Maple User Manual

Maple User Manual

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ISBN 978-1-897310-20-5

Copyright © Maplesoft, a division of Waterloo Maple Inc. 2007

 iv • Contents

Contents Launching an Assistant or Tutor ...................................................... 48

Example: Using the Interactive Plot Builder ................................... 49
Preface .................................................................................................... xiii 2.7 Task Templates .............................................................................. 51
1 Document Mode ...................................................................................... 1 Viewing Task Templates .................................................................. 51
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 Inserting a Task Template ................................................................ 52
1.2 In This Chapter ................................................................................ 3 Performing the Task ......................................................................... 53
1.3 Simple Mathematical Expressions ................................................... 4 2.8 Text Regions ................................................................................... 54
Rational Expressions (Fractions) ....................................................... 5 2.9 Names ........................................................................................... 55
Powers ................................................................................................ 5 Assigning to Names ........................................................................ 55
Products .............................................................................................. 5 Unassigning Names ........................................................................ 57
Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Expressions ............................. 6 Valid Names .................................................................................... 58
Other Expressions .............................................................................. 7 2.10 Equation Labels .......................................................................... 59
1.4 Evaluating Expressions .................................................................... 8 Displaying Equation Labels ............................................................. 59
1.5 Editing Expressions and Updating Output ...................................... 9 Referring to a Previous Result ......................................................... 59
1.6 Entering Expressions ..................................................................... 10 Execution Groups with Multiple Outputs ........................................ 61
Palettes ............................................................................................ 11 Label Numbering Schemes ............................................................. 61
Symbol Names ................................................................................ 16 Features of Equation Labels ............................................................ 62
1.7 Performing Computations ............................................................. 19 3 Performing Computations .................................................................... 65
Computing with Palettes ................................................................. 20 3.1 In This Chapter .............................................................................. 65
Context Menus ................................................................................ 20 3.2 Symbolic and Numeric Computation ............................................ 66
Assistants and Tutors ....................................................................... 26 Exact Computations ........................................................................ 67
1.8 Document Mode Summary ............................................................ 30 Floating-Point Computations .......................................................... 68
1.9 Getting Help ................................................................................... 32 Converting Exact Quantities to Floating-Point Values ................... 69
2 Worksheet Mode ................................................................................... 35 Sources of Error .............................................................................. 70
2.1 In This Chapter .............................................................................. 36 3.3 Integer Operations ......................................................................... 71
2.2 Input Prompt .................................................................................. 37 Non-Base 10 Numbers and Other Number Systems ........................ 74
Suppressing Output .......................................................................... 38 3.4 Solving Equations .......................................................................... 77
1-D Math Input ................................................................................ 38 Solving Equations and Inequations ................................................. 78
Input Separators ............................................................................... 39 Other Specialized Solvers ................................................................ 88
2.3 Commands .................................................................................... 39 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty ................................. 95
The Maple Library ........................................................................... 40 Units ................................................................................................ 96
Top-Level Commands ...................................................................... 40 Scientific Constants and Element Properties ................................ 104
Package Commands ........................................................................ 41 Uncertainty Propagation ............................................................... 110
2.4 Palettes .......................................................................................... 44 3.6 Restricting the Domain ................................................................ 114
2.5 Context Menus .............................................................................. 46 Real Number Domain ................................................................... 114
2.6 Assistants and Tutors ..................................................................... 48 Assumptions on Variables ............................................................. 116

iii
 Contents • v vi • Contents

4 Mathematical Computations .............................................................. 121 Multiple Plots in the Same Plot Region ......................................... 213
4.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 123 5.3 Customizing Plots ....................................................................... 215
4.2 Algebra ........................................................................................ 124 Interactive Plot Builder Options ................................................... 215
Polynomial Algebra ...................................................................... 124 Context Menu Options .................................................................. 216
4.3 Linear Algebra ............................................................................ 133 The plot and plot3d Options ......................................................... 219
Creating Matrices and Vectors ...................................................... 133 5.4 Analyzing Plots ........................................................................... 222
Accessing Entries in Matrices and Vectors ................................... 142 Point Probe, Rotate, Pan, and Zoom Tools .................................... 222
Linear Algebra Computations ....................................................... 143 5.5 Creating Animations ................................................................... 222
Student LinearAlgebra Package .................................................... 150 Interactive Plot Builder ................................................................. 223
4.4 Calculus ....................................................................................... 151 The plots[animate] Command ....................................................... 224
Limits ............................................................................................ 151 5.6 Playing Animations ..................................................................... 226
Differentiation ............................................................................... 153 Animation Context Bar .................................................................. 226
Series ............................................................................................. 159 5.7 Customizing Animations ............................................................. 228
Integration ..................................................................................... 161 Interactive Plot Builder Animation Options .................................. 228
Differential Equations .................................................................... 164 Context Menu Options .................................................................. 228
Calculus Packages ......................................................................... 164 The animate Command Options .................................................... 229
4.5 Optimization ............................................................................... 166 5.8 Exporting ..................................................................................... 230
Point-and-Click Interface .............................................................. 167 5.9 Code for Color Plates .................................................................. 230
Large Optimization Problems ....................................................... 169 6 Creating Mathematical Documents ..................................................... 231
MPS(X) File Support .................................................................... 171 6.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 232
Additional Information .................................................................. 171 6.2 Document Formatting .................................................................. 233
4.6 Statistics ...................................................................................... 171 Quick Character Formatting .......................................................... 233
Probability Distributions and Random Variables .......................... 171 Quick Paragraph Formatting .......................................................... 235
Statistical Computations ................................................................ 173 Copy and Paste ............................................................................... 236
Plotting .......................................................................................... 175 Sections .......................................................................................... 237
Additional Information .................................................................. 177 Display Hidden Formatting Attributes ........................................... 238
4.7 Teaching and Learning with Maple ............................................ 178 Indentation and the Tab Key .......................................................... 238
Student Packages and Tutors ........................................................ 179 Character and Paragraph Styles ..................................................... 239
5 Plots and Animations .......................................................................... 187 Document Blocks ........................................................................... 247
5.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 187 Typesetting ..................................................................................... 252
5.2 Creating Plots .............................................................................. 188 Using Tables for Layout ................................................................. 252
Interactive Plot Builder ................................................................. 189 Formatting Lists: Bullets, Numbers, and Indent ............................ 262
Context Menu ................................................................................ 203 Bookmarks ..................................................................................... 264
Dragging to a Plot Region ............................................................. 206 Inserting Images ............................................................................. 265
The plot and plot3d Commands .................................................... 207 Show or Hide Worksheet Content .................................................. 266
The plots Package ......................................................................... 210 6.3 Embedded Components ............................................................... 268
 Contents • vii viii • Contents

Adding Graphical Interface Components ...................................... 268 Functional Operators ..................................................................... 292
Editing Component Properties: General Process ........................... 269 Strings ........................................................................................... 297
Removing Graphical Interface Components .................................. 269 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions ................................................ 298
Example Component Properties .................................................... 270 Low-Level Operations ................................................................... 298
Printing and Exporting a Document with Embedded Compon- Manipulating Expressions ............................................................. 304
ents ................................................................................................. 271 Evaluating Expressions ................................................................. 310
6.4 Creating Graded Assignments ...................................................... 271 8 Basic Programming ............................................................................ 321
Creating a Question ........................................................................ 271 8.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 321
Viewing Questions in Maple .......................................................... 272 8.2 Flow Control ................................................................................ 322
Saving Test Content ....................................................................... 272 Conditional Execution (if Statement) ........................................... 322
6.5 Auto-Execute ................................................................................ 272 Repetition (for Statement) ............................................................. 325
Setting the Auto-Execute Feature .................................................. 273 8.3 Iterative Commands .................................................................... 333
Removing the Auto-Execute Setting .............................................. 273 Creating a Sequence ...................................................................... 333
Repeating Auto-Execution ............................................................. 273 Adding and Multiplying Expressions ........................................... 334
Security Levels ............................................................................... 273 Selecting Expression Operands ..................................................... 335
6.6 Canvas .......................................................................................... 274 Mapping a Command over a Set or List ....................................... 336
Insert a Canvas ............................................................................... 274 Mapping a Binary Command over Two Lists or Vectors ............... 336
Drawing .......................................................................................... 275 Additional Information .................................................................. 337
Canvas Style ................................................................................... 275 8.4 Procedures ................................................................................... 338
6.7 Spell Checking ............................................................................. 276 Defining and Running Simple Procedures .................................... 338
How to Use the Spellcheck Utility ................................................. 277 Procedures with Inputs .................................................................. 339
Selecting a Suggestion ................................................................... 277 Procedure Return Values ............................................................... 339
Spellcheck Usage and the Document ............................................. 278 Displaying Procedure Definitions ................................................. 340
User Dictionary .............................................................................. 278 Displaying Maple Library Procedure Definitions ......................... 340
6.8 Hyperlinks .................................................................................... 279 Modules ......................................................................................... 342
Inserting a Hyperlink in a Document ............................................. 280 9 Maplets ................................................................................................ 343
6.9 Worksheet Compatibility ............................................................. 283 9.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 343
7 Maple Expressions .............................................................................. 285 9.2 Simple Maplet .............................................................................. 343
7.1 In This Chapter ............................................................................ 285 9.3 Using Maplets ............................................................................. 344
7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures ............................................ 285 Maplet File .................................................................................... 344
Expression Sequences ................................................................... 286 Maple Document ............................................................................ 345
Sets ................................................................................................ 287 9.4 Authoring Maplets ...................................................................... 345
Lists ............................................................................................... 288 Maplet Builder .............................................................................. 346
Arrays ............................................................................................ 289 Maplets Package ........................................................................... 356
Tables ............................................................................................ 290 Saving ............................................................................................ 362
Matrices and Vectors ..................................................................... 291 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products ......................... 363
 Contents • ix x • Contents

10.1 In This Chapter .......................................................................... 363

10.2 Writing to Files ......................................................................... 363
Saving Data to a File ...................................................................... 363
Saving Expressions to a File .......................................................... 365
10.3 Reading from Files .................................................................... 366
Reading Data from a File ............................................................... 366
Reading Expressions from a File ................................................... 367
10.4 Exporting to Other Formats ...................................................... 369
Exporting Documents ................................................................... 369
MapleNet ........................................................................................ 372
Maple T.A. ..................................................................................... 373
10.5 Connectivity .............................................................................. 374
Translating Maple Code To Other Programming Languages ........ 374
Accessing External Products from Maple ...................................... 374
Accessing Maple from External Products ...................................... 375
Index ...................................................................................................... 379
 xii • List of Tables

List of Tables Table 5.14: Creating Animations Using the Interactive Plot Builder ..... 223
Table 5.15: The animate Command ....................................................... 225
Table 1.1: Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Expressions .................... 6 Table 5.16: Animation Options .............................................................. 226
Table 1.2: Entering a Definite Integral ..................................................... 13 Table 5.17: Customizing Animations Using the Context Menu ............ 229
Table 1.3: Symbol Completion Shortcut Keys ......................................... 17 Table 8.1: Default Clause Values ........................................................... 327
Table 1.4: Summary of Document Mode Tools ....................................... 31 Table 8.2: Iterative Commands .............................................................. 333
Table 1.5: Maple Help Resources ............................................................ 32 Table 8.3: The seq Command ................................................................ 333
Table 3.1: Select Integer Commands ....................................................... 73 Table 8.4: The add and mul Commands ................................................ 334
Table 3.2: Modular Arithmetic Operators ................................................ 76 Table 8.5: The select, remove, and selectremove Commands ............... 335
Table 3.3: Overview of Solution Methods for Important Equation Table 8.6: The map Command ............................................................... 336
Types ........................................................................................................ 78 Table 8.7: The zip Command ................................................................. 337
Table 3.4: Sample Dimensions ................................................................ 97 Table 10.1: Summary of Content Translation When Exporting to Different
Table 3.5: Scientific Constants ............................................................... 105 Formats .................................................................................................. 371
Table 4.1: Maple Resources for Mathematical Computation ................ 121
Table 4.2: Polynomial Arithmetic Operators ......................................... 125
Table 4.3: Polynomial Coefficient and Degree Commands ................... 130
Table 4.4: Select Other Polynomial Commands .................................... 132
Table 4.5: Additional Polynomial Help ................................................. 133
Table 4.6: Matrix and Vector Arithmetic Operators ............................... 144
Table 4.7: Select Matrix and Vector Operators ...................................... 146
Table 4.8: Select LinearAlgebra Package Commands ........................... 148
Table 4.9: Limits .................................................................................... 152
Table 4.10: Student and Instructor Resources ........................................ 178
Table 5.1: Windows of the Interactive Plot Builder ............................... 190
Table 5.2: Displaying a Plot of a Single Variable Expression ................ 192
Table 5.3: Displaying a Plot of Multiple Expressions of 1 Variable ..... 194
Table 5.4: Displaying a Plot of a Multi-variable Expression ................ 195
Table 5.5: Displaying a Conformal Plot ............................................... 197
Table 5.6: Displaying a Plot in Polar Coordinates ................................ 199
Table 5.7: Interactive Plotting ............................................................... 201
Table 5.8: The plot and plot3d Commands ............................................ 207
Table 5.9: Customizing Plots Using Interactive Plot Builder ................ 216
Table 5.10: Customizing 2-D Plots Using the Context Menu ................ 217
Table 5.11: Customizing 3-D Plots Using the Context Menu ................ 218
Table 5.12: Popular Plot Options ........................................................... 219
Table 5.13: Plot Analysis Options .......................................................... 222

xi
 xiv • Preface

Preface Interface

MapletTM Applications
Description
Graphical user interface containing windows, textbox
regions, and other visual interfaces, which gives you
The Maple Software point-and-click access to the power of Maple. You can
perform calculations and plot functions without using
the worksheet or command-line interfaces.
The MapleTM software is a powerful system that you can use to solve complex
mathematical problems. You can also create professional quality documents, This manual describes how to use the Standard Worksheet interface. Some
presentations, and custom interactive computational tools in the Maple en- features are not available in the Classic Worksheet interface and Command-
vironment. line version. The Standard Worksheet interface has two modes: Document
mode and Worksheet mode.
You can access the power of the Maple computational engine through a
variety of interfaces. Document Mode - Using the Document mode, you can perform quick cal-
Interface Description culations. You can enter a mathematical expression, and then evaluate, ma-
nipulate, solve, or plot with a few keystrokes or mouse clicks.
Standard Worksheet Full-featured graphical user interface offering features
that help you create electronic documents that show all
Worksheet Mode - The Worksheet mode is designed for:
your assumptions, the calculations, and any margin of
error in your results; or hide the computations to allow
• Interactive use through Maple commands, which may offer advanced
your reader to focus on the problem setup and final res-
ults. The advanced formatting features help you create functionality or customized control not available using context menus
the customized document you need. Because the docu- or other syntax-free methods
ments are live, you can edit the parameters and, with the
click of a button, compute the new results.
• Programmatic use of the powerful Maple language
The User Manual was created using the Standard Using either mode, you can create high quality interactive mathematical
Worksheet interface to Maple. An interactive version of
this manual is available in the Standard Worksheet inter-
presentations or documents.
face. From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary,
and more>Manuals>User Manual. In This Manual
Classic Worksheet Basic worksheet environment for older computers with
limited memory. This manual provides an overview of all Maple features including:
Command-line version Command-line interface, without graphical user inter- • Performing computations
faces features, for solving very large complex problems
or batch processing with scripts. • Creating plots and animations

MaplesoftTM Graphing Calculator Graphical calculator interface to the Maple computational • Creating interactive documents
engine. Using it, you can perform simple computations
(Microsoft® Windows® only)
and create customizable, zoomable graphs.
• The Maple programming language
• Using and creating custom Maplet applications

xiii
 Preface • xv xvi • Preface

• File input and output, and using Maple with third party products
• Data structures

For a complete list of manuals, study guides, toolboxes, and other resources,
visit the Maplesoft Web site at http://www.maplesoft.com.

Audience
The information in this manual is intended for Maple users who have read
the Maple Getting Started Guide.

Conventions
This manual uses the following typographical conventions.
• bold font - Maple command, package name, option name, dialog, menu,
and text field
• italics - new or important concept
• Note - additional information relevant to the section
• Important - information that must be read and followed

Customer Feedback
Maplesoft welcomes your feedback. For suggestions and comments related
to this and other manuals, contact [email protected]
 2 • 1 Document Mode

ing the information in this chapter, see Chapter 2, Worksheet Mode (page 35),
1 Document Mode for information on using Worksheet mode.

Using the Maple software, you can create powerful interactive documents. Worksheet mode sample:
You can visualize and animate problems in two and three dimensions. You
can solve complex problems with simple point-and-click interfaces or easy- Find the value of the derivative of at .
to-modify interactive documents. You can also devise custom solutions using
the Maple programming language. While you work, you can document your >
process, providing text descriptions.
(1.1)
1.1 Introduction
>
Maple has two modes: Document mode and Worksheet mode.
Document mode is designed for quickly performing calculations. You can (1.2)
enter a mathematical expression, and then evaluate, manipulate, solve, or
plot it with a few keystrokes or mouse clicks. This chapter provides an
overview of Document mode. >

Document mode sample:

Find the value of the derivative of at .

Integrate over the interval .

Integrate over the interval . >

Important: In any Maple document, you can use Document mode and
Worksheet mode is designed for interactive use through commands and Worksheet mode.
programming using the Maple language. The Worksheet mode supports the
features available in Document mode described in this chapter. After review- Using either mode:

1
 1.2 In This Chapter • 3 4 • 1 Document Mode

• You have access to the full mathematical engine. Section Topics

• You can create high quality interactive documents: easy-to-use compu- Evaluating Expressions - How to evaluate • Displaying the Value Inline
tational tools, presentations, or publications. expressions • Displaying the Value on the Following
Line
Interactive document features include:
Editing Expressions and Regenerating Output • Updating a Single Computation
• Embedded graphical interface components, like buttons, sliders, and - How to update expressions and results
• Updating a Group of Computations
check boxes
• Updating All Computations in a Docu-
• Automatic execution of marked regions when a file is opened ment

• Tables Entering Expressions - Overview of tools for • Palettes

• Character and paragraph formatting styles creating complex mathematical expressions • Symbol Names
• Hyperlinks Performing Computations - Overview of • Computing with Palettes
tools for computing and plotting
These features are described in Chapter 6, Creating Mathematical Docu- • Context Menus
ments (page 231). • Assistants and Tutors

Note: This chapter was created using Document mode. All other chapters Document Mode Summary - Summary of • Table of Document Mode Tools
were created using Worksheet mode. key Document mode features
Getting Help - A list of resources available • Table of Maple Help Resources
1.2 In This Chapter in the Maple Help System

Section Topics
Simple Mathematical Expressions - Introduc- • Text and Math Modes
1.3 Simple Mathematical Expres-
tion to Math and Text modes, and how to
easily enter simple expressions
• Rational Expressions sions
• Powers
• Products In Document mode, you can enter two types of content: Text and Math. The
Text mode and Math mode icons at the left end of the toolbar indicate the
• Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Ex-
pressions current mode. The toolbar is located near the top of the Maple window, im-
mediately below the menu bar.
• Other Expressions
To switch between Text and Math modes, press the F5 key. (Alternatively,
click the Text mode or Math mode toolbar icon.) Consequently, it is easy
to enter sentences containing text and inline mathematical expressions.
 1.3 Simple Mathematical Expressions • 5 6 • 1 Document Mode

Implied Multiplication
Entering mathematical expressions, such as , , and ,
In most cases, you do not need to include the multiplication operator, .
is natural in Math mode.
Insert a space character between two quantities to multiply them.
Rational Expressions (Fractions) Note: In some cases, you do not need to enter the multiplication operator or
a space character. For example, Maple interprets a number followed by a
To enter a fraction:
variable as multiplication.
1. Enter the numerator.
Important: Maple interprets a sequence of letters, for example, xy, as a
2. Press the forward slash (/) key. single variable. To specify the product of two variables, you must insert a
space character (or multiplication operator), for example, x y or . For
3. Enter the denominator.
more information, refer to the ?2DMathDetails help page.
4. To exit the denominator, press the right arrow key.
Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Expressions
Powers
Table 1.1 lists shortcut keys for entering and navigating mathematical expres-
To enter a power: sions.

1. Enter the base. Table 1.1: Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Expressions

2. Press the caret (^) key. Symbol/Format Key Automatically Generated in

Document
3. Enter the exponent, which displays in math as a superscript. Switch between F5 Example using fraction:
Math and Text
4. To exit the exponent, press the right arrow key. modes (Math) versus 1/4

Products (Text)
Fraction / (forward slash)
To enter a product:

1. Enter the first factor. Exponent ^ (caret)

2. Press the asterisk (*) key, which displays in math as . Subscript _ (underscore)

3. Enter the second factor.

 1.3 Simple Mathematical Expressions • 7 8 • 1 Document Mode

Symbol/Format Key Automatically Generated in

Document • Continued fractions:
Overscript • Ctrl + Shift + ", Windows and
UNIX®
• Command + Shift + ", Macin-
tosh® and more complex expressions. For information, see Entering Expres-
sions (page 10).
Square root Enter sqrt , and then press the com-
mand/symbol completion shortcut. (See
the following row in this table.) 1.4 Evaluating Expressions
Command/symbol • Ctrl + Space, Windows
completion To evaluate a mathematical expression, place the cursor in the expression
• Escape, Macintosh
and press Ctrl + = (Command + =, for Macintosh). That is, press and hold
• Ctrl + Shift + Space, UNIX the Ctrl (or Command) key, and then press the equal sign (=) key.

To the right of the expression, Maple inserts an equal sign and then the value
Navigating an ex- Arrow keys
pression
of the expression.

For a complete list of shortcut keys, refer to the Math Shortcut and Hints =
help page. To access this help page in the Maple software, in Math mode
enter ?MathShortcuts and then press Enter. For information on the Maple You can replace the inserted equal sign with text or mathematical content.
Help System, see Getting Help (page 32).
To replace the equal sign:
Other Expressions 1. Select the equal sign. Press Delete.
It is also easy to enter mathematical expressions, such as: 2. Enter the replacement text or mathematical content.

For example, you can replace the equal sign with the text "is equal to".
• Piecewise-continuous functions:
is equal to

• Limits: In mathematical content, pressing Enter evaluates the expression and displays
it centered on the following line. The cursor moves to a new line below the
output.
 1.5 Editing Expressions and Updating Output • 9 10 • 1 Document Mode

To update a group of computations:

1. Edit the expressions.

2. Select all edited expressions and the results to recalculate.

3. Click the Execute toolbar icon .

By default, Maple labels output that is generated by pressing Enter. For in-
formation on equation labels, see Equation Labels (page 59). In this manual, All selected results are updated.
labels are generally not displayed.
To update all output in a Maple document:
In text, pressing Enter inserts a line break.
• Click the Execute All toolbar icon .
You can use the basic algebraic operators, such as and , with most
All results in the document are updated.
expressions, including polynomials—see Polynomial Algebra (page 124)—and
matrices and vectors—see Linear Algebra (page 133).
1.6 Entering Expressions
=
Mathematical expressions can contain the following symbols.

• Numbers: integers, rational numbers, complex numbers, floating-point

=
values, finite field elements, , ∞, ...

• Operators: , , , /, , , , , ...
1.5 Editing Expressions and Updat-
ing Output • Constants: π, e, ...

• Mathematical functions: sin(x), , Γ(2), ...

One important feature of Maple is that your documents are live. That is, you
can edit expressions and quickly recalculate results. • Names (variables): x, y, z, α, β, ...
To update one computation: • Data structures: sets, lists, Arrays, Vectors, Matrices, ...
1. Edit the expression. Maple contains over a thousand symbols. For some numbers, operators, and
names, you can press the corresponding key, for example, 9, =, >, or x. Most
2. Press Ctrl + = (Command + =, for Macintosh) or Enter. symbols are not available on the keyboard, but you can insert them easily
The result is updated. using two methods.

To insert a symbol, you can use:

 1.6 Entering Expressions • 11 12 • 1 Document Mode

• Palettes
• Symbol names

Palettes
Palettes are collections of related items that you can insert by clicking or
dragging. Palettes contain:

• Numbers and constants, like i (the imaginary unit), π, and ∞. For example,
see the Common Symbols palette (Figure 1.1).
• Layouts, like an item with a superscript and subscript. For example, see
the Layout palette (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.3: Expression Palette Figure 1.4: Matrix Palette
• Mathematical operations, like a definite integral with placeholders for
the integrand, variable of integration, and endpoints of the interval of Using Palettes
integration. For example, see the Expression palette (Figure 1.3).
To insert a palette item:
• Specialized tools. For example, see the Matrix palette (Figure 1.4). For
information on the Matrix palette, see Creating Matrices (page 133). 1. In the palette, click the item to insert. The item is inserted at the cursor
location.

2. If the item has colored placeholders, specify values for them.

• To move to the next placeholder, press the Tab key.

Note: You can drag palette items to any location in the document.

For example, to insert the constant π:

• In the Common Symbols palette, click the π symbol.

or

• From the Common Symbols palette, drag the π symbol to the appropriate
location in the document.

Table 1.2 shows how to enter a definite integral.

Figure 1.1: Common Symbols Palette Figure 1.2: Layout Palette
 1.6 Entering Expressions • 13 14 • 1 Document Mode

Table 1.2: Entering a Definite Integral Defining a Mathematical Function

Action Result in Document To define a function of one or two variables:
1. In the Expression palette, click the definite
1. In the Expression palette, click one of the function definition items (Figure
1.5). Maple inserts the function definition.
integration item . Maple inserts the
definite integral. The left endpoint placeholder 2. Replace the placeholder f with the function name. Press Tab.
is selected.
2. Enter 0, and then press Tab. The right end-
3. Replace the parameter placeholders, x or x1, x2, with the independent
point placeholder is selected. variable names. Press Tab.

4. Replace the final placeholder, y, with the expression that defines the
function value. Press Enter.
3. Enter 1, and then press Tab. The integrand
placeholder is selected.

Figure 1.5: Function Definition Palette Items

4. Enter , and then press Tab. The variable For example, define a function that doubles its input.
of integration placeholder is selected.

5. Enter x.

Note: To insert the right arrow symbol , you can also enter the characters
To evaluate the integral, press Ctrl+= (Command+=, for Macintosh) or ->.
Enter. For more information, see Computing with Palettes (page 20).
Important: The expression is different from the function .

For more information on functions, see Functional Operators (page 292).

 1.6 Entering Expressions • 15 16 • 1 Document Mode

Viewing and Arranging Palettes

By default, palettes are displayed in palette docks at the sides of the Maple
window. If no palette dock is visible, use the following procedure.

To view palette docks:

• From the View menu, select Palettes, and then Expand Docks.

To expand a palette in a palette dock:

• Click the triangle at the left of the palette title.

To move a palette in a palette dock:

• Drag the palette (by clicking its title) to the new location. Figure 1.6: Handwriting Palette

Adding Palettes to the Palette Docks To use the Handwriting palette:

Maple has over 20 palettes. By default, only a few palettes are in the palette
1. With your mouse, draw a symbol in the handwriting recognition region
docks. To add a palette to a palette dock, use the following procedure.
(sketch area).
To add a palette:

1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) a palette dock. Maple displays 2. Click the button. A list of potential matching symbols is
a context menu—a menu that lists actions you can perform on the ob- displayed. To view more symbols (where indicated), click the drop-down
ject—near the palette. arrows associated with the displayed symbols.
2. From the context menu, select Show Palette, and then select the palette. 3. To insert a symbol, click the displayed symbol.
Handwriting Palette Symbol Names
Finding the right symbol to insert can be time consuming. The Handwriting
Each symbol has a name, and some have aliases. By entering its name (or
palette provides an efficient way to find and insert the right symbol. You
an alias) in Math mode, you can insert the symbol.
draw the symbol with your mouse and then Maple matches your input against
items available in the system. See Figure 1.6. Note: If you hover the mouse pointer over a palette item, a tooltip displays
the symbol's name.
 1.6 Entering Expressions • 17 18 • 1 Document Mode

Using Symbol Names Using Partial Symbol Names

To insert a symbol by entering its name: To enter a symbol quickly, you can enter the first few characters of its name
and then press the completion shortcut key (see Table 1.3).
1. In Math mode, enter the symbol name.
• If a unique symbol name matches the characters entered, Maple inserts
2. Press the symbol completion shortcut key. See Table 1.3. the corresponding symbol.
Maple inserts the corresponding symbol. • If multiple symbol names match the characters entered, Maple displays
the completion list, which lists all matches. To select an item, click its
Table 1.3: Symbol Completion Shortcut Keys name or symbol.
Operating System Shortcut Key
For example, if you enter i and then press the completion shortcut key, Maple
Windows Ctrl + Space displays:
Macintosh Escape
UNIX Ctrl + Shift + Space

For example, to find the square root of :

1. Enter sqrt.

2. Press the completion shortcut key. Maple displays a pop-up list of exact

matches .
For example, to multiply two complex numbers:
3. In the completion list, select . Maple inserts the symbol with the • Use the symbol name and completion list to enter the imaginary unit,
placeholder selected. .
4. Enter 603729.
=
5. Press Ctrl + = (Command + =, for Macintosh).
Example: Indefinite Integral
=
You can enter any expression using symbol names and the completion list.

For example, to enter the indefinite integral :

 1.7 Performing Computations • 19 20 • 1 Document Mode

1. In Math mode, enter int. Press the completion shortcut key. Computing with Palettes
As discussed in Palettes (page 11), some palettes contain mathematical op-
2. From the completion list, select the indefinite integral item .
erations.
3. Enter sin(x).
To perform a computation using a palette mathematical operation:
4. Enter d. Press the completion shortcut key.
1. In a palette that contains operators, such as the Expression palette, click
5. From the completion list, select d (differential). an operator item.

6. Enter x. 2. In the inserted item, specify values in the placeholders.

3. To execute the operation and display the result, press Ctrl+= (Com-
Note: From the int completion list, you can directly insert . mand+=, for Macintosh) or Enter.

1.7 Performing Computations For example, to evaluate inline:

Using the Document mode, you can access the power of the advanced Maple
mathematical engine without learning Maple syntax. In addition to solving 1. Using the Expression palette, enter the definite integral. See Table
problems, you can also easily plot expressions. 1.2 (page 12).

The primary tools for syntax-free computation are: 2. Press Ctrl+= (Command+=, for Macintosh).

• Palettes
=
• Context menus
• Assistants and tutors
Context Menus
Note: The Document mode is designed for quick calculations, but it also
supports Maple commands. For information on commands, see Com- A context menu is a pop-up menu that lists the operations and actions you
mands (page 39) in Chapter 2, Worksheet Mode (page 35). can perform on a particular expression. See Figure 1.7.
Important: In Document mode, you can execute a statement only if you
enter it in Math mode. To use a Maple command, you must enter it in Math
mode.
 1.7 Performing Computations • 21 22 • 1 Document Mode

For example, use the Approximate operation to approximate a fraction:

You can perform a sequence of operations by repeatedly using context menus.

For example, to compute the second derivative of use the Differ-

entiate operation on the expression, and then again on the output:

The following subsections provide detailed instructions on performing a few

of the numerous operations available using context menus. Figures in the
subsections show related context menus or palettes.

Figure 1.7: Context Menu Approximating the Value of an Expression

To approximate a fraction numerically:
To display the context menu for an expression:
1. Enter a fraction.
• Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression.
2. Display the context menu. See Figure 1.8.
The context menu is displayed beside the mouse pointer.
3. From the context menu, select Approximate, and then the number of
You can evaluate expressions using context menus. significant digits to use: 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100.
• The Evaluate and Display Inline operation (see Figure 1.7) is equivalent
to pressing Ctrl+= (Command+=, for Macintosh). That is, it inserts an
equal sign (=) and then the value of the expression.
• The Evaluate operation (see Figure 1.7) is equivalent to pressing Enter.
That is, it evaluates the expression and displays the result centered on
the following line.
For more information on evaluation, see Evaluating Expressions (page 8).

From the context menu, you can also select operations different from evalu-
ation. To the right of the expression, Maple inserts a right arrow symbol (→)
and then the result.
 1.7 Performing Computations • 23 24 • 1 Document Mode

Solving an Equation
You can find an exact (symbolic) solution or an approximate (numeric)
solution of an equation. For more information on symbolic and numeric
computations, see Symbolic and Numeric Computation (page 66).

To solve an equation:

1. Enter an equation.

2. Display the context menu.

Figure 1.8: Approximating the Value of a Fraction

3. From the context menu, select Solve or Solve Numerically.

You can replace the inserted right arrow with text or mathematical content.

To replace the right arrow ( ):

For more information on solving equations, including solving inequations,
1. Select the arrow. Press Delete. differential equations, and other types of equations, see Solving Equa-
tions (page 77).
2. Enter the replacement text or mathematical content.
Using Units
Note: To replace the the right arrow with text, you must first press F5 to
switch to Text mode. You can create expressions with units. To specify a unit for an expression,
use the Units palettes. The Units (FPS) palette (Figure 1.9) contains import-
For example, you can replace the arrow with the text "is approximately equal
ant units from the foot-pound-second (FPS) system of units used in the United
to" or the symbol ≈.
States. The Units (SI) palette (Figure 1.10) contains important units from
the international system (SI) of units.
is approximately equal to
 1.7 Performing Computations • 25 26 • 1 Document Mode

Assistants and Tutors

Assistants and tutors provide point-and-click interfaces with buttons, text
input regions, and sliders.

Assistants
Assistants help you accomplish many tasks, such as solving ordinary differ-
ential equations (ODEs) and ODE systems, creating plots, curve fitting, im-
porting data, and building an installer (Figure 1.11).

• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then one of the topic sub-
menus.
Figure 1.9: FPS Units Palette Figure 1.10: SI Units Palette

To insert an expression with a unit:

1. Enter the expression.

2. In a unit palette, click a unit symbol.

Note: To include a reciprocal unit, divide by the unit.

To evaluate an expression that contains units:

1. Enter the expression using the units palettes to insert units.

2. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression.

3. From the context menu, select Units and then Simplify.

For example, compute the electric current passing through a wire that con-
ducts 590 coulombs in 2.9 seconds.
Figure 1.11: Installer Builder Assistant

Tutors

For more information on using units, see Units (page 96). Over 40 interactive tutors help student users gain insight and understanding
of topics in courses such as precalculus, calculus, multivariate calculus,
 1.7 Performing Computations • 27 28 • 1 Document Mode

vector calculus, and linear algebra. Some tutors help you work through a
problem step-by-step.

• From the Tools menu, select Tutors, and then one of the topic submenus.

For example, you can create a plot of the compositions of two functions using
the Function Composition Tutor.

To use the Function Composition Tutor:

1. From the Tools menu, select Tutors, Precalculus, and then Compositions.
The Function Composition Tutor is displayed. See Figure 1.12.

2. In the f(x) = and g(x) = text fields, enter the two functions.

3. Click the Display button. The tutor displays the compositions g(f(x)) and
f(g(x)).

4. To insert the plot into your document, click the Close button.

Figure 1.12: Function Composition Tutor

Using a Context Menu to Launch the Plot Builder

You can plot a mathematical expression using the Interactive Plot Builder.

