QEM – 1004_1: Basic statistics

for Process Control

Assignment # 1 Due date: May 22, 2024

Student Name Student ID Signature*

Rakesh Khanal C0940709 rakesh
Prince C0933878 prince
Sooraj C0923841 sooraj
Neo Nicholson Vincent C0933233 neo

Instructions: Solve the following problems from Chapters 1 & 2 of the Textbook (Statistics by McClave)
1) College application. Colleges and universities are requiring an increasing amount of information
about applicants before making acceptance and financial aid decisions.
Classify each of the following types of data required on a college application as quantitative or
qualitative.
a. High school GPA
b. High school class rank
c. Applicant’s score on the SAT or ACT
d. Gender of applicant
e. Parents’ income
f. Age of applicant
Answers
a) High school GPA – It is quantitative because it can be either measured or counted.
b) High school class rank – It is qualitative.
c) Applicant’s score on the SAT or ACT– It is quantitative because it can be measured or counted.
d) Gender of Applicant – It is qualitative.
e) Parents Income – It is quantitative because it can be measured or counted.
f) Age of Applicant – It is quantitative because it can be measured or counted.

2) Satellite database. The Union for Concerned Scientists (UCS) maintains the Satellite Database –a
listing of the more than 1,000 operational satellites currently in orbit around Earth. Several of the many
variables stored in the database include country of operator/owner, primary use (civil, commercial,
government, or military), class of orbit (low earth, medium earth, or geosynchronous), longitudinal
position (degrees), apogee (i.e., altitude farthest from Earth’s center of mass in kilometers), launch

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mass (kilograms)m usable electric power (watts) and expected lifetime (years). Which of the variables
measured are qualitative? Which are quantitative?
Answers
a) Country of operator or owner, primary use, class of orbit are qualitative data.
b) Longitudinal position(degrees), apogee(kilometers), launch mass(kilograms), electric
power(watts), and expected lifetime(years) are quantitative data.

3) Extinct birds. Biologists at the University of California (Riverside) are studying the patterns of
extinction in the New Zealand bird population. (Evolutionary Ecology Research, July 2003.) At the time
of the Maori colonization of New Zealand (prior to European contact), the following variables were
measured for each bird species:
a. Flight capability (volant or flightless)
b. Type of habitat (aquatic, ground terrestrial, or aerial terrestrial)
c. Nesting site (ground, cavity within ground, tree, cavity above ground)
d. Nest density (high or low)
e. Diet (fish, vertebrates, vegetables, or invertebrates)
f. Body mass (grams)
g. Egg length (millimeters)
h. Extinct status (extinct, absent from island, present) Identify each variable as quantitative or
qualitative.
Answers
a. Flight capability (volant or flightless) – It is qualitative.
b. Type of habitat (aquatic, ground terrestrial, or aerial terrestrial) - It is qualitative.
c. Nesting site (ground, cavity within ground, tree, cavity above ground) - It is qualitative.
d. Nest density (high or low) – It is quantitative.
e. Diet (fish, vertebrates, vegetables, or invertebrates) - It is qualitative.
f. Body mass (grams) - It is quantitative.
g. Egg length (millimeters) - It is quantitative.
h. Extinct status (extinct, absent from island, present) – It is qualitative.

4) Insomnia and education. Is insomnia related to education status? Researchers at the Universities of
Memphis, Alabama at Birmingham, and Tennessee investigated this question in the Journal of
Abnormal Psychology (Feb. 2005). Adults living in Tennessee were selected to participate in the study,
which used a random-digit telephone dialing procedure. Two of the many variables measured for each
of the 575 study participants were number of years of education and insomnia status (normal sleeper
or chronic insomniac). The researchers discovered that the fewer the years of education, the more
likely the person was to have chronic insomnia.

a. Identify the population and sample of interest to the researchers.

