that the centroid of a solid right
gion bounded by the cylinder r = 1 between the planes z = - 1 circular cone is one-fourth of the way from the base to the vertex.
and z = 1. (In general, the centroid of a solid cone or pyramid is one-fourth
64. Find the average value of the function ƒsr, u, zd = r over the solid of the way from the centroid of the base to the vertex.)
ball bounded by the sphere r 2 + z 2 = 1. (This is the sphere 81. Density of center of a planet A planet is in the shape of a
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.) sphere of radius R and total mass M with spherically symmetric
65. Find the average value of the function ƒsr, f, ud = r over the density distribution that increases linearly as one approaches its
solid ball r … 1. center. What is the density at the center of this planet if the den-
66. Find the average value of the function ƒsr, f, ud = r cos f over sity at its edge (surface) is taken to be zero?
the solid upper ball r … 1, 0 … f … p>2. 82. Mass of planet’s atmosphere A spherical planet of radius R has
an atmosphere whose density is m = m0 e -ch, where h is the altitude
Masses, Moments, and Centroids above the surface of the planet, m0 is the density at sea level, and c is
67. Center of mass A solid of constant density is bounded below a positive constant. Find the mass of the planet’s atmosphere.
by the plane z = 0, above by the cone z = r, r Ú 0, and on the Theory and Examples
sides by the cylinder r = 1. Find the center of mass. 83. Vertical planes in cylindrical coordinates
68. Centroid Find the centroid of the region in the first octant that a. Show that planes perpendicular to the x-axis have equations
is bounded above by the cone z = 2x 2 + y 2, below by the plane of the form r = a sec u in cylindrical coordinates.
z = 0, and on the sides by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the b. Show that planes perpendicular to the y-axis have equations
planes x = 0 and y = 0. of the form r = b csc u.
69. Centroid Find the centroid of the solid in Exercise 38. 84. (Continuation of Exercise 83. ) Find an equation of the form
70. Centroid Find the centroid of the solid bounded above by the r = ƒsud in cylindrical coordinates for the plane ax + by = c,
sphere r = a and below by the cone f = p>4. c Z 0.
71. Centroid Find the centroid of the region that is bounded above 85. Symmetry What symmetry will you find in a surface that has
by the surface z = 2r, on the sides by the cylinder r = 4, and an equation of the form r = ƒszd in cylindrical coordinates? Give
below by the xy-plane. reasons for your answer.
72. Centroid Find the centroid of the region cut from the solid ball 86. Symmetry What symmetry will you find in a surface that has
r 2 + z 2 … 1 by the half-planes u = - p>3, r Ú 0, and u = p>3, an equation of the form r = ƒsfd in spherical coordinates? Give
r Ú 0. reasons for your answer.
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912 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

The Jacobian of the transformation, again from Equations (9), is

0x 0x 0x
0u 0y 0w
1 1 0
0y 0y 0y
Jsu, y, wd = 6 6 = 30 2 0 3 = 6.
0u 0y 0w
0 0 3
0z 0z 0z
0u 0y 0w

We now have everything we need to apply Equation (7):

3 4 x = sy>2d + 1 2x - y
L0 L0 Lx = y>2
z
a + b dx dy dz
2 3
1 2 1

L0 L0 L0
= su + wd ƒ Jsu, y, wd ƒ du dy dw

1 2 1 1 2 1

L0 L0 L0 L0 L0
u2
= su + wds6d du dy dw = 6 c + uw d dy dw
2 0

1 2 1 2 1

L0 L0 L0 2 L0
1 y
= 6 a + wb dy dw = 6 c + yw d dw = 6 s1 + 2wd dw
2 0

1
= 6 C w + w 2 D 0 = 6s2d = 12.

Exercises 15.8
Jacobians and Transformed Regions in the Plane by the x-axis, the y-axis, and the line x + y = 1. Sketch the
1. a. Solve the system transformed region in the uy-plane.

u = x - y, y = 2x + y 4. a. Solve the system

for x and y in terms of u and y. Then find the value of the u = 2x - 3y, y = -x + y
Jacobian 0sx, yd>0su, yd. for x and y in terms of u and y. Then find the value of the
b. Find the image under the transformation u = x - y, Jacobian 0sx, yd>0su, yd.
y = 2x + y of the triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1), b. Find the image under the transformation u = 2x - 3y,
and s1, - 2d in the xy-plane. Sketch the transformed region in y = - x + y of the parallelogram R in the xy-plane with
the uy-plane. boundaries x = - 3, x = 0, y = x, and y = x + 1. Sketch
2. a. Solve the system the transformed region in the uy-plane.