The Plot Builder can be launched from the Tools menu or the context menu
for an expression.

To create a plot using a context menu:

1. Enter or compute a mathematical expression with one or two independent

variables.
 1.7 Performing Computations • 29 30 • 1 Document Mode

2. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression to plot.

3. From the context menu, select Plots, and then Plot Builder. The Interact-
ive Plot Builder is displayed. See Figure 1.13.

4. In the Select Plot Type dialog, select the plot type, for example, 3-D plot
or 2-D contour plot.

5. To immediately create a plot, click the Plot button. To customize the plot
before generating it, click the Options button.

Figure 1.14: 3-D Plot of an Expression

For more information on plots, see Plots and Animations (page 187).

1.8 Document Mode Summary

The key features of Document mode are summarized in Table 1.4.
Figure 1.13: Interactive Plot Builder: Select Plot Type Dialog

For example, Figure 1.14 shows a plot of .

 1.8 Document Mode Summary • 31 32 • 1 Document Mode

Table 1.4: Summary of Document Mode Tools

Action Methods
Entering Mathematical Expressions • Math editing shortcut keys, including 1.9 Getting Help
symbol name completion
For example:
• Palettes The Maple Help System contains resources to help you use Maple. See Table
1.5.

Table 1.5: Maple Help Resources

Resource Description
Evaluating Mathematical Expressions • Ctrl + = (Command + =, for Macintosh) Maple Tour An interactive overview of Maple.
(Result Inline)* • From the context menu, select Evaluate • From the Help menu, select Take a Tour of Maple.
and Display Inline.
For example: Online Manuals Online manuals, including the Maple Getting Started Guide
and this manual. You can execute examples, copy content into
= other documents, and search the contents using the Maple Help
System.
Evaluating Mathematical Expressions • Enter key The Maple Getting Started Guide provides extensive informa-
(Result Centered on Following Line) • From the context menu, select Evaluate. tion for new users on using Maple and the resources available
on the Maplesoft Web site (http://www.maplesoft.com). Each
For example: procedure and concept is accompanied by visual depictions of
actions to help you identify Maple resources and tools.
• From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and
more>Manuals.
Quick Help A list of key commands and concepts.
• From the Help menu, select Quick Help. Alternatively,
Performing Computations and Other Op- • Context menus press F1. For additional information, click an item in the
erations on Expressions • Assistants Quick Help.
For example, differentiate an expression: • Tutors Quick Reference A table of commands and information for new users that opens
in a new window. It contains hyperlinks to help pages for more
information.
Executing a Group of Evaluations, Com- • Execute toolbar icon • From the Help menu, select Quick Reference. Alternat-
putations, or Other Operations ively, press Ctrl + F2 (Command + F2, for Macintosh).
• Execute All toolbar icon

*
Inline evaluation is available in Document mode and document blocks. For information
on document blocks, see Document Blocks (page 247).
 1.9 Getting Help • 33 34 • 1 Document Mode

Resource Description
Help Pages Help for Maple features, commands, packages, and more. Help
pages include examples and screenshots to help you quickly
learn.
• From the Help menu, select Maple Help. You can search
for a help topic, perform a text search, or browse the Table
of Contents. You can also open a help page by entering
?<topic_name> at the input prompt (in Worksheet mode)
or in Math mode (in Document mode).
Task Templates Set of commands with placeholders that you can use to quickly
perform a task.
• From the Tools menu, select Tasks, and then Browse.
Applications and Example Executable documents that demonstrate the power and flexib-
Worksheets ility of the Maple interactive document or provide an overview
of computations in a particular field.
• From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and
more, and then Applications and Examples.
Mathematics and Engineer- Over 5000 definitions, including 300 figures and plots.
ing Dictionary • From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and
more, and then Dictionary.

For a complete list of resources, refer to the ?MapleResources help page.

For more information on the Maple Help System, refer to the Maple Getting
Started Guide.
 36 • 2 Worksheet Mode

2 Worksheet Mode 2.1 In This Chapter

Section Topics
The Worksheet mode of the Standard Worksheet interface is designed for:
Input Prompt - Where you enter input • The Input Prompt (>)
• Interactive use through Maple commands, which may offer advanced • Suppressing Output
functionality or customized control not available using context menus • 2-D and 1-D Math Input
or other syntax-free methods
• Input Separators
• Programming using the powerful Maple language
Commands - Thousands of routines for per- • The Maple Library
Using Worksheet mode, you have access to most of the Maple features de- forming computations and other operations • Top-Level Commands
scribed in Chapter 1 including:
• Package Commands
• Math and Text modes
Palettes - Items that you can insert by click- • Using Palettes
• Palettes ing or dragging
• Context menus Context Menus - Pop-up menus of common • Using Context Menus
operations
• Assistants and tutors
Assistants and Tutors - Graphical interfaces • Launching Assistants and Tutors
For information on these features, see Chapter 1, Document Mode (page 1). with buttons and sliders • Example: Using the Interactive Plot
(For a summary, see Table 1.4 (page 30).) Builder
Note: Using a document block, you can use all Document mode features in Task Templates - Sets of commands with • Viewing Task Templates
Worksheet mode. For information on document blocks, see Document placeholders that you can insert and use to • Inserting a Task Template
Blocks (page 247). perform a task
• Performing the Task
Note: This chapter and the following chapters were created using Worksheet
mode. Text Regions - Areas in the document in • Inserting a Text Region
which you can enter text • Formatting Text

Names - References to the expressions you • Assigning to Names

assign to them
• Unassigning Names
• Valid Names

35
 2.2 Input Prompt • 37 38 • 2 Worksheet Mode

Section Topics
Equation Labels - Automatically generated • Displaying Equation Labels
labels that you can use to refer to expressions
• Referring to a Previous Result
• Execution Groups with Multiple Outputs Suppressing Output
• Label Numbering Schemes
To suppress the output, enter a colon (:) at the end of the input.
• Features of Equation Labels

>

2.2 Input Prompt A set of Maple input and its output are referred to as an execution group.
In Worksheet mode, you enter input at the Maple input prompt (>). The de-
fault mode for input is Math mode (2-D Math). 1-D Math Input
To evaluate input: You can also insert input using Text mode (1-D Math). The input is entered
as a one-dimensional sequence of characters. 1-D Math input is red.
• Press Enter.
To enter input using 1-D Math:
Maple displays the result (output) below the input.
• At the input prompt, press F5 to switch from 2-D Math to 1-D Math.
For example, to find the value of , enter the expression, and then > 123^2 - 29857/120;
press Enter.

>

Important: 1-D Math input must end with a semicolon or colon. If you use
a semicolon, Maple displays the output. If you use a colon, Maple suppresses
the output.
For example, compute the sum of two fractions. > 123^2 - 29857/120:

> To set the default input mode to 1-D Math:

1. From the Tools menu, select Options. The Options dialog is displayed.
 2.3 Commands • 39 40 • 2 Worksheet Mode

2. On the Display tab, in the Input display drop-down list, select Maple You can enter commands using 1-D or 2-D Math. You must use 1-D Math
Notation. input when programming in Maple. Basic Programming (page 321) provides
an introduction to Maple programming.
3. Click Apply to Session (to set for only the current session) or Apply
Globally (to set for all Maple sessions). To learn how to use Maple commands, use task templates. See Task Tem-
plates (page 51).
To convert 2-D Math input to 1-D Math input:

1. Select the 2-D Math input. The Maple Library

2. From the Format menu, select Convert To, and then 1-D Math Input. Commands are contained in the Maple library, which is divided into two
groups: the top-level commands and packages.
Important: In Document mode, you can execute a statement only if you
enter it in Math mode. • The top-level commands are the most frequently used Maple commands.
• Packages contain related specialized commands in areas such as student
Input Separators calculus, linear algebra, vector calculus, and code generation.
In 1-D and 2-D Math input, you can use a semicolon or colon to separate For a complete list of packages and commands, refer to the index help pages.
multiple inputs in the same input line. To access the index overview help page, enter ?index, and then press Enter.
For information on the Maple Help System, see Getting Help (page 32).
>
Top-Level Commands
To use a top-level command, enter its name followed by parentheses (( ))
containing any parameters. This is referred to as a calling sequence for the
command.
If you do not specify a semicolon or colon, Maple interprets it as a single
command(arguments)
input.
Note: In 1-D Math input, include a semicolon or colon at the end of the
>
calling sequence.

For example, to differentiate an expression, use the diff command. The re-
quired parameters are the expression to differentiate, which must be specified
2.3 Commands first, and the independent variable.

Maple contains a large set of commands and a powerful programming lan-

guage. Most Maple commands are written using the Maple programming
language.
 2.3 Commands • 41 42 • 2 Worksheet Mode

> package[command](arguments)

If you are frequently using the commands in a package, load the package.

For a complete list of functions (commands that implement mathematical To load a package:
functions), for example, BesselI and AiryAi, available in the library, refer • Use the with command, specifying the package as an argument.
to the ?initialfunctions help page. (To display this help page, enter ?initial-
functions at the input prompt.) The with command displays a list of the package commands loaded (unless
you suppress the output by entering a colon at the end of the calling se-
> quence).

After loading a package, you can use its commands as top-level commands,
that is, without specifying the package name.

For detailed information on the properties of a function, use the Function- For example, use the NLPSolve command from the Optimization package
Advisor command. to find a local minimum of an expression and the value of the independent
variable at which the minimum occurs.
>
>

>
For detailed information on how to use a function in Maple, refer to its help
page.
>
For example:

>

Note: In 1-D and 2-D Math input, when accessing a help page using ?, you For more information on optimization, see Optimization (page 166).
do not need to include a trailing semicolon or colon.

Package Commands
To use a package command, the calling sequence must include the package
name, and the command name enclosed in brackets ([ ]).
 2.3 Commands • 43 44 • 2 Worksheet Mode

To unload a package:
2.4 Palettes
• Use the unwith command, specifying the package as an argument.
Palettes are collections of related items that you can insert by clicking or
> dragging. See Figure 2.1.

To use the examples in this manual, you may be required to use the unwith
command between examples.

Some packages contain commands that have the same name as a top-level
command. When you load one of these packages, Maple returns a warning.

For example, the plots package contains a changecoords command. Maple

also contains a top-level changecoords command.

>
Warning, the name changecoords has been redefined

In general, this manual does not include the warning messages Maple returns.

To use the top-level command, unload the package. (For alternative methods Figure 2.1: Expression Palette
of accessing the top-level command, see the ?with help page.)
You can use palettes to enter input.

For example, evaluate a definite integral using the definite integration item

in the Expression palette.

In 2-D Math, clicking the definite integration item inserts:

>

1. Enter values in the placeholders. To move to the next placeholder, press

Tab. Note: If pressing the Tab key inserts a tab, click the Tab icon in
the toolbar.
 2.4 Palettes • 45 46 • 2 Worksheet Mode

2. To evaluate the integral, press Enter.

2.5 Context Menus
> A context menu is a pop-up menu that lists the operations and actions you
can perform on a particular expression. See Figure 2.2.

In 1-D Math, clicking the definite integration item inserts the corresponding
command calling sequence.
> int(f,x=a..b);

Specify the problem values (using the Tab to move to the next placeholder),
and then press Enter.
> int(tanh(x), x = 0..1):

Note: Some palette items cannot be inserted into 1-D Math because they are
not defined in the Maple language. When the cursor is in 1-D Math input,
unavailable palette items are dimmed.

For more information on palettes, see Palettes (page 11) and Performing Figure 2.2: Integer Context Menu
Computations (page 19) in Chapter 1.
In Worksheet mode, you can use context menus to perform operations on 2-
D Math and output.

To use a context menu:

1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression. The context

menu is displayed.

2. From the context menu, select an operation.

Maple inserts a new execution group containing:

• The calling sequence that performs the operation

• The result of the operation
 2.5 Context Menus • 47 48 • 2 Worksheet Mode

For example:
2.6 Assistants and Tutors
To determine a rational expression (fraction) that approximates a
floating-point number: Assistants and tutors provide point-and-click interfaces, with buttons, text
input regions, and sliders. See Figure 2.3.
1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the floating-point number.

2. From the context menu, select Conversions, and then Rational.

The inserted calling sequence includes an equation label reference to the
number you are converting.

>

(2.1)

>

For information on equation labels and equation label references, see Equa-
tion Labels (page 59).
Figure 2.3: Interactive Plot Builder: Select Plot Type Dialog
For more information on context menus, see Context Menus (page 20) in
Chapter 1.
Launching an Assistant or Tutor
To launch an assistant or tutor:

1. Open the Tools menu.

2. Select Assistants or Tutors.

3. Navigate to and select one of the assistants or tutors.

 2.6 Assistants and Tutors • 49 50 • 2 Worksheet Mode

Example: Using the Interactive Plot Builder 3. In the Add/Edit Expression dialog, enter the expression to plot using 1-
D Math. See Figure 2.5.
To plot an expression using the Interactive Plot Builder:

1. From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then Plot Builder. Maple
inserts the following command in the document and launches the Interactive
Plot Builder.

>

2. In the Interactive Plot Builder: Specify Expressions window (Figure

2.4), click Add. The Add/Edit Expression dialog is displayed. Figure 2.5: Interactive Plot Builder: Add/Edit Expression Dialog

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each expression to add to the plot.

5. After adding the expressions, in the Interactive Plot Builder: Specify

Expressions window (Figure 2.4), click Done.
6. In the Interactive Plot Builder: Select Plot Type dialog (Figure 2.3),
select the type of plot, for example, 3-D Plot or 3-D Contour Plot, and
specify the variable ranges, for example, .

7. To immediately create a plot, click Plot. To customize the plot before

generating it, click Options. Set the plot options, and then click Plot.

Maple inserts the plot in the document.

Figure 2.4: Interactive Plot Builder: Specify Expressions Window

 2.7 Task Templates • 51 52 • 2 Worksheet Mode

You can also browse the task templates in the Table of Contents of the Maple
Help System.

For more information on assistants and tutors, see Assistants and Tu-
tors (page 26) in Chapter 1.

2.7 Task Templates

Maple can solve a diverse set of problems. The task template facility helps
you quickly find and use the commands required to perform common tasks.
After inserting a task template, specify the parameters of your problem in Figure 2.6: Task Browser
the placeholders, and then execute the commands, or click a button.
Inserting a Task Template
Viewing Task Templates
To insert a task template from the Task Browser or Help Navigator:
The Task Browser (Figure 2.6) organizes task templates by subject.
1. Navigate to the task.
To launch the Task Browser:
2. Click one of the insertion or copy buttons.
• From the Tools menu, select Tasks, and then Browse.
 2.7 Task Templates • 53 54 • 2 Worksheet Mode

• Click the Insert Default Content button. Maple inserts the default con- To use an inserted task template:
tent. The default content level is set using the Options dialog. For details,
see the following steps. 1. Specify values for the parameters in placeholders or using graphical inter-
face components. You can move to the next placeholder by pressing Tab.
• Click the Insert Minimal Content button. Maple inserts only the com-
mands and embedded components, for example, a button to launch the 2. Execute all commands in the task by:
related assistant or tutor.
• Placing the cursor in the first task command, and then pressing Enter
• Click the Copy Task to Clipboard button. Place the cursor where you repeatedly to execute each command.
want to insert the task, and then paste the task. Maple inserts the default
content. Use this method to quickly insert a task multiple times. • Selecting all the template commands, and then clicking the execute
toolbar icon .
To change the default content level, use the Options dialog.
3. If the template contains a button that computes the result, click it.
1. From the Tools menu, select Options. The Options dialog opens.
For more information on task templates, refer to the Maple Getting Started
2. In the Options dialog, select the Display tab. Guide or the ?tasks help page.
3. In the Task content to insert drop-down list, select All Content, Standard
Content, or Minimal Content. 2.8 Text Regions
• Minimal Content - Only the commands and embedded components To add descriptive text in Worksheet mode, use a text region.
• Standard Content - Commands, embedded components, and instructions To insert a text region:
for using the template
• All Content - All content in the task template, including hyperlinks to • In the toolbar, click the Text region icon .
related help pages
The default mode in a text region is Text mode.
Maple stores a list of the most recently inserted task templates.
In a text region, you can:
To insert a recently inserted task:
• Enter text with inline mathematical content by switching between Text
• From the Tools menu, select Tasks, and then the task name. and Math modes. To toggle between Text mode and Math mode, press
F5. Note: The mathematical content in a text region is not evaluated.
Maple inserts the default content. To enter mathematical content that is evaluated, enter it at an Input
Prompt (page 37).
Performing the Task
• Insert any palette item. Palette items are inserted in Math mode (2-D
After you insert a task template, enter the parameters for your task, and then Math).
compute the result.
 2.9 Names • 55 56 • 2 Worksheet Mode

You can format text in a text region. Features include: Recall that you can enter using the following two methods.
• Character styles
• Use the Common Symbols palette
• Paragraph styles
• In 2-D Math enter pi, and then press the symbol completion short cut
• Sections and subsections key. See Shortcuts for Entering Mathematical Expressions (page 6).
• Tables When Maple evaluates an expression that contains a name, it replaces the
For more information on formatting documents, see Creating Mathematical name with its value. For example:
Documents (page 231).
>

2.9 Names
Instead of re-entering an expression every time you need it, you can assign For information on Maple evaluation rules, see Evaluating Expres-
it to a name or add an equation label to it. Then you can quickly refer to the sions (page 310).
expression using the name or an equation label reference. For information
on labels, see the following section Equation Labels (page 59). Mathematical Functions
To define a function, assign it to a name.
Assigning to Names
For example, define a function that computes the cube of its argument.
You can assign any Maple expression to a name: numeric values, data
structures, procedures (a type of Maple program), and other Maple objects.
>
Initially, the value of a name is itself.
For information on creating functions, see Defining a Mathematical Func-
> tion (page 14).

>

The assignment operator (:=) associates an expression with a name.

>
Note: To insert the right arrow, enter the characters ->. In 2-D Math, Maple
replaces -> with the right arrow symbol . In 1-D Math, the characters
are not replaced.
 2.9 Names • 57 58 • 2 Worksheet Mode

For example, define a function that squares its argument. Unassigning All Names
> square := x -> x^2: The restart command clears the Maple internal memory. The effects include
unassigning all names and unloading all packages. For more information,
> square(32); refer to the ?restart help page.
Note: To use the examples in this manual, you may be required to use the
unassign or restart command between examples.
For more information on functions, see Functional Operators (page 292).
Valid Names
Protected Names A Maple name must be one of the following.
Protected names are valid names that are predefined or reserved.
• A sequence of alphanumeric and underscore (_) characters that begins
If you attempt to assign to a protected name, Maple returns an error. with an alphabetical character. Note: To enter an underscore character
in 2-D Math, enter a backslash character followed by an underscore
> character, that is, \_.
Error, attempting to assign to `sin` which is protected • A sequence of characters enclosed in left single quotes (``).

For more information, refer to the ?type/protected and ?protect help pages. Important: Do not begin a name with an underscore character. Maple re-
serves names that begin with an underscore for use by the Maple library.
Unassigning Names Examples of valid names:
The unassign command resets the value of a name to itself. Note: You must
• a
enclose the name in right single quotes ('').
• a1
>
• polynomial
> • polynomial1_divided_by_polynomial2
• `2a`
• `x#y`
Right single quotes (unevaluation quotes) prevent Maple from evaluating • `x y`
the name. For more information on unevaluation quotes, see Delaying
Evaluation (page 317) or refer to the ?uneval help page.

See also Unassigning a Name Using Unevaluation Quotes (page 319).

 2.10 Equation Labels • 59 60 • 2 Worksheet Mode

To insert an equation label reference:

2.10 Equation Labels
• From the Insert menu, select Label. (Alternatively, press Ctrl+L. For
Maple marks the output of each execution group with a unique equation label. Macintosh, Command+L.)
Note: The equation label is displayed to the right of the output. • In the Insert Label dialog, enter the label value, and then click OK.

Maple inserts the reference.

>
For example:
(2.2)
To integrate the product of (2.2) and (2.3):
Using equation labels, you can refer to the result in other computations.

> 1. In the Expression palette, click the indefinite integration item .

The item is inserted and the cursor moves to the integrand placeholder.
(2.3) 2. Press Ctrl+L (Command+L, for Macintosh).

3. In the Insert Label dialog, enter 2.2. Click OK.

Displaying Equation Labels
4. Press *.
Important: By default, equation labels are displayed. If equation label display
is turned off, complete both the following operations. 5. Press Ctrl+L (Command+L, for Macintosh).
• From the Format menu, select Labels, and then ensure that Worksheet 6. In the Insert Label dialog, enter 2.3. Click OK.
is selected.
7. To move to the variable of integration placeholder, press Tab.
• In the Options dialog (Tools>Options), on the Display tab, ensure that
Show equation labels is selected. 8. Enter x. Press Enter.

Referring to a Previous Result >

Instead of re-entering previous results in computations, you can use equation
label references. Each time you need to refer to a previous result, insert an
equation label reference.
 2.10 Equation Labels • 61 62 • 2 Worksheet Mode

Execution Groups with Multiple Outputs

An equation label is associated with the last output within an execution
group.

>

(2.4)

Figure 2.7: Format Labels Dialog: Adding a Prefix

>

Features of Equation Labels

Although equation labels are not descriptive names, labels offer other import-
ant features.
Label Numbering Schemes
• Each label is unique, whereas a name may be inadvertently assigned
You can number equation labels in two ways:
more than once for different purposes.
• Flat - Each label is a single number, for example, 1, 2, or 3. • Maple labels the output values sequentially. If you remove or insert an
• Sections - Each label is numbered according to the section in which it output, Maple automatically renumbers all equation labels and updates
occurs. For example, 2.1 is the first equation in the second section, and the label references.
1.3.2 is the second equation in the third subsection of the first section. • If you change the equation label format (see Label Numbering
Schemes (page 61)), Maple automatically updates all equation labels and
To change the equation label numbering scheme:
label references.
• From the Format menu, select Labels, and then Label Display. In the
For information on assigning to, using, and unassigning names, see
Format Labels dialog (Figure 2.7), select one of the formats.
Names (page 55).
• Optionally, enter a prefix.
For more information on equation labels, refer to the ?equationlabels help
page.

The following chapters describe how to use Maple to perform tasks such as
solving differential (and other types of) equations, producing plots and anim-
 2.10 Equation Labels • 63 64 • 2 Worksheet Mode

ations, and creating mathematical documents. The chapters were created

using Worksheet mode. Except where noted, all features are available in
both Worksheet mode and Document mode.
 66 • 3 Performing Computations

3 Performing Computations Section Topics

Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty Units
- How to construct and compute with expres- • Conversions
This chapter discusses key concepts related to performing computations with sions that have units, scientific constants, or
Maple. It discusses important features that are relevant to all Maple users. uncertainty • Applying Units to an Expression
After learning about these concepts, you will learn how to use Maple to solve • Performing Computations with Units
problems in specific areas in the following chapter. • Changing the Current System of Units
• Extensibility
3.1 In This Chapter
Section Topics Scientific Constants
• Scientific Constants
Symbolic and Numeric Computation - An • Exact Computations
overview of exact and floating-point compu- • Element and Isotope Properties
• Floating-Point Computations
tation • Value, Units, and Uncertainty
• Converting Exact Quantities to Floating-
Point Values • Performing Computations

• Sources of Error • Modification and Extensibility

Integer Operations - How to perform integer • Important Integer Commands Uncertainty Propagation
computations • Non-Base 10 Numbers • Quantities with Uncertainty

• Finite Rings and Fields • Performing Computations with Quantities

with Uncertainty
• Gaussian Integers
Restricting the Domain - How to restrict the • Real Number Domain
Solving - How to solve standard mathematic- • Equations and Inequations domain for computations • Assumptions on Variables
al equations • Ordinary Differential Equations
• Partial Differential Equations
• Integer Equations
3.2 Symbolic and Numeric Computa-
• Integer Equations in a Finite Field tion
• Linear Systems
Symbolic computation is the mathematical manipulation of expressions in-
• Recurrence Relations
volving symbolic or abstract quantities, such as variables, functions, and
operators; and exact numbers, such as integers, rationals, π, and . The
goal of such manipulations may be to transform an expression to a simpler
form or to relate the expression to other, better understood formulas.

65
 3.2 Symbolic and Numeric Computation • 67 68 • 3 Performing Computations

Numeric computation is the manipulation of expressions in the context of >

finite-precision arithmetic. Expressions involving exact numbers, for example,
, are replaced by close approximations using floating-point numbers,
for example 1.41421. These computations generally involve some error.
Understanding and controlling this error is often of as much importance as >
the computed result.

In Maple, numeric computation is normally performed if you use floating-

point numbers (numbers containing a decimal point) or the evalf command.
The plot command (see Plots and Animations (page 187)) uses numeric >
computation, while commands such as int, limit, and gcd (see Integer Oper-
ations (page 71) and Mathematical Computations (page 121)) generally use
only symbolic computation to achieve their results.
Floating-Point Computations
Exact Computations
In some situations, a numeric approximation of an exact quantity is required.
In Maple, integers, rational numbers, mathematical constants such as π and For example, the plot command requires the expression it is plotting to
∞, and mathematical structures such as matrices with these as entries are evaluate to numeric values that can be rendered on the screen: π cannot be
treated as exact quantities. Names, such as , , , and so rendered, but can be. Maple distinguishes approximate from
mathematical functions, such as sin(x) and LambertW(k, z), are symbolic exact quantities by the presence or absence of a decimal point: is ap-
objects. Names can be assigned exact quantities as their values, and functions
can be evaluated at symbolic or exact arguments. proximate, while is exact.

> Note: An alternative representation of floating-point numbers, called e-

notation, may not include an explicit decimal point: 1e5 , 3e-2
.

In the presence of a floating-point (approximate) quantity in an expression,

Important: Unless requested to do otherwise (see the following section), Maple generally computes using numeric approximations. Arithmetic in-
Maple evaluates expressions containing exact quantities to exact results, as volving mixed exact and floating-point quantities results in a floating-point
you would do if you were performing the calculation by hand, and not to result.
numeric approximations, as you normally obtain from a standard hand-held
calculator.
>
 3.2 Symbolic and Numeric Computation • 69 70 • 3 Performing Computations

>
If a mathematical function is passed a floating-point argument, it normally
attempts to produce a floating-point approximation to the result.

For more information, see the ?evalf and ?Digits help pages.
>
Note: When appropriate, Maple performs floating-point computations directly
using your computer's underlying hardware.

Sources of Error
Converting Exact Quantities to Floating-Point
By its nature, floating-point computation normally involves some error.
Values Controlling the effect of this error is the subject of active research in Numer-
ical Analysis. Some sources of error are:
To convert an exact quantity to a numeric approximation of that quantity,
use the evalf command or the Approximate context menu operation (see • An exact quantity may not be exactly representable in decimal form:
Approximating the Value of an Expression (page 22)).
and are examples.
>
• Small errors can accumulate after many arithmetic operations.
• Subtraction of nearly equal quantities can result in essentially no useful
information. For example, consider the computation for
By default, Maple computes such approximations using 10 digit arithmetic.
You can modify this in one of two ways:
• Locally, you can pass the precision as an index to the evalf call. >

>

No correct digits remain. If, however, you use Maple to analyze this expres-
sion, and replace this form with a representation that is more accurate for
• Globally, you can set the value of the Digits environment variable. small values of , a fully accurate 10-digit result can be obtained.

> >
 3.3 Integer Operations • 71 72 • 3 Performing Computations

>

For information on evaluating an expression at a point, see Substituting a

Value for a Subexpression (page 310). For information on creating a series
approximation, see Series (page 159).

For more information on floating-point numbers, refer to the ?float and

?type/float help pages.

3.3 Integer Operations Figure 3.1: Context Menu for an Integer

In addition to the basic arithmetic operators, Maple has many specialized
commands for performing more complicated integer computations, such as In Worksheet mode, Maple uses an equation label reference in the ifactor
factoring an integer, testing whether an integer is a prime number, and de- calling sequence.
termining the greatest common divisor (GCD) of a pair of integers.
>
Note: Many integer operations are available as task templates
(Tools>Tasks>Browse). (3.1)

You can quickly perform many integer operations using context menus. Se- >
lecting an integer, and then right-clicking (for Macintosh, Control-clicking)
displays a context menu with integer commands, for example, Integer
Factors, which applies the ifactor command. See Figure 3.1.
For more information on equation labels, see Equation Labels (page 59).

For more information on using context menus in Worksheet mode, see

Context Menus (page 46). For information on using context menus in Docu-
ment mode, see Context Menus (page 20).

You can also enter the ifactor command and specify the integer to factor as
an argument.
 3.3 Integer Operations • 73 74 • 3 Performing Computations

>

>
Maple has many other integer commands, including those listed in Table
3.1.
>
Table 3.1: Select Integer Commands
Command Description
abs absolute value (displays in 2-D math as ) For information on finding integer solutions to equations, see Integer
factorial factorial (displays in 2-D math as ) Equations (page 93).

ifactor factorization Non-Base 10 Numbers and Other Number Systems

igcd greatest common divisor
Maple supports:
iquo quotient of integer division
• Non-base 10 numbers
irem remainder of integer division
• Finite ring and field arithmetic
iroot integer approximation of nth root
isprime test primality
• Gaussian integers

isqrt integer approximation of square root Non-Base 10 Numbers

max, min maximum and minimum of a set
To represent an expression in another base, use the convert command.
mod modular arithmetic (See Finite Rings and
Fields (page 75) >
numtheory[divisors] set of positive divisors

> >

> For information on enclosing keywords in right single quotes ('), see
Delaying Evaluation (page 317).

You can also use the convert/base command.

 3.3 Integer Operations • 75 76 • 3 Performing Computations

> Table 3.2: Modular Arithmetic Operators

Operation Operator Example
Addition + >
Note: The convert/base command returns a list of digit values in order of
increasing significance.

Finite Rings and Fields Subtraction - >

Maple supports computations over the integers modulo m.

The mod operator evaluates an expression over the integers modulo m. *

Multiplication (displays in 2-D Math as ) >
>

Multiplicative inverse (displays in 2-D Math as ^(-1) >

a superscript)
By default, the mod operator uses positive representation (modp command).
Symmetric representation is available using the mods command.

> /
Division (displays in 2-D Math as ) >

>
Exponentiation1 &^ >

For information on setting symmetric representation as the default, refer to

1
the ?mod help page. To enter a caret (^) in 2-D Math, enter a backslash character followed by a caret, that is,
\^.
The modular arithmetic operators are listed in Table 3.2.
For information on solving an equation modulo an integer, see Integer
Equations in a Finite Field (page 94).

The mod operator also supports polynomial and matrix arithmetic over finite
rings and fields. For more information, refer to the ?mod help page.
 3.4 Solving Equations • 77 78 • 3 Performing Computations

Gaussian Integers Table 3.3: Overview of Solution Methods for Important Equation Types

Gaussian integers are complex numbers in which the real and imaginary Equation Type Solution Method
parts are integers. Equations and inequations solve and fsolve commands

The GaussInt package contains commands that perform Gaussian integer Ordinary differential equations ODE Analyzer Assistant (and dsolve command)
operations. Partial differential equations pdsolve command

The GIfactor command returns the Gaussian integer factorization. Integer equations isolve command
Integer equations in a finite field msolve command
>
Linear systems LinearAlgebra[LinearSolve] command
Recurrence relations rsolve command

You can enter the imaginary unit using the following two methods.
Note: Many solve operations are available as task templates
• In the Common Symbols palette, click the i or j item. See (Tools>Tasks>Browse) and in context menus. This section focuses on other
Palettes (page 11). methods.
• Enter i or j, and then press the symbol completion key. See Symbol
Names (page 16).
Solving Equations and Inequations
Using Maple, you can symbolically solve equations and inequations. You
Note: In 1-D Math input, enter the imaginary unit as an uppercase i (I).
can also solve equations numerically.
The GIsqrt command approximates the square root in the Gaussian integers.
To solve an equation or set of equations using context menus:
> 1. Right-click (for Macintosh, Control-click) the equations.

2. From the context menu, select Solve (or Solve Numerically). See Figure
3.2.
For more information on Gaussian integers including a list of GaussInt
package commands, refer to the ?GaussInt help page.

3.4 Solving Equations

You can solve a variety of equation types, including those described in Table
3.3.
 3.4 Solving Equations • 79 80 • 3 Performing Computations

>

(3.3)

>

For information on solving equations and inequations symbolically using

the solve command, see the following section. For information on solving
equations numerically using the fsolve command, see Numerically Solving
Equations (page 83).

Figure 3.2: Context Menu for an Equation Symbolically Solving Equations and Inequations

In Worksheet mode, Maple inserts a calling sequence that solves the equation The solve command is a general solver that determines exact symbolic
followed by the solutions. solutions to equations or inequations. The solutions to a single equation or
inequation are returned as an expression sequence. If Maple does not find
If you select Solve, Maple computes exact solutions. any solutions, the solve command returns the empty expression sequence.

> >

(3.2)

It is recommended that you verify the solutions returned by the solve com-
> mand. For details, see Working with Solutions (page 86).

To return the solutions as a list, enclose the calling sequence in brackets ([

]).

If you select Solve Numerically, Maple computes floating-point solutions. >

 3.4 Solving Equations • 81 82 • 3 Performing Computations

>

Expressions You can specify expressions instead of equations. The solve

command automatically equates them to zero.

> Transcendental Equations In general, the solve command returns one

solution to transcendental equations.

>
W represents the Lambert W function.
>
Multiple Equations To solve multiple equations or inequations, specify
them as a set or list.

>
To produce all solutions, set the _EnvAllSolutions environment variable to
true.

Note: To enter an underscore character (_) in 2-D Math, enter \_.

> >

>

Solving for Specific Unknowns By default, the solve command returns

solutions for all unknowns. You can specify the unknowns for which to
solve. Maple uses variables of the form _ZN~, where N is a positive integer, to
represent arbitrary integers. The tilde (~) indicates that it is a quantity with
> an assumption. For information about names with assumptions, see Assump-
tions on Variables (page 116).

RootOf Structure The solve command may return solutions, for example,
to higher order polynomial equations, in an implicit form using RootOf
structures.
To solve for multiple unknowns, specify them as a list.
 3.4 Solving Equations • 83 84 • 3 Performing Computations

> >

>

(3.4) (3.5)

Note: You can also numerically solve equations using the context menus.
See Solving Equations and Inequations (page 78).
These RootOf structures are placeholders for the roots of the equation
. The index parameter numbers and orders the four It is recommended that you verify the solutions returned by the fsolve com-
mand. For details, see Working with Solutions (page 86).
solutions.
Multiple Equations To solve multiple equations, specify them as a set. The
Like any symbolic expression, you can convert RootOf structures to a fsolve command solves for all unknowns.
floating-point value using the evalf command.

