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At first let’s understand the difference between nuclear reactions
and chemical reactions

Nuclear reactions include a Chemical reactions occur between
change in the composition of the atoms of the reactant elements
the nucleiand the formation of through the electrons of their outermost
nuclei of new elements atoms. energy levels, and no change occurs to
the nuclei of these atoms.
It occurs in the nucleus of an
atom It takes place outside the nucleus
in atom's electrons cloud by
sharing,losing or gaining
1- Atomic Structure electrons.
Atom has a central nucleus containing two types of subatomic particles :
A. Protons which has a ( +ve charge).
B. Neutrons whis is neutral.
C. Outside the nucleus , there are electrons which has ( -ve charge ) orbiting the
nucleus in different energy levels
Discovery of neutrons Discovery of protons (1919)
Nevil Sidgwick discovered that the nucleus Rutherford proved that the nucleus of atom
contains neutrally charged particles that are contains positively charged particles called
called neutrons, where the mass of the neutron protons
is nearly similar to the mass of a proton
Discovery of electrons
Scientists had become sure that electrons are of the main components of the atom and they are
particles with a very small mass, have a negative charge and rotate around the nucleus.
Since the atom is electrically neutral, So the atom has other particles carrying
positive charges equal to tha negative charges of the electrons.
However, there was no known distribution for the positive and negative charges in
tha atom at that time.
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Rutherford's (1911) and Bohr's (1913) atomic models
According to the experiment of Rutherford's and Bohr's theories, the atomic structure
became more acceptable as shown in the following:
Rutherford's Atomic Model Bohr's Atomic Model
1- In the center of the atom, there 1-The negatively charged electrons

is a nucleus : rotate around the nucleus in certain
• Tiny and positively charged fixed orbits called energy levels
• Relatively heavy in which the
mass of the atom is concentrated 2- Each energy level is occupied by a
certain number of electrons that can't
2- Negative electrons rotate around
be increased
the nucleus at a relatively far distance
• Most of the atomic volume is space
Where the volume of the nucleus is
very small relative to the atom's volume
The Nucleus diameter = 10-6:10-5 nm

The Atom diameter = 1 X 10-10 m (0.1 nm)
Notes
The atonfs mass is concentrated m the nucleus, because the mass of electrons is
too small (negligible) compared to the mass of protons and neutrons
(mass of proton = 1800 times of the electron mass)
The atom is electrically neutral, because the number of positively charged protons
in the nucleus equals the number of negatively charged electrons rotating around
the nucleus
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Description of the nucleus of the atom of any element
Term Symbol Relation
Mass number A = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

Atomic number Z = Number of protons = Number of electrons
(in the neutral atom)
Neutrons number N = Mass number - number of protons

(N=A-Z)
Any element can be represented As follows
Mass Number: is the sum of the numbers

of Protons and neutrons inside the necleus
of the element atom
Atomic Number: is the number of Protons
inside the necleus of the element atom
Nucleons are the protons and the neutrons inside the nucleus
Test Yourself
Write the nucleus symbol of aluminum atom. knowing that its nucleus
contains 13 protons and 14 neutrons
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2- Isotopes
Are atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but
differ in the mass number due to the difference in the number of neutrons.
Isotopes have the same chemical properties because they have the same
electronic configuration around nucleus.
Most elements in the periodic table have more than one isotope
Example: Hydrogen has 3 isotopes
Protium Deuterium Tritium
1 2 3
Symbol of isotope H
1 1H H
1
Name of the nucleus Proton Deuteron Triton

Atomic number (Z)
No. of protons (P)
1 1 1
Mass number (A) 1 2 3
No. of neutrons {N) 1-1 = 0 2-1 = 1 3-1 = 2
It is clear from the previous table that :
The atomic number equals the mass number in protium nucleus

because it doesn’t contain neutrons.
Number of neutrons equals:

number of protons in deuterium nucleus
Double the number of protons in tritium nucleus
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Notes
Atomic nuclei are made of protons and neutrons, which are collectively
called nucleons.
In nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a nuclide and is identified by

the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
A transmutation is a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a

change in the number of its protons.
Is a process in which one chemical element is transformed into another

element through natural or artificial means.
Example: Hydrogen transmuting into helium in stellar.
APPLICATION Oxygen isotopes : oxygen element has 3 isotopes
Atomic mass Masses of atomic isotopes can't be measured in kg, because

unit amu (u) their masses are too small. So they are measured in atomic mass unit amu (u)
X 6.02 X 1023
Atomic masses of elements can be identified
by knowing the relative atomic masses of
their isotopes and the percentage of the X103
kg g X 6.02 X 10 u
23
presence of each of them where : X10-3 / 6.02 X 1023
Atomic mass = M1P1+ M2P2 + M3P3 + ......

/ 6.02 X 1023
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At first let’s understand the difference between nuclear reactions

and chemical reactions

Discovery of neutrons Discovery of protons (1919)

Rutherford's Atomic Model Bohr's Atomic Model

1- In the center of the atom, there 1-The negatively charged electrons

The Nucleus diameter = 10-6:10-5 nm

Term Symbol Relation

Mass number A = Number of protons + Number of neutrons

Neutrons number N = Mass number - number of protons

Any element can be represented As follows

Mass Number: is the sum of the numbers

Example: Hydrogen has 3 isotopes

Protium Deuterium Tritium