b. Identify the data collection method. Are there any potential biases in the method used?
c. Describe the variables measured in the study as quantitative or qualitative.
d. What inference did the researchers make?
Answers

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a) The population is all adults living in Tennessee and sample of interest are 575 adults selected by
a random-digit telephone dialing procedure.
b) The data collection method used by researchers is random-digit telephone dialing procedure. The
potential biases used in this method are as follows:
i. Selection bias – In this research telephone dialing procedure is used so people who are
using cellphone or mobile phone are not included in study.
ii. Non- response bias - There will be some people who will not choose to participate in
study.
c) Years of education is quantitative data and insomnia status is qualitative data.
d) The study shows that people with fewer years of study are more likely to suffer from chronic
insomnia.

5) Graph the relative frequency histogram for the 500 measurements summarized in the accompanying
relative frequency table.

Class Interval Relative Frequency

0.5 – 2.5 0.10
2.5 – 4.5 0.15
4.5 – 6.5 0.25
6.5 – 8.5 0.20
8.5 – 10.5 0.05
10.5 – 12.5 0.10
12.5 – 14.5 0.10
14.5 – 16.5 0.05

Answer

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6) Irrelevant speech effects. In a psychological study of short-term memory, irrelevant speech effects
refer to the degree which the memorization process is impaired by irrelevant background speech (e.g.,
trying to memorize a list of numbers while listing to a speech in an unfamiliar language). An analysis of
irrelevant speech effects was carried out and published in Acoustic Science $ Technology (Vol. 35,
2014). Subjects performed the memorization task under two conditions: 1) with irrelevant background
speech and 2) in silence. The difference in the error rates for the two conditions - called the relative
difference in error rate (RDER) – was computed for each subject. A MINITAB histogram summarizing
the RDER (see Dataset Prob_6_7_9_10_Assign_1.xlsx) values for 71 subjects is displayed here.

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a. Convert the frequency histogram into a relative frequency histogram.

Answer

b. What proportion of the subjects had RDER values between 75 and 105?
Answer
From the histogram approximately 18% of the subjects have RDER values between 75 and 105.
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c. What proportion of the subjects had RDER values below 15?

Answer
From the above histogram approximately 10% of the subjects had RDER values below 15.

7) Calculate the mode, mean and median of the following data:

18, 10, 15, 13, 17, 15, 12, 15 18, 16, 11

Answer

a. Mean =
∑ xi = 18+10+15+13+17+ 15+12+15+18+16+11
= 160
=14.54
i=1
11 11
n

b. Arranging the data in ascending order

10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18
N +1 11+1
Median = 2 = 2 = 6
So, the median is 15.

c. Mode = 15 (Because it is repeated 3 times which is more than other data)

8) Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the following samples:

a. 4, 2, 1, 0, 1
Answer
Range = L-S = 4-0 = 4
4+ 2+1+ 0+1
Mean (x̄ ) = = 1.6
5

√ ∑ (x i−x̄ )2
√
2 2 2 2 2
Standard Deviation (s)= = (4−1.6) + ( 2−1.6 ) +(1−1.6) +(0−1.6) +(1−1.6) =
n−1 5−1
1.52

Variance = s2 = 1.522 = 2.31

b. 1, 6, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3
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Answer
Range = L-S = 6 – 0 = 6

1+ 6+2+2+3+0+ 3
Mean (x̄ ) =
7 = 2.42

Standard Deviation(s)= ∑ i
(x −x̄ )2
n−1 √=

√
2
(1−2.4 ) + ( 6−2.4 ) +(2−2.4) +(2−2.4)2+(3−2.4)2 +(0−2.4)2 +(3−2.4 )2
2 2
= 1.902
7−1

Variance = s2 = 1.9022 = 3.62

c. 8, −2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 1, 3
Answer

Range = L-S = 8-(-2) = 10

8−2+1+3+ 5+4 +4 +1+3

Mean (x̄ ) =
9
=3

Standard Deviation (s)=

Variance = s2=2.832 = 8
√ ∑ (x i−x̄ )2
n−1
= 2.83

d. 0, 2, 0, 0, −1, 1, −2, 1, 0, −1, 1, −1, 0, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1