> >

Univariate Polynomial Equations In general, the fsolve command finds

Some equations are difficult to solve symbolically. For example, polynomial one solution. However, for a univariate polynomial equation, the fsolve
equations of order five and greater do not in general have a solution in terms command returns all real roots.
of radicals. If the solve command does not find any solutions, it is recommen-
ded that you use the Maple numerical solver, fsolve. For information, see >
the following section, Numerically Solving Equations.
>
For more information on the solve command, including how to solve equa-
tions defined as procedures and how to find parametric solutions, refer to
the ?solve/details help page.
Controlling the Number of Solutions To limit the number of roots returned,
For information on verifying and using solutions returned by the solve specify the maxsols option.
command, see Working with Solutions (page 86).
>
Numerically Solving Equations
The fsolve command solves equations numerically. The behavior of the
fsolve command is similar to that of the solve command.
 3.4 Solving Equations • 85 86 • 3 Performing Computations

To find additional solutions to a general equation, use the avoid option to (3.6)
ignore known solutions.
For more information and examples, refer to the ?fsolve/details help page.
>
For information on verifying and using solutions returned by the fsolve
command, see the following section, Working with Solutions.
Complex Solutions To search for a complex solution, or find all complex Working with Solutions
and real roots for a univariate polynomial, specify the complex option.
Verifying It is recommended that you always verify solutions (that the solve
> and fsolve commands return) using the eval command.

>

>
If the fsolve command does not find any solutions, it is recommended that
you specify a range in which to search for solutions, or specify an initial
(3.7)
value.
Range To search for a solution in a range, specify the range in the calling
sequence. The range can be real or complex. >

>

>
The syntax for specifying a region in the complex plane is lower-left
point..upper-right point.
>
>
(3.8)

>
Initial Values You can specify a value for each unknown. The fsolve com-
mand uses these as initial values for the unknowns in the numerical method.

> For more information, see Substituting a Value for a Subexpression (page 310).
 3.4 Solving Equations • 87 88 • 3 Performing Computations

Assigning the Value of a Solution to a Variable To assign the value of a

solution to the corresponding variable as an expression, use the assign >
command.

For example, consider the numeric solution to equation2 ,

(3.6), found using the starting value .
>
>

>
For more information on defining and using functions, see Functional Oper-
ators (page 292).

Creating a Function from a Solution The assign command assigns a value Other Specialized Solvers
as an expression to a name. It does not define a function. To convert a
solution to a function, use the unapply command. In addition to equations and inequations, Maple can solve other equations
including:
Consider one of the solutions for q to the equation . • Ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
• Partial differential equations (PDEs)
> • Integer equations
• Integer equations in a finite field
> • Linear systems
• Recurrence relations

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)

You can evaluate this function at symbolic or numeric values. Maple can solve ODEs and ODE systems, including initial value and
boundary value problems, symbolically and numerically.
>
ODE Analyzer Assistant The ODE Analyzer Assistant is a point-and-click
interface to the Maple ODE solving routines.

To launch the ODE Analyzer:

• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then ODE Analyzer.
 3.4 Solving Equations • 89 90 • 3 Performing Computations

Maple inserts the dsolve[interactive]() calling sequence in the document. 4. In the Solve Numerically window (Figure 3.4), you can specify the nu-
The ODE Analyzer Assistant (Figure 3.3) is displayed. meric method and relevant parameters and error tolerances to use for solving
the problem.

5. To compute solution values at a point, click the Solve button.

Figure 3.3: ODE Analyzer Assistant

In the main ODE Analyzer Assistant window, you can define ODEs, initial
or boundary value conditions, and parameters. To define derivatives, use the
diff command. For example, diff(x(t), t) corresponds to , and

diff(x(t), t, t) corresponds to . For more information on the diff

command, see The diff Commanddiff (page 155).

After defining an ODE, you can solve it numerically or symbolically.

Figure 3.4: ODE Analyzer Assistant: Solve Numerically Dialog
To solve a system numerically using the ODE Analyzer Assistant:
To solve a system symbolically using the ODE Analyzer Assistant:
1. Ensure that the conditions guarantee uniqueness of the solution.
1. Click the Solve Symbolically button.
2. Ensure that all parameters have fixed values.
2. In the Solve Symbolically window (Figure 3.5), you can specify the
3. Click the Solve Numerically button.
method and relevant method-specific options to use for solving the problem.

3. To compute the solution, click the Solve button.

 3.4 Solving Equations • 91 92 • 3 Performing Computations

You can control the return value of the ODE Analyzer using the On Quit,
Return drop-down list. You can select to return nothing, the displayed plot,
the computed numeric procedure (for numeric solutions), the solution (for
symbolic solutions), or the Maple commands needed to produce the solution
values and the displayed plot.

For more information, refer to the ?ODEAnalyzer help page.

The dsolve Command

The ODE Analyzer provides a point-and-click interface to the Maple dsolve

command.

For ODEs or systems of ODEs, the dsolve command can find:

• Closed form solutions

• Numerical solutions
• Series solutions
In addition, the dsolve command can find:

• Formal power series solutions to linear ODEs with polynomial coeffi-

cients
• Formal solutions to linear ODEs with polynomial coefficients
Figure 3.5: ODE Analyzer Assistant: Solve Symbolically Dialog
To access all available functionality, use the dsolve command directly. For
more information, refer to the ?dsolve help page.
When solving numerically or symbolically, you can view a plot of the solution
by clicking the Plot button. Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
• To plot the solution to a symbolic problem, all conditions and parameters To solve a PDE or PDE system symbolically or numerically, use the pdsolve
must be set. command. PDE systems can contain ODEs, algebraic equations, and inequa-
• To customize the plot, click the Plot Options button to open the Plot tions.
Options window.
For example, solve the following PDE symbolically.
To view the corresponding Maple commands as you solve the problem or
plot the solution, select the Show Maple commands check box. >
 3.4 Solving Equations • 93 94 • 3 Performing Computations

>
(3.9)

>
Integer Equations in a Finite Field
To solve an equation modulo an integer, use the msolve command. For more
information, refer to the ?msolve help page. The msolve command finds
The solution is an arbitrary univariate function applied to . solutions for all variables.
Maple generally prints only the return value, errors, and warnings during a
>
computation. To print information about the techniques Maple uses, increase
the infolevel setting for the command.

To return all information, set infolevel to 5.

Solving Linear Systems
>
To solve a linear system, use the LinearAlgebra[LinearSolve] command.
For more information, refer to the ?LinearAlgebra[LinearSolve] help page.
>
The LinearSolve command returns the vector x that satisfies A . x = B.
Checking arguments ...
For example, construct an augmented matrix using the Matrix palette (see
Getting info and details about the PDE ... First set of solution methods (general
or quase general solution) Second set of solution methods (complete solutions) Creating Matrices and Vectors (page 133)) in which the first four columns
Trying methods for first order PDEs HINT = strip Trying characteristic strip contain the entries of A and the final column contains the entries of B.
method ... characteristic strip method successful. Second set of solution methods
successful

For more information on solving PDEs, including numeric solutions and

>
solving PDE systems, refer to the ?pdsolve help page.

Integer Equations
To find only integer solutions to an equation, use the isolve command. The
isolve command finds solutions for all variables. For more information, refer
to the ?isolve help page. >
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 95 96 • 3 Performing Computations

Maple has a library of hundreds of scientific constants with units, including

element and isotope properties.

To support computations with uncertainties, Maple propagates errors through

computations.

Units
The Units package in Maple provides a library of units, and facilities for
using units in computations. It is fully extensible so that you can add units
as required.
For more information on using Maple to solve linear algebra problems, see
Linear Algebra (page 133). Note: Some unit operations are available as task templates (see
Tools>Tasks>Browse) and through context menus.
Solving Recurrence Relations
Overview of Units
To solve a recurrence relation, use the rsolve command. For more informa-
tion, refer to the ?rsolve help page. The rsolve command finds the general A dimension is a measurable quantity, for example, length or force. The set
term of the function. of dimensions that are fundamental and independent are known as base di-
mensions.
>
In Maple, the base dimensions include length, mass, time, electric current,
thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity, in-
formation, and currency. For a complete list, run Units[GetDimensions]().

Complex dimensions (or composite dimensions) measure other quantities in

terms of a combination of base dimensions. For example, the complex dimen-
sion force is a measurement of .
3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and
Uncertainty Each dimension, base or complex, has associated units. (Base units measure
a base dimension. Complex units measure a complex dimension.) Maple
In addition to manipulating exact symbolic and numeric quantities, Maple supports over forty units of length, including feet, miles, meters, angstroms,
can perform computations with units and uncertainties. microns, and astronomical units. A length must be measured in terms of a
unit, for example, a length of 2 parsecs.
Maple supports hundreds of units, for example, miles, coulombs, and bars,
and provides facilities for adding custom units. Table 3.4 lists some dimensions, their corresponding base dimensions, and
example units.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 97 98 • 3 Performing Computations

Table 3.4: Sample Dimensions • In the worksheet, enter ?UnitsCalculator.

Dimension Base Dimensions Example Units The Units Calculator application (Figure 3.6) opens.
Time time second, minute, hour, day, week, month,
year, millennium, blink, lune
Energy joule, electron volt, erg, watt hour, calor-
ie, Calorie, British thermal unit

Electric potential volt, abvolt, statvolt

For the complete list of units (and their contexts and symbols) available for
a dimension, refer to the corresponding help page, for example, the
?Units/length help page for the units of length.
Figure 3.6: Unit Converter Assistant
Each unit has a context. The context differentiates between different defini-
tions of the unit. For example, the standard and US survey miles are different To perform a conversion:
units of length, and the second is a unit of time and of angle. You can specify
the context for a unit by appending the context as an index to the unit, for 1. In the Convert text field, enter the numeric value to convert.
example, mile[US_survey]. If you do not specify a context, Maple uses the
default context. 2. In the Dimension drop-down list, select the dimensions of the unit.

Units are collected into systems, for example, the foot-pound-second (FPS) 3. In the From and To drop-down lists, select the original unit and the unit
system and international system, or système international, (SI). Each system to which to convert.
has a default set of units used for measurements. In the FPS system, the foot, 4. Click Perform Unit Conversion.
pound, and second are used to measure the dimensions of length, mass, and
time. The unit of speed is the foot/second. In SI, the meter, kilogram, and Maple inserts the corresponding convert/units command into the document.
second are used to measure the dimensions of length, mass, and time. The
units of speed, magnetic flux, and power are the meter/second, weber, and >
watt.

Conversions
Important: Using the Units Calculator, you can convert temperatures and
To convert a value measured in a unit to the corresponding value in a different temperature changes.
unit, use the Units Calculator.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 99 100 • 3 Performing Computations

• To perform a temperature conversion, in the Dimension drop-down list,

select temperature(absolute).
• To perform a temperature change conversion, in the Dimension drop-
down list, select temperature(relative).

To convert temperature changes, the Units Calculator uses the convert/units

command. For example, an increase of 32 degrees Fahrenheit corresponds
to an increase of almost 18 degrees Celsius.

>

To convert absolute temperatures, the Unit Converter uses the convert/tem- Figure 3.7: Units (FPS) Palette Figure 3.8: Units (SI) Palette
perature command. For example, 32 degrees Fahrenheit corresponds to 0
degrees Celsius. To insert a unit:

> • In a Units palette, click a unit symbol.

>

Applying Units to an Expression

To insert a unit, use the Units palettes. The Units (FPS) palette (Figure 3.7) To insert a unit that is unavailable in the palettes:
contains important units from the foot-pound-second system of units. The
Units (SI) palette (Figure 3.8) contains important units from the international 1. In a Units palette, click the unit symbol . Maple inserts a Unit
system of units. object with the placeholder selected.

2. In the placeholder, enter the unit name (or symbol).

For example, to enter standard (the default context) miles, you can
specify the unit name, mile, or symbol, mi.

>
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 101 102 • 3 Performing Computations

The context of a unit is displayed only if it is not the default context.

>
Important: In 1-D Math input, the quantity and unit (entered using the top-
level Unit command) are a product, not a single entity. The following calling
sequences define different expressions.
> 1*Unit(m)/(2*Unit(s)); > 1*Unit(m)/2*Unit(s);

>

Some units support prefixes. For example, SI units support prefixes to names (3.10)
and symbols. You can specify 1000 meters using kilometer or km. For more
information, refer to the ?Units/prefixes help page. >
>
(3.11)

>
Performing Computations with Units
In the default Maple environment, you cannot perform computations with
quantities that have units. You can perform only unit conversions. For more
information about the default environment, refer to the ?Units/default help For information on differentiation and integration, see Calculus (page 151).
page.
Changing the Current System of Units
To compute with expressions that have units, you must load a Units envir-
onment, Natural or Standard. It is recommended that you use the Standard If a computation includes multiple units, all units are expressed using units
environment. from the current system of units.

> >

In the Standard Units environment, commands that support expressions (3.12)

with units return results with the correct units.
By default, Maple uses the SI system of units, in which length is measured
in meters and time is measured in seconds.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 103 104 • 3 Performing Computations

>
Scientific Constants and Element Properties
Computations often require not only units (see Units (page 96)), but also the
values of scientific constants, including properties of elements and their
isotopes. Maple supports computations with scientific constants. You can
use the built-in constants and add custom constants.
To view the name of the default system of units, use the Units[UsingSystem]
command. Overview of Scientific Constants and Element Properties

> The ScientificConstants package provides the values of constant physical

quantities, for example, the velocity of light and the atomic weight of sodium.
> The ScientificConstants package also provides the units for the constant
values, allowing for greater understanding of the equation as well as unit-
matching for error checking of the solution.

The quantities available in the ScientificConstants package are divided into

To change the system of units, use the Units[UseSystem] command.
two distinct categories.
> • Physical constants

> • Chemical element (and isotope) properties

Scientific Constants
Maple contains many built-in scientific constants, which you can easily in-
Extensibility clude in your computations.
You can extend the set of: List of Scientific Constants
• Base dimensions and units You have access to scientific constants important in engineering, physics,
• Complex dimensions chemistry, and other fields. Table 3.5 lists some of the supported constants.
For a complete list of scientific constants, refer to the ?ScientificCon-
• Complex units
stants/PhysicalConstants help page.
• Systems of units

For more information, refer to the ?Units[AddBaseUnit], ?Units[AddDi-

mension], ?Units[AddUnit], and ?Units[AddSystem] help pages.

For more information about units, refer to the ?Units help page.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 105 106 • 3 Performing Computations

Table 3.5: Scientific Constants Elements

Name Symbol Maple supports the first 112 elements of the periodic table, plus elements
Newtonian_constant_of_gravitation G number 114 and 116. Each element has a unique name, atomic number, and
chemical symbol. You can specify an element using any of these labels. For
Planck_constant h
a complete list of supported elements, refer to the ?ScientificConstants/ele-
elementary_charge e ments help page.
Bohr_radius a[0]
Maple supports key element properties, including atomic weight (atomic-
deuteron_magnetic_moment mu[d] weight), electron affinity (electronaffinity), and density. For a complete list
Avogadro_constant N[A] of element properties, refer to the ?ScientificConstants/properties help
page.
Faraday_constant F
Isotopes
You can specify a constant using either its name or symbol.
Isotopes, variant forms of an element that contain the same number of protons
Accessing Constant Definition but a different number of neutrons, exist for many elements.

The GetConstant command in the ScientificConstants package returns the To see the list of supported isotopes for an element, use the GetIsotopes
complete definition of a constant. command.

To view the definition of the Newtonian gravitational constant, specify the >
symbol G (or its name) in a call to the GetConstant command.

>
Maple supports isotopes and has a distinct set of properties for isotopes, in-
> cluding abundance, binding energy (bindingenergy), and mass excess
(massexcess). For a complete list of isotope properties, refer to the ?Scien-
tificConstants/properties help page.

Accessing an Element or Isotope Property Definition

The GetElement command in the ScientificConstants package returns the
For information on accessing a constant's value, units, or uncertainty, see
complete definition of an element or isotope.
Value, Units, and Uncertainty (page 107).

Element Properties
Maple also contains element properties and isotope properties.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 107 108 • 3 Performing Computations

> Value
To obtain the value of a ScientificConstants object, use the evalf command.

>

>

> Note: The value returned depends on the current system of units. For inform-
ation on controlling the system of units, see Changing the Current System
of Units (page 102).

Units
To obtain the units for a ScientificConstants object, use the GetUnit com-
mand.
Value, Units, and Uncertainty
To use constants or element properties, you must first construct a Scientific- >
Constants object.

To construct a scientific constant, use the Constant command.

>
>

To construct an element (or isotope) property, use the Element command.

For information on changing the default system of units, for example, from
> SI to foot-pound-second, see Changing the Current System of Units (page 102).
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 109 110 • 3 Performing Computations

Value and Units Modification and Extensibility

If performing computations with units, you can access the value and units You can change the definition of a scientific constant or element (or isotope)
for a ScientificConstants object by specifying the units option when con- property.
structing the object, and then evaluating the object.
For more information, refer to the ?ScientificConstants[ModifyConstant]
> and ?ScientificConstants[ModifyElement] help pages.

You can extend the set of:

• Constants
• Elements (and isotopes)
>
• Element (or isotope) properties

For more information, refer to the ?ScientificConstants[AddConstant],

?ScientificConstants[AddElement], and ?ScientificConstants[AddProp-
Uncertainty erty] help pages.
The value of a constant is often determined by direct measurement or derived For more information about constants, refer to the ?ScientificConstants
from measured values. Hence, it has an associated uncertainty. To obtain help page.
the uncertainty in the value of a ScientificConstants object, use the GetError
command. Uncertainty Propagation
> Some computations involve uncertainties (or errors). Using the ScientificEr-
rorAnalysis package, you can propagate the uncertainty in these values
through the computation to indicate the possible error in the final result.

> The ScientificErrorAnalysis package does not perform interval arithmetic.

That is, the error of an object does not represent an interval in which possible
values must be contained. (To perform interval arithmetic, use the Tolerances
package. For more information, refer to the ?Tolerances help page.) The
quantities represent unknown values with a central tendency. For more in-
Performing Computations
formation on central tendency, refer to any text on error analysis for the
You can use constant values in any computation. To use constant values physical sciences or engineering.
with units, use a Units environment as described in Performing Computations
with Units (page 101). For information on computing with quantities that
have an uncertainty, see the following section.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 111 112 • 3 Performing Computations

Quantities with Uncertainty

Creating To construct quantities with uncertainty, use the Quantity com-
mand. You must specify the value and uncertainty. The uncertainty can be Rounding To round the error of a quantity with uncertainty, use the ApplyR-
defined absolutely, relatively, or in units of the last digit. For more informa- ule command. For a description of the predefined rounding rules, refer to
tion on uncertainty specification, refer to the ?ScientificErrorAnalys- the ?ScientificErrorAnalysis/rules help page.
is[Quantity] help page.
>
The output displays the value and uncertainty of the quantity.

>
Units Quantities with errors can have units. For example, the scientific
> constants and element (and isotope) properties in the ScientificConstants
packages are quantities with errors and units.

To construct a new quantity with units and an uncertainty, include units in

the Quantity calling sequence.
>
For an absolute error, you must specify the units in both the value and error.
(3.13)
>
To specify the error in units of the last digit, the value must be of floating-
point type. >
>

For a relative error, you can specify the units in only the value.
To access the value and uncertainty of a quantity with uncertainty, use the >
evalf and ScientificErrorAnalysis[GetError] commands.

>
For information on the correlation between, variance of, and covariance
between quantities with uncertainty, refer to the ?ScientificErrorAnalysis
help page.
>
Performing Computations with Quantities with Uncertainty
Many Maple commands support quantities with uncertainty.
 3.5 Units, Scientific Constants, and Uncertainty • 113 114 • 3 Performing Computations

> • Creating a new interface to quantities with uncertainty

refer to the ?ScientificErrorAnalysis help page.

>

Compute the value of the derivative of at .

3.6 Restricting the Domain
By default, Maple computes in the complex number system. Most computa-
> tions are performed without any restrictions or assumptions on the variables.
Maple often returns results that are extraneous or unsimplified when comput-
ing in the field of complex numbers. Using restrictions, you can more easily
and efficiently perform computations in a smaller domain.
> Maple has facilities for performing computations in the real number system
and for applying assumptions to variables.
To convert the solution to a single quantity with uncertainty, use the com-
bine/errors command. Real Number Domain
> To force Maple to perform computations in the field of real numbers, use
the RealDomain package.
The value of the result is:
The RealDomain package contains a small subset of Maple commands re-
> lated to basic precalculus and calculus mathematics, for example, arccos,
limit, and log, and the symbolic manipulation of expressions and formulae,
for example, expand, eval, and solve. For a complete list of commands,
refer to the ?RealDomain help page.
The uncertainty of the result is:
After you load the RealDomain package, Maple assumes that all variables
> are real. Commands return simplified results appropriate to the field of real
numbers.

>
Additional Information
For information on topics including:
• Creating new rounding rules
• Setting the default rounding rule
 3.6 Restricting the Domain • 115 116 • 3 Performing Computations

> Assumptions on Variables

To simplify problem solving, it is recommended that you always apply any
known assumptions to variables. You can impose assumptions using the
assume command. To apply assumptions for a single computation, use the
> assuming command.

Note: The assume and assuming commands are not supported by the
RealDomain package.
Some commands that generally return NULL instead return a numeric result
when you use the RealDomain package. The assume Command
You can use the assume command to set variable properties, for example,
> x::real, and relationships between variables, for example, x < 0 or x < y.
For information on valid properties, refer to the ?assume help page. For in-
formation on the double colon (::) operator, refer to the ?type help page.

Complex return values are excluded or replaced by undefined. The assume command allows improved simplification of symbolic expres-
sions, especially multiple-valued functions, for example, computing the
> square root.

To assume that x is a positive real number, use the following calling sequence.
>
Then compute the square root of .

>

The trailing tilde (~) on the name x indicates that it carries assumptions.

When you use the assume command to place another assumption on x, all
previous assumptions are removed.

>
 3.6 Restricting the Domain • 117 118 • 3 Performing Computations

Displaying Assumptions To view the assumptions on an expression, use To test whether an expression can satisfy a condition, use the coulditbe
the about command. command.

> >
Originally x, renamed x~: is assumed to be: RealRange(-infinity,Open(0))

Imposing Multiple Assumptions To simultaneously impose multiple con- Removing Assumptions To remove all assumptions on a variable, unassign
ditions on an expression, specify multiple arguments in the assume calling its name.
sequence.
>
>
For more information, see Unassigning Names (page 57).
To specify additional assumptions without replacing previous assumptions,
use the additionally command. The syntax of the additionally calling se- For more information on the assume command, refer to the ?assume help
quence is the same as that of the assume command. page.

> The assuming Command

Originally x, renamed x~: is assumed to be: 1 To perform a single evaluation under assumptions on the names in an expres-
sion, use the assuming command.
The only integer in the open interval (0, 2) is 1.
The syntax of the assuming command is expression assuming <property
Testing Properties To test whether an expression always satisfies a condi-
or relation>. Properties and relations are introduced in The assume Com-
tion, use the is command.
mand (page 116).
> The frac command returns the fractional part of an expression.

>
The following test returns false because there are values of x and y (x = 0,
y = 10) that satisfy the assumptions, but do not satisfy the relation in the is
calling sequence. Using the assuming command is equivalent to imposing assumptions with
the assume command, evaluating the expression, and then removing the as-
> sumptions.
 3.6 Restricting the Domain • 119 120 • 3 Performing Computations

>
x: nothing known about this object

If you do not specify the names to which to apply a property, it is applied to >
all names.

> For more information on the assuming command, refer to the ?assuming
help page.

Assumptions placed on names using the assume command are ignored by

the assuming command, unless you include the additionally option.

>

>

>

The assuming command does not affect variables inside procedures. (For
information on procedures, see Procedures (page 338).) You must use the
assume command.
> f := proc(x) sqrt(a^2) + x end proc;

>
 122 • 4 Mathematical Computations

4 Mathematical Computations Resource

Maple Help System
Description
Over 5000 help pages and example worksheets with an in-
tegrated search engine.
As discussed in previous chapters, Maple contains numerous built-in re-
• From the Help menu, select Maple Help.
sources for computations.
Package index help page A complete list of the over 100 Maple packages, which
These resources—and others on the Maplesoft Web site—are available for contain thousands of commands.
the areas discussed in this chapter, and many more. Your first step in solving • From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and
a problem should be to review the related Maple resources available. This more, and then List of Packages.
will help you to quickly and easily solve problems. See Table 4.1. Command index help page A complete list of the over 600 top-level Maple commands.
• From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and
Table 4.1: Maple Resources for Mathematical Computation
more, and then List of Commands.
Resource Description Maplesoft Web site Maple Application Center - Free documents and point-and-
Point-and-click assistants Graphical interfaces with buttons and sliders to easily per- (http://www.maplesoft.com) click Maplet applications for mathematics, engineering,
form a computation, create a plot, or perform other opera- finance, and science.
tions. • Visit http://www.maplesoft.com/applications
• From the Tools menu, select Assistants. Toolboxes - Add-on products from Maplesoft, for example,
the Global Optimization Toolbox.
Context menus Pop-up menu of common operations for the selected object,
based on its type. • Visit http://www.maplesoft.com/products/toolboxes
• Select the expression in 2-D Math input or output, and Third-Party Products - Add-on products developed by the
then right-click (for Macintosh, Control-click). Maple user community for specialized computation.
Palettes Collections of related items that you can insert by clicking • Visit http://www.maplesoft.com/products/thirdparty
or dragging. Some palettes contain mathematical operations
with placeholders for parameters. For instructor and student resources, see Table 4.10 (page 178).
• From the View menu, select Palettes, and then Expand
Docks. For information on basic computations, including integer operations and
Task templates Set of commands with placeholders that you can use to solving equations, see Performing Computations (page 65).
quickly perform a task. Some tasks contain graphical com-
ponents such as buttons.
• From the Tools menu, select Tasks, and then Browse.
FunctionAdvisor command Provides detailed information about mathematical functions,
for example, definitions, identities, and mathematical prop-
erties.
• Refer to the ?FunctionAdvisor help page.

121
 4.1 In This Chapter • 123 124 • 4 Mathematical Computations

4.1 In This Chapter 4.2 Algebra

Section Topics
Maple contains a variety of commands that perform integer operations, such
Algebra - Performing algebra computations • Polynomial Algebra as factoring and modular arithmetic, as described in Integer Opera-
Linear Algebra - Performing linear algebra • Creating Matrices and Vectors tions (page 71). In addition, it supports polynomial algebra.
computations • Accessing Entries in Matrices and Vec- For information on matrix and vector algebra, see Linear Algebra (page 133).
tors
• Linear Algebra Computations Polynomial Algebra
• Student LinearAlgebra Package
A Maple polynomial is an expression in powers of an unknown. Univariate
Calculus - Performing calculus computations • Limits polynomials are polynomials in one unknown, for example, .
• Differentiation Multivariate polynomials are polynomials in multiple unknowns, such as
• Series
.
• Integration
• Differential Equations
The coefficients can be integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers,
• Calculus Packages
floating-point numbers, complex numbers, variables, or a combination of
these types.
Optimization - Performing optimization • Point-and-Click Interface
computations using the Optimization pack- • Efficient Computation
age >
• MPS(X) File Support

Statistics - Performing statistics computations • Probability Distributions and Random

using the Statistics package Variables
• Statistical Computations
• Plotting
Arithmetic
The polynomial arithmetic operators are the standard Maple arithmetic oper-
Teaching and Learning with Maple - Student • Table of Student and Instructor Resources
and Instructor resources for using Maple in • ators excluding the division operator (/). (The division operator accepts
Student Packages and Tutors polynomial arguments, but does not perform polynomial division.)
an academic setting

Polynomial division is an important operation. The quo and rem commands

find the quotient and remainder of a polynomial division. See Table 4.2.
(The iquo and irem commands find the quotient and remainder of an integer
division. For more information, see Integer Operations (page 71).)
 4.2 Algebra • 125 126 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Table 4.2: Polynomial Arithmetic Operators

>
Operation Operator Example
Addition >
If you need to determine whether one polynomial divides another, but do
not need the quotient, use the divide command. The divide command tests
for exact polynomial division.
Subtraction >
>

Multiplication1 * >
Important: You must insert a space character or a multiplication operator
( ) between adjacent variables names. Otherwise, they are interpreted as
a single variable.
Division: Quotient quo >
and Remainder rem For example, does not divide the single variable .

>
>

But, divides the product of and .

Exponentiation2 ^ > >

1
You can specify multiplication explicitly by entering *, which displays in 2-D Math as
. In 2-D Math, you can also implicitly multiply by placing a space character between For information on polynomial arithmetic over finite rings and fields, refer
two expressions. In some cases, the space character is optional. For example, Maple inter- to the ?mod help page.
prets a number followed by a name as an implicit multiplication.
2
In 2-D Math, exponents display as superscripts. Sorting Terms
To sort the terms of a polynomial, use the sort command.
To expand a polynomial, use the expand command.
 4.2 Algebra • 127 128 • 4 Mathematical Computations

>

The first term has total degree 4. The other two terms have total degree 3.
The order of the final two terms is determined by the order of their names
> in the list.

To sort the terms by pure lexicographic order, that is, first by decreasing
order of the first unknown in the list option, and then by decreasing order of
Note: The sort command returns the sorted polynomial, and updates the the next unknown in the list option, specify the 'plex' option.
order of the terms in the polynomial.
>
The terms of p1 are sorted.

>
For information on enclosing keywords in right single quotes ('), see
Delaying Evaluation (page 317).

To specify the unknowns of the polynomial and their ordering, include a list The first term has a power of to the 3. The second, a power of to the
of names. 2. The third, a power of to the 0.

> Using context menus, you can perform operations, such as sorting, for
polynomials and many other Maple objects.

To sort a polynomial:
> 1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the polynomial.

2. The context menu displays. From the Sorts menu, select:

• Single-variable, and then the unknown
By default, the sort command sorts a polynomial by decreasing total degree
of the terms. • Two-variable (or Three-variable), Pure Lexical or Total Degree, and
then the sort priority of the unknowns
>
See Figure 4.1.
>
 4.2 Algebra • 129 130 • 4 Mathematical Computations

You can use context menus to perform operations on 2-D Math content in-
cluding output. For more information, see Context Menus (page 20) (for
Document mode) or Context Menus (page 46) (for Worksheet mode).

Collecting Terms
To collect the terms of polynomial, use the collect command.

>

Coefficients and Degrees

Maple has several commands that return coefficient and degree values for
a polynomial. See Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Polynomial Coefficient and Degree Commands

Command Description Example
coeff Coefficient of specified degree term
>

Figure 4.1: Sorting a Polynomial Using a Context Menu

Maple sorts the polynomial.

In Worksheet mode, Maple inserts the calling sequence that performs the lcoeff Leading coefficient
>
sort followed by the sorted polynomial.

>

>
 4.2 Algebra • 131 132 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Command Description Example To solve for the roots of a polynomial, use the solve command. For inform-
tcoeff Trailing coefficient
ation on the solve command, see Solving Equations and Inequa-
> tions (page 78). (The isolve command solves an equation for integer solutions.
For more information, see Integer Equations (page 93).)

Other Commands
coeffs Sequence of all coefficients in increasing
> Table 4.4 lists other commands available for polynomial operations.
degree order.
Note: It does not return zero coeffi-
Table 4.4: Select Other Polynomial Commands
cients.
Command Description

degree (Highest) degree content Content (multivariate polynomial)

>
compoly Decomposition
discrim Discriminant
gcd Greatest common divisor (of two polynomials)
ldegree Lowest degree term with a non-zero
> gcdex Extended Euclidean algorithm (for two polyno-
coefficient
mials)
CurveFitting[PolynomialInterpolation] Interpolating polynomial (for list of points)
See also the CurveFitting Assistant
(Tools>Assistants>Curve Fitting)
Factorization
lcm Least common multiple (of two polynomials)
To express a polynomial in fully factored form, use the factor command. norm Norm
prem Pseudo-remainder (of two multivariate polyno-
> mials)
primpart Primitive part (multivariate polynomial)
randpoly Random polynomial
The factor command factors the polynomial over the ring implied by the
PolynomialTools[IsSelfReciprocal] Determine whether self-reciprocal
coefficients, for example, integers. You can specify an algebraic number
field over which to factor the polynomial. For more information, refer to the resultant Resultant (of two polynomials)
?factor help page. (The ifactor command factors an integer. For more in- roots Exact roots (over algebraic number field)
formation, see Integer Operations (page 71).)
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 133 134 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Command Description
sqrfree Square free factorization (multivariate polyno-
mial)

Additional Information

Table 4.5: Additional Polynomial Help

Topic Resource
General polynomial information ?polynom help page
PolynomialTools package ?PolynomialTools package overview help page
Algebraic manipulation of numeric poly- ?SNAP (Symbolic-Numeric Algorithms for Figure 4.2: Matrix Palette
nomials Polynomials) package overview help page
Efficient arithmetic for sparse polynomials ?SDMPolynom (Sparse Distributed Multivari- In the Matrix palette, you can specify the matrix size (see Figure 4.3) and
ate Polynomial data structure) help page properties. To insert a matrix, click the Insert Matrix button.
Polynomial information and commands Maple Help System Table of Contents: Math-
ematics>Algebra>Polynomials section

4.3 Linear Algebra

Linear algebra operations act on Matrix and Vector data structures.

You can perform many linear algebra operations using task templates. In the
Task Browser (Tools>Tasks>Browse), expand the Linear Algebra folder.

Creating Matrices and Vectors

You can easily define matrices using the Matrix palette. To define vectors,
use the angle-bracket (<>) notation.

Creating Matrices
To create a matrix, use the Matrix palette. See Figure 4.2.
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 135 136 • 4 Mathematical Computations

>

Creating Vectors
To create a vector, use angle brackets (< >).
To create a column vector, specify a comma-delimited sequence, <a, b, c>.
The number of elements is inferred from the number of expressions.

>

To create a row vector, specify a vertical-bar-delimited (|) sequence, <a | b

| c>. The number of elements is inferred from the number of expressions.

>

Figure 4.3: Matrix Palette: Choosing the Size

Editing and Viewing Large Matrices and Vectors

After inserting the matrix:

1. Enter the values of the entries. To move to the next entry placeholder, Matrices and smaller, and vectors with 10 or fewer elements display
press Tab. in the document. Larger objects are displayed as a placeholder.

2. After specifying all entries, press Enter. For example, insert a matrix.
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 137 138 • 4 Mathematical Computations

In the Matrix palette:

1. Specify the dimensions: 15 rows and 15 columns.

2. In the Type drop-down list, select a matrix type, for example, Custom
values.

3. Click Insert Matrix. Maple inserts a placeholder.

>

To edit or view a large matrix or vector, double-click the placeholder. This

launches the Matrix Browser. See Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4: Matrix Browser

To specify the value of entries using the Matrix Browser:

1. Select the Table tab.

2. Double-click an entry, and then edit its value. Press Enter.

3. Repeat for each entry to edit.

4. When you have finished updating entries, click Done.

 4.3 Linear Algebra • 139 140 • 4 Mathematical Computations

You can view the matrix or vector as a table or as an image, which can be 5. Enter the values in the diagonal entries.
inserted into the document. For more information, refer to the ?Mat-
rixBrowser help page.