u = x + 2y, y = x - y Substitutions in Double Integrals

5. Evaluate the integral
for x and y in terms of u and y. Then find the value of the
Jacobian 0sx, yd>0su, yd. x = s y>2d + 1
4 2x - y
L0 Lx = y>2
b. Find the image under the transformation u = x + 2y, dx dy
2
y = x - y of the triangular region in the xy-plane bounded
by the lines y = 0, y = x , and x + 2y = 2. Sketch the trans-
formed region in the uy-plane. from Example 1 directly by integration with respect to x and y to
confirm that its value is 2.
3. a. Solve the system
6. Use the transformation in Exercise 1 to evaluate the integral
u = 3x + 2y, y = x + 4y

6
for x and y in terms of u and y. Then find the value of the s2x 2 - xy - y 2 d dx dy
Jacobian 0sx, yd>0su, yd. R
b. Find the image under the transformation u = 3x + 2y, for the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the lines
y = x + 4y of the triangular region in the xy-plane bounded y = - 2x + 4, y = - 2x + 7, y = x - 2, and y = x + 1.
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15.8 Substitutions in Multiple Integrals 913

7. Use the transformation in Exercise 3 to evaluate the integral 16. Use the transformation x = u 2 - y2, y = 2uy to evaluate the in-
tegral

6
s3x 2 + 14xy + 8y 2 d dx dy 1 211 - x

L0 L0
R 2x 2 + y 2 dy dx.
for the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the lines
y = - s3>2dx + 1, y = - s3>2dx + 3, y = - s1>4dx , and y = (Hint: Show that the image of the triangular region G with ver-
-s1>4dx + 1. tices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1) in the uy-plane is the region of integra-
8. Use the transformation and parallelogram R in Exercise 4 to eval- tion R in the xy-plane defined by the limits of integration.)
uate the integral
Finding Jacobians

6
2sx - yd dx dy. 17. Find the Jacobian 0sx, yd>0su, yd of the transformation
R
a. x = u cos y, y = u sin y
9. Let R be the region in the first quadrant of the xy-plane bounded b. x = u sin y, y = u cos y.
by the hyperbolas xy = 1, xy = 9 and the lines y = x, y = 4x. 18. Find the Jacobian 0sx, y, zd>0su, y, wd of the transformation
Use the transformation x = u>y, y = uy with u 7 0 and y 7 0 a. x = u cos y, y = u sin y, z = w
to rewrite
b. x = 2u - 1, y = 3y - 4, z = s1>2dsw - 4d.
y
6 A
a x + 2xyb dx dy 19. Evaluate the appropriate determinant to show that the Jacobian of
R the transformation from Cartesian rfu-space to Cartesian xyz-space
as an integral over an appropriate region G in the uy-plane. Then is r2 sin f .
evaluate the uy-integral over G. 20. Substitutions in single integrals How can substitutions in sin-
10. a. Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = u, y = uy and gle definite integrals be viewed as transformations of regions?
sketch the region G: 1 … u … 2, 1 … uy … 2, in the uy-plane. What is the Jacobian in such a case? Illustrate with an example.
b. Then use Equation (1) to transform the integral Substitutions in Triple Integrals
2 2 y 21. Evaluate the integral in Example 5 by integrating with respect to
L1 L1
x dy dx x, y, and z.
22. Volume of an ellipsoid Find the volume of the ellipsoid
into an integral over G, and evaluate both integrals.
11. Polar moment of inertia of an elliptical plate A thin plate of x2 y2 z2
constant density covers the region bounded by the ellipse 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
x 2>a 2 + y 2>b 2 = 1, a 7 0, b 7 0, in the xy-plane. Find the
first moment of the plate about the origin. (Hint: Use the transfor- (Hint: Let x = au, y = by, and z = cw. Then find the volume of
mation x = ar cos u, y = br sin u.) an appropriate region in uyw-space.)
12. The area of an ellipse The area pab of the ellipse 23. Evaluate
x 2>a 2 + y 2>b 2 = 1 can be found by integrating the function

9
ƒsx, yd = 1 over the region bounded by the ellipse in the xy-plane. ƒ xyz ƒ dx dy dz
Evaluating the integral directly requires a trigonometric substitu-
tion. An easier way to evaluate the integral is to use the transfor-
mation x = au, y = by and evaluate the transformed integral over over the solid ellipsoid
the disk G: u 2 + y 2 … 1 in the uy-plane. Find the area this way.
x2 y2 z2
13. Use the transformation in Exercise 2 to evaluate the integral 2
+ 2
+ 2 … 1.
a b c
2>3 2 - 2y

L0 Ly
sx + 2yde sy - xd dx dy (Hint: Let x = au, y = by, and z = cw . Then integrate over an
appropriate region in uyw-space.)
by first writing it as an integral over a region G in the uy-plane. 24. Let D be the region in xyz-space defined by the inequalities
14. Use the transformation x = u + s1>2dy, y = y to evaluate the
integral 1 … x … 2, 0 … xy … 2, 0 … z … 1.
2 sy + 4d>2

