MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY DOH, vaccines that kids should

receive.
CHAPTER 4 • IMMUNE
STAGES OF DISEASES - Person or animal that is
protected against any particular
1. INCUBATION PERIOD disease.
• ANTIGEN
o First exposure to the causative agent to
the appearance of the first signs and - Substance that induces
symptoms. antibody formation
• ANTIBODY
2. PRODROMAL PERIOD (catarrhal period) - Protein substance in response
o Appearance of the first signs and to antigen stimulation.
symptoms to the appearance of TYPES OF IMMUNITY
pathognomonic sign.
o Pathognomonic sign (classical sign) 1. NATURAL IMMUNITY
confirming if there is an illness. Ex:
o Inborn, innate, inherent
measles – communicable nursing.
o Active – exposure to certain disease
3. STAGE OF ILLNESS and formation memory cells. E.g prev.
attack of a disease/recovery from
• Manifestation of all signs and symptoms disease. “slow to come, slow to go”
of the disease. o Passive – maternal antibodies received
4. CONVALESCENCE but the fetus through placental and
infant through breastmilk and placental
• Stage of recovery the signs and antibodies. “quick to come, quick to
symptoms gradually disappearing. go/immediate”

2. ARTIFICIAL

• IMMUNITY o Attained through the intro of antigen

- state of being resistance (free such as vaccine, toxoid or antibody by
injury) artificial means.
- The condition of being secure o Active – attained by intro of vaccine or
against any particular disease. toxoid. e.g all EPI except Hepa B
vaccine.
• IMMUNIZATION o Passive – intro of antibodies. E.g IgA,
- Intro or induction of specific gammaglobulins, immunoglubolins
protective antibodies in a from serum or human.
susceptible person or animal.
- The production of cellular
immunity in such person or ➢ PERMANENT CONTRAINDICATION
animal. IMMUNIZATION
- Expanded Program for - Allergy
Immunization (EPI) program of - Convulsion with unknown cause
of disease to DPT immunization.
➢ TEMPORARY CONTRAINDICATION 3. Heat - color
IMMUNIZATION 4. Pain - dolor
- Pregnancy (mmr vaccine with 3 5. Loss of function – lasea facsia
months)
CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Recent blood review
- Immunocompromise sit • Immune system – a wonderful
- Severe disease collaboration between cells and protein
- to provide defense against infection.
• Bone marrow & Thymus – beginning of
THE IMMUNOGLOBULINS the development of all cells of the
immune system with a hematopoietic
(blood-forming) stem cell.

1. T-cells/Thymus/Lymphocyctes

2. B-Lymphocytes

3. Nk cells/natural killer

4. Macropahges

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFECTION • RA 3573 – Law on reporting

communicable diseases.
• INFECTION – occurs when pathogens 1. Prevention
are able to enter the host, attach, ➢ Heath Education
multiply and cause damage to the host ➢ Environmental Sanitation
tissue. ➢ Specific Protection
- The body often responds to 2. Control
infection through the ➢ Notification and Prompt Intervention
inflammatory process. ➢ Isolation and Quarantine
• INFLAMMATION – process by which the ➢ Case Finding – looking for the infected
body’s wbc and substances they individuals, contact tracing-looking for
produce protect us from infection with the exposed individuals.
foreign org. such as bacteria and ➢ Epidemiological Investigation
viruses.
- In these diseases called OUTLINE PLAN OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
autoimmune diseases, the INVESTIGATION (WHO)
body’s normally protective
immune system causes damage
to its own tissue.
• CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
1. Swelling- edema/tumor
2. Redness - rubor
 ➢ CONTACT PRECAUTION:
o Strict Isolation – indicated for highly
contagious diseases like SARS,
meninggococcemia, bird flu, anthrax.
o Protective or reverse Isolation
/Neutropenic – intended for those with
low resistance or immunocompromised
eg. AIDS, burn, cancer, nephrotic
syndrome, organ transplant (the patient
is being the one protected against
infections).
TYPES OF ISOLATION
o Respiratory Isolation – intended for
• ISOLATION – separation of infected respiratory diseases.
individual from healthy one; used in o Enteric Precaution – intended for GIT
case finding. diseases eg. Typhoid Fever, Cholera,
- Designed to immediately Shigellosis.
destroy pathogenic organisms o Wound and Skin Precaution – intended
in the infectious discharges of for persons with skin diseases eg.
patient. Leprosy, Fungal infection and Impetigo.
➢ REASONS: o Blood and Body Fluids/
1. To prevent the spread of pathogens Standard/Universal – first line
to other susceptible people. precaution; used when the diseases is
2. To protect a very susceptible patient unknown, usage of Gloves, Mask, Caps
from exposure to pathogens. and Googles.
➢ ISOLATION TECHNIQUES – designed to
TYPES OF SPECIMENS INVOLVED IN MICROBIAL
immediately destroy pathogenic
CONTROL
organisms in the infectious discharges
of patient. • BLOOD – 10-20 ml of blood is
withdrawn using 21 gauge needle into a
sterile culture bottle.
➢ Bacteremia – bacteria in the blood
➢ Septicemia – caused by gram negative
rods is frequently found in patient after
gastrointestinal or urological surgery
• URINE – midstream, clean catch
• CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – spinal fluid
specimen must be collected into a
sterile tube by a lumbar puncture under
surgically aseptic conditions.
- Can get at lumbar 4 and 5.
• QUARANTINE – limitation of the Lumbar – 5
freedom of movement of exposed Thoracic – 12
individual or annual; used in contract Cervical – 7
tracing.
 • SEPTUM – cough up specimen SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
into a sterile wide cup or bottle
o Nonspecific cellular and chemical
with lid, after warning the
patient not to contaminate the responses to microbial invasions.
sputum with saliva. (3x)
o A complete sequence of events
• MUCUS MEMBRANE SWABS –
develops involving.
sterile polyester swabs are used
to collect specimens of exudate 1. Fever Production – increased body
and secretions of the throat,
nose, rectum, wounds, temperature maybe triggered by pyrogenic
operative sites and ulcerations. secretions of many infecting pathogens.

2. Iron Balance - the virulence of many bacteria

HUMAN DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTIOUS
is enhanced in the presence of free iron, which
DISEASES
is used in the synthesis of exotoxins.
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
3. Cellular Secretions
1. Mucus Membrane – located mostly at the
4. Activation of blood proteins
opening of the respiratory, digestive, urinary
and reproductive systems. 5. Phagocytosis - process by which phagocytes
surround and engulf foreign material.
2. Intact Skin - complete external covering for
all body parts – acts as a physical or mechanical 6. Chemotaxis - ability of cells to move towards
barrier to pathogenic microorganisms. microorganisms or sites of damage.
3. Respiratory System – includes hairs, irregular 7. Inflammation - local responses
chambers of the nose, cilia, phagocytic WBC,
lysosomes and other enzozymes.

4. Digestive System – protected by the process

of digestion, presence of digestive enzymes,
acidity of the stomach, alkalinity of the
intestine.

5. Urinary Tract Defenses - includes acidic urine

and vaginal secretions.

6. Microbial Antagonism - the prevention of

colonization of potential microbial pathogens by
the indigenous microbial pathogens by the
Indigenous microflora of a given anatomical
site.

➢ Bacteriocins - antibacterial substance

produced by other bacteria.
➢ Superinfections - overgrowth of
bacteria.