To set the maximum dimension of matrices and vectors displayed inline: >

• Use the interface command with the rtablesize option.

For example, interface(rtablesize = 15). Note: To create a matrix with randomly-generated entries, select the Random
Type.
For more information, refer to the ?interface help page.
You cannot specify properties when defining vectors using the angle-
Creating Matrices and Vectors for Large Problems bracket notation. You must use the Vector constructor.

By default, matrices and vectors can store any values. To increase the effi- To define a column vector using the Vector constructor, specify:
ciency of linear algebra computations, create matrices and vectors with
• The number of elements. If you explicitly specify all element values,
properties. You must specify the properties, for example, the matrix or vector
this argument is not required.
type or the data type, when defining the object.
• A list of expressions that define the element values.
The Matrix palette (Figure 4.2) supports several properties.
• Parameters such as shape, datatype, and fill that set properties of the
To specify the matrix type: vector.

• Use the Shape and Type drop-down lists. The following two calling sequences are equivalent.

To specify the data type: >

• Use the Data type drop-down list.

For example, define a diagonal matrix with small integer coefficients.

In the Matrix palette:

1. Specify the size of the matrix, for example, . >

2. In the Shapes drop-down list, select Diagonal.

3. In the Data type drop-down list, select integer[1].

4. Click the Insert Matrix button.

 4.3 Linear Algebra • 141 142 • 4 Mathematical Computations

To create a row vector using the Vector constructor, include row as an index.

>

For more information on the constructors, including other calling sequence

> syntaxes and parameters, refer to the ?storage, ?Matrix, and ?Vector help
pages.

See also Numeric Computations (page 150).

The Matrix palette does not support some properties. To set all properties,
use the Matrix constructor. Accessing Entries in Matrices and Vectors
To define a matrix using the Matrix constructor, specify: To select an entry in a vector, enter the vector name with a non-zero integer
index.
• The number of rows and columns. If you explicitly specify all element
values, these arguments are not required. >
• A list of lists that define the element values row-wise.
• Parameters such as shape, datatype, and fill that set properties of the
matrix.

For example:

>
>

Negative integers select entries from the end of the vector.

The Matrix palette cannot fill the matrix with an arbitrary value. Use the
fill parameter. >

>

To create a Vector consisting of multiple entries, specify a list or range of

integers in the index. For more information, refer to the ?list and ?range
help pages.
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 143 144 • 4 Mathematical Computations

> • The scalar multiplication operator is the asterisk (*), which displays in
math as . The noncommutative matrix and vector multiplication op-
erator is the period (.).
• There is no division operator (/) for matrix algebra. (You can construct
the inverse of a matrix using the exponent .)
>
See Table 4.6.

>

Similarly, you can access submatrices using an index. In the following two- Table 4.6: Matrix and Vector Arithmetic Operators
dimensional matrix, the first entry selects rows and the second, columns. Operation Operator Example
Addition >
>

> Subtraction >

Multiplication . >
Linear Algebra Computations
You can perform matrix and vector computations using context menus and
the LinearAlgebra package.

Matrix Arithmetic
The matrix and vector arithmetic operators are the standard Maple arithmetic
operators up to the following two differences.
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 145 146 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Operation Operator Example Table 4.7: Select Matrix and Vector Operators

Scalar Multiplication1 * > Operation Operator Example

Transpose ^%T1 >

>
Hermitian Transpose ^%H1
>

Exponentiation2 ^ >

Cross Product &x2 >

(3-D vectors only)
>
>

1
Exponential operators display in 2-D Math as superscripts.
2
After loading the LinearAlgebra package, the cross product operator is available as the
1
You can specify scalar multiplication explicitly by entering *, which displays in 2-D infix operator &x . Otherwise, it is available as the LinearAlgebra[CrossProduct] com-
Math as . In 2-D Math, you can also implicitly multiply a scalar and a matrix or vector mand.
by placing a space character between them. In some cases, the space character is optional.
For example, Maple interprets a number followed by a name as an implicit multiplication. For information on matrix arithmetic over finite rings and fields, refer to the
2
In 2-D Math, exponents display as superscripts. ?mod help page.

Point-and-Click Interaction
A few additional matrix and vector operators are listed in Table 4.7.
Using context menus, you can perform many matrix and vector operations.
Define two column vectors.
Matrix operations available in the context menu include the following.
>
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 147 148 • 4 Mathematical Computations

• Standard operations: determinant, inverse, norm (1, Euclidean, infinity,

or Frobenius), transpose, and trace
• Compute eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and singular values
Figure 4.6: Computing Norm in Document Mode
• Compute the dimension or rank
• Convert to the Jordan form, or other forms Vector operations available in the context menu include the following.

• Perform Cholesky decomposition and other decompositions • Compute the dimension

For example, compute the infinity norm of a matrix. See Figure 4.5. • Compute the norm (1, Euclidean, and infinity)
• Compute the transpose
• Select an element

For more information on context menus, see Context Menus (page 20) (for
Document mode) or Context Menus (page 46) (for Worksheet mode).

LinearAlgebra Package Commands

The LinearAlgebra package contains commands that construct and manip-
ulate matrices and vectors, compute standard operations, perform queries,
and solve linear algebra problems.

Table 4.8 lists some LinearAlgebra package commands. For a complete

list, refer to the ?LinearAlgebra/Details help page.

Table 4.8: Select LinearAlgebra Package Commands

Command Description
Basis Return a basis for a vector space
CrossProduct Compute the cross product of two vectors
DeleteRow Delete the rows of a matrix
Figure 4.5: Computing the Infinity Norm of a Matrix
Dimension Determine the dimension of a matrix or a vector
In Document mode, Maple inserts a right arrow followed by the norm. See Eigenvectors Compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
Figure 4.6.
FrobeniusForm Reduce a matrix to Frobenius form
 4.3 Linear Algebra • 149 150 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Command Description
GaussianElimination Perform Gaussian elimination on a matrix
HessenbergForm Reduce a square matrix to Hessenberg form
HilbertMatrix Construct a generalized Hilbert matrix
IsOrthogonal Test if a matrix is orthogonal To express (25, -4, 9) in this basis, use the LinearSolve command.
LeastSquares Compute the least-squares approximation to A . x = b >
LinearSolve Solve the linear system A . x = b
MatrixInverse Compute the inverse of a square matrix or pseudo-inverse of a non-
square matrix
QRDecomposition Compute a QR factorization of a matrix
RandomMatrix Construct a random matrix
SylvesterMatrix Construct the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials

For information on arithmetic operations, see Matrix Arithmetic (page 143). Numeric Computations
For information on selecting entries, subvectors, and submatrices, see Access- You can very efficiently perform computations on large matrices and vectors
ing Entries in Matrices and Vectors (page 142). that contain floating-point data using the built-in library of numeric linear
Example Determine a basis for the space spanned by the set of vectors {(2, algebra routines. Some of these routines are provided by the Numerical Al-
13, -15), (7, -2, 13), (5, -4, 9)}. Express the vector (25, -4, 9) with respect to gorithms Group (NAG®). Maple also contains portions of the CLAPACK
this basis. and optimized ATLAS libraries.
For information on performing efficient numeric computations using the
>
LinearAlgebra package, refer to the ?EfficientLinearAlgebra help page.
> See also Creating Matrices and Vectors for Large Problems (page 139).

Find a basis for the vector space spanned by these vectors, and then construct Student LinearAlgebra Package
a matrix from the basis vectors.
The Student package contains subpackages that help instructors teach con-
> cepts and allow students to visualize and explore ideas. These subpackages
also contain computational commands.
 4.4 Calculus • 151 152 • 4 Mathematical Computations

In the Student[LinearAlgebra] subpackage, the environment differs from For example:

that of the LinearAlgebra package in that floating-point computations are
generally performed using software precision, instead of hardware precision, >
and symbols are generally assumed to represent real, rather than complex,
quantities. These defaults, and others, can be controlled using the SetDefault
command. For more information, refer to the ?Student[LinearAlgebra][Set-
Default] help page.
The limit Command
For information on using Maple as a teaching and learning tool, see Teaching
and Learning with Maple (page 178). By default, Maple searches for the real bidirectional limit (unless the limit
point is ∞ or -∞). To specify a direction, include one of the options left,
right, real, or complex in a call to the limit command. See Table 4.9.
4.4 Calculus
Table 4.9: Limits
The Task Browser (Tools>Tasks>Browse) contains numerous calculus
task templates. For a list of tasks, navigate to one of the related folders, such Limit Command Syntax Output
as Calculus, Differential Equations, Multivariate Calculus, or Vector undefined
>
Calculus.

This section describes the key Maple calculus commands, many of which >
are used in task templates or available in the context menus.

For a complete list of calculus commands, refer to the Mathematics (includ- >
ing Calculus, Differential Equations, Power Series, and Vector Calculus
subfolders) and Student Package sections of the Maple Help System Table
of Contents. Using the limit command, you can also compute multidimensional limits.

Limits
>
To compute the limit of an expression as the independent variable ap-
proaches a value:

For more information on multidimensional limits, refer to the ?limit/multi

1. In the Expression palette, click the limit item . help page.
2. Specify the independent variable, limit point, and expression, and then
evaluate it.
 4.4 Calculus • 153 154 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Numerically Computing a Limit To differentiate an expression:

To numerically compute a limit:

• Use the evalf(Limit(arguments)) calling sequence. 1. In the Expression palette, click the differentiation item or the

Important: Use the inert Limit command, not the limit command. For more
partial differentiation item .
information, refer to the ?limit help page.
2. Specify the expression and independent variable, and then evaluate it.
The Limit command accepts the same arguments as the limit command.

For example: For example, to differentiate with respect to :

> >

For information on the evalf command, see Numerical Approxima- You can also differentiate using context menus. For more information, see
tion (page 313). Context Menus (page 20).

The Limit command does not compute the limit. It returns an unevaluated To calculate a higher order or partial derivative, edit the derivative symbol
limit. inserted. For example, to calculate the second derivative of
with respect to :
>

>

For more information on the Limit command, refer to the ?Limit help page.

Differentiation To calculate the mixed partial derivative of :

Maple can perform symbolic and numeric differentiation.

>
 4.4 Calculus • 155 156 • 4 Mathematical Computations

To compute the nth derivative of an expression f in the independent variable

t, you can use the syntax .
The diff Command
For example:
Maple computes derivatives using the diff command. To directly use the
diff command, specify the expression to differentiate and the variable. >

>

(4.1) Differentiating an Operator

You can also specify a mathematical function as a functional operator (a
> mapping). For a comparison of operators and other expressions, see Distinc-
tion between Functional Operators and Other Expressions (page 293).

To find the derivative of a functional operator:

For information on equation labels such as (4.1), see Equation La-
bels (page 59). • Use the D operator.

To calculate a higher order derivative, specify a sequence of differentiation The D operator returns a functional operator.
variables. Maple recursively calls the diff command.
For example, find the derivative of an operator that represents the mathem-
> atical function .

First, define the mathematical function as the operator F.

To calculate a partial derivative, use the same syntax. Maple assumes that 1. In the Expression palette, click the single-variable function definition
the derivatives commute. item .

> 2. Enter placeholder values.

• To move to the next placeholder, press the Tab key. Note: If pressing
the Tab key inserts a tab, click the Tab icon in the toolbar.

>
To enter higher order derivatives, it is convenient to use the sequence oper-
ator ($). For more information, refer to the ?$ help page.
Now, define the operator, G, that maps to the derivative of .
 4.4 Calculus • 157 158 • 4 Mathematical Computations

>

F and G evaluated at return the expected values.

>

For more information on the D operator, refer to the ?D help page. For a
comparison of the diff command and D operator, refer to the ?diffVersusD
help page.

Directional Derivative
To compute and plot a directional derivative, use the Directional Derivative
Tutor. The tutor computes a floating-point value for the directional derivat-
ive.
Figure 4.7: Directional Derivative Tutor
To launch the tutor:
To compute a symbolic value for the directional derivative, use the Stu-
From the Tools menu, select Tutors, Calculus - Multi-Variable, and then dent[MultivariateCalculus][DirectionalDerivative] command. The first
Directional Derivatives. Maple launches the Directional Derivative Tutor. list of numbers specifies the point at which to compute the derivative. The
See Figure 4.7. second list of numbers specifies the direction in which to compute the deriv-
ative.

For example, at the point [1, 2], the gradient of points in the direction
[2, 4], which is the direction of greatest increase. The directional derivative
in the orthogonal direction [-2, 1] is zero.

>
 4.4 Calculus • 159 160 • 4 Mathematical Computations

> By default, Maple performs series calculations up to order 6. To use a differ-

ent order, specify a non-negative integer third argument.

>

>

To set the order for all computations, use the Order environment variable.
Series For information about the Order variable and the term, refer to the
To generate the Taylor series expansion of a function about a point, use the ?Order help page.
taylor command. The expansion is of type series. Some commands, for example, plot, do not
accept arguments of type series. To use the expansion, you must convert it
> to a polynomial using the convert/polynom command.

>

Note: If a Taylor series does not exist, use the series command to find a
general series expansion.

For example, the cosine integral function does not have a taylor series expan-
sion about 0. For more information, refer to the ?Ci help page.

>
Error, does not have a taylor expansion, try series()

To generate a truncated series expansion of a function about a point, use the

series command.

>
 4.4 Calculus • 161 162 • 4 Mathematical Computations

For information on Maple types and type conversions, see Maple Expres- To compute the definite integral of an expression:
sions (page 285).

For information on plotting, see Plots and Animations (page 187).

1. In the Expression palette, click the definite integration item .
Integration 2. Specify the endpoints of the interval of integration, integrand expression,
Maple can perform symbolic and numeric integration. and variable of integration, and then evaluate it.

To compute the indefinite integral of an expression: For example, to integrate over the interval (0, ∞):

1. In the Expression palette, click the indefinite integration item . >

2. Specify the integrand and variable of integration, and then evaluate it.

For example, to integrate with respect to x: (4.2)

> Maple treats the parameter a as a complex number. As described in Assump-

tions on Variables (page 116), you can compute under the assumption that a
is a positive, real number using the assuming command.

>
Recall that you can also enter symbols, including and , using symbol
completion.

• Enter the symbol name (or part of the name), for example, int and d, and
then press the completion shortcut key.
The int Command
For more information, see Symbol Names (page 16).

You can also compute an indefinite integral using context menus. For more and use the int command. To use the int command directly,
information, see Context Menus (page 20).
specify the following arguments.

• Expression to integrate
• Variable of integration
 4.4 Calculus • 163 164 • 4 Mathematical Computations

>

(4.3) Note: To enter an underscore character (_) in 2-D Math, enter \_.

> For information on the evalf command, see Numerical Approxima-

tion (page 313).

For information on numeric integration, including iterated integration and

controlling the algorithm, refer to the ?evalf/Int help page.
For a definite integration, set the variable of integration equal to the interval To compute iterated integrals, line integrals, and surface integrals, use the
of integration. task templates (Tools>Tasks>Browse) in the Multivariate and Vector
Calculus folders.
>
Differential Equations
Maple has a powerful set of solvers for ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
and partial differential equations (PDEs), and systems of ODEs and PDEs.

For information on solving ODEs and PDEs, see Other Specialized Solv-
Numeric Integration
ers (page 88).
To perform numeric integration:
Calculus Packages
• Use the evalf(Int(arguments)) calling sequence.
In addition to top-level calculus commands, Maple contains calculus pack-
Important: Use the inert Int command, not the int command. For more in- ages.
formation, refer to the ?int help page.
VectorCalculus Package
In addition to the arguments accepted by the int command, you can include
optional arguments such as method, which specifies the numeric integration The VectorCalculus package contains commands that perform multivariate
method. and vector calculus operations on VectorCalculus vectors (vectors with an
additional coordinate system attribute) and vector fields (vectors with addi-
For example:
tional coordinate system and vectorfield attributes), for example, Curl, Flux,
and Torsion.
>
>

>
 4.4 Calculus • 165 166 • 4 Mathematical Computations

> To find other calculus packages, such as VariationalCalculus, refer to the

?index/package help page.

Student Calculus Packages

The Student package contains subpackages that help instructors teach con-
cepts and allow students to visualize and explore ideas. These subpackages
Find the curl of VectorField1. also contain computational commands. The Student calculus subpackages
include Calculus1, MultivariateCalculus, and VectorCalculus. The Stu-
> dent[VectorCalculus] package provides a simple interface to a limited
subset of the functionality available in the VectorCalculus package.

For information on using Maple as a teaching and learning tool, and some
computational examples, see Teaching and Learning with Maple (page 178).

4.5 Optimization
Find the flux of VectorField1 through a sphere of radius r at the origin.
Using the Optimization package, you can numerically solve optimization
> problems. The package uses fast Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG) al-
gorithms to minimize or maximize an objective function.

The Optimization package solves constrained and unconstrained problems.

Compute the torsion of a space curve. The curve must be a vector with • Linear programs
parametric function components. • Quadratic programs
• Nonlinear programs
>
• Linear and nonlinear least-squares problems

The Optimization package contains local solvers. In addition, for univariate

finitely-bounded nonlinear programs with no other constraints, you can
For information on the assuming command, see The assuming Com- compute global solutions using the NLPSolve command. To find global
mand (page 118). solutions generally, purchase the Global Optimization Toolbox. For more
information, visit http://www.maplesoft.com/products/toolboxes.
For more information on the VectorCalculus package, including a complete
list of commands, refer to the ?VectorCalculus help page.
 4.5 Optimization • 167 168 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Point-and-Click Interface 2. Select the Minimize or Maximize radio button.

The primary method for solving optimization problems is the Optimization 3. Click the Solve button. The solution is displayed in the Solution text box.
Assistant. You can also enter the problem (objective function, constraints, and bounds)
To launch the Optimization Assistant: in the calling sequence.

• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then Optimization. For example, find the maximum of subject to the constraints
Maple inserts the Optimization[Interactive]() calling sequence (in Worksheet .
mode), and launches the Optimization Assistant. See Figure 4.8.
>

After finding a solution, you can plot it. To plot a solution:

In the Optimization Assistant window, click the Plot button. The Optimiz-
ation Plotter window is displayed. See Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.8: Optimization Assistant

To solve a problem:
1. Enter the objective function, constraints, and bounds.
 4.5 Optimization • 169 170 • 4 Mathematical Computations

The Matrix form, described in the ?Optimization/MatrixForm help page,

is more complex but offers greater flexibility and efficiency.

For example, solve the quadratic program:

maximize subject to , where is the vector of

problem variables.

Define the column vector, c, of the quadratic objective function.

>

Define the symmetric Hessian matrix, H, of the quadratic objective function.

>

Define the matrix A, the coefficient matrix for the linear inequality con-
straints.

>

Define the column vector b, the linear inequality constraints.

>
Figure 4.9: Optimization Assistant Plotter Window The QPSolve command solves quadratic programs.

For information on the algorithms used to solve optimization problems, refer >
to the ?Optimization/Methods help page.

Large Optimization Problems

The Optimization Assistant accepts input in an algebraic form. You can
specify input in other forms, described in the ?Optimization/InputForms Note: For information on creating matrices and vectors (including how to
help page, in command calling sequences. use the Matrix palette to easily create matrices), see Linear Al-
gebra (page 133).
 4.6 Statistics • 171 172 • 4 Mathematical Computations

For additional information on performing efficient computations, refer to supports many discrete distributions, including the Bernoulli, geometric,
the ?Optimization/Computation help page. and Poisson distributions.

MPS(X) File Support For a complete list of distributions, refer to the ?Statistics/Distributions
help page.
To import linear programs from a standard MPS(X) data file, use the Import-
You can define random variables by specifying a distribution in a call to the
MPS command.
RandomVariable command.
Additional Information >
For a complete list of commands and other Optimization package informa-
tion, refer to the ?Optimization help page. >

Find the probability distribution function for X. (For information on statistics

4.6 Statistics computations, see Statistical Computations (page 173)).
The Statistics package is a collection of commands and the point-and-click >
Data Analysis Assistant—refer to the ?Statistics[InteractiveDataAnalysis]
help page—for performing computations in mathematical statistics and data
analysis. The package supports a wide range of common statistical tasks in-
cluding quantitative and graphical data analysis, simulation, and curve fitting.

In addition to standard data analysis tools, the Statistics package provides represents the Dirac delta function. For more information, refer to the
a wide range of symbolic and numeric tools for computing with random
?Dirac help page.
variables. The package supports over 35 major probability distributions and
can be extended to include new distributions. Adding Custom Distributions

Probability Distributions and Random Variables To add a new distribution, specify a probability distribution in a call to the
Distribution command.
The Statistics package supports:

• Continuous distributions, which are defined along the real line by prob-
ability density functions. Maple supports many continuous distributions, >
including the normal, Student-t, Laplace, and logistic distributions.
• Discrete distributions, which have nonzero probability only at discrete
points. A discrete distribution is defined by a probability function. Maple
To construct a piecewise-continuous function in 1-D Math, use the piecewise
command, for example, t -> piecewise(t < 0, 0, t < 3, 1/3, 0).
 4.6 Statistics • 173 174 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Define a new random variable with this distribution. • Specify the 'numeric' option.

> >

Example 2
Compute the hazard rate of the Cauchy distribution with location and scale
parameters a and b at an arbitrary point t.
Calculate the mean value of the random variable.
>
>

For more information, refer to the ?Statistics/Distributions help page.

You can specify a value for the point t.
Statistical Computations
In addition to basic functions, like mean, median, standard deviation, and >
percentile, the Statistics package contains commands that compute, for ex-
ample, the interquartile range and hazard rate.

Examples

Example 1
Compute the average absolute range from the interquartile of the Rayleigh
distribution with scale parameter 3. You can also specify that Maple compute the result numerically.

> >

To compute the result numerically:

 4.6 Statistics • 175 176 • 4 Mathematical Computations

For more information, refer to the ?Statistics/DescriptiveStatistics help

page.

Plotting
You can generate statistical plots using the visualization commands in the
Statistics package. Available plots include:
• Bar chart
• Frequency plot
• Histogram
• Pie Chart
• Scatter Plot

For example, create a scatter plot for a distribution of points that vary from

by a small value determined by a normally distributed sample.

For information on plotting options, such as title, see Plots and Anima-
tions (page 187).
>
To fit a curve to the data points, include the optional fit equation parameter.
> Using the plots[display] command, create a plot that contains the:

> • Scatter plot of the data points

• Quartic polynomial fitted to the data points:
>

• Function
>
>
 4.6 Statistics • 177 178 • 4 Mathematical Computations

> 4.7 Teaching and Learning with

Maple
Table 4.10 resources for instructors and students. For additional resources
> see Table 4.1 (page 121).

Table 4.10: Student and Instructor Resources

Resource Description
Student Packages and Tutors The Student package contains computational and visual-
ization (plotting and animation) functionality, and
point-and-click interfaces for explaining and exploring
concepts (Tools>Tutors). For more information, refer to
the ?Student help page.
Mathematics and Engineering The Maple Help System has an integrated dictionary of
Dictionary over 5000 mathematics and engineering terms. You can
search the dictionary using the Help System search engine.
(Help>Manuals, Dictionary, and more>Dictionary)

Maple Application CenterTM The Maple Application Center contains tutorials and ap-
plications that help instructors begin using Maple and use
Maple in the classroom. Browse the many resources in
the Education and Education PowerTools categories.
(http://www.maplesoft.com/applications)

For more information on statistical plots, refer to the ?Statistics/Visualization

help page.

For an overview of plotting, see Plots and Animations (page 187).

Additional Information
For more information on the Statistics package, including regression analysis,
estimation, data manipulation, and data smoothing, refer to the ?Statistics
help page.
 4.7 Teaching and Learning with Maple • 179 180 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Resource Description

Maple Student CenterTM The Maple Student Center contains tutorials and applica-
tions that help students learn how to use Maple, explore
mathematical concepts, and solve problems. Available
resources include:
• Study guides - Complete lessons with examples for
academic courses, including precalculus and calculus.
For example, the Interactive Precalculus Study Guide
contains worked problems, each solved as in a stand-
ard textbook, using Maple commands and custom
Maplet graphical interfaces.
• Free course lessons for many subjects including pre-
calculus to vector calculus; high school, abstract, and
linear algebra; engineering; physics; differential
equations; cryptography; and classical mechanics.
(http://www.maplesoft.com/academic/students)

Student Packages and Tutors

The Student package is a collection of subpackages for teaching and learning
mathematics and related subjects. The Student package contains packages
for a variety of subjects, including precalculus, calculus, and linear algebra.
Figure 4.10: Student[Calculus1] Derivatives Tutor
Instructors can:

• Teach concepts without being distracted by the mechanics of the compu- Students can:
tations. • Perform step-by-step computations, for example, compute a derivative
• Create examples and quickly update them during a lesson to demonstrate by applying differentiation rules using commands or a tutor
different cases or show the effect of the variation of a parameter. (Tools>Tutors>Calculus - Single Variable>Differentiation Methods).
See Figure 4.11.
• Create plots and animations to visually explain concepts, for example,
the geometric relationship between a mathematical function and its de- • Perform computations.
rivatives (Tools>Tutors>Calculus - Single Variable>Derivatives). See • Visually explore concepts.
Figure 4.10.
 4.7 Teaching and Learning with Maple • 181 182 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Maple inserts the Student[MultivariateCalculus][GradientTutor]() calling

sequence (in Worksheet mode), and launches the Multivariate Calculus
Gradient Tutor.

By rotating the three-dimensional plot, you can show that the gradient points
in the direction of greatest increase of the surface (see Figure 4.12) and show
the direction of the gradient vector in the x-y plane (see Figure 4.13).

Figure 4.11: Student[Calculus1] Differentiation Methods Tutor

Tutors provide point-and-click interfaces to the Student package functional-

ity. Figure 4.12: Multivariate Calculus Gradient Tutor

To launch a tutor:

1. From the Tools menu, select Tutors.

2. Select a subject, for example, Calculus - Multi-Variable.

3. Select a tutor, for example, Gradients.

 4.7 Teaching and Learning with Maple • 183 184 • 4 Mathematical Computations

Many Student package commands can return a value, mathematical expres-

sion, plot, or animation. This allows you to compute the final answer, see
Figure 4.13: Multivariate Calculus Gradient Tutor Showing x-y Plane
the general formula applied to a specific problem, or visualize the underlying
concepts.
When you close the tutor, Maple inserts the 3-D plot.
For example, the Student[VectorCalculus][LineInt] (line integral) command
> can return the following.

• Plot that visually indicates the vector field, path of integration, and tangent
vectors to the path
• Unevaluated line integral
• Numeric value of the line integral

>

>
 4.7 Teaching and Learning with Maple • 185 186 • 4 Mathematical Computations

For more information on the Student package, refer to the ?Student help
page.

>

(4.4)

To evaluate the integral returned by the output = integral calling sequence,

use the value command.

>

By default, the LineInt command returns the value of the integral.

>
 188 • 5 Plots and Animations

5 Plots and Animations Section

Analyzing Plots - Plot analyzing tools
Topics
• Point Probe
Maple can generate many forms of plots, allowing you to visualize a problem • Rotate
and further understand concepts. • Pan
• Maple accepts explicit, implicit, and parametric forms to display 2-D • Zoom
and 3-D plots and animations.
Creating Animations - Interactive and command- • Interactive Plot Builder
• Maple recognizes many coordinate systems. driven methods to display animations
• The plots[animate] Command
• All plot regions in Maple are active; therefore, you can drag expressions
to and from a plot region. Playing Animations - Tools to run animations • Animation Context Bar
Customizing Animations - Methods for applying • Interactive Plot Builder Animation
• Maple offers numerous plot options, such as axes styles, title, colors,
plot options before and after an animation dis- Options
shading options, surface styles, and axes ranges, which give you complete plays • Context Menu Options
control to customize your plots.
• The animate Command Options

5.1 In This Chapter Exporting - Methods for exporting plots • Saving Plots to File Formats
Section Topics Code for Color Plates - Information on color • Accessing Code for the Color Plates
plates
Creating Plots - Interactive and command-driven • Interactive Plot Builder
methods to display 2-D and 3-D plots • Context Menu
• Dragging to a Plot Region 5.2 Creating Plots
• The plot and plot3d Commands
Maple offers several methods to easily plot an expression. These methods
• The plots Package
include:
• Multiple Plots in the Same Plot Re-
gion • The Interactive Plot Builder
• Context menus
Customizing Plots - Methods for applying plot • Interactive Plot Builder Options • Dragging to a plot region
options before and after a plot displays • Context Menu Options
• Commands
• The plot and plot3d Command Op-
tions Each method offers a unique set of advantages. The method you use depends
on the type of plot to display, as well as your personal preferences.

187
 5.2 Creating Plots • 189 190 • 5 Plots and Animations

Interactive Plot Builder Table 5.1: Windows of the Interactive Plot Builder
1. Specify Expressions window 2. Select Plot Type window
The Interactive Plot Builder is a point-and-click interface to the Maple
plotting functionality. The interface displays plot types based on the expres-
sion you specify. The available plot types include plots, interactive plots,
animations, or interactive animations. Depending on the plot type you select,
you can create a:
• 2-D / 3-D plot
• 2-D / 3-D conformal plot of a complex-valued function
• 2-D / 3-D complex plot
• 2-D density plot
• 2-D gradient vector-field plot
• 2-D implicit plot

Using the Interactive Plot Builder, you can:

1. Specify Expressions window - Add, edit, or remove expressions and
(1) Specify the plotting domain before you launch the graph variables. Once finished, you can advance to the Select Plot Type window.
(2) Specify the endpoints of the graph as symbolic, for example, Pi, sqrt(2) 2. Select Plot Type window - Select the plot type and corresponding plot,
and edit the ranges. Once finished, you can display the plot or advance to
(3) Select different kinds of graphs such as animations, and interactive with
the Plot Options window.
slider control of the parameter, that is, customize and display a plot by select-
ing from the numerous plot types and applying plot options without any
knowledge of plotting command syntax

(4) Apply the discont=true option for a discontinuous graph

The output from the Interactive Plot Builder is a plot of the expression or
the command used to generate the plot in the document.

To launch the Interactive Plot Builder:

• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then Plot Builder. Note:
The Tools menu also offers tutors to easily generate plots in several
academic subjects. For more information, see Teaching and Learning
with Maple (page 178).
 5.2 Creating Plots • 191 192 • 5 Plots and Animations

3. Plot Options window Example 1 - Display a plot of a single variable expression

Maple can display two-dimensional graphs and offers numerous plot options
such as color, title, and axes styles to customize the plot.

Table 5.2: Displaying a Plot of a Single Variable Expression

Step Details
Launch the Interactive Plot 1. Ensure the cursor is in a Maple input region.
Builder.
2. From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then

Plot Builder.

Notes: 1. Maple inserts plots[interactive](); in the

Maple document. Entering this command

at the Maple prompt also invokes the Plot

Builder.

2. Interaction with the document is disabled

while the Plot Builder is running.

Enter an expression. 1. In the Specify Expressions window:

a. Add the expression, sin(x)/x.

b. Click Done to proceed to the Select Plot Type

3. Plot Options window - Apply plot options. Once finished, you can display window.
the plot or return the command that generates the plot to the document.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 193 194 • 5 Plots and Animations

Step Details Table 5.3: Displaying a Plot of Multiple Expressions of 1 Variable

Plot the expression. 1. In the Select Plot Type window, notice the default Step Details
Launch the Interactive Plot 1. Launch the Interactive Plot Builder.
setting of a 2-D plot type and an x axis range, -10 .. 10.
Builder and enter the expres-
sions. The Plot Builder accepts expressions and performs basic
Notice also the various plot types available for this
calculations on expressions. For example, entering
expression.
diff(sin(x^2), x) in the Specify Expression window
2. Click Plot.
performs the calculation and displays the expression

as 2*cos(x^2)*x in the Expression group box.

2. In the Specify Expressions window:

a. In three separate steps, add the expressions

sin(x^2), diff(sin(x^2),x), and int(sin(x^2), x).

Change the x-axis range. In the Select Plot Type window:

a. Change the x Axis range to -3 .. 3.

b. Click Options to proceed to the Plot Options

To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple commands
from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder (page 207) window.

Example 2 - Display a plot of multiple expressions of 1 variable Launch the Plot Options win- Click Command.
dow and return the plot com-
Maple can display multiple expressions in the same plot region to compare mand syntax to the document.
and contrast. The Interactive Plot Builder accepts multiple expressions.
Display the actual plot. Execute the inserted command, that is, display the plot.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 195 196 • 5 Plots and Animations

Step Details
Launch the Plot Options win- In the Select Plot Type window:
dow.
a. Notice the available plot types for an expression

with 2 variables, as well as the plot objects for

each type.

b. Click Options.

Set plot options. In the Plot Options window:

By default, Maple displays each plot in a plot region using a different color. a. From the Variables column, change the
You can also apply a line style such as solid, dashed, or dotted for each ex-
pression in the graph. For more information, refer to the ?plot/options help Range fields to 0 .. 0.05.
page. To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple com-
b. From the Labels column, enter z.
mands from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder (page 207)
c. From the Color group box, select Light
Example 3 - Display a plot of a multi-variable expression
Model, and then green-red.
Maple can display three-dimensional plots and offers numerous plot options
such as light models, surface styles, and shadings to allow you to customize d. From the Color group box, select Shading,
the plot.
and then z (grayscale).
Table 5.4: Displaying a Plot of a Multi-variable Expression
e. From the Style group box, select patch w/o
Step Details
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression (1+sin(x*y))/(x^2+y^2). grid.
Builder and enter an expression.
f. From the Miscellaneous group box, select

Grid Size, and then 40, 40.

Plot the expression. Click Plot.

 5.2 Creating Plots • 197 198 • 5 Plots and Animations

Step Details
Select a plot type. In the Select Plot Type window:

a. From the Select Plot group box, select 2-D

conformal plot of a complex-valued

expression.

b. Change the range of the z parameter to

0 .. 2+2*I.

Set plot options. In the Plot Options window:

To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple commands a. From the Axes group box, select normal.
from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder (page 207)
b. From the Miscellaneous group box, select
Example 4 - Display a conformal plot
the Grid Size drop-down menu option 30, 30.
Maple can display a conformal plot of a complex expression mapped onto
a two-dimensional grid or plotted on the Riemann sphere in 3-D. Plot the expression. Click Plot.

Table 5.5: Displaying a Conformal Plot

Step Details
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression z^3.
Builder and enter an expression.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 199 200 • 5 Plots and Animations

Example 5 - Display a plot in polar coordinates

Cartesian (ordinary) coordinates is the Maple default. Maple also supports
numerous other coordinate systems, including hyperbolic, inverse elliptic,
logarithmic, parabolic, polar, and rose in two-dimensions, and bipolar cyl-
indrical, bispherical, cylindrical, inverse elliptical cylindrical, logarithmic
cosh cylindrical, Maxwell cylindrical, tangent sphere, and toroidal in three-
dimensional plots. For a complete list of supported coordinate systems, refer
to the ?coords help page.