Answer
Range = L-S = 2-(-3) = 5

0+2+0+ 0−1+1−2+1+ 0−1+1−1+ 0−3−2−1+0+ 1

Mean (x̄ ) =
18
= -0.39

Standard Deviation (s)=

Variance = s2=1.32 = 1.7

∑
n−1 √
(x i−x̄ )2
= 1.3

9) Shaft graves in ancient Greece. Refer to the American Journal of Archaeology (Jan 2014) study of
sword shaft graves in Ancient Greece. The number of sword shafts buried at each of 13 recently
discovered grave sites is reproduced in the following table.

1 2 3 1 5 6 2 4 1 2 4 2 9
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a. Calculate the range of the sample data.

Range = 9 – 1 = 8

b. Calculate the variance of the sample data.

1+ 2+ 3+1+5+6+2+ 4+1+ 2+ 4+ 2+ 9
Mean (x̄ ) = 13 = 3.23

Standard deviation (s) = ∑ i

√
(x −x̄ )2
n−1
= 2.36

Variance = s2 = 2.252= 5.57

c. Calculate the standard deviation of the sample data.

1+ 2+ 3+1+5+6+2+ 4+1+ 2+ 4+ 2+ 9
Mean (x̄ ) = 13 = 3.23

Standard deviation (s) = ∑ i

√
(x −x̄ )2
n−1
= 2.36

d. Which of the measures of variation computed in parts a-c have the same units of measure
(number of sword shafts) as the original variable?
Answer
Range and Standard deviation have same unit of measure (number of sword shafts) as the
original variable.

10) Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414,
2010) study on the current trend in the design of social robots (Exercise 2.7, p.38). Recall that in a
random sample of social robots obtained through a Web search, 28 were built with wheels. The
number of wheels of each of the 28 robots are listed in the following table.

4 4 3 3 3 6 4 2 2 2 1 3 3 3
3 4 4 3 2 8 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 2

a. Generate a histogram for the sample data set. Is the distribution of number of wheels mound
shaped and symmetric?
Answer

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The histogram is not symmetrical, but it is a mound shaped.

b. Find the mean and standard deviation for the sample data set.
Answer
4+ 4+ 3+3+3+6 +4 +2+2+2+1+3+3+3+3+ 4+ 4 +3+2+8+2+2+3+ 4+ 3+3+ 4+2
Mean(x̄ ) = 28
= 3.21

Sample standard deviation(s) =

√ ∑ (x i−x̄ )2
n−1
= 1.37

Variance = s2= 1.88

c. Form the interval x ± 2 s

Answer
Calculating the interval (x̄ - 2s, x̄ +2s)
x̄ - 2s = 3.21- 2*1.37 = 0.47
x̄ +2s = 3.21+2*1.37 = 5.95

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d. According to Chebyshev’s rule, what proportion of sample observations will fall within the
interval in part c?
Answer
According to the Chebyshev’s rule at least 75% of the measurements will fall in this interval.

e. According to the Empirical rule, what proportion of sample observations will fall within the
interval in part c?
Answer
According to empirical rule Chebyshev’s rule at least 95% of the measurements will fall in this
interval.

f. Determine the actual proportion of sample observations that fall within the interval of part c.
Even though the histogram in part a is not perfectly symmetric, does the empirical rule provide
a good estimate of the proportion?
Answer
26
=0.93 ],
Apart from 6 and 8, every data fall within these intervals so, [
28
In percentage = 93% that’s why empirical rule provides a good estimate of proportion.

Marking Rubric is composed of 4 categories.

1) Method: 40 %
2) Result: 40 %
3) Creativity: 10 %
4) Presentation: 10 %

Total = 100 %

As you can see in the table below.

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