L0 Ly>2
2
y 3s2x - yde s2x - yd dx dy Evaluate

9
by first writing it as an integral over a region G in the uy-plane. sx 2y + 3xyzd dx dy dz
15. Use the transformation x = u>y, y = uy to evaluate the integral D
sum by applying the transformation
2 y 4 4>y

L1 L1>y L2 Ly>4
u = x, y = xy, w = 3z
(x 2 + y 2) dx dy + (x 2 + y 2) dx dy.
and integrating over an appropriate region G in uyw-space.
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914 Chapter 15: Multiple Integrals

25. Centroid of a solid semiellipsoid Assuming the result that the 26. Cylindrical shells In Section 6.2, we learned how to find the
centroid of a solid hemisphere lies on the axis of symmetry three- volume of a solid of revolution using the shell method; namely, if
eighths of the way from the base toward the top, show, by trans- the region between the curve y = ƒsxd and the x-axis from a to b

resulting solid is 1a 2pxƒsxd dx . Prove that finding volumes by

forming the appropriate integrals, that the center of mass of a s0 6 a 6 bd is revolved about the y-axis, the volume of the
b
solid semiellipsoid sx 2>a 2 d + s y 2>b 2 d + sz 2>c 2 d … 1, z Ú 0,
lies on the z-axis three-eighths of the way from the base toward using triple integrals gives the same result. (Hint: Use cylindrical
the top. (You can do this without evaluating any of the integrals.) coordinates with the roles of y and z changed.)

Chapter 15 Questions to Guide Your Review

1. Define the double integral of a function of two variables over a 7. How are double and triple integrals in rectangular coordinates
bounded region in the coordinate plane. used to calculate volumes, average values, masses, moments, and
2. How are double integrals evaluated as iterated integrals? Does the centers of mass? Give examples.
order of integration matter? How are the limits of integration de- 8. How are triple integrals defined in cylindrical and spherical coor-
termined? Give examples. dinates? Why might one prefer working in one of these coordinate
3. How are double integrals used to calculate areas and average val- systems to working in rectangular coordinates?
ues. Give examples. 9. How are triple integrals in cylindrical and spherical coordinates
4. How can you change a double integral in rectangular coordinates evaluated? How are the limits of integration found? Give examples.
into a double integral in polar coordinates? Why might it be 10. How are substitutions in double integrals pictured as transforma-
worthwhile to do so? Give an example. tions of two-dimensional regions? Give a sample calculation.
5. Define the triple integral of a function ƒ(x, y, z) over a bounded 11. How are substitutions in triple integrals pictured as transforma-
region in space. tions of three-dimensional regions? Give a sample calculation.
6. How are triple integrals in rectangular coordinates evaluated?
How are the limits of integration determined? Give an example.

Chapter 15 Practice Exercises

Evaluating Double Iterated Integrals Areas and Volumes Using Double Integrals
In Exercises 1–4, sketch the region of integration and evaluate the 13. Area between line and parabola Find the area of the region
double integral. enclosed by the line y = 2x + 4 and the parabola y = 4 - x 2 in
10 1>y 1 x3 the xy-plane.
L1 L0 L0 L0
1. ye xy dx dy 2. e y>x dy dx
14. Area bounded by lines and parabola Find the area of the “tri-
3>2 29 - 4t 2
1 2 - 2y angular” region in the xy-plane that is bounded on the right by the

L0 L-29 - 4t 2 L0 L2y
3. t ds dt 4. xy dx dy parabola y = x 2, on the left by the line x + y = 2, and above by
the line y = 4.
In Exercises 5–8, sketch the region of integration and write an equiva- 15. Volume of the region under a paraboloid Find the volume
lent integral with the order of integration reversed. Then evaluate both under the paraboloid z = x 2 + y 2 above the triangle enclosed by
integrals. the lines y = x, x = 0, and x + y = 2 in the xy-plane.
4 sy - 4d>2 1 x

L0 L-24 - y L0 Lx
16. Volume of the region under parabolic cylinder Find the vol-
5. dx dy 6. 2x dy dx ume under the parabolic cylinder z = x 2 above the region
2

3>2 29 - 4y2 2 4 - x2
enclosed by the parabola y = 6 - x 2 and the line y = x in the

L0 L-29 - 4y2 L0 L0
7. y dx dy 8. 2x dy dx xy-plane.

Average Values
Evaluate the integrals in Exercises 9–12.
Find the average value of ƒsx, yd = xy over the regions in Exercises 17
1 2 2 1

L0 L2y L0 Ly>2
9. 4 cos sx 2 d dx dy 10.
2
e x dx dy and 18.
17. The square bounded by the lines x = 1, y = 1 in the first
8 2 dy dx 1 1

L0 L2 L0 L2
2p sin px 2 quadrant
11. 4
12. dx dy
3
x y + 1 3
y x2 18. The quarter circle x 2 + y 2 … 1 in the first quadrant