Table 5.6: Displaying a Plot in Polar Coordinates

Step Details To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple commands
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression 1+4*cos(4*theta). from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder (page 207)
Builder and enter an expression.
Example 6 - Interactive Plotting
Change the x-axis range. In the Select Plot Type window:
Using the Interactive Plot Builder, you can plot an expression with several
a. Change the x axis range to 0 .. 8*Pi.
of its variables set to numeric values. The Interactive Parameter window
allows you to interactively adjust these numeric values within specified
Set plot options. In the Plot Options window: ranges to observe their effect.
a. From the Coordinate System group box,

select polar.

b. From the Color group box drop down menu,

select magenta.

Plot the expression. Click Plot.

 5.2 Creating Plots • 201 202 • 5 Plots and Animations

Steps Details
Select a plot type. In the Select Plot Type window:

a. From the Select Plot group box, select

Interactive Plot with 1 parameter.

b. Change the range of the x-axis to 0 .. 5.

c. Change the t range to 0 .. 10.

d. Click Plot to launch the Interactive Parameter

window.

Note: To apply plot options before interactively adjusting

the plot, click Options to launch the Plot Options window.

After setting the plot options, click Plot to display the

Interactive Parameter window.

Adjust the plot. 1. To adjust the numeric values, use the slider.
Figure 5.1: Interactive Parameter Window 2. Click Done to return the plot to the Maple document.

Table 5.7: Interactive Plotting

Steps Details
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression x+3*sin(x*t).
Builder and enter an expres-
sion.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 203 204 • 5 Plots and Animations

By invoking the Interactive Plot Builder through the context menu, the
expression automatically passes to the builder and Maple does not display
the Specify Expression window.

One advantage of using the context menu is the simplicity of creating an

expression using menus. By using this method, you do not need any know-
ledge of plot command syntax.

1. Enter and evaluate an expression, for example,

2. Right-click (Control-click for Macintosh) the expression.

3. From the context menu, select Plots > 3-D Plot > x,y.

To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple commands
from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder (page 207)
For information on customizing plots using the Interactive Plot Builder,
refer to Customizing Plots : Interactive Plot Builder Options (page 215).

Context Menu
A context menu in Maple displays a list of commands to manipulate, display,
or calculate using a Maple expression. The commands in the menu depend
on the type of the expression. To display the context menu for a Maple ex-
pression, right-click (for Macintosh, Control-click) the expression.

For expressions, the context menu lists:

• 2-D or 3-D plot
• 2-D or 3-D implicit plot
• Interactive Plot Builder

based on the expression selected.

 5.2 Creating Plots • 205 206 • 5 Plots and Animations

>

For information on customizing plots using the context menu, see Context
Menu Options (page 216).

Dragging to a Plot Region

To use the drag-and-drop method, use the plot region created by one of the
other methods or insert an empty plot region into the document. Empty plot
regions can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Advantages of the drag-and-drop method include the ease of adding and re-
moving plots and the independence from plotting command syntax.

1. From the Insert menu, select Plot, and then 2D.

2. Enter the expression sin(x) in an input region.

3. Select the full expression in the input region and drag it into the plot region.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using the following expressions: sin(2*x), sin(x+2),

and sin(x)^2.

5. To remove an expression from the plot region, drag-and-drop the expres-

sion plot from the plot region to a Maple input region.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 207 208 • 5 Plots and Animations

Example 2 - Display a plot of multiple expressions of 1 variable

To display multiple expressions in a plot, include the expressions in a list.
To enter and use the Expression palette. For more

information, see Entering Expressions (page 10).

>

The plot and plot3d Commands Example 3 - Display a plot of a multi-variable expression

The final method for creating plots is entering plotting commands.

>
The main advantages of using plotting commands are the availability of all
Maple plot structures and the greater control over the plot output. Plot options
are discussed in Customizing Plots (page 215).
Example 4 - Display a conformal plot
Table 5.8: The plot and plot3d Commands
plot(plotexpression, x=a..b, ...) A collection of specialized plotting routines are available in the plots package.
plot3d(plotexpression, x=a..b, y=a..b, ...) For access to a single command in a package, use the long form of the
• plotexpression - expression to be plotted
command.
• x=a..b - name and horizontal range
>
• y=a..b - name and vertical range
Example 5 - Display a plot in polar coordinates
Maple commands from Creating Plots: Interactive Plot Builder
>
The following examples show the plotting commands returned by the ex-
amples in Interactive Plot Builder (page 189). Example 6 - Interactive Plotting
Example 1 - Display a plot of a single variable expression >

> For more information on the plot options described in this section, refer to
the ?plot/options and ?plot3d/options help pages.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 209 210 • 5 Plots and Animations

Display a Parametric Plot

>
Some graphs cannot be specified explicitly. In other words, you cannot write
the dependent variable as a function of the independent variable, y=f(x). One
solution is to make both the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate depend upon
a parameter.

>

The plots Package

Display a 3-D Plot The plots package contains numerous plot commands for specialized plotting.
Maple can plot an expression of two variables as a surface in three-dimen- This package includes: animate, contourplot, densityplot, fieldplot, ode-
sional space. To customize the plot, include plot3d options in the calling plot, matrixplot, spacecurve, textplot, and tubeplot. For details about this
sequence. For a list of plot options, see The plot and plot3d Options (page 219). package, refer to the ?plots help page.

>

The pointplot Command

To plot numeric data, use the pointplot command in the plots package with
the data organized in a list of lists structure of the form [[x1, y1], [x2, y2],
..., [xn, yn]]. By default, Maple does not connect the points. To draw a line
through the points, use the style = line option. For further analysis of data
points, use the Curve Fitting Assistant, (Tools>Assistants>CurveFitting)
which fits and plots a curve through the points. For more information, refer
to the ?CurveFitting[Interactive] help page.
 5.2 Creating Plots • 211 212 • 5 Plots and Animations

>

The matrixplot Command >

The matrixplot command plots the values of a plot object of type Matrix.
The matrixplot command accepts options such as heights and gap to control
the appearance of the plot. For more information on Matrices, see Linear
Algebra (page 133).

>

>

>
 5.2 Creating Plots • 213 214 • 5 Plots and Animations

>

The contourplot Command

The contourplot command generates a topographical map for an expression
or function. To create a smoother, more precise plot, increase the number of
points using the numpoints option.
The display Command
>
To display different types of plots in the same plot region, use the display
command in the plots package.

This example plots a curve over a hill with the shadow of the curve projected
onto the hill.

>

>

>
Multiple Plots in the Same Plot Region
List of Expressions >

To display multiple expressions in the same plot region, enter the expressions >
in a list data structure. To distinguish the surfaces, apply different shading
options, styles, or colors to each surface. Maple can draw curves in three-dimensional space.
 5.3 Customizing Plots • 215 216 • 5 Plots and Animations

> Table 5.9: Customizing Plots Using Interactive Plot Builder

Steps Details
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression 2*x^5-10*x^3+6*x-1. For information
>
Builder and enter the expres- on interacting with the Interactive Plot Builder, see Ex-
sion. ample 1 - Display a plot of a single variable expres-
> sion (page 192)
Set the x-axis range. In the Select Plot Type window, change the x-axis range to
> -2 .. 2.
Set plot options. In the Plot Options window:

a. From the Line group box, select dot.

b. From the Color group box, select blue.

c. From the Axes group box, select frame.

d. From the Title group box, enter My Plot in the

text field.
Now that you have seen how easy it is to incorporate a plot into your work,
the next section illustrates how to customize plots. Plot the expression. Click Plot.

5.3 Customizing Plots

Maple provides many plot options to display the most aesthetically pleasing,
illustrative results. Plot options include line styles, colors, shadings, axes
styles, and titles where applicable. Plot options are applied using the Inter-
active Plot Builder, the context menus, or as options in the command syntax.

Interactive Plot Builder Options

The Interactive Plot Builder offers most of the plot options available in
Maple in an easy-to-use interface. Context Menu Options
Using the context menu, you can alter a plot by right-clicking (for Macintosh,
Control-clicking) the plot output. You can also access a large subset of plot
 5.3 Customizing Plots • 217 218 • 5 Plots and Animations

options using the Plot toolbar and Plot menu options. These menus display Steps Details
when a plot region is selected. Regardless of the method used to insert a plot Change the color. Place the mouse pointer on the curve and right-click (Con-
into Maple, you can use the context menu to apply different plot options. trol-click, for Macintosh). Note: The curve is selected when
For a list of options available when plotting in two and three dimensions, it becomes highlighted. Select Color, and then Green.
see The plot and plot3d Options (page 219).
Change the line style. Select Style, and then Point.

2-D Plot Options

3-D Plot Options
Some plots do not display as you would expect using default option values.
A expression with a singularity is one such example. By default, Maple displays the graph as a shaded surface and scales the plot
to fit the window. To change these options, use the context menu.
>
>

In the previous plot, all interesting details of the plot are lost because there
is a singularity at x = 1. The solution is to view a narrower range, for example,
Maple has many preselected light source configurations.
from y = 0 to 7.
Table 5.11: Customizing 3-D Plots Using the Context Menu
Table 5.10: Customizing 2-D Plots Using the Context Menu
Steps Details
Steps Details
Change the style. Right-click the plot region. Select Style, and then Patch
Alter the y-axis range. 1. Right-click the plot region. Select Axes, and then Range. (Without Grid).
2. In the Axes Ranges dialog, in the y group box, select the
bottom radio button and enter 0 and 7 in the text regions Apply a light scheme. Select Lighting, and then Light Scheme 1.
provided. Change the color. Select Color, and then Z (Grayscale).
 5.3 Customizing Plots • 219 220 • 5 Plots and Animations

Steps Details Option Description

Change the axes style. Select Axes, and then Boxed. shading (3-D) Defines how the surface is colored, one of: xyz, xy, z, zgrayscale,
zhue, or none
Alter the glossiness. Select Glossiness. Using the slider, adjust the level of
glossiness. style Defines how the surface is to be drawn, one of: line, point, polygon,
or polygonoutline for 2-D plots; contour, point, surface, surfacecon-
tour, surfacewireframe, wireframe, or wireframeopaque for 3-D
The plot and plot3d Options plots

If you are using commands to insert a plot, you can specify plot options as symbol Defines the symbol for points in the plot, one of: asterisk, box, circle,
cross, diagonalcross, diamond, point, solidbox, solidcircle, or
arguments at the end of the calling sequence. You can specify the options soliddiamond for 2-D plots; asterisk, box, circle, cross, diagonal-
in any order. Applying plot options in the command syntax offers a few more cross, diamond, point, solidsphere, or sphere for 3-D plots
options and greater control than what is available in the Interactive Plot
title Defines a title for the plot
Builder and context menus.
thickness Defines the thickness of lines in the plot
Table 5.12: Popular Plot Options
transparency (3-D) Controls the transparency of the plot surface
Option Description
view Defines the minimum and maximum coordinate values of the curve
axes Defines the type of axes, one of: boxed, frame, none, or normal displayed on the screen

caption Defines the caption for the plot

For a complete list of plot options, refer to the ?plot/options and
color Defines a color for the curves to be plotted ?plot3d/options help pages.
font Defines the font for text objects in the plot
glossiness (3-D) Controls the amount of light reflected from the surface
gridlines (2-D) Defines gridlines in the plot
lightmodel (3-D) Controls the light model to illuminate the plot, one of: none, light1,
light2, light3, or light4
linestyle Defines the dash pattern used to render lines in the plot, one of: dash,
dashdot, dot, or solid
legend (2-D) Defines a legend for the plot
numpoints Controls the minimum total number of points generated
scaling Controls the scaling of the graph, one of: constrained or uncon-
strained
 5.3 Customizing Plots • 221 222 • 5 Plots and Animations

> 5.4 Analyzing Plots

Point Probe, Rotate, Pan, and Zoom Tools
To gain further insight into a plot, Maple offers various tools to analyze plot
regions. These tools are available in the Plot menu menu, Context Bar and
in the context menu under Transform when the plot region is selected.

Table 5.13: Plot Analysis Options

Name Icon Description
Point probe Display the coordinates corresponding to the cursor position on a
(2-D) two-dimensional plot in the context bar (upper left-hand corner)

Rotate Rotate a three-dimensional plot to see it from a different point of

(3-D) view
To create a smoother or more precise plot, calculate more points using the Pan Pan the plot by changing the view ranges for 2-D plots. Smartplots
numpoints option. will resample to reflect the new view. Change the position of the
plot in the plot region for 3-D plots

> Zoom Zoom into or out of the plot by changing the view ranges for 2-D
plots. Smartplots will resample to reflect the new view. Make the
plot larger or smaller in the plot window for 3-D plots

5.5 Creating Animations

Plotting is an excellent way to represent information. Animations allow you
to emphasize certain graphical behavior, such as the deformation of a boun-
cing ball, clearer then in a static plot. A Maple animation is a number of plot
frames displayed in sequence, similar to the action of movie frames. To
create an animation, use the Interactive Plot Builder or commands.
 5.5 Creating Animations • 223 224 • 5 Plots and Animations

Interactive Plot Builder Steps Details

Plot the expression. Click Plot.
Table 5.14: Creating Animations Using the Interactive Plot Builder
Steps Details >
Launch the Interactive Plot Add the expression sin(i*sqrt(x^2+y^2)/10). For information
Builder and enter the expres- on interacting with the Interactive Plot Builder, see Example
sion. 1 - Display a plot of a single variable expression (page 192).
Set axes and animation In the Select Plot Type window:
parameter range.
a. From the Select Plot Type drop-down menu,

select Animation.

b. Change the x Axis range to -6 .. 6.

c. Change the y Axis range to -6 .. 6.

d. Change the Animation Parameter (i) range to

1 .. 30. For information on playing the animation, see Playing Animations (page 226).
To see the Maple syntax used to generate this plot, see Maple Syntax for
Set plot options. In the Plot Options window: Creating Animations: Interactive Plot Builder Example (page 225).

a. From the Style group box, select Surface. The plots[animate] Command
b. From the Color group box, in the Light Model You can also use the animate command, in the plots package, to generate
drop-down menu select red-turquoise.
animations.

b. From the Color group box, in the Shading

drop-down menu select z (grayscale).

c. In the View group box, select the Constrained

Scaling check box.

 5.5 Creating Animations • 225 226 • 5 Plots and Animations

Table 5.15: The animate Command

animate(plotcommand, plotarguments, t=a..b, ...)
animate(plotcommand, plotarguments, t=L, ...)
• plotcommand - Maple procedure that generates a 2-D or 3-D plot
• plotarguments - arguments to the plot command
• t=a..b - name and range of the animation parameter
• t=L - name and list of real or complex constants

To access the command, use the short form name after invoking the For more information on the animate command, refer to the ?plots[animate]
with(plots) command. help page.
>
5.6 Playing Animations
Maple Syntax for Creating Animations: Interactive Plot Builder
Example Animation Context Bar
The following example shows the plotting command returned by the example To run the animation, click the plot to display the Animate context bar.
in Interactive Plot Builder (page 223).
Table 5.16: Animation Options
Name Icon Description
>
Previous View the previous
Frame frame in the animation.
Stop Stop the animation.
Animate a 2-D plot
Play Play the selected anim-
> ation.
Next Frame View the next frame in
the animation.
 5.6 Playing Animations • 227 228 • 5 Plots and Animations

Name Icon Description

5.7 Customizing Animations
Current Slider control for
Frame viewing individual The display options that are available for static plots are also available for
frames of an animated Maple animations.
plot. The frame speed
in frames per second
(FPS) is displayed Interactive Plot Builder Animation Options
when increasing or de-
creasing the animation Using the Interactive Plot Builder, you can apply various plot options
speed of a plot. within the Plot Options window. See the Interactive Plot Builder (page 223)
Forward • Forward - Play the example.
Oscillate animation forward.
Backward • Oscillate - Play the Context Menu Options
animation forward
and backward. As with static plots, you can apply plot options to the animation by right-
• Backward - Play clicking (for Macintosh, Control-clicking) the animation output.
the animation
backward. >

Single • Single - Run the

Continuous animation in single >
cycle mode. The
animation is dis-
played only once.
• Continuous - Run
the animation in
continuous mode.
The animation re-
peats until you stop
it.

Frames per Set the animation to

second play at a faster or
slower speed.

You can also run the animation using the context menu or the Plot menu.
 5.7 Customizing Animations • 229 230 • 5 Plots and Animations

Table 5.17: Customizing Animations Using the Context Menu

5.8 Exporting
Step Details
Change the line style Right-click the plot region. Select Style, and then Point.
You can export a generated graph or animation to an image in various file
formats, including DXF, EPS, GIF, JPEG/JPG, POV, Windows BMP, and
Remove the axes Select Axes, and then None. WMF. Exporting an animation to GIF produces an animated image file. The
exported images can be included in presentations, Web pages, Microsoft
The animate Command Options Word, or other software.

The animate command offers a few options that are not available for static To export an image:
plots. Refer to the ?animate help page for information on these additional
1. Right-click the plot region (for Macintosh, Control-click).
options. By default, a two-dimensional animation consists of sixteen plots
(frames) and a three-dimensional animation consists of eight plots (frames). 2. Select Export and the file format.
To create a smoother animation, increase the number of frames using the
frames option. Alternatively:

Note: Computing more frames increases time and memory requirements. 1. Click the plot.

2. From the Plot menu, select Export, and then the file format.
>
Maple has various plot drivers. By setting the plotdevice, a file can be
> automatically created without returning the image to the document. For more
information, refer to the ?plotdevice help page.

5.9 Code for Color Plates

Generating impressive graphics in Maple can require only a few lines of
code, as shown by the examples in this chapter. However, other graphics
require many lines of code. Code for the color plates is available at the Maple
Application Center.

From the Help menu, select Manuals, Dictionary, and more, On the Web,
and then Application Center.

To access the color plate code:

1. Go to the Maple Application Center.

2. Search for Color Plates.

 232 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

6 Creating Mathematical 6.1 In This Chapter

Section Topics
Documents Document Formatting - Add various • Quick Character Formatting
formatting elements • Quick Paragraph Formatting
Maple allows you to create powerful documents as business and education
tools, technical reports, presentations, assignments, and handouts. • Copy and Paste
• Sections
You can:
• Displaying Hidden Formatting Attributes
• Place instructions and equations side by side • Indentation and the Tab Key
• Format text for reports or course material • Character and Paragraph Styles

• Insert hyperlinks to other Maple files, Web sites, or email addresses • Document Blocks
• Typesetting
• Insert images, tables, and symbols
• Using Tables for Layout
• Generate two- and three-dimensional plots and animations • Formatting Lists: Bullets, Numbers, Indent
• Sketch in the document • Bookmarks
• Copy, cut, and paste information • Inserting Images

• Bookmark specific areas • Show or Hide Document Content

• Easily update, revise, and distribute your documents

This User Manual was written using Maple.

Embedded Components - Insert • Adding Graphical Interface Components
buttons, sliders, and more in your • Editing Component Properties
document
• Removing Graphical Interface Components
• Example Component Properties
• Printing and Exporting with Embedded Compon-
ents

Creating Graded Assignments - • Creating a Question

Create documents for automated • Viewing Questions in Maple
testing and assessment
• Saving Test Content

231
 6.2 Document Formatting • 233 234 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Section Topics To modify text:

Auto-execute - Execute selected re- • Setting the Auto-Execute Feature 1. In the document, select the text to modify.
gions of your document • Removing the Auto-Execute Setting
2. From the Format menu, select Character, and then the appropriate feature.
• Repeating Auto-Execution
• Security Levels Alternatively, use the context bar icons.

Canvas- Sketch an idea in the docu- • Insert a Canvas

ment by inserting a canvas • Font Color Context Bar Icon
• Drawing
• Canvas Style
• Highlight Color Context Icon
• Erase or Clear Content
• Selection Tool For font and highlight colors, you can select from Swatches, HSB, or RGB
values. See Figure 6.1.
Spell Checking - Verify text with • How to Use the Spellcheck Utility
the Maple spell checking utility
• Selecting a Suggestion
• Spellcheck Usage and the Document
• User Dictionary

Hyperlinks - Add hyperlinks to • Inserting a Hyperlink in the Document

various sources • Linking to an Email Address, Dictionary Topic,
Help Page, Maplet Application, Web Page, or
Document

Worksheet Compatibility - Classic • Compatibility Issues

Worksheet interface does not sup-
port all Standard Worksheet inter-
face features

6.2 Document Formatting

Quick Character Formatting Figure 6.1: Select Color Dialog

The Format>Character menu provides access to the following quick

formatting features: Bold, Italic, Underline, Superscript, Subscript, font
Color, and Highlight Color.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 235 236 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Attributes Submenu: Setting Fonts, Character Size, and Attributes Attributes Submenu: Spacing, Indent, Alignment, Bullets, Line
Break, and Page Break
You can change various character attributes such as font, character size,
style, and color in one dialog. You can change various paragraph attributes in one dialog.

To modify text: • From the Format menu, select Paragraph, and then Attributes. The
Paragraph Style dialog opens. See Figure 6.3.
1. In the document, select text to modify.
• When changing spacing, you must indicate units (inches, centimeters,
2. From the Format menu, select Character, and then Attributes. The or points) in the Units drop-down list.
Character Style dialog opens. See Figure 6.2.

Figure 6.2: Character Style Dialog

Figure 6.3: Paragraph Style Dialog

Quick Paragraph Formatting
The Format>Paragraph menu provides access to the following quick Copy and Paste
alignment features: Align Left, Center, Align Right, and Justify.
You can cut, copy, and paste content in Maple documents.
To modify a paragraph:
To copy an expression, or part of an expression, to another location on
1. In the document, select the paragraph to modify. the document:
2. From the Format menu, select Paragraph, and then the appropriate fea- 1. Select the expression, or part of the expression, to copy.
ture.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 237 238 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

2. From the Edit menu, select Copy. 3. Enter the section heading.

3. Place the cursor at the insertion point. 4. Press the Enter key.

4. From the Edit menu, select Paste. 5. Enter the body of the section.
If you paste into an input region, Maple interprets all the pasted content as Using the Indent and Outdent Toolbar Icons
input. If you paste into a text region, Maple interprets all the pasted content
as text. Note, however, that 2-D Math retains its format in both input and You can shift sections to create or remove subsections.
text regions. Enclose the selection in a subsection

When you copy and paste to another application, in general, Maple retains
the original structure.
Outdent the selection

Sections
You can organize your document into sections.
Display Hidden Formatting Attributes
You can display icons that indicate the presence of hidden formatting attrib-
utes in the document, such as document block boundaries, execution groups
marked for autoexecute, and bookmarks.

To activate the marker feature:

• From the View menu, select Markers. A vertical bar is displayed along
the left pane of the document. Icons for hidden elements are displayed
Using the Insert Menu to Add Sections in the vertical bar next to the associated content in the document.

1. Place the cursor in the paragraph or execution group above the location Indentation and the Tab Key
at which to insert a new section.
The Tab icon allows you to set the Tab key to move between placeholders
• If the cursor is inside a section, Maple inserts the new section after the or to indent.
current section. Tab icon off. Allows you to move between placeholders using the Tab key.
• If the cursor is in an execution group, Maple inserts the new section after As an illustration, click the exponent button in the Expression palette. The
expression is inserted with the first placeholder highlighted. To move to
the execution group.
the next placeholder, use the Tab key.
2. From the Insert menu, select Section. An arrow marks the start of the
section.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 239 240 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

The Tab icon is disabled when using 2-D Math (Math mode), and as such, • New styles that you have created through the Style Management (Figure
the Tab key allows you to move between placeholders. 6.4) and Character Style (Figure 6.5) dialogs.
Tab icon on. Allows you to indent in the document using the Tab key. To apply a character style to text in your document:

1. Select the text to modify.

Character and Paragraph Styles 2. In the styles drop-down list in the context bar of your document, select
an appropriate character style. All character styles are preceded by the letter
Maple has predefined styles for characters and paragraphs. A style is a set C. The selected text now reflects the attributes of the character style you
of formatting characteristics that you can apply to text in your document to have chosen.
change the appearance of that text. When you apply a style, you apply a
group of formats in one simple action.
• A paragraph style controls all aspects of a paragraph's appearance, such
as text alignment, line spacing, and indentation. In Maple, each paragraph
style includes a character style.
• A character style controls text font, size, and color, and attributes, such
as bold and italic. To override the character style within a paragraph
style, you must apply a character style or character formatting. 3. (Optional) If necessary, you can remove this style. From the Edit menu,
select Undo.

Creating Character Styles

You can create custom character styles to apply to text. New styles are listed
in the styles drop-down list in the context bar of your document.

1. From the Format menu, select Styles. The Style Management dialog
opens. See Figure 6.4.

2. Click Create Character Style. The Character Style dialog opens. See
Figure 6.5.
Figure 6.4: Style Management Dialog
3. In the Style group box, enter a style name in the blank text field.
Applying Character Styles 4. Select the properties for the new character style, such as Font, Size, At-
By using the drop-down list in the document context bar, you can apply: tributes, and Color. In the Attributes group box, the Superscript and
Subscript check boxes are mutually exclusive. When you select one of the
• Existing Maple character styles.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 241 242 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

two check boxes, the other is disabled. You must clear one before selecting 4. Select the properties to modify, such as Font, Size, Attributes, and Color.
the other. In the Attributes group box, the Superscript and Subscript check boxes
are mutually exclusive. When you select one of the two check boxes, the
Note: A preview of the style is displayed in the Example group box at the other is disabled. You must clear one before selecting the other.
bottom of the Character Style dialog.
A preview of the style is displayed in the Example group box at the bottom
5. To create the style, click OK or to abandon creation, click Cancel. of the Character Style dialog.

5. To accept changes, click OK or to cancel changes, click Cancel.

Applying Paragraph Styles

By using the drop-down list in the document context bar, you can apply:
• Existing Maple paragraph styles.
• New styles that you have created through the Style Management (Figure
6.4) and Paragraph Style (Figure 6.6) dialogs.
To apply a Maple paragraph style to text in your document:

1. Select the text to modify.

2. In the styles drop-down list in the context bar of your document, select
an appropriate paragraph style. All Maple paragraph styles are preceded by
the letter P. The selected text now reflects the attributes of the paragraph
Figure 6.5: Character Style Dialog style you have chosen.

Modifying Character Styles

To modify character styles:

1. From the Format menu, select Styles. The Style Management dialog
opens. See Figure 6.4.

2. From the style list, select the style to modify.

3. (Optional) If necessary, you can remove this style. From the Edit menu,
3. Click Modify. The Character Style dialog opens with the current attributes select Undo.
displayed. See Figure 6.5.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 243 244 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Creating Paragraph Styles

You can create custom paragraph styles to apply to text. New styles are listed
in the styles drop-down list in the context bar of your document.

1. From the Format menu, select Styles. The Style Management dialog
opens. See Figure 6.4.

2. Click Create Paragraph Style. The Paragraph Style dialog opens. See
Figure 6.6.

3. In the Style group box, enter the new paragraph style name in the blank
text field.

4. In the Units drop-down list, select the units used to determine spacing
and indentation. Select from inches (in), centimeters (cm), or points (pt).

5. Select the properties to use for this paragraph style, such as Spacing, In-
dent, Justification, Bullet Style, Linebreak, and Page Break Before.

6. To add a font style, click Font. The Character Style dialog opens. For
detailed instructions, see Creating Character Styles (page 240). Figure 6.6: Paragraph Style Dialog
7. To create the style, click OK, or to abandon creation, click Cancel.
Modifying Paragraph Styles
To modify a paragraph style:

1. From the Format menu, select Styles. The Style Management dialog
opens. See Figure 6.4.

2. Select a paragraph style to modify, and click Modify. The Paragraph

Style dialog opens with the current attributes displayed.

3. Select the properties you want to modify, such as Spacing, Indent, Justi-
fication, and Bullet, Linebreak, and Units.

4. To modify the existing font style, click Font.

5. To accept changes, click OK, or to cancel changes, click Cancel.

 6.2 Document Formatting • 245 246 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Style Set Management: Saving Styles for Future Use

You can use the style set of a particular document as the default style for all
documents.

Figure 6.8: Choose Styles Dialog

3. Select all the styles that are part of your document style set. For example,
if you modified the Author paragraph style to justify left versus the default
style of centered, ensure that you have selected the Author check box in the
Choose Styles dialog.

4. Click OK. The Choose Filename dialog opens.

Figure 6.7: Style Set Management Dialog
5. Save your style set. The style is now available for future use in other
documents.
Creating and Applying Style Sets
TASK 3 - Apply a (New) Style Set:
• Task 1 - Create Styles
• Task 2 - Create a New Style Set 1. From the Format menu, select Manage Style Sets. The Style Set Man-
agement dialog opens. See Figure 6.7.
• Task 3 - Apply a (New) Style Set
2. In the Style Set Operations group box, click Apply Style Set. The Choose
TASK 1 - Create Styles: Filename dialog opens.
• Create paragraph or character styles for the current document.
3. Select the style file and click Open. The Choose Styles dialog opens. At
TASK 2 - Create a New Style Set: this point, you can overwrite all the styles in your current document with the
new style set or apply only a few.
1. From the Format menu, select Manage Style Sets. The Style Set Man-
agement dialog opens. See Figure 6.7. 4. Click OK. The style set is applied to your document.

2. In the Style Set Operations group box, click New Style Set. The Choose Reverting to a Style Set
Styles dialog opens. See Figure 6.8.
At any point, you can revert your document style set to the Default Maple
Style Set or to a User-defined Style Set.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 247 248 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

To revert to a style set: Applying Document Blocks: General Process

1. From the Format menu, select Manage Style Sets. The Style Set Man- Important: The following instructions are for Worksheet mode.
agement dialog opens.
To apply a document block to selected content:
2. In the Current Style Set group box, select the Default Maple Style Set
or User-defined Style Set. For user-defined style sets, navigate (click 1. Enter input at the Maple command prompt, creating input that can be
Browse) to the file (Choose Filename dialog) and open the file (click Open). referenced elsewhere in the document. See the ?EquationLabels help page.

3. In the Style Set Operations group box, click Revert to StyleSet. 2. Execute the area, creating output that can be referenced elsewhere in the
document.
4. In the Choose Styles dialog, select all the styles to revert, that is, overwrite
with either the Default Maple Style Set or the User-defined Style Set. 3. Intersperse the area with content that is to remain visible, adding references
to the input and output in the appropriate locations.
5. Click OK.

Document Blocks
With document blocks, you can create documents that present text and math
in formats similar to those found in business and education documents.

In a document block an input prompt or execution group is not displayed.

By hiding Maple input such that only text and results are visible, you create
a document with better presentation flow. Before using document blocks, it
is recommended that you display Markers. A vertical bar is displayed along 4. Select the entire area (text and math content) to format.
the left pane of the document. Icons representing document blocks are dis-
played in this vertical bar next to associated content. 5. From the Format menu, select Create Document Block.

To activate Markers:

• From the View menu, select Markers.

6. Select the entire area. From the View menu, select Inline Document
Output.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 249 250 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Before

The block displays text and output only. You can select areas to display input
only.

7. Select the output region you want to display as input. From the View
menu, select Toggle Input/Output Display. The selected region displays
input.

Working in Document Mode

You can work work directly in Document mode, entering text and expres-
sions, and then evaluating expressions.

To start a document in Document mode:

After
1. From the File menu, select New, and then Document Mode. A document
opens with the Document mode markers indicated in the left margin. Note
that margin markers are visible if you select View>Markers. Figure 6.9: Working in Document Mode

2. Enter text and an expression to evaluate. View Document Code

3. Select the expression and right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) to To view the contents, that is, all code and expanded execution groups within
display the context menu. a document block, you must expand the document block.
4. Click the Evaluate and Display Inline menu item. The expression is 1. Place the cursor in the document block region.
evaluated.
2. From the View menu, select Expand Document Block.
Note: Each time you press Enter, a new document block appears. Documents
consist of a series of document blocks. 3. To hide code again, select View>Collapse Document Block.

In the following figures, note how the expression is entered as part of the Expand an Execution Group within a Document Block
text and then evaluated with the context menu option Evaluate and Display
Inline. An execution group is a grouping of Maple input with its corresponding
Maple output. It is distinguished by a large square bracket at the left called
a group boundary.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 251 252 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

As document blocks can contain many execution groups, you can select to Typesetting
expand an execution group within a document block.
You can control typesetting and 2-D Math equation parsing options in the
1. Place the cursor in the document block region. Standard Worksheet interface. Extended typesetting uses a customizable set
2. From the View menu, select Expand Execution Group. of rules for displaying expressions.

3. To hide the group, select View>Collapse Execution Group. The rule-based typesetting functionality is available when Typesettinglevel
is set to Extended (Tools>Options>Display tab). This parsing functionality
Switch between Input and Output applies to 2-D Math editing (Math mode) only.

1. Place the cursor in the document block region.

2. From the View menu, select Toggle Input-Output Display.

Input is displayed in one instance, or only output is displayed. To specify rules, use the Typesetting Rule Assistant.
Inline Document • From the View menu, select Typesetting Rules. The Typesetting Rule
Assistant dialog opens.
Document blocks can display content inline, that is, text, input, and output
in one line as presented in business and education documents. For more information, see the ?Typesetting, ?TypesettingRuleAssist, and
?OptionsDialog help pages.
To display content inline:

1. Place the cursor in the document block. Using Tables for Layout
2. From the View menu, select Inline Document Output. Tables allow you to organize content in a document.

Creating a Table
To create a table:
1. From the Insert menu, select Table.

2. Specify the number of rows and columns in the table creation dialog.
3. Click OK.

The default properties for the table include visible borders and auto-adjust-
ment to 100% of the document width. These options, as well as the table
 6.2 Document Formatting • 253 254 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

dimensions, can be modified after table creation. The following is an example • Column insertion can be to the left or right of the document position
table using the default settings. marker or selection.
• Row insertion can be above or below the marker or selection.

Cell Contents Deleting Rows and Columns

Any content that can be placed into a document can also be placed into a With deleting operations using the Delete key, the Delete Table Contents
table cell, including other sections and tables. Table cells can contain a mix dialog opens allowing you to specify the desired behavior. For example, you
of: can delete the selected rows, or delete the contents of the selected cells.

• Input commands Pasting

• 2-D Math Pasting a table subselection into a table may result in the creation of additional
• Embedded components - buttons, sliders, check boxes, and more rows or columns, overwriting existing cell content, or the insertion of a
subtable within the active table cell.
• Plots
• Images Merging

Navigating Table Cells You can merge cells across row or column borders. See Figure 6.10. The
resultant cell must be rectangular. The contents of the individual cells in the
Use the Tab key to move to the next cell. merge operation are concatenated in execution order. See Figure 6.11.
Tab icon off. Allows you to move between cells using the Tab key.

Tab icon on. Allows you to indent in the table using the Tab key.

Figure 6.10: Two cells Figure 6.11: Merged Cells

Modifying the Structural Layout of a Table
The number of rows and columns in a table are modified using the Insert Modifying the Physical Dimensions of a Table
and Delete submenus in the Table menu or by using the Cut and Paste tools.
The overall width of the table can be controlled in several ways.
Inserting Rows and Columns The most direct way is to press the left mouse button (press mouse button,
Row and column insertion is relative to the table cell that currently contains for Macintosh) while hovering over the left or right table boundary and
the cursor. If the document has an active selection, insertion is relative to dragging the mouse left or right. Upon release of the mouse button, the table
the selection boundaries. boundary is updated. This approach can also be used to resize the relative
width of table columns.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 255 256 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Alternatively, the size of the table can be controlled from the Table Proper- For column alignment, the current selection is expanded to encompass all
ties dialog. Select Tables>Properties. Two sizing modes are supported. rows in the selected columns. The alignment choice applies to all cells
within the expanded selection. If the document does not contain a selection,
(1) Fixed percentage of page width. Using this option, the table width ad- the cursor position is used to identify the column.
justs whenever the width of the document changes. This option is useful for
ensuring that the entire content of the table fits in the screen or printed page. Similarly, the selection is expanded to include all columns in the selected
rows for vertical alignment options. The following table illustrates the ver-
(2) Scale with zoom factor. This option is used to preserve the size and tical alignment options. The baseline option is useful for aligning equations
layout of the table regardless of the size of the document window or the across multiple cells within a row of a table.
zoom factor. If the table exceeds the width of the document window, the
horizontal scroll bar can be used to view the rightmost columns. Note: Using
this option, tables may be incomplete when printed.

Modifying the Appearance of a Table

Table Borders
The style of exterior and interior borders is set using the Table Properties
dialog. Select Table>Properties.
• You can set all, none, or only some of the borders to be visible in a table.
• You can control the visibility of interior borders by using the Group
submenu of the Table menu.
• Grouping rows or columns suppresses interior borders within the table
selection.
• Grouping rows and columns requires that the interior border style is set Controlling the Visibility of Cell Content
by row and column group.
The Table Properties dialog includes two options to control the visibility
• Hidden borders are visible when the mouse hovers over a table. Note of cell content. These options allow control over the visibility of Maple input
that you can hide the visibility of lines on mouse pointer roll over by and execution group boundaries. Thus, Maple input can be hidden in a table
using the View>Show/Hide Contents dialog, and clearing the Hidden even if input is set to visible for the document in the View>Show/Hide
Table Borders check box. Contents dialog.

Alignment Options
The table alignment tools control the horizontal alignment of columns and
vertical alignment of rows.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 257 258 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Printing Options Tables and the Classic Worksheet

The Table Properties dialog contains options to control the placement of Tables are flattened on export to the Classic Worksheet interface. For ex-
page breaks when printing. You can fit a table on a single page, allow page ample, the following table in the Standard Worksheet appears as one column
breaks between rows, or allow page breaks within a row. in the Classic Worksheet interface.
Table in Standard Worksheet Table in Classic Worksheet
Execution Order Dependency
The order in which cells are executed is set in the Table Properties dialog.
The following tables illustrate the effect of execution order.
Row-wise execution order

> x:=1; > x:=x+1;

Examples
> > Table of Values

> x:=x+1; > x:=x+1; This example illustrates how to set the visibility options for cell contents to
display a table of values.
> y := t -> 1/2*t^2:
> >
t [s] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Column-wise execution order
y(t) [m] > y(0); > y(1); > y(2); > y(3); > y(4); > y(5); > y(6);
> x:=1; > x:=x+1;

> >
Table settings:
> x:=x+1; > x:=x+1;
In the Properties dialog (Table>Properties menu):

1. Set Table Size Mode to Scale with zoom factor.

> >
2. Hide Maple input and execution group boundaries: Clear the Show input
and Show execution group boundaries check boxes.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 259 260 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

t [s] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6. (Optional) Change Table Size Mode size option to Scale with zoom
y(t) [m]
factor.

Using the Table menu:

7. Set Alignment of columns 3 and 4 to Center.

Formatting Table Headers
2-D Math and Plots
The following table uses cell merging for formatting row and column headers,
and row and column grouping to control the visibility of cell boundaries. The following example illustrates the use of tables to display 2-D Math and
plots side by side.
By default, invisible cell boundaries are visible on mouse pointer roll over.
You can hide the visibility of lines on mouse pointer roll over by using the
View>Show/Hide Contents dialog, and clearing the Hidden Table Borders
check box.
Parameter 2
Low High
Parameter 1 Low 13 24
High 18 29

Table settings:

1. Insert a table with 4 rows and 4 columns.

Using the Table menu:

2. Merge the following sets of (Row,Column) cells: (R1,C1) to (R2,C2),

(R1,C3) to (R1,C4), and (R3,C1) to (R4,C1). Table Settings:
3. Group columns 1 and 2, and columns 3 and 4. In the Properties dialog (Table>Properties menu):
4. Group rows 1 and 2, and rows 3 and 4. 1. Set Exterior and Interior Borders to None.
In the Properties dialog (Table>Properties menu): 2. Hide Maple input and execution group boundaries: Clear the Show input
and Show execution group boundaries check boxes.
5. Set Exterior Borders to None.
Using the Table menu:
 6.2 Document Formatting • 261 262 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

3. Change row Alignment to Center. Formatting Lists: Bullets, Numbers, and Indent
Table of Mathematical Expressions Bullet, numbered, and indented lists provide an easy way to organize inform-
ation in your document.
This example illustrates using the baseline alignment option to align equations
across columns in a table. Formatting Lists Using the Context Bar
f(x)

To arrange content in a bullet list using the context bar drop-down list:

1. Select the text to be arranged.

2. In the character and paragraph style drop-down list, select P Bullet Item.
The selected text is displayed as a (dot) bullet list.

To arrange content in a numbered list using the context bar drop-down

list:
Table Settings:
1. Select the text to be arranged.
In the Properties dialog (Table>Properties menu):
2. In the character and paragraph style drop-down list, select P Ordered
1. Set Exterior Border to Top and Bottom. List 1. The selected text is displayed as a numbered list.
Using the Table menu: Ordered lists have 5 default styles. See Figure 6.12. List 1 begins at the left
2. Group columns 1 and 2. margin. By default, subsequent lists are indented half an inch. To change
the default, see Modifying Paragraph Styles (page 244). The numbering style
3. Group rows 2 to 4. uses numbers, lowercase letters, lowercase roman numerals, uppercase letters,
uppercase Roman numerals.
4. Set row Alignment to Baseline for all rows.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 263 264 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

5. To continue numbering this list from a previous list in your document,

select the Linked to Previous List check box.

6. Click OK to accept this style.

Bookmarks
Use a bookmark to designate a location in an active document. This bookmark
can then be accessed from other regions in your document or by using hyper-
links in other documents.

To display bookmark formatting icons, activate the Marker feature.

• From the View menu, select Markers.
Figure 6.12: Ordered List Styles

To arrange content in an indented list using the context bar drop-down

list:

1. Select the text to be arranged.

2. In the character and paragraph style drop-down list, select P List Item.
Inserting, Renaming, and Deleting a Bookmark
The selected text is displayed as an indented list.
To insert a bookmark:
Formatting Lists Using the Paragraph Style Dialog
1. Place the cursor at the location at which to place the bookmark.
With the Paragraph Style dialog, you can select various list styles: dot,
dash, indent, numbers, lowercase letters, uppercase letters, lowercase Roman 2. From the Format menu, select Bookmarks. The Bookmark dialog opens,
numerals, and uppercase Roman numerals. listing existing bookmarks in the document.

To arrange content in a list using the Paragraph Style dialog: 3. Click New. The Create Bookmark dialog opens. Enter a bookmark name
and click Create.
1. Select the text to be arranged.
4. The new bookmark appears in the Bookmark dialog list. Click OK.
2. From the Format menu, select Paragraph, and then Attributes. The
Paragraph Style dialog opens. Note: You can also rename and delete bookmarks using the Bookmark
dialog.
3. In the Bullet and Numbering drop-down list, select one of the styles.

4. If you have selected one of the numbered styles (number, letters, Roman
numerals), set an initial list value.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 265 266 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Go to a Bookmark If the source file is altered, the embedded image does not change because
the original object is pasted into the document.
You can automatically move the cursor to the location of the bookmark in
the active document. To resize an inserted image:

1. From the Edit menu, select Go To Bookmark. The Go To Bookmark 1. Click the image. Resizing anchors appear at the sides and corners of the
dialog opens with the current bookmarks listed. image.

2. Select the bookmark and click OK. The cursor moves to the bookmark. 2. Move the mouse over the resize anchor. Resizing arrows appear.

Inserting Images 3. Click and drag the image to the desired size.

Images help illustrate ideas and enhance presentations. You can insert images ImageTools Package
in your document at a cursor location or in a table. You can manipulate image data using the ImageTools package. This package
You can insert images in these file formats is a collection of utilities for reading and writing common image file formats,
into your document. and for performing basic image processing operations within Maple.
• Graphics Interchange Format - gif
• Joint Photographic Experts Group - Within Maple, images are represented as dense, rectangular Arrays of 64-
jpe, jpeg, jpg bit hardware floating-point numbers. Grayscale images are 2-D, whereas
• Portable Network Graphics - png color images are 3-D (the third dimension representing the color channels).
• Bitmap Graphics - bmp In addition to the commands in the ImageTools package, many ordinary
• Tagged Image File Format - tif, tiff, Array and Matrix operations are useful for image processing.
jfx
• Portable aNyMap - pnm For details about this feature, refer to the ?ImageTools help page.
• Kodak FlashPix - fpx
Show or Hide Worksheet Content
You can hide document elements of a specific type so that they are not visible.
To insert an image into the document at the cursor location: This does not delete them, but hides them from view. Hidden elements are
not printed or exported, but they are copied and pasted.
1. From the Insert menu, select Image. The Load Image dialog opens.
In a document, use the Show Contents dialog to hide all spreadsheets, input,
2. Specify a path or folder name. output, or graphics, plus section boundaries, execution group boundaries,
3. Select a filename. and hidden table borders on mouse pointer roll over. The dialog is accessed
from the View>Show/Hide Contents menu.
4. Click Open. The image is displayed in the document.
 6.2 Document Formatting • 267 268 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Using the Show Contents Dialog

6.3 Embedded Components
A check mark beside the item indicates that all document elements of that
type are displayed for the current document. You can embed simple graphical interface components, for example, a button,
in your document. These components can then be associated with actions
1. From the View menu, select Show/Hide Contents. The Show Contents that are to be executed. For example, the value of a slider component can be
dialog opens with all items selected for display. assigned to a document variable, or a text field can be part of an input
equation.
2. Clear the check box associated with the document components or ranges
to hide.
Adding Graphical Interface Components
By clearing the Input check box, only Maple Input and 2-D Math input, that
The graphical interface components can be inserted by using the Components
is, 2-D Math content that has been evaluated, are hidden. Clearing the
palette (Figure 6.13) or by cutting/copying and pasting existing components
Graphics check box ensures that a plot, an image, or the Canvas inserted
to another area of the document. Although copied components have the same
in the document by using the Insert menu option is also hidden.
characteristics, they are distinct.
Command Output Versus Insertion By default, palettes are displayed when you launch Maple. If palettes are
Output is considered an element that results from executing a command. not visible, use the following procedure.
Inserted components are not considered output. To view palettes:
Consider the following examples. 1. From the View menu, select Palettes.
The plot resulting from executing the plot(sin) call is considered output. 2. Select Expand Docks.
• To show a plot from the plot(sin) call, select both the Output and
Graphics check boxes in the Show Contents dialog. 3. If the Components palette is not displayed, right-click (Control-click,
for Macintosh) the palette dock. From the context menu, select Show Palette,
If you insert a plot by using the Insert menu option, that plot is not considered and then Components.
output. Therefore, if you clear the Output check box in the Show Contents
dialog, that plot will be visible in the document. You can embed the following items.

• To hide an inserted plot, clear the Graphics check box in the Show • Button, Toggle Button
Contents dialog. • Combo Box, Check Box, List Box
Inserted images and the Canvas are not considered output. As such, they • Text Area, Label
are not hidden if you clear the Output check box.
• Slider, Plot, Function
• To hide an inserted image or canvas, clear the Graphics check box in
the Show Contents dialog.
 6.3 Embedded Components • 269 270 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

Example Component Properties

The following example inserts a slider, and a label that indicates the current
value of the slider.

1. Place the cursor in the location where the embedded component is to be

inserted.

2. In the Components palette, click the Slider item. A slider is inserted into
the document.
Figure 6.13: Components Palette
3. In the Components palette, click the Label item. A label is inserted next
to the slider.
Editing Component Properties: General Process
4. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the label component. Select
To edit properties of components embedded in the document: Component Properties. The Label Properties dialog appears.

1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the component to display the 5. Name the component SliderLabel and click Ok.
context menu.
6. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the slider component. Select
2. Select Component Properties. The related dialog opens. Component Properties. The Slider Properties dialog opens.

3. Enter values and contents in the fields as necessary. 7. Name the component Slider1.

4. For actions, such as Action When Value Changes in the Slider component 8. Enter the lowest position as 0 and the highest as 100.
dialog, click Edit. A blank dialog opens allowing you to enter Maple code
that is executed when the event occurs. For details, refer to the ?Document- 9. Enter minor tick marks at 10 and major tick marks at 20.
Tools help page. 10. To define an action when the value of the slider changes, click Edit. The
Action When Value Changes dialog opens.
Removing Graphical Interface Components
11. Enter the following calling sequence and click OK to close all dialogs.
You can remove an embedded component by:
DocumentTools[SetProperty ]('SliderLabel',caption,
• Using the Delete key
DocumentTools[GetProperty] ('Slider1', 'value' ) );
• Using the Backspace key
The value from the slider as you move the arrow indicator populates the
• Placing the cursor at the component and selecting from the document
Label caption field.
menu, Edit>Delete Element
 6.4 Creating Graded Assignments • 271 272 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

For details on these commands, refer to the ?DocumentTools/SetProperty Viewing Questions in Maple
and the ?DocumentTools/GetProperty help pages.
To view and test your questions in Maple:
Printing and Exporting a Document with Embed-
• From the View menu, select Assignment. This view displays all of the
ded Components questions in your assignment with access to hints, plotting, and grading.
Printing: When printing a document, embedded components are rendered After answering your questions, you can test the grading function by clicking
as they appear on screen. the Grade button. A Maplet dialog is displayed indicating if the question
was answered correctly. If hints were provided in the question, these are also
Exporting: Exporting a document with embedded components to other
displayed.
formats produces the following results.

• HTML format - components are exported as .gif files. Saving Test Content
• RTF format - components are rendered as bitmap images in the .rtf When you save a document with test content, the authoring and assignment
document. modes determine what the user sees when opening your document.
• LaTeX - components are exported as .eps files.
• If you save the document in authoring mode (task template contents
visible), the user sees this content when opening the document.
6.4 Creating Graded Assignments • If you save the document in assignment mode, the users sees only the
You can use Maple to create graded assignments. Question types include assignment layout.
multiple choice, essay, true-or-false, fill-in-the-blanks, and Maple-graded. In both cases the View>Assignment menu is accessible. As such, users
Note: This feature can be used to create questions for Maple T.A.—an online (students) can switch between the original document contents and the dis-
automated testing and assessment system. For details about Maple T.A., see played assignment.
Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products (page 363).
6.5 Auto-Execute
Creating a Question
An execution group is a grouping of Maple input with its corresponding
To create a question: Maple output. It is distinguished by a large square bracket, called a group
boundary, at the left. An execution group may also contain any or all of the
1. Open the Task browser (Tools>Tasks>Browser).
following: a plot, a spreadsheet, and text.
2. From the Maple T.A. folder, select the appropriate question type.
3. Insert the question template into a document. Execution groups are the fundamental computation and documentation ele-
ments in the document. If you place the cursor in an input command and
4. Enter the question content as described in the template. press the Enter or Return key, Maple executes all of the input commands
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each question to add to the document. in the current execution group.
 6.5 Auto-Execute • 273 274 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

The Autoexecute feature allows you to designate regions of a document for

automatic execution. These regions are executed when the document opens.
6.6 Canvas
This is useful when sharing documents. Important commands can be executed Maple allows you to sketch an idea in a canvas, draw on plots, or even draw
as soon as the user opens your document. The user is not required to execute on images. See Figure 6.14. For details about the drawing feature, see the
all commands. Maple help system.
Setting the Auto-Execute Feature
1. Select the region that must be automatically executed when the document
opens.

2. From the Format menu, select Autoexecute, and then Set.

Removing the Auto-Execute Setting

To remove the setting in a region:

1. Select the region.

2. From the Format menu, select Autoexecute, and then Clear.

To remove all autoexecution in a document:

• From the Format menu, select Autoexecute, and then Clear All.

Repeating Auto-Execution
To execute all marked groups:
Figure 6.14: Canvas and Drawing Properties Palette
• From the Edit menu, select Execute, and then Repeat Autoexecution.
Insert a Canvas
Security Levels
To insert a canvas:
By default, Maple prompts the user before automatically executing the doc-
ument. 1. Place the cursor where the canvas is to be inserted.
To set security levels for the autoexecute feature, use the Security tab in the
Options dialog. For details, refer to the ?OptionsDialog help page. 2. From the Insert menu, select Canvas. A canvas with grid lines appears
in the document at the insertion point. The Drawing menu is available and
associated context bar icons are displayed.
 6.6 Canvas • 275 276 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

The tools include the following: selection tool, Pencil (free style drawing), 2. For grid lines, select the appropriate grid check boxes (horizontal or ver-
eraser, text insert, straight line, square, rounded square, ellipse, diamond, tical) and adjust spacing as required using the slider.
alignment, launch drawing and canvas properties palettes.
3. For colors, click the Grid or Canvas color. The color wheel opens. Select
Drawing from various colors.

To remove gridlines:
For details about the drawing feature, see the Maple help system.
• Clear the Show horizontal grid or Show vertical grid check boxes, and
To draw with the pencil tool in the canvas:
click OK.
1. From the Drawing icons, select the pencil icon.

2. (Optional) Select a line thickness in the Drawing Properties palette. 6.7 Spell Checking
3. Click and drag your mouse in the canvas to draw lines. Release the mouse The Spellcheck utility examines all designated text regions of your document
to complete the drawing. for potential spelling mistakes, including regions that are in collapsed sec-
tions. It does not check input, output, text in execution groups, or math in
To adjust the color of drawing tools: text regions. See Figure 6.15.
1. Open the Drawing Properties palette. Note: The Spellcheck utility uses American spelling.
2. Click the color wheel. By default, the wheel is black. Move the slider to
view more colors.

3. Select a color on the color wheel. The color is displayed in the rectangle.

Canvas Style
You can alter the Canvas in the following ways:

• Add a grid of horizontal and/or vertical lines. By default, the canvas

opens with a grid of horizontal and vertical lines.
• Change the background color.
• Change the grid line color.
• Change the spacing between grid lines.

To alter the canvas style: Figure 6.15: Spellcheck Dialog

1. Expand the Canvas Properties palette.

 6.7 Spell Checking • 277 278 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

How to Use the Spellcheck Utility Spellcheck Usage and the Document
1. From the Tools menu, select Spellcheck. Alternatively, press the F7. The When using the Spellcheck utility, you can fix spelling errors in the
Spellcheck dialog appears. It automatically begins checking the document Spellcheck dialog. You cannot change the text in the document while the
for potential spelling mistakes. Spellcheck utility is running.

2. If the Spellcheck utility finds a word that it does not recognize, that word The Spellcheck utility does not check grammar.
is displayed in the Not Found text box.
User Dictionary
You have six choices:
You can create and maintain a custom dictionary that works with the Maple
• To ignore the word, click Ignore.
Spellcheck utility.
• To ignore all instances of the word, click Ignore All.
Properties of the Custom Dictionary File
• To change the word, that is, accept one of the suggested spellings for the
word, to the one that is in the Change To text box, click Change. • It must be a text file, that is, have the file extension .txt. For example,
mydictionary.txt.
• To change all instances of the word, that is, accept the suggested spelling
to replace all instances of the word, click Change All. • It is a list of words, one word per line.
• To add the word to your dictionary, click Add. For details, see the fol- • It is case sensitive. This means that integer and Integer require individual
lowing User Dictionary section. entries in the dictionary file.
• To close the Spellcheck dialog, that is, quit the Spellcheck utility, click • It does not require manual maintenance. You build your dictionary file
Cancel. by using the Add functionality of the Spellcheck. However, you can
manually edit the file if an error is introduced.
3. When the Spellcheck is complete, a dialog containing the message
"spellchecking complete" appears. Click OK to close this dialog. To specify a custom dictionary to be used with the Maple Spellcheck
utility:
Selecting a Suggestion
1. Create a .txt file using your favorite text editor in a directory/folder of
To select one of the suggestions as the correct spelling, click the appropriate your choice.
word from the list in the Suggestions text box.
2. In Maple, open the Options dialog, Tools>Options, and select the Gen-
If none of the suggestions are correct, highlight the word in the Change To eral tab.
text box and enter the correct spelling. Click Change to accept this new
3. In the User Dictionary field, enter the path and name of the .txt file you
spelling.
created in step 1, or click Browse to select the location and filename.
 6.8 Hyperlinks • 279 280 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

4. To ignore Maple words that are command and function names, select the
Use Maple Words in Spellchecker check box. A check mark indicates that
the Spellcheck ignores Maple words.

5. Click Apply to Session, Apply Globally, or Cancel.

Adding a Word to Your Dictionary

When running the spellcheck, if the word in the Not Found text box is cor-
rect, you can add the word to your dictionary.

1. Click the Add button. If this is the first time you are adding a word, the
Select User Dictionary dialog opens. Figure 6.16: Hyperlink Properties Dialog

2. Enter or select the custom dictionary (.txt file) you created. See User
Dictionary (page 278). Inserting a Hyperlink in a Document
3. Click Select. The word is automatically added to your custom dictionary To insert a hyperlink in the document:
file.
1. Highlight the text that you want to make a hyperlink.
Note: Specifications in the Options dialog determine whether this word is
recognized in your next Maple session. If you set your custom dictionary 2. From the Format menu, select Hyperlink.
use to Apply to Session, then this word will not be recognized in a new 3. In the Hyperlink Properties dialog box, enter the text of the hyperlink
Maple session. If you set your custom dictionary use to Apply Globally, name in the Link Text edit field. See Figure 6.16.
then this new word will be recognized. See User Dictionary (page 278).
4. Optionally, use an image as the link. Select the Include an Image check
6.8 Hyperlinks box and Browse for the correct file. In .mw files, the image appears as the
link, while in .mws files, the Link Text you entered appears as the link. You
Use a hyperlink in your document to access any of the following. can resize the image as necessary. Click the image. Resizing anchors appear
at the sides and corners of the image.
• Email
• Dictionary Topic 5. Specify the hyperlink Type and Target as described in the appropriate
following section.
• Help Topic
• Maplet Application Linking to an Email Address

• Web Page (URL) To link to an email address:

• Document 1. In the Type drop-down list, select Email.
 6.8 Hyperlinks • 281 282 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

2. In the Target field, enter the email address. If the Maplet application exists, clicking the link launches the Maplet applic-
ation. If the Maplet application contains syntax errors, then error messages
3. Click OK. are displayed in a pop-up window.
Note: For information about email hyperlinks in the Classic Worksheet in- When linking to a custom Maplet application, the path is absolute. When
terface, see Worksheet Compatibility (page 283). sharing documents that contain links to Maplet applications, ensure that
target Maplet applications are in the same directory.
Linking to a Dictionary Topic
3. Click OK.
To link to a Dictionary topic:
Note: To link to a Maplet application available on a MapleNet Web page,
1. In the Type drop-down list, select Dictionary Topic.
use the URL hyperlink type to link to the Web page. For information on
2. In the Target field, enter a topic name. Dictionary topics begin with the MapleNet, see Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products (page 363).
prefix Definition/, for example, Definition/dimension.
Linking to a Web Page
3. Click OK.
To link to a Web page:
Linking to a Help Page
1. In the Type drop-down list, select URL.
To link to a help page:
2. In the Target field, enter the URL, for example, www.maplesoft.com.
1. In the Type drop-down list, select Help Topic.
3. Click OK.
2. In the Target field, enter the topic of the help page.
Linking to a Document
(Optional) In the Bookmark drop-down list, enter or select a bookmark.
To link to a document:
3. Click OK.
1. In the Type drop-down list, select Worksheet.
Linking to a Maplet Application
2. In the Target field, enter the path and filename of the document or click
To link to a Maplet application: Browse to locate the file. (Optional) In the Bookmark drop-down list, enter
or select a bookmark.
1. In the Type drop-down list, select Maplet.
Note: When linking to a custom document, the path is absolute. When
2. In the Target field, enter the local path to a file with the .maplet extension. sharing documents that contain hyperlinks, ensure that target documents are
Optionally, click Browse to locate the file. in the same directory.
3. Click OK.
 6.9 Worksheet Compatibility • 283 284 • 6 Creating Mathematical Documents

6.9 Worksheet Compatibility

Maple provides users with two worksheet interfaces: the Standard Worksheet
and the Classic Worksheet. Both have access to the full mathematical engine
of Maple and take advantage of the new functionality in Maple. The Classic
Worksheet has the traditional Maple worksheet look and uses less memory.

If you create a document in the Standard Worksheet interface of Maple and

then open it in the Classic Worksheet interface, you should note possible
changes to your file. For example, a bulleted list in the Standard Worksheet
will not be displayed with bullets in the Classic Worksheet.

If you are creating documents for distribution, refer to the ?Compatibility

help page.
 286 • 7 Maple Expressions

This section describes the key data structures:

7 Maple Expressions
• Expression sequences
This chapter provides basic information on using Maple expressions, includ- • Sets
ing an overview of the basic data structures. Many of the commands described
in this chapter are useful for programming. For information on additional • Lists
Maple programming concepts, such as looping, conditional execution, and • Tables
procedures, see Basic Programming (page 321).
• Arrays

7.1 In This Chapter • Matrices and Vectors

• Functional operators
Section Topics
Creating and Using Data Structures - How • Expression Sequences
• Strings
to define and use basic data structures
• Sets
Expression Sequences
• Lists
• Tables The fundamental Maple data structure is the expression sequence. It is a
• Arrays group of expressions separated by commas.
• Matrices and Vectors
>
• Functional Operators
• Strings Accessing Elements
To access one of the expressions:
Working with Maple Expressions - Tools • Low-Level Operations
for manipulating and controlling the evalu- • Manipulating Expressions
• Enter the sequence name followed by the position of the expression en-
ation of expressions closed in brackets([ ]).
• Evaluating Expressions
For example:

7.2 Creating and Using Data Struc- >

tures
Constants, data structures, mathematical expressions, and other objects are Using negative integers, you can select an expression from the end of a se-
Maple expressions. For more information on expressions, refer to the Maple quence.
Help System.

285
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 287 288 • 7 Maple Expressions

> >

You can select multiple expressions by specifying a range using the range Note: The union operator is available in 1-D Math input as union. For more
operator (..). information, refer to the ?union help page.

> For more information on sets, refer to the ?set help page.

Lists
A list is an expression sequence enclosed in brackets ([ ]).
Note: This syntax is valid for most data structures.
>
Sets
A set is an expression sequence enclosed in curly braces ({ }).
Note: Lists preserve both the order and repetition of elements.
>
Accessing Entries
A Maple set has the basic properties of a mathematical set. To refer to an element in a list:
• Each element is unique. Repeated elements are stored only once. • Use square brackets.
• The order of elements is not stored. For example:
For example:
>
>

For more information, see Accessing Elements (page 286).

Using Sets Using Lists
To perform mathematical set operations, use the set data structure. Some commands accept a list (or set) of expressions.

For example, you can solve a list (or set) of equations using a context menu
or the solve command.
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 289 290 • 7 Maple Expressions

> >

For more information, see Solving Equations and Inequations (page 78). >

For more information on sets and lists, refer to the ?set help page.

Arrays The Array constructor supports other syntaxes. It also supports many options.
For more information on the Array constructor and the Array data structure,
Conceptually, the Array data structure is a generalized list. Each element refer to the ?Array help page.
has an index that you can use to access it.
Large Arrays
The two important differences are:
Only one- and two-dimensional Arrays (with at most 10 indices in each di-
• The indices can be any integers. mension) display in the document. Larger Arrays display as a placeholder.
• The dimension can be greater than one.
>
Creating and Using Arrays
To define an Array, use the Array constructor.

Standard Array constructor arguments are:

• Expression sequences of ranges - Specify the indices for each dimension

• Nested lists - Specify the contents
To view large Arrays:
For example:
• Double-click the placeholder.
> The Matrix Browser displays the Array. For more information, see Editing
and Viewing Large Matrices and Vectors (page 136).

Tables
Tables are conceptually an extension of the Array data structure, but the
table data structure is implemented using hash tables. Tables can be indexed
by any values, not only integers.
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 291 292 • 7 Maple Expressions

Defining Tables and Accessing Entries >

>

>
>

You can also assign anything, for example, a list, to each element.

>

For more information on these data structures, including how to access entries
>
and perform linear algebra computations, see Linear Algebra (page 133).

Functional Operators
For more information on tables, refer to the ?table help page.
A functional operator is a mapping . The value of is the
Matrices and Vectors result of evaluating .
Matrices and Vectors are specialized data structures used in linear algebra Using functional operators, you can define mathematical functions.
and vector calculus computations.
Defining a Function
> To define a function of one or two variables:

1. In the Expression palette, click one of the function definition items. See
For information on defining Matrices and Vectors, see Creating Matrices Figure 7.1. Maple inserts the function definition.
and Vectors (page 133).
2. Replace the placeholder f with the function name. Press Tab. Note: If
> pressing the Tab key inserts a tab, click the Tab icon in the toolbar.

3. Replace the parameter placeholders, x or x1, x2, with the independent

variable names. Press Tab.

4. Replace the final placeholder, y, with the expression that defines the
function value. Press Enter.
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 293 294 • 7 Maple Expressions

>

Figure 7.1: Function Definition Palette Items

To evaluate the expression g at a value of x:
For example, define a function that adds 1 to its input.
• You must use the eval command.
>
>
Note: To insert the right arrow, you can enter the characters ->. In 2-D Math,
Maple replaces -> with the right arrow symbol . In 1-D Math, the
characters are not replaced. For more information on the eval command, and using palettes and context
menus to evaluate an expression at a point, see Substituting a Value for a
You can evaluate the function add1 with symbolic or numeric arguments.
Subexpression (page 310).
>
Multivariate and Vector Functions
To define a multivariate or vector function:
• Enclose coordinates or coordinate functions in parentheses (( )).

Distinction between Functional Operators and Other Expressions For example, a multivariate function:

The expression is different from the functional operator . >

Assign the functional operator to f.
>
>

Assign the expression to g.

>
A vector function:
To evaluate the functional operator f at a value of x:
>
• Specify the value as an argument to f.
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 295 296 • 7 Maple Expressions

>

Using Operators
To perform an operation on a functional operator, specify arguments to the
operator. For example, for the operator f, specify f(x), which Maple evaluates
as an expression. See the following examples.

Plot an Operator as an Expression Plot a three-dimensional function using

the plot3d command.

>
For information on plotting, see Plots and Animations (page 187).
> Integration Integrate a function using the int command.

>

>

represents the Struve function. For more information, refer to the

?StruveH help page.

For information on integration and other calculus operations, see Calcu-

lus (page 151).
 7.2 Creating and Using Data Structures • 297 298 • 7 Maple Expressions

Strings 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes (" ").
This section describes how to manipulate expressions using context menus,
> palette items, and the underlying commands.

To display the context menu for an expression:

Accessing Characters
• Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression.
You can access characters in a string using brackets.
To view the palettes:
>
• From the View menu, select Palettes, and then Expand Docks.

Low-Level Operations
Using Strings
Expression Types
The StringTools package is an advanced set of tools for manipulating and
using strings. A Maple type is a broad class of expressions that share common properties.
Maple contains over 200 types, including:
>
• `+`
> • boolean
• constant
• integer
> • Matrix
• trig
• truefalse
>
For more information and a complete list of Maple types, refer to the ?type
help page.
The type commands return true if the expression satisfies the type check.
Otherwise, they return false.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 299 300 • 7 Maple Expressions

Testing the Type of an Expression >

To test whether an expression is of a specified type:

• Use the type command.

Testing for a Subexpression
>
To test whether an expression contains an instance of a specified
subexpression:

• Use the has command.

>
>

For information on enclosing keywords in right single quotes ('), see

Delaying Evaluation (page 317). >
Maple types are not mutually exclusive. An expression can be of more than
one type.

> >

The has command searches the structure of the expression for an exactly
>
matching subexpression.

For example, the following calling sequence returns false.

For information on converting an expression to a different type, see Convert- >
ing (page 307).

Testing the Type of Subexpressions

To test whether an expression has a subexpression of a specified type: To return all subexpressions of a particular type, use the indets command.
For more information, see Indeterminates (page 303).
• Use the hastype command.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 301 302 • 7 Maple Expressions

Accessing Expression Components >

Left and Right-Hand Side
The lhs and rhs commands return the left and right-hand side of an equation,
inequality, or range. Numerator and Denominator

To extract the left-hand side of an expression: To extract the numerator of an expression:

• Use the lhs command. • Use the numer command.

To extract the right-hand side of an expression: To extract the denominator of an expression:

• Use the rhs command. • Use the denom command.

For example:
>
>

(7.1) If the expression is not in normal form, Maple normalizes the expression
before selecting the numerator or denominator. (For more information on
> normal form, refer to the ?normal help page.)

>

>

>
For the following equation, the left endpoint of the range is the left-hand
side of the right-hand side of the equation.

> >

(7.2)

The expression can be any algebraic expression. For information on the be-
havior for non-rational expressions, refer to the ?numer help page.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 303 304 • 7 Maple Expressions

Components of an Expression To return all subexpressions of a particular type, specify the type as the
second argument. For information on types, see Testing the Type of an Ex-
The components of an expression are called its operands. pression (page 299).
To count the number of operands in an expression:
>
• Use the nops command.
For example, construct a list of solutions to an equation.
To test whether an expressions has subexpressions of a specific type (without
> returning them), use the has command. For more information, see Testing
for a Subexpression (page 300).

Manipulating Expressions
Using the nops command, count the number of solutions. This section introduces the most commonly used manipulation commands.
For additional manipulation commands, see Iterative Commands (page 333).
>
Simplifying
To simplify an expression:
For more information on the nops command and operands, refer to the ?nops
help page. • Use the simplify command.

Indeterminates The simplify command applies simplification rules to an expression. Maple

has simplification rules for various types of expressions and forms, including
To find the indeterminates of an expression: trigonometric functions, radicals, logarithmic functions, exponential functions,
powers, and various special functions. You can also specify custom simpli-
• Use the indets command.
fication rules using a set of side relations.
The indets command returns the indeterminates as a set. Because the expres-
sion is expected to be rational, functions such as sin(x), f(x), and sqrt(x) are
considered to be indeterminate. >

>
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 305 306 • 7 Maple Expressions

> For more information on polynomials, see Polynomial Algebra (page 124).

To factor an integer:

• Use the ifactor command.

To limit the simplification, specify the type of simplification to be performed.
>
>

For more information on integers, see Integer Operations (page 71).

>
Expanding
To expand an expression:
You can also use the simplify command with side relations. See Substituting • Use the expand command.
a Value for a Subexpression (page 310).
The expand command distributes products over sums and expands expres-
Factoring sions within functions.

To factor a polynomial: >

• Use the factor command.

>
>

> Combining
To combine subexpressions in an expression:

• Use the combine command.

Maple can factor polynomials over the domain specified by the coefficients.
You can also factor polynomials over algebraic extensions. For details, refer
to the ?factor help page.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 307 308 • 7 Maple Expressions

The combine command applies transformations that combine terms in sums, Convert a measurement in radians to degrees:
products, and powers into a single term.
>
>

To convert measurements that use units, use the Unit Converter or the con-
vert/units command.
>
>

The combine command applies only transformations that are valid for all
possible values of names in the expression. For information on the Unit Converter and using units, see Units (page 96).
> Convert a list to a set:

>

To perform the operation under assumptions on the names, use the assuming
command. For more information about assumptions, see Assumptions on
Variables (page 116). Maple has extensive support for converting mathematical expressions to a
new function or function class.
>
>

Converting
Find an expression equivalent to the inverse hyperbolic cotangent function
To convert an expression: in terms of Legendre functions.
• Use the convert command. >
The convert command converts expressions to a new form, type (see Expres-
sion Types (page 298)), or in terms of a function. For a complete list of con-
versions, refer to the ?convert help page.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 309 310 • 7 Maple Expressions

represents the Legendre function of the second kind. For more inform-
ation, refer to the ?LegendreQ help page.
For more information on converting to a class of functions, refer to the Sorting
?convert/to_special_function help page.
To sort the elements of an expression:
Normalizing
• Use the sort command.
To normalize an expression:
The sort command orders a list of values or terms of a polynomial.
• Use the normal command.
>
The normal command converts expressions into factored normal form.

>
>

>
You can also use the normal command for zero recognition.

>
For information on sorting polynomials, see Sorting Terms (page 126).

For more information on sorting, refer to the ?sort help page.

To expand the numerator and denominator, use the expanded option.
Evaluating Expressions
>
Substituting a Value for a Subexpression
To evaluate an expression at a point, you must substitute a value for a vari-
able.

To substitute a value for a variable:

>
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 311 312 • 7 Maple Expressions

1. Right-click (Control-click, for Macintosh) the expression. Maple displays Substitutions performed by the eval function are syntactical, not the more
a context menu. powerful algebraic form of substitution.

2. From the context menu, select Evaluate at a Point. The Evaluate at a If the left-hand side of the substitution is a name, Maple performs the substi-
Point dialog is displayed. tution.

3. In the drop-down list, select the variable to substitute.

>
4. In the text field, enter the value to substitute for the variable. Click OK.

Maple inserts the eval command calling sequence that performs the substitu-
tion. This is the most common use of the eval command.

For example, substitute in the following polynomial. If the left-hand side of the substitution is not a name, Maple performs the
substitution only if the left-hand side of the substitution is an operand of the
> expression.

>

>

(7.3)

To substitute a value for a variable using palettes: >

1. In the Expression palette, click the evaluation at a point item .

2. Specify the expression, variable, and value to be substituted. Maple did not perform the evaluation because is not an operand of
. For information on operands, refer to the ?op help page.
For example:
For algebraic substitution, use the algsubs command, or the simplify com-
> mand with side relations.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 313 314 • 7 Maple Expressions

By default, Maple calculates the result to ten digits of accuracy, but you can
> specify any number of digits as an index, that is, in brackets ([ ]).

>

> For more information, refer to the ?evalf help page.

See also Numerically Computing a Limit (page 153) and Numeric Integra-
tion (page 163).

Evaluating Complex Expressions

Numerical Approximation
To evaluate a complex expression:
To compute an approximate numerical value of an expression:
• Use the evalc command.
• Use the evalf command.
If possible, the evalc command returns the output in the canonical form expr1
The evalf command returns a floating-point (or complex floating-point) + i expr2.
number or expression.
You can enter the imaginary unit using the following two methods.

> • In the Common Symbols palette, click the i or j item. See

Palettes (page 11).
(7.4) • Enter i or j, and then press the symbol completion key. See Symbol
Names (page 16).

> >

> >
(7.5)

In 1-D Math input, enter the imaginary unit as an uppercase i (I).

 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 315 316 • 7 Maple Expressions

> evalc(2^(1 + I));

>

Evaluating Boolean Expressions

To evaluate an expression involving relational operators ( , , Levels of Evaluation

, , , and : In a symbolic mathematics program such as Maple, you encounter the issue
of levels of evaluation. If you assign y to x, z to y, and then 5 to z, what is
• Use the evalb command. the value of x?
Note: In 1-D Math input, enter , , and using the <>, <=, and At the top-level, Maple fully evaluates names. That is, Maple checks if the
>= operators. name or symbol has an assigned value. If it has a value, Maple substitutes
the value for the name. If this value has an assigned value, Maple performs
The evalb command uses a three-valued logic system. The return values are a substitution, recursively, until no more substitutions are possible.
true, false, and FAIL. If evaluation is not possible, an unevaluated expression
is returned. For example:

> >

>

> >

Maple fully evaluates the name x, and returns the value 5.

> >

Important: The evalb command does not perform arithmetic for inequalities To control the level of evaluation of an expression:
involving <, , >, or , and does not simplify expressions. Ensure that
• Use the eval command with an integer second argument.
you perform these operations before using the evalb command.
If passed a single argument, the eval command fully evaluates that expression.
> If you specify an integer second argument, Maple evaluates the expression
to that level.
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 317 318 • 7 Maple Expressions

> >

> Using an Assigned Name as a Variable or Keyword

If you use an assigned name as a variable, Maple evaluates the name to its
value, and passes the value to the command.
>
>

> Error, (in sum) summation variable previously assigned, second argument evaluates
to 4 = 1 .. 5

Note: In general, it is recommended that you unassign a name to use it as a

variable. See Unassigning a Name Using Unevaluation Quotes (page 319).
For more details on levels of evaluation, refer to the ?lastnameevaluation,
?assigned, and ?evaln help pages. To use an assigned name as a variable:
Delaying Evaluation • Enclose the name in unevaluation quotes. Maple passes the name to the
command.
To prevent Maple from immediately evaluating an expression:

• Enclose the expression in right single quotes (' ').

>
Because right single quotes delay evaluation, they are referred to as unevalu-
ation quotes.

>
Important: It is recommended that you enclose keywords in unevaluation
quotes.
>
For example, if you enclose the keyword left in unevaluation quotes, Maple
uses the name, not its assigned value.

>
 7.3 Working with Maple Expressions • 319 320 • 7 Maple Expressions

>
>
>

Full Evaluation of an Expression in Quotes

You can also unassign a name using the unassign command. For more in-
Full evaluation of a quoted expression removes one set of right single quotes. formation, see Unassigning Names (page 57).
>

>

(7.6)

>

(7.7)

>

For information on equation labels and equation label references, see Equa-
tion Labels (page 59).

Enclosing an expression in unevaluation quotes delays evaluation, but does

not prevent automatic simplification.

>

Unassigning a Name Using Unevaluation Quotes

To unassign a name:

• Assign the name enclosed in unevaluation quotes to itself.

 322 • 8 Basic Programming

8 Basic Programming 8.2 Flow Control

You have used Maple interactively in the previous chapters, sequentially Two basic programming constructs in Maple are the if statement, which
performing operations such as executing a single command. Because Maple controls the conditional execution of statement sequences, and the for
has a complete programming language, you can also use sophisticated pro- statement, which controls the repeated execution of a statement sequence.
gramming constructs.
Conditional Execution (if Statement)
Important: It is strongly recommended that you use the Worksheet mode
and 1-D Math input when programming or using programming commands. You can specify that Maple perform an action only if a condition holds. You
Hence, all input in this chapter is entered as 1-D Math. can also perform an action, from a set of many, depending on which condi-
tions hold.
8.1 In This Chapter Using the if statement, you can execute one statement from a series of
Section Topics
statements based on a boolean (true, false, or FAIL) condition. Maple tests
each condition in order. When a condition is satisfied, Maple executes the
Flow Control - Basic programming con- • Conditional Execution (if Statement) corresponding statement, and then exits the if statement.
structs • Repetition (for Statement)
Syntax
Iterative Commands - Specialized, effi- • Creating a sequence
cient iterative commands • Adding and Multiplying Expressions The if statement has the following syntax.
• Selecting Expression Operands > if conditional_expression1 then
• Mapping a Command over a Set or List statement_sequence1
• Mapping a Binary Command over Two Lists elif conditional_expression2 then
or Vectors statement_sequence2
elif conditional_expression3 then
Procedures - Maple programs • Defining and Running Simple Procedures
statement_sequence3
...
• Procedures with Inputs
else
• Procedure Return Values statement_sequenceN
• Displaying Procedure Definitions end if;
• Displaying Maple Library Procedure
Definitions
The conditional expressions (conditional_expression1, conditional_expres-
• Modules
sion2, ...) can be any boolean expression. You can construct boolean expres-
sions using:

• Relational operators - <, <=, =, >=, >, <>

321
 8.2 Flow Control • 323 324 • 8 Basic Programming

• Logical operators - and, or, xor, implies, not For example:

• Logical names - true, false, FAIL > if false then
"if statement";
The statement sequences (statement_sequence1, statement_sequence2, ..., else
statement_sequenceN) can be any sequence of Maple statements, including "else statement";
if statements. end if;
The elif clauses are optional. You can specify any number of elif clauses.

The else clause is optional.

Simple if Statements elif Clauses

The simplest if statement has only one conditional expression. In an if statement with elif clauses, Maple evaluates the conditional expres-
sions in order until one returns true. Maple executes the corresponding
> if conditional_expression then statement sequence, and then exits the if statement. If no evaluation returns
statement_sequence true, Maple exits the if statement.
end if;
> x := 11:

If the conditional expression evaluates to true, the sequence of statements > if not type(x, integer) then
is executed. Otherwise, Maple immediately exits the if statement. printf("%a is not an integer.", x);
For example: elif x >= 10 then
printf("%a is an integer with more than one digit.", x);
> x := 1173: elif x >= 0 then
printf("%a is an integer with one digit.", x);
> if not isprime(x) then end if;
ifactor(x);
end if; 11 is an integer with more than one digit.

Order of elif Clauses An elif clause's statement sequence is executed only

if the evaluation of all previous conditional expressions returns false or
FAIL, and the evaluation of its conditional expression returns true. This
else Clause means that changing the order of elif clauses may change the behavior of
In a simple if statement with an else clause, if the evaluation of the conditional the if statement.
expressions returns false or FAIL, Maple executes the statement sequence In the following if statement, the elif clauses are in the wrong order.
in the else clause.
 8.2 Flow Control • 325 326 • 8 Basic Programming

> if not(type(x, integer)) then • Until a counter variable value exceeds a limit (for/from loop)
printf("%a is not an integer.", x); • For each operand of an expression (for/in loop)
elif x >= 0 then
printf("%a is an integer with one digit.", x); • Until a boolean condition does not hold (while loop)
elif x >= 10 then
for/from Loop
printf("%a is an integer with more than one digit.", x);
end if; The for/from loop statement repeats a statement sequence until a counter
variable value exceeds a limit.
11 is an integer with one digit.
Syntax
elif and else Clauses
The for/from loop has the following syntax.
In an if statement with elif and else clauses, Maple evaluates the conditional
> for counter from initial by increment to final do
expressions in order until one returns true. Maple executes the corresponding
statement_sequence
statement sequence, and then exits the if statement. If no evaluation returns
end do;
true, Maple executes the statement sequence in the else clause.
> x := -12:
The behavior of the for/from loop is:
> if not type(x, integer) then 1. Assign the initial value to the name counter.
printf("%a is not an integer.", x);
elif x >= 10 then 2. Compare the value of counter to the value of final. If the counter value
printf("%a is an integer with more than one digit.", x); exceeds the final value, exit the loop. (This is the loop bound test.)
elif x >= 0 then
3. Execute the statement_sequence.
printf("%a is an integer with one digit.", x);
else 4. Increment the counter value by the value of increment.
printf("%a is a negative integer.", x);
end if; 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4, until Maple exits the loop.

The from, by, and to clauses are optional and can be in any order between
-12 is a negative integer.
the for clause and the do keyword.
For more information on the if statement, refer to the ?if help page.
Table 8.1 lists the default clause values.
Repetition (for Statement)
Using repetition statements, you can repeatedly execute a statement se-
quence. You can repeat the statements in three ways.
 8.2 Flow Control • 327 328 • 8 Basic Programming

Table 8.1: Default Clause Values > for n from 1 by 1 to 5 do

Clause Default Value evalf(sqrt(n));
end do;
from initial 1
by increment 1
The by value can be negative. The loop repeats until the value of the counter
to final infinity (∞) variable is strictly less than the final value.
> for n from 10 by -1 to 3 do
Examples if isprime(n) then
The following loop returns the square root of the integers 1 to 5 (inclusive). print(n);
end if;
> for n to 5 do end do;
evalf(sqrt(n));
end do;

> n;

for/in Loop
When the value of the counter variable n is strictly greater than 5, Maple
The for/in loop statement repeats a statement sequence for each component
exits the loop.
(operand) of an expression, for example, the elements of a list.
> n;
Syntax
The for/in loop has the following syntax.

The previous loop is equivalent to the following for/from statement. > for variable in expression do
statement_sequence
end do;
 8.2 Flow Control • 329 330 • 8 Basic Programming

The for clause must appear first. Syntax

The behavior of the for/in loop is: The while loop has the following syntax.

1. Assign the first operand of expression to the name variable. > while conditional_expression do
statement_sequence
2. Execute the statement_sequence. end do;
3. Assign the next operand of expression to variable.
A while loops repeats until its boolean expression conditional_expression
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each operand in expression. If there are no more evaluates to false or FAIL. For more information on boolean expressions,
operands, exit the loop. (This is the loop bound test.) see Conditional Execution (if Statement) (page 322).

Example Example
The following loop returns a floating-point approximation to the sin function The following loop computes the digits of 872, 349 in base 7 (in order of
at the angles (measured in degree) in the list L. increasing significance).
> L := [23.4, 87.2, 43.0, 99.7]: > x := 872349:

> for i in L do > while x > 0 do

evalf(sin(i*Pi/180)); irem(x, 7);
end do; x := iquo(x, 7);
end do;

while Loop
The while loop repeats a statement sequence until a boolean expression does
not hold.
 8.2 Flow Control • 331 332 • 8 Basic Programming

> for counter from initial by increment to final

while conditional_expression do
statement_sequence
end do;

The general for/in loop has the following syntax.

> for variable in expression
while conditional_expression do
statement_sequence
end do;

After testing the loop bound condition at the beginning of each iteration of
the for loop, Maple evaluates conditional_expression.

• If conditional_expression evaluates to false or FAIL, Maple exits the

loop.
• If conditional_expression evaluates to true, Maple executes statement_se-
quence.
To perform such conversions efficiently, use the convert/base command.
> convert(872349, base, 7); Infinite Loops
You can construct a loop for which there is no exit condition, for example,
a while loop in which the conditional_expression always evaluates to true.
This is called an infinite loop. Maple indefinitely executes an infinite loop
For information on non-base 10 numbers, see Non-Base 10 Num- unless it executes a break, quit, or return statement or you interrupt the
bers (page 74). computation. For more information, refer to the ?break, ?quit, ?return,
and ?interrupt help pages.
General Loop Statements
You can include a while statement in a for/from or for/in loop. Additional Information

The general for/from loop has the following syntax. For more information on the for statement and looping, refer to the ?do help
page.
 8.3 Iterative Commands • 333 334 • 8 Basic Programming

8.3 Iterative Commands Calling Sequence Syntax Examples

seq(expression, name in expression); > seq(u, u in [Pi/4, Pi^2/2, 1/Pi]);
Maple has commands that perform common selection and repetition opera-
tions. These commands are more efficient than similar algorithms implemen-
ted using library commands. Table 8.2 lists the iterative commands.

Table 8.2: Iterative Commands

Command Description
Adding and Multiplying Expressions
seq Create sequence The add and mul commands add and multiply sequences of expressions
add Compute numeric sum
over a range of index values or the operands of an expression. See Table 8.4.

mul Compute numeric product Table 8.4: The add and mul Commands
select Return operands that satisfy a condition Calling Sequence Syntax Examples
remove Return operands that do not satisfy a condition add(expression, name = initial .. final); > add(exp(x), x = 2..4);
selectremove Return operands that satisfy a condition and separately return operands mul(expression, name = initial .. final);
that do not satisfy a condition
map Apply command to the operands of an expression > mul(2*x, x = 1 .. 10);
zip Apply binary command to the operands of two lists or vectors

Creating a Sequence add(expression, name in expression); > add(u, u in [Pi/4, Pi/2, Pi]);
mul(expression, name in expression);
The seq command creates a sequence of values by evaluating a specified
expression over a range of index values or the operands of an expression.
See Table 8.3.
> mul(u, u in [Pi/4, Pi/2, Pi]);
Table 8.3: The seq Command
Calling Sequence Syntax Examples
seq(expression, name = initial .. final); > seq(exp(x), x=-2..0);
The endpoints of the index range (initial and final) in the add and mul
calling sequence must evaluate to numeric constants. For information on
symbolic sums and products, refer to the ?sum and ?product help pages.
 8.3 Iterative Commands • 335 336 • 8 Basic Programming

Selecting Expression Operands Calling Sequence Syntax Examples

selectremove(proc_cmd, expres- > selectremove(x -> evalb(x > round(x)),
The select, remove, and selectremove commands apply a boolean-valued sion); [sin(0.), sin(1.), sin(3.)]);
procedure or command to the operands of an expression. For information
on operands, refer to the ?op help page.

• The select command returns the operands for which the procedure or
command returns true. For information on optional arguments to the selection commands, refer to
• The remove command returns the operands for which the procedure or the ?select help page.
command returns false.
Mapping a Command over a Set or List
• The selectremove command returns two expressions of the same type
as the input expression. The map command applies a name, procedure, or command to each element
in a set or list. See Table 8.6.
- The first consists of the operands for which the procedure or command re-
turns true. Table 8.6: The map Command
- The second consists of the operands for which the procedure or command Calling Sequence Syntax Examples
returns false or FAIL.
map(name_proc_cmd, expression); > map(f, {a, b, c});
See Table 8.5.

For information on Maple procedures, see Procedures (page 338).

> map(u -> int(cos(x), x = 0 .. u), [Pi/4, Pi/7,
Table 8.5: The select, remove, and selectremove Commands Pi/3.0]);

Calling Sequence Syntax Examples

select(proc_cmd, expression); > select(issqr, {198331, 889249, 11751184,
9857934});
For information on mapping over the operands of other expressions, optional
arguments to the map command, and other mapping commands, refer to the
?map help page.
remove(proc_cmd, expression); > remove(var -> degree(var) > 3, 2*x^3*y
- y^3*x + z );
Mapping a Binary Command over Two Lists or
Vectors
The zip command applies a name or binary procedure or command compon-
ent-wise to two lists or vectors.
 8.3 Iterative Commands • 337 338 • 8 Basic Programming

By default, the length of the returned object is that of the shorter list or vector.
If you specify a value as the (optional) fourth argument, it is used as the
8.4 Procedures
value of the missing elements of the shorter list or vector. In this case, the A Maple procedure is a program consisting of Maple statements. Using
length of the return value is that of the longer list or vector. See Table 8.7. procedures, you can quickly execute the contained sequence of statements.
Table 8.7: The zip Command
Defining and Running Simple Procedures
Calling Sequence Syntax Examples
zip(proc_cmd, a, b);
To define a procedure, enclose a sequence of statements between proc(...)
> zip(f, [i, j], [k, l]);
and end proc statements. In general, you assign a procedure definition to a
zip(proc_cmd, a, b, fill);
name.

> zip(AiryAi, [1, 2], [0], 1); The following procedure returns the square root of 2.
> p := proc() sqrt(2); end proc;

Note: Maple returns the procedure definition.

For more information on the zip command, refer to the ?zip help page.
To improve readability of procedures, it is recommended that you define a
Additional Information procedure using multiple lines, and indent the lines using space characters.
To begin a new line (without evaluating the incomplete procedure definition),
For more information on looping commands, refer to the corresponding
press Shift+Enter. When you have finished entering the procedure, press
command help page.
Enter to create the procedure.
For example:
> p := proc()
sqrt(2);
end proc:

To run the procedure p, enter its name followed by parentheses (( )).

> p();
 8.4 Procedures • 339 340 • 8 Basic Programming

Procedures with Inputs > p(1, 2);

You can define a procedure that accepts user input. In the parentheses of the
proc statement, specify the parameter names. For multiple parameters, sep-
arate the names with commas.
> geometric_mean := proc(x, y)
Displaying Procedure Definitions
sqrt(x*y); Unlike simple Maple objects, you cannot display the value of a procedure
end proc: by entering its name.
> geometric_mean;
When the user runs the procedure, the parameter names are replaced by the
argument values.
> geometric_mean(13, 17);
You must evaluate the name of the procedure using the print (or eval)
command.
> print(geometric_mean);
> geometric_mean(13.5, 17.1);

For more information on writing procedures, including options and local Displaying Maple Library Procedure Definitions
and global variables, refer to the ?procedure help page.
Maple procedure definitions are a valuable learning tool. To learn how to
program in Maple, it is recommended that you examine the procedures
Procedure Return Values available in the Maple library.
When you run a procedure, Maple returns only the last statement result value By default, the print command returns only the proc and end proc statements
computed. Maple does not return the output for each statement in the proced- and (if present) the description fields of a Maple procedure.
ure. It is irrelevant whether you use semicolons or colons as statement sep-
arators. > print(assign);

> p := proc(a, b)
a + b;
a - b:
end proc: To display a Maple library procedure definition, first set the value of the
interface verboseproc option to 2. Then re-execute the print calling se-
quence. See Figure 8.1.
 8.4 Procedures • 341 342 • 8 Basic Programming

> interface('verboseproc' = 2): Modules

Maple procedures associate a sequence of commands with a single command.
The module, a more complex programming structure, allows you to associate
related procedures and data.

A key feature of modules is that they export variables. This means that the
variables are available outside the module in which they are created. Most
Maple packages are implemented as modules. The package commands are
exports of the module.

For more information on modules, refer to the ?module help page.

Figure 8.1: Displaying assign Procedure

 344 • 9 Maplets

9 Maplets > MySimpleMaplet:= Maplet([["Hello World"]]):

> Maplets[Display](MySimpleMaplet):
A Maplet is a graphical user interface that provides interactive access to the
Maple engine through buttons, text regions, slider bars, and other visual in-
terfaces. You can design custom Maplet applications to use and share with
colleagues or students, or you can take advantage of the built-in Maplets that
cover numerous academic and specialized topics. For information on some
of the built-in Maplets, see Assistants and Tutors (page 26), Teaching and
Learning with Maple (page 178), or Ordinary Differential Equations Figure 9.1: A Simple Maplet
(ODEs) (page 88). Other methods of interaction with Maple are described
in the Maple Getting Started Guide and throughout this book. For more information on creating Maplets, including an overview of the
point-and-click Maplet Builder Assistant, see Authoring Maplets (page 345).
9.1 In This Chapter
Section Topics 9.3 Using Maplets
Simple Maplet - Illustrating a simple Maplet • Define and Run a Simple Maplet Maplet applications are launched by executing Maplet code. Maplet code
Using Maplets - Methods for launching a Maplet • Maplet File can be saved in a Maplet (.maplet) file or Maple document (.mw).
• Maple Document
Maplet File
Authoring Maplets - Methods for authoring and • Maplet Builder
saving a Maplet • Maplets Package To launch a Maplet application saved as a Maplet file:
• Saving • In Windows, double-click the file from a Windows file browser.
• In UNIX and on Macintosh, use the command-line interface. At the
command-line, enter maple -q maplet_filename.
9.2 Simple Maplet
To view and edit the Maplet code contained within the .maplet file:
A Maplet application can be defined using the commands in the
Maplets[Elements] package and then launched using the Maplets[Display] 1. Start Maple.
command. The following commands define and run a very simple Maplet 2. From the File menu, select Open. Maple displays the Open dialog.
application that contains the text string "Hello World". 3. In the Files of Type drop-down list, select .maplet.
> with(Maplets[Elements]): 4. Navigate to the location of the .maplet file and select the file.
5. Click Open.

343
 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 345 346 • 9 Maplets

Maple Document simple Maplets. The Maplets package offers more capabilities, control and
options when designing complicated Maplet applications.
To launch a Maplet application for which the Maple code is contained in a
Maple document, you need to execute the Maplet code. To display the Maplet Designing a Maplet application is similar to constructing a house. When
application, you must use the Maplets[Display] command. Note: The Maplet building a house, you first construct the skeletal structure (that is, foundation,
code may be quite large if the Maplet application is complex. In this case, floors, and walls) and then proceed to add the windows and doors. Construct-
execute the document to ensure user-defined procedures that are referenced ing a Maplet is no different. First define the rows and columns of the Maplet
in the Maplet application are also defined. application and then proceed to add the body elements (for example, buttons,
text fields, and plotter regions).
Typical procedure:
Maplet Builder
1. If present, evaluate user-defined procedures.
To start the Maplet Builder:
Myproc:=proc...
• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then Maplet Builder.
2. Load the Maplets[Elements] package.

with( Maplets[Elements] );

3. Evaluate the Maplet definition.

Maplet_name:=Maplet( Maplet_definition );

4. Display the Maplet application.

Maplets[Display]( Maplet_name );

Important: When a Maplet application is running, you cannot interact with

the Maple document.

9.4 Authoring Maplets

When authoring Maplets, you can use the Maplet Builder (GUI-based) or
the Maplets package (syntax-based). The Maplet Builder allows you to
drag and drop buttons, sliders, text regions, and other elements to define the
Maplet application and set the element properties to perform an action upon Figure 9.2: Maplet Builder Interface
selection or update of the element. The Maplet Builder is designed to create
 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 347 348 • 9 Maplets

The Maplet Builder is divided into four different panes. Design a Maplet Using the Maplet Builder
• The Palette pane displays palettes, which contain Maplet elements, or- In this example, shown in Figure 9.3, the Maplet user enters a function and
ganized by category. For a description of the elements, see the plots the result.
?MapletBuilder/Palette help page. The Body palette contains the most
popular elements.
• The Layout pane displays the visual elements of the Maplet.
• The Command pane displays the commands and corresponding actions
defined in the Maplet.
• The Properties pane displays the properties of an instance of a defined
element in the Maplet.

Figure 9.3: Image of the Maplet

Button element

Label element

Plotter element

TextField element

Figure 9.4: Body Elements Used When Defining This Maplet

 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 349 350 • 9 Maplets

Define the number of rows in the Maplet Add a plot region to row 1

1. In the Properties pane: 1. From the Body palette, drag the Plotter element to the first row in the
Layout pane.
a. In the drop-down list, select BoxColumn1.

b. Change the numrows field to 2.

Figure 9.6: Add a Plot to Row 1

Figure 9.5: Define the Number of Rows in the Maplet

 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 351 352 • 9 Maplets

Add columns to row 2 Add a label to row 2

1. In the Properties pane: 1. From the Body palette, drag the Label element to the left column in
the Layout pane.
a. In the drop-down list, select BoxRow2.
2. In the Properties pane:
b. Change the numcolumns field to 3.
a. In the drop-down list, select Label1.

b. Change the caption field to Enter a function of x.

Figure 9.7: Add Columns to Row 2

Figure 9.8: Add a Label to Row 2

 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 353 354 • 9 Maplets

Add a text region to row 2 Add a button to row 2

1. From the Body palette, drag the TextField element to the middle column. 1. From the Body palette, drag the Button element to the right column in the Layout pane.
The TextField element allows the Maplet user to enter input that can be re- 2. In the Properties pane:
trieved in an action.
a. In the drop-down list, select Button1.
2. If necessary, resize the Maplet Builder to display the entire Layout pane.
b. Change the caption field to Plot.

c. In the onclick property drop-down list, select <Evaluate>.

Figure 9.9: Add a Text Region to Row 2

Figure 9.10: Add a Button to Row 2

 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 355 356 • 9 Maplets

3. In the Evaluate Expression dialog that displays, the Target drop-down

list contains the defined elements to which you can send information, in this

case, Plotter1 and TextField1. The List group box, located below the

Expression group box, displays the defined elements to which you can

retrieve information, in this case, TextField1.

a. In the Target drop-down list, select Plotter1.

b. In the Command Form tab, enter plot(TextField1, x=-10..10) in

the Expression group box. (Note: Do not include a semicolon (;) at the end

of the plot command). You can also double-click TextField1 in the List

group box to insert this element in the command syntax. Figure 9.11: Evaluate Expression Dialog

c. Click Ok. Run the Maplet

1. From the File menu, select Run. You are prompted to save the Maplet.
Maplets created with the Maplet Builder are saved as .maplet files.

2. Click Yes and navigate to a location to save this Maplet.

For further information on the Maplet Builder, see the ?MapletBuilder

help page. For more examples of designing Maplets using the Maplet
Builder, see ?MapletBuilder/examples.

Maplets Package
When designing a complicated Maplet, the Maplets package offers greater
control. The Maplets[Elements] subpackage contains the elements available
when designing a Maplet application. After you define the Maplet, use the
Maplets[Display] command to launch the Maplet.
 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 357 358 • 9 Maplets

Example 1 - Design a Maplet Using the Maplets Package > PlottingMaplet:=Maplet(

BoxLayout(
To introduce the structure of designing Maplets using the Maplets package,
BoxColumn(
this example illustrates the equivalent syntax for the Design a Maplet Using
# First Box Row
the Maplet Builder (page 348).
BoxRow(
Load the Maplets[Elements] package. # Define a Plot region
Plotter('reference' = Plotter1)
> with(Maplets[Elements]):
# End of first Box Row
),
Define the Maplet application. To suppress the display of the data structure # Second Box Row
associated with the Maplet application, end the definition with a colon. BoxRow(
# Define a Label
Label("Enter a function of x "),
# Define a Text Field
TextField('reference' = TextField1),
# Define a Button
Button(caption="Plot", Evaluate(value = 'plot(TextField1,
x = -10..10)', 'target' = Plotter1))
# End of second Box Row
)
# End of BoxColumn
)
# End of BoxLayout
)
# End of Maplet
):

Launch the Maplet.

> Maplets[Display](PlottingMaplet);
 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 359 360 • 9 Maplets

Example 2 - Accessing User-Defined Procedures User-Defined Procedure and Maplet Code

When designing a Maplet, you can access user-designed procedures and Define a procedure to be accessed in the Maplet.
send information bi-directionally to the Maplet. In this example, shown in > GetColor:=proc()
Figure 9.12, the user enters a function in a MathML editor region, optionally local R, G, B, result;
selects a color from a color dialog, and plots the result. use Maplets[Tools] in

# Convert the color value defined in the Color dialog

result:=Get(ColorDialog1);
# The result format is "#RRGGBB" in hexadecimal(base 16)
# Convert to values in the range 0..1
R:=convert(result[2..3], 'decimal', 16)/255;
G:=convert(result[4..5], 'decimal', 16)/255;
B:=convert(result[6..7], 'decimal', 16)/255;

# Plot the function entered in the MathMLEditor region

plot(MathML:-Import(Get(MathMLEditor1)), x=0..10,
color=COLOR(RGB, R, G, B));

end use:
end proc:

Load the Elements package.

> with(Maplets[Elements]):

Figure 9.12: Image of the Maplet Define the Maplet application.

 9.4 Authoring Maplets • 361 362 • 9 Maplets

> PlottingMaplet2:= Maplet( Saving

'onstartup' = Action(RunWindow(Window1)),
Window('reference' = Window1, When saving a Maplet, you can save the document as an .mw file or you
BoxLayout( can export the document as a .maplet file.
BoxColumn(
BoxRow( Maple Document
Plotter('reference' = Plotter1)), To save the Maplet code as an .mw file:
BoxRow(
MathMLEditor('reference' = MathMLEditor1)), 1. From the File menu, select Save.
BoxRow(
# Access the GetColor procedure and plot the result 2. Navigate to the save location.
Button("Plot", Evaluate('function' = 'GetColor',
'target' = 'Plotter1')), 3. Enter a filename.
# Launch the Color dialog
Button("Color", RunDialog('dialog' = 'ColorDialog1')), 4. Click Save.
# Close the Maplet
If the document contains only Maplet code, it is recommended that you export
Button("Close", Shutdown()))
the document as a .maplet file.
)
) Maplet File
),
Action('reference' = 'approveColorDialog1'), To export the Maplet code as a .maplet file:
Action('reference' = 'cancelColorDialog1'),
ColorDialog('onapprove' = 'approveColorDialog1', 1. From the File menu, select Export As.
'oncancel' = 'cancelColorDialog1',
'reference' = 'ColorDialog1') 2. In the Files of Type drop-down list, select Maplet.
):
3. Navigate to the export location.

Display the Maplet 4. Enter the filename.

> Maplets[Display](PlottingMaplet2); 5. Click Save.

For more information on the Maplets package, refer to the ?MapletsPackage

help page. For more examples of designing Maplets using the Maplets
package, see the ?Maplets/Roadmap help page.
 364 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

to a file, allowing you to import the numbers into another program. To convert
10 Input, Output, and a list or a list of lists to a Matrix, use the Matrix constructor. For more in-
formation, refer to the ?Matrix help page.
Interacting with Other Products
10.1 In This Chapter
>
Section Topics
Writing to Files - Saving to Maple file • Saving Data to a File
formats
• Saving Expressions to a File

Reading from Files - Opening Maple files • Reading Data from a File >
• Reading Expressions from a File
If the data is a Vector or any object that can be converted to type Vector,
Exporting to Other Formats - Exporting • Exporting Documents
use the ExportVector command. To convert lists to Vectors, use the Vector
documents in file formats supported by • MapleNet
other software constructor. For more information, refer to the ?Vector help page.
• Maple T.A.
>
Connectivity - Using Maple with other • Translating Maple Code to Other Program-
programming languages and software ming Languages
• Accessing External Products from Maple
• Accessing Maple from External Products >

10.2 Writing to Files

Maple supports file formats in addition to the standard .mw file format.

After using Maple to perform a computation, you can save the results to a
file for later processing with Maple or another program. >

Saving Data to a File You can extend these routines to write more complicated data, such as
complex numbers or symbolic expressions. For more information, refer to
If the result of a Maple calculation is a long list or a large array of numbers, the ?ExportMatrix and ?ExportVector help pages.
you can convert it to Matrix form and write the numbers to a file using the
ExportMatrix command. This command writes columns of numerical data For more information on matrices and vectors, see Linear Algebra (page 133).

363
 10.2 Writing to Files • 365 366 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

Saving Expressions to a File >

If you construct a complicated expression or procedure, you can save them >
for future use in Maple. If you save the expression or procedure in the Maple
internal format, Maple can retrieve it more efficiently than from a document.
Use the save command to write the expression to a .m file. For more inform-
ation on Maple internal file formats, refer to the ?file help page.
For more information on writing to files, refer to the ?save help page.

> 10.3 Reading from Files

The most common reason for reading files is to load data, for example, data
generated in an experiment. You can store data in a text file, and then read
it into Maple using the Import Data Assistant.
In this example, small expressions are used. In practice, Maple supports ex-
pressions with thousands of terms.
Reading Data from a File
>
Import Data Assistant
If you generate data outside Maple, you must read it into Maple before ma-
nipulating it. This data can be an image, a sound file, or columns of numbers
in a text file. You can import this external data into Maple using the Import
> Data Assistant.

To launch the Import Data Assistant:

• From the Tools menu, select Assistants, and then Import Data.

You can save these expressions to the file qbinom.m. • Using the Select Data Source dialog, select the data file to import.

>

Clear the memory using the restart command and retrieve the expressions
using the read command.

>
 10.3 Reading from Files • 367 368 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

When you read a file with the read command, Maple treats each line in the
file as a command. Maple executes the commands and displays the results
in your document but it does not, by default, insert the commands from the
file in your document.

For example, the file ks.tst contains the following Maple commands.
S:= n -> sum( binomial( n, beta ) * ( ( 2*beta )! / 2^beta - beta!*beta ),
beta=1..n );

S(19);
When you read the file, Maple displays the results but not the commands.

>

Figure 10.1: Import Data Assistant (Detail)

From the main window, you can preview the selected file, and specify the If you set the interface echo option to 2, Maple inserts the commands from
source format, source form, and behavior on close. You can also select a the file into your document.
different file to be imported. Additional help is available from the Help menu
of the Import Data window. >

ImportMatrix Command >

The Import Data Assistant provides a graphical interface to the Import- >
Matrix command. For more information, including options not available in S:=n->sum(binomial(n,beta)*((2*beta)!/2^beta-beta!*beta),beta=1..n);
the assistant, refer to the ?ImportMatrix help page.

Reading Expressions from a File

You can write Maple programs in a text file using a text editor, and then
import the file into Maple. You can paste the commands from the text file
into your document or you can use the read command.
 10.4 Exporting to Other Formats • 369 370 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

> S(19); command in the preamble of your .tex file. For more information, refer to
the ?exporttoLaTeX help page.

Maple Input
For more information, refer to the ?read and ?interface help pages.
You can export a Maple document as Maple input so that it can be loaded
using the Maple Command-line version.
10.4 Exporting to Other Formats
Important: When exporting a document as Maple input for use in Command-
Exporting Documents line Maple, your document must contain explicit semicolons in 1-D Math
input. If not, the exported .mpl file will not contain semicolons, and Com-
You can save your documents by selecting Save or Save As from the File mand-line Maple will generate errors.
menu. By selecting Export As from the File menu, you can also export a
document in the following formats: HTML, LaTeX, Maple input, Maplet Maplet Application
application, Maple text, plain text, and Rich Text Format. This allows you
The Export as Maplet facility saves a Maple document as a .maplet file,
to access your work outside Maple.
so that you can run it using the command-line interface or the
HTML MapletViewer. The MapletViewer is an executable program that can launch
saved Maplet applications. It displays and runs Maplet applications independ-
The .html file that Maple generates can be loaded into any HTML browser. ently of the Maple Worksheet interface.
Exported mathematical content can be displayed in one of the following
formats: GIF, MathML 2.0 Presentation, MathML 2.0 Content, or Maple Important: When exporting a document as a Maplet Application for use in
Viewer, and is saved in a separate folder. MathML is the Internet standard, Command-line Maple or the MapletViewer, your document must contain
sanctioned by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), for the communic- explicit semicolons. If not, the exported .maplet file will not contain semi-
ation of structured mathematical formulae between applications. For more colons, and Command-line Maple and the MapletViewer will generate errors.
information about MathML, refer to the ?MathML help page. For information on using the MapletViewer, see Using Maplets (page 344).
Maple documents that are exported to HTML translate into multiple docu-
Maple Text
ments when using frames. If the frames feature is not selected, Maple creates
only one page that contains the document contents. Maple text is marked text that retains the distinction between text, Maple
input, and Maple output. Thus, you can export a document as Maple text,
LaTeX send the text file by email, and the recipient can import the Maple text into
The .tex file generated by Maple is ready for processing by LaTeX. All dis- a Maple session and regenerate the computations in the original document.
tributions of Maple include the necessary style files. By default, the LaTeX
Plain Text
style files are set for printing the .tex file using the dvips printer driver. You
can change this behavior by specifying an option to the \usepackage LaTeX Export a Maple document as plain text so that you can open the text file in
another application.
 10.4 Exporting to Other Formats • 371 372 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

Rich Text Format (RTF) Content HTML LaTeX Maple Maplet Maple Plain Rich
Input Applica- Text Text Text
The .rtf file generated by Maple can be loaded into any word processor that tion Format
supports RTF. Hyperlink Links to help Plain text Plain Plain Plain text Plain text Plain text
pages be- text text
Summary of Translation come plain
text. Links to
Table 10.1: Summary of Content Translation When Exporting to Different documents
Formats are renamed
and conver-
Content HTML LaTeX Maple Maplet Maple Plain Rich ted to
Input Applica- Text Text Text HTML links
tion Format
Embedded GIF Not expor- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Static im-
Text Maintained Maintained Preceded Preceded Preceded Main- Main- image or ted ported ported ported ported age
by # by # by # tained tained sketch out-
1-D Math Maintained Maintained Main- Main- Preceded Preceded Static im- put
tained tained by > by > age Spread- HTML table LaTeX Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- RTF
2-D Math GIF or Math- 1-D Math 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D Static im- sheet tables ported ported ported ported table
ML or LaTeX Math (if Math (if Math or Math or age Document Approxim- LaTeX en- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- RTF
2e possible) possible) charac- charac- style ated by vironments ported ported ported ported style
ter-based ter-based HTML style and sec-
typeset- typeset- attributes tions,
ting ting LaTeX 2e
Plot GIF Postscript Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Static im- macro calls
file ported ported ported ported age
Animation Animated Not expor- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- MapleNet
GIF ted ported ported ported ported ported
Hidden Not exported Not expor- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex- Not ex-
Overview of MapleNet
content ted ported ported ported ported ported
Using MapleNet, you can deploy Maple content on the Web. Powered by
Manually Not suppor- Not suppor- Not sup- Not sup- Not sup- Not sup- RTF the Maple computation engine, MapleNet allows you to embed dynamic
inserted ted ted ported ported ported ported page formulas, models, and diagrams as live content in Web pages. The MapleNet
page break break ob-
ject
software is not included with the Maple software. For more information on
MapleNet, visit http://www.maplesoft.com/maplenet.
 10.4 Exporting to Other Formats • 373 374 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

MapleNet Documents and Maplets Any document content outside Maple T.A. sections (indicated by green
section markers) is ignored by the export process.
After you upload your Maple documents to the MapleNet server, it can be
accessed by anyone in the world using a Web browser. Even if viewers do For more details, refer to the ?exporttoMapleTA help page.
not have a copy of Maple installed, they can view documents and Maplets,
manipulate 3-D plots, and execute code at the click of a button. 10.5 Connectivity
TM TM
Custom Java Applets and JavaServer Pages Technology
Translating Maple Code To Other Programming
MapleNet provides a programming interface to the Maple math engine so
Languages
commands can be executed from a JavaTM applet or using JavaServer
PagesTM technology. Embed MapleNet into your Web application, and let Code Generation
Maple handle the math and visualization.
The CodeGeneration package is a collection of commands and subpackages
that enable the translation of Maple code to other programming languages.
Maple T.A. Languages currently supported include C, Fortran77, Java, MATLAB®, and
Visual Basic®.
Overview of Maple T.A.
Maple T.A. is a Web-based automated testing system, based on the Maple For details on Code Generation, refer to the ?CodeGeneration help page.
engine. Instructors can use pre-written questions or create custom question
banks and then choose from these questions to form quizzes and assignments. Accessing External Products from Maple
Maple T.A. automatically grades responses as students complete assignments
External Calling
and tests. For more information, visit http://www.maplesoft.com/mapleta.
External calling allows you to use compiled C, Fortran77, or Java code in
Exporting Assignments to Maple T.A. Maple. Functions written in these languages can be linked and used as if
You can use Maple to create graded questions for use in Maple T.A. For in- they were Maple procedures. With external calling you can use pre-written
formation on creating and testing questions, see Creating Graded Assign- optimized algorithms without the need to translate them into Maple com-
ments (page 271). Using the Maple T.A. export feature, you can create and mands. Access to the NAG library routines and other numerical algorithms
test Maple T.A. content. is built into Maple using the external calling mechanism.

To export the document: External calling can also be applied to functions other than numerical al-
gorithms. Routines exist that accomplish a variety of non-mathematical tasks.
1. From the File menu, select Export As. You can use these routines in Maple to extend its functionality. For example,
2. In the Export As dialog, specify a filename and the Maple T.A. (.zip) you can link to controlled hardware via a serial port or interface with another
file type. The .zip file containing your questions and assignment can be up- program. The Database Integration Toolbox uses external calling to allow
loaded to Maple T.A. as a course module. you to query, create, and update databases in Maple. For more information,
visit http://www.maplesoft.com/products/toolboxes.
 10.5 Connectivity • 375 376 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

For more information on using external calling, refer to the ?ExternalCalling • Maple Function Wizard to step you through the creation of a Maple
help page. function call

Mathematica Translator To enable the Maple Excel Add-in in Excel 2000, Excel 2003, or Excel
XP:
The MmaTranslator package provides translation tools for converting
Mathematica® expressions, command operations, and notebooks to Maple. 1. From the Tools menu, choose Add-Ins.
The package can translate Mathematica input to Maple input and Mathematica 2. If the Maple Excel Add-in is not listed:
notebooks to Maple documents. The Mma subpackage contains commands
that provide translation for Mathematica commands when no equivalent • Click Browse and navigate to the directory in which Maple is installed.
Maple command exists. In most cases, the command achieves the translation • In the Excel directory, select the WMIMPLEX.xla file.
through minor manipulations of the input and output of similar Maple com-
mands. • Click OK.

Note: The MmaTranslator package does not convert Mathematica programs. 3. Select the Maple Excel Add-in check box.
4. Click OK.
There is a Maplet interface to the MmaTranslator package. For more in-
formation, refer to the ?MmaToMaple help page. More information is available in the Using Maple in Excel online help file
within Excel.
Matlab Package
To view this help file:
The Matlab package enables you to call selected MATLAB functions from
a Maple session, provided you have MATLAB installed on your system. 1. Enable the add-in.
2. From the View menu, select Toolbars, and then Maple.
For more information, refer to the ?Matlab help page.
3. On the Maple toolbar, click the Maple help icon .
Accessing Maple from External Products OpenMaple
Microsoft Excel Add-In OpenMaple is a suite of functions that allows you to access Maple algorithms
and data structures in your compiled C, Java, or Visual Basic programs.
Maple is available as an add-in to Microsoft Excel 2000, Excel 2003, and
(This is the reverse of external calling, which allows access to compiled C,
Excel XP for Windows, and provides the following features.
Fortran77, and Java code from Maple.)
• Access to Maple commands from Excel
To run your application, Maple must be installed. You can distribute your
• Ability to copy and paste between Maple and Excel application to any licensed Maple user. For additional terms and conditions
• Access to a subset of the Maple help pages on the use of OpenMaple, refer to extern/OpenMapleLicensing.txt in your
Maple installation.
 10.5 Connectivity • 377 378 • 10 Input, Output, and Interacting with Other Products

For more details on using OpenMaple functions, refer to the ?OpenMaple

help page.
 380 • Index

{}, 287 arguments, 339 assuming command, 116, 118, 162,

Index |, 136 arithmetic, 9 307
~, 82, 116 finite-precision, 67 additionally option, 119
Symbols interval, 110 and procedure variables, 119
! toolbar icon, 10 A matrix and vector, 143 applying to all names, 119
!!! toolbar icon, 10 about command, 117 modular, 73, 75 using with assume command, 119
"", 297 abs command, 73 polynomial, 124 Attributes submenu
%H, 146 absolute value, 73 Arrays, 289 character, 235
%T, 146 add large, 290 paragraph, 236
&x, 146 word to your dictionary, 279 arrow operator, 56 auto-execute, 273
', 57, 317 add command, 334 assign command, 87 repeating, 273
(), 338 additionally command, 117 assigned command, 317 security levels, 273
->, 56 algebra, 124 assignment operator (:=), 55 Avogadro constant, 105
., 144 linear, 133 Assistants, 26, 121
1-D Math, 38 polynomial, 124 Curve Fitting, 132 B
switching to 2-D, 38 algsubs command, 312 Data Analysis, 171 bar chart, 175
2-D Math, 37 alignment format, 236 Import Data, 366 basis, 149
converting to 1-D, 39 all content, 53 menu access, 26 vector space, 148
shortcuts, 6 American spelling ODE Analyzer, 88 binary numbers, 74
switching to 1-D, 38 spellcheck, 276 Optimization, 167 Bohr radius, 105
:, 38–39 and operator, 323 Plot Builder, 28, 49, 189 bold format, 233
::, 116 angle brackets, 136 Unit Converter, 308 bookmarks
:=, 55 angles, 308 assume command, 116 using, 264
;, 38–39 animations adding assumptions, 117 boolean expressions, 315, 322, 330
<>, 136 creating, 222 and procedure variables, 119 brackets
<default>, 40, 317 customizing, 228 imposing multiple assumptions, angle, 136
>, 37 Applications 117 break statement, 332
[], 142, 286, 288 Units Calculator, 98 removing assumptions, 118 browser
^, 5, 76 applications, 33 setting relationships between vari- Matrix, 137, 290
entering, 76 apply ables, 116 Task, 51
_, 58 character styles, 239 setting variable properties, 116 bullets
entering, 58 document blocks, 248 testing property, 117 format, 236
_EnvAllSolutions environment vari- paragraph styles, 242 using with assuming command, list, 262
able, 82 approximation, 68 119 button
_ZN~, 82 least-squares, 149 viewing assumptions, 117 embedding, 268
`, 58 numeric, 313 by clause, 326

379
 Index • 381 382 • Index

excluding, 327 errors option, 113 syntax-free, 19, 31 PolynomialInterpolation com-

negative, 328 command completion, 7 task templates, 51 mand, 132
shortcut, 7 tutors, 48 cut and paste
C Command-line version, xiii under assumptions, 116 in tables, 254
calculus, 151 commands, 39 single evaluation, 118
multivariate, 164 and task templates, 51 updating, 9 D
Student package, 166 displaying procedures, 340 with uncertainty, 112 D operator, 156
of variations, 166 iterative, 333 with units, 101 Data Analysis Assistant, 171
packages, 164 list, 122 conditional execution, 322 data structures, 10, 285
study guides, 179 mapping over set or list, 336 constants, 10 creating, 285
teaching, 166, 179 package, 41 content command, 132 Database Integration Toolbox, 374
vector, 164 top-level, 40 context datatype option, 140
Student package, 166 Common Symbols palette, 11 of unit, 97 default content, 53
canvas compatibility context menus, 20, 46, 121, 146, 298 default Maple style set, 247
inserting, 274 worksheet, 283 customizing animations, 228 degree
canvas style complex expressions, 314 equation, 78 command, 131
sketch pad, 275 compoly command, 132 integer, 46, 71 polynomials, 130
caret components Plot Builder, 28 denom command, 302
entering, 76 adding GUI elements, 268 convert command, 307 derivatives, 153
central tendency, 110 palette, 268 base option, 74, 331 directional, 157
character styles properties, 269 degrees option, 308 partial, 154
creating, 240 computations mathematical functions, 308 Tutor, 179
description, 239 assistants, 48 polynom option, 160 dictionary, 33, 178
Cholesky decomposition, 147 commands, 39 set option, 308 dictionary topic
choose styles dialog, 245 context menus, 46 temperature option, 99 adding hyperlink to, 281
Classic Worksheet, xiii errors, 70 units option, 98, 308 diff command, 89, 155
tables, 258 avoiding, 70 copy, 236 differential equations
coeff command, 130 integers, 71 correlation, 112 ordinary, 88
coefficients interrupting, 332 coulditbe command, 118 partial, 92
polynomials, 130 linear algebra, 143 covariance, 112 differentiation, 153
coeffs command, 131 mathematics, 121 cross product, 146 with uncertainty, 112
collect command, 130 numeric, 66 Curl command, 165 with units, 102
colon, 38–39 palettes, 44 Curve Fitting Differentiation Methods Tutor, 180
color performing, 65, 121 Assistant, 132 Digits environment variable, 69
of plots, 219 Real number system, 114 package dimension, 96, 147
combine command, 306 symbolic, 66 base, 96
 Index • 383 384 • Index

Directional Derivative Tutor, 157 email delaying, 317 expressions, 10, 285
discrim command, 132 adding hyperlink to, 280 levels of, 316 adding, 334
display embedded components, 268 Maple expressions, 310 evaluating, 310
bookmark, 264 end do keywords, 326, 328, 330 of expression at a point, 310 manipulating, 304
hidden formatting attributes, 238 end if keywords, 322 output below, 8, 21, 31 multiplying, 334
distribution end proc keywords, 338 output inline, 8, 21, 31 versus functional operators, 293
probability, 171 environment variables updated computations, 9
divide command, 126 _EnvAllSolutions, 82 exact F
divisors, 73 Digits, 69 computation, 67 factor
document blocks, 31, 247 Order, 160 numbers, 66 integers, 71
Document mode, 1 equation labels, 59 quantities polynomials, 131
summary, 30 displaying, 59 converting to floating-point, 69 QR factorization, 149
double colon operator, 116 features, 62 example worksheets, 33 factor command, 131, 305
dsolve command, 92 numbering schemes, 61 execution group, 38 factored normal form, 309
references to, 59 auto-execute, 272 factorial command, 73
E versus names, 62 expand FAIL, 323, 330
e-notation, 68 with multiple outputs, 61 command, 306 false, 323, 330
eigenvalues, 147 equations document block, 250 Faraday constant, 105
eigenvectors, 147 solving, 78 execution group, 251 files
elementary charge, 105 for real solutions, 114 series, 159 image formats, 265
elements, 104 numerically, 83 exponents reading from, 366
definition, 106 symbolically, 80 entering, 5 writing to, 363
isotopes, 106 transcendental, 82 export, 342 fill option, 140
definition, 106 errors to HTML, 369 finite fields, 75
properties, 106 quantities with, 110 to LaTeX, 369 solving equations, 94
list, 106 Euclidean algorithm, 132 to Maple input, 370 finite rings, 75
properties eval command, 311, 340 to Maple T.A., 373 floating-point
list, 106 evalb command, 315 to Maple text, 370 computation, 68
uncertainty, 109 evalc command, 314 to Maplet application, 370 accuracy, 70
units, 108 evalf command, 69, 83, 108, 111, 313 to other formats, 369 hardware, 70
using, 105 with Int command, 163 to plain text, 370 significant digits, 69
value, 108 with Limit command, 153 to Rich Text Format, 371 numbers, 67
value and units, 109 evaln command, 317 worksheets, 369 rational approximation, 47
elif clauses, 324 evaluation Expression palette, 12 Flux command, 165
order, 324 boolean expressions, 315 expression sequences, 80, 286 font color, 233
else clause, 323 complex expressions, 314 creating, 333
 Index • 385 386 • Index

foot-pound-second (FPS) system, 25, Gaussian integers, 77 worksheet content, 266 prompt, 37
97 GaussInt package, 77 highlight color, 233 separating, 39
for/from loops, 326 gcd command, 132 Hilbert Matrix, 149 setting default mode, 38
for/in loops, 328 gcdex command, 132 histogram, 175 insert
formal power series solutions, 92 Getting Started Guide, 32 hyperlinks bookmark, 264
format lists Global Optimization Toolbox, 166 in worksheet, 279 hyperlink, 280
using paragraph styles, 263 global variables, 339 images, 265
Format menu glossiness I row and columns in tables, 253
bookmarks, 264 of 3-D plots, 219 i section, 237
document blocks, 248 go to entering, 18, 77 sketch pad, 274
quick formatting, 233 bookmark, 265 if statement, 322 table, 252
frac command, 118 gradient, 182 ifactor command, 71, 73, 306 instructor resources, 178
fractions Gradient Tutor, 181 igcd command, 73 Int command, 163
approximating, 22 Graphing Calculator images int command, 162
entering, 5 Maplesoft, xiii adding hyperlink to, 280 integers
frequency plot, 175 greatest common divisor, 73, 132 file format, 265 commands, 73
Frobenius form inserting, 265 computations, 71
matrix, 148 H imaginary unit context menu, 46
from clause, 326 has command, 300 entering, 18, 77 factoring, 71
excluding, 327 hastype command, 299 implies operator, 323 Gaussian, 77
fsolve command, 83 HazardRate command, 174 Import Data Assistant, 366 modulo m, 75
full evaluation, 316, 319 help indent solving equations, 93
Function Composition Tutor, 27 dictionary, 33 format, 236 solving modular equations, 94
FunctionAdvisor command, 41, 121 examples, 33 list, 262 integration, 12, 18, 20, 44, 161
functional operators, 14, 292 pages, 33 indeterminates, 303 definite, 162
differentiating, 156 quick, 32 indets command, 303 functional operators, 296
plotting, 295 quick reference card, 32 indices, 40, 142 indefinite, 161
versus expressions, 293 task templates, 33 inequations iterated, 164
functions help page solving, 78 line, 164, 184
converting between, 308 adding hyperlink to, 281 for real solutions, 114 numeric, 163
defining, 14 Hermitian transpose symbolically, 80 surface, 164
defining as functional operators, matrix and vector, 146 infinite loops, 332 with units, 102
292 Hessenberg form, 149 infolevel command, 93 Interactive Plot Builder Assistant,
hexadecimal numbers, 74 input 28, 49
G hidden formatting attributes, 238 1-D Math, 38 creating animations, 223
Gaussian elimination, 149 hide 2-D Math, 37 creating plots, 189
 Index • 387 388 • Index

customizing animations, 228 multidimensional, 152 launching, 346 Hermitian transpose, 146
customizing plots, 215 line break, 236 Maplet authoring, 346 image, 139
interface command line integrals, 184 Maplets large, 137
rtablesize option, 139 linear algebra, 133 adding hyperlink to, 281 multiplication, 144
verboseproc option, 340 computations, 143 authoring, 345 operations, 146
international system (SI), 97 efficiency, 139, 150 Maplet Builder, 346 random, 140
InterquartileRange command, 173 LinearAlgebra package, 148 Maplets package, 356 scalar multiplication, 145
interval arithmetic, 110 teaching, 150, 179 launching selecting submatrices, 143
iquo command, 73 linear systems Maple worksheet, 345 shape, 139, 141
iroot command, 73 solving, 94, 149 Maplet file type, 344 transpose, 146
is command, 117 LinearAlgebra package, 146 Maplets package type, 139
isprime command, 73 commands, 148 Display command, 356 Matrix
isqrt command, 73 numeric computations, 150 Elements subpackage, 356 Browser, 136–137, 290
italic format, 233 LinearSolve command, 94 Maplet authoring, 356 constructor, 141
lists, 142, 288 saving data structure, 133
J formatting, 262 Maple worksheet, 362 palette, 12, 94, 133, 139
j returning solutions as, 80 maplet file, 362 max command, 73
entering, 77 local variables, 339 using, 344 maximize, 166
Jordan form, 147 logical operators, 323 markers maximum, 73
loops, 325 bookmarks, 264 Mean command, 173
L general, 331 displaying, 238 merge
labels, 59 infinite, 332 for document blocks, 247 table cells, 254
last name evaluation, 317 Math mode, 4 min command, 73
Layout palette, 11 M shortcuts, 6 minimal content, 53
lcm command, 132 Macintosh mathematical functions minimize, 166
lcoeff command, 130 command/symbol completion, 7 list, 41 minimum, 73
ldegree command, 131 manuals mathematics mod command, 73
least-squares, 149 Getting Started Guide, 32 computations, 121 mod operator, 75
left single quotes, 58 online, 32 teaching and learning, 178 modes
left-hand side, 301 map command, 336 matrices, 291 Document, 1
levels of evaluation, 316 Maple Application Center, 122, 178 arithmetic, 143 Math, 4
lexicographic order, 128 Maple Getting Started Guide, 32 context menus, 146 switching between, 4
lhs command, 301 Maple Student Center, 179 data type, 139, 141 Text, 4
Limit command, 153 Maplesoft Graphing Calculator, xiii defining, 133 Worksheet, 1
limit command, 152 Maplesoft Web site, 32, 121 efficiency, 139 modify
limits, 151 Maplet Builder filling, 141 character styles, 241
 Index • 389 390 • Index

table, 253 non-base 10, 74 unloading, 43, 58 Plot Builder Assistant, 28, 49
modp command, 75 numer command, 302 warnings, 43 plot command, 160
mods command, 75 numeric page break, 236 plot3d command, 295
modular arithmetic, 73, 75 approximation, 313 palettes, 11, 20, 44, 121, 298, 311 plots
modules, 342 computation, 67 Common Symbols, 11 analyzing, 222
MPS(X) files, 171 numtheory[divisors] command, 73 docks, 15 pan, 222
msolve command, 94 adding palettes, 15 point probe, 222
mul command, 334 O expanding, 15 rotate, 222
multiplication ODE Analyzer Assistant, 88 Expression, 12 scale, 222
implied, 6 operands, 303 finding items, 15 code for color plates, 230
selecting, 335 inserting items, 12 creating, 188
N operators, 10 Layout, 11 context menu, 203
names, 10, 55 functional, 292 Matrix, 12, 133, 139 displaying multiple plots, 213
adding assumptions, 116 logical, 323 moving, 15 insert plot, 206
and symbols, 16 relational, 322 Symbol Recognition, 15 Interactive Plot Builder, 28, 49,
assigned, 317 optimization, 166 Units, 24, 99 189
assigning values to, 55 efficiency, 169 viewing, 15 plot command, 207
logical, 323 plotting, 168 paragraph styles plot3d command, 207
previously assigned, 318 point-and-click interface, 167 creating, 243 plots package, 210
protected, 57 Optimization Assistant, 167 description, 239 creating animations
removing assumptions, 118 Plotter, 168 format lists, 263 animate command, 224
reserved, 57 Options dialog, 53 parameters, 339 Interactive Plot Builder, 223
unassigning, 57, 118, 319 or operator, 323 parametric solutions, 83 customizing, 215
valid, 58 Order environment variable, 160 partial differential equations context menu, 216
versus equation labels, 62 ordinary differential equations solving, 92 Interactive Plot Builder, 215
with assumptions, 116 plotting solution, 91 paste, 237 plot options, 219
new style set, 245 solving, 88 PDEs, 92 plot3d options, 219
nops command, 303 orthogonal matrix, 149 pdsolve command, 92 customizing animations, 228
norm command, 132, 147 output pencil command-line options, 229
normal command, 309 suppressing, 38 sketch pad, 275 context menu, 228
normal form, 309 updating, 31 pi Interactive Plot Builder, 228
not operator, 323 inserting, 12 exporting, 230
numbered list, 262 P pie chart, 175 functional operators, 295
numbers, 10 packages, 40 piecewise command, 172 gradient, 183
exact, 66 list, 122 placeholders, 12 line integral, 184
floating-point, 67 loading, 42 Planck constant, 105 ODEs
 Index • 391 392 • Index

numeric solution, 90 powers Q rank, 147

symbolic solution, 91 entering, 5 QPSolve command, 170 rational expressions
optimization problem, 168 precalculus QR factorization, 149 entering, 5
playing animations, 226 teaching, 179 quadratic programs, 170 read
plots package precision, 69 quantities with uncertainty, 111 from files, 366
animate command, 224 prem command, 132 accessing error, 111 recurrence relation
contourplot command, 213 previously assigned, 318 accessing value, 111 solving, 95
display command, 214 primality testing, 73 computing with, 112 reference
matrixplot command, 211 primpart command, 132 constructing, 111 equation labels, 59
pointplot command, 210 print element properties, 112 names, 55
series, 160 command, 340 rounding the error, 112 relational operators, 322
statistics, 175 table, 257 scientific constants, 112 rem command, 124
viewing animations probability distribution, 171 with units, 112 remainder
animate context bar, 226 proc key word, 338 quick integer, 73
polynomial equations procedures, 338 character formatting, 233 remove command, 335
solving, 82 and assumptions, 119 help, 32 repetition statements, 325
numerically, 84 calling, 338 paragraph formatting, 235 reserved names, 57
polynomials defining, 338 reference card, 32 restart command, 58
algebra, 124 displaying, 340 quit statement, 332 resultant command, 132
arithmetic, 124 inputs, 339 quo command, 124 return
coefficients, 130 multiple lines, 338 quotes statement, 332
collecting terms, 130 output, 339 double, 297 values, 339
degree, 130 using, 338 left single, 58 rhs command, 301
division, 124, 126 product command, 334 right single, 57, 317 right single quotes, 57, 317
efficient arithmetic, 133 products unevaluation, 317 right-hand side, 301
expanding, 125 entering, 5 quotient RootOf structure, 82
factoring, 131 implied, 6 integer, 73 roots
implied multiplication, 126 programs, 321 command, 132
numeric modules, 342 R of equations, 83
algebraic manipulation, 133 procedures, 338 random row vector
operations, 132 prompt matrices, 140 creating, 141
sorting, 126 input, 37 variables, 171 rsolve command, 95
pure lexicographic, 128 properties randpoly command, 132
total degree, 127 testing, 117 range S
PolynomialTools package, 133 protected names, 57 in plots, 217 scatter plot, 175
IsSelfReciprocal command, 132 operator, 142 scientific constants, 104
 Index • 393 394 • Index

list, 104 simplify command, 304, 312 sort superscript format, 233
name, 105 sketch pad lists, 310 Sylvester matrix, 149
symbol, 105 canvas style, 238 polynomials, 126, 310 symbol completion, 7
uncertainty, 109 gridline, 276 sort command, 126, 310 shortcut, 7
units, 108 slider plex option, 128 symbolic
using, 105 embedding, 268 spacing format, 236 computation, 66
value, 108 solutions spellcheck, 276 objects, 67
value and units, 109 assigning as expression, 87 American spelling, 276 symbols
ScientificConstants package, 104 assigning as function, 87 dictionary, 279 entering, 16
extensibility, 110 details, 93 sqrfree command, 133 finding, 15
objects, 107 formal, 92 square roots names, 16
ScientificErrorAnalysis package, 110 formal power series, 92 entering, 7, 17 system of units, 97
extensibility, 113 integers, 93 standard content, 53 controlling, 102
objects, 111 real, 114 Standard Units environment, 101 systeme international (SI), 25, 97
sections series, 92 Standard Worksheet, xiii
in worksheet, 237 verifying, 86 statements T
security levels solve multiple lines, 338 Tab
auto-execute, 273 equations, 78 Statistics package, 171 icon, 44
security tab for real solutions, 114 continuous distributions, 171 inserting, 44
options dialog, 273 numerically, 83 discrete distributions, 171 key, 12, 44
select command, 335 symbolically, 80 plots, 175 tables, 290
selectremove command, 335 inequations, 78 strings, 297 alignment, 255
semicolon, 38–39 for real solutions, 114 StringTools package, 297 and Classic worksheet, 258
seq command, 333 symbolically, 80 Student package, 158, 178–179 appearance, 255
series, 159 integer equations, 93 calculus subpackages, 166 borders, 255
command, 159 linear system, 94, 149 LinearAlgebra subpackage, 150 contents, 253
plotting, 160 modular integer equations, 94 Maplets, 178 execution order, 257
Taylor, 159 ODEs, 88 Tutors, 178 physical dimensions, 254
type, 160 PDEs, 92 student resources, 178 printing, 257
sets, 287 recurrence relation, 95 study guides, 179 using, 252
shape option, 140 transcendental equations, 82 style set management, 245 visibility of cell content, 256
show solve command, 80, 288 subscripts Task Browser, 51
worksheet content, 266 finding all solutions, 82 entering, 6 task templates, 51, 71, 96, 121, 133,
show contents dialog finding parametric solutions, 83 format, 233 151
using, 267 real solutions, 114 substitute, 310 default content, 53
significant digits, 69 solving procedures, 83 sum command, 334 inserting, 52
 Index • 395 396 • Index

taylor command, 159 Gradient, 181 Units Calculator, 97 filling, 140

Taylor series, 159 menu access, 27 Units package, 96 large, 137
tcoeff command, 131 type command, 299 environments, 101 multiplication, 144
teach, 178 types, 116, 298 extensibility, 103 row, 136, 141
temperature conversion, 98 converting, 307 UseSystem command, 103 scalar multiplication, 145
text field series, 160 UsingSystem command, 103 selecting entries, 142
embedding, 268 testing, 299 Units palettes, 24, 99 shape, 140
Text mode, 4 subexpressions, 299 universal gravitational constant, 105 transpose, 146
text regions, 54 typesetting rule assistant, 238 UNIX View menu
third-party products, 122 command/symbol completion, 7 markers, 238
tilde, 82, 116 U unwith command, 43
to clause, 326 unapply command, 87 URL W
excluding, 327 unassign command, 57 adding hyperlink to, 282 Web page
Tolerances package, 110 unassigning names, 57, 319 user-defined style set, 247 adding hyperlink to, 282
toolbar, 4 uncertainty, 110 Web site
toolbox quantities with, 110 V Application Center, 122, 178
Global Optimization, 122 underline format, 233 variables, 10 Maplesoft, 32, 121–122
toolboxes unevaluation quotes, 57, 317 variance, 112 Student Center, 179
Database Integration, 374 union VariationalCalculus package, 166 while loops, 329
Global Optimization, 166 of sets, 288 Vector Windows
Tools menu Unit Converter Assistant, 308 constructor command/symbol completion, 7
Assistants and Tutors, 26, 48 units, 24, 96, 308 vectorfield attribute, 164 with command, 42
Tasks, 51 adding to expressions, 25 data structure, 133 worksheet
Torsion command, 165 applying to expression, 99 vector fields, 164 adding hyperlink to, 282
total degree, 127 computing with, 101 vector spaces Worksheet mode, 1, 35
tour, 32 context, 97 basis, 148–149 write
transparency converting between, 97 VectorCalculus package, 164 to files, 363
of 3-D plots, 220 environment, 101 Student version, 166
transpose evaluating with, 25 vectors, 291 X
matrices and vectors, 146 in 1-D Math, 101 arithmetic, 143 xor operator, 323
true, 323 inserting, 100 column, 136
Tutors, 26, 178–179, 181 overview, 96 context menus, 146 Z
Derivatives, 179 prefixes, 101 cross product, 146 zero recognition, 309
Differentiation Methods, 180 system of data type, 140 zip command, 336
Directional Derivative, 157 controlling, 102 defining, 136
Function Composition, 27 systems of, 97 efficiency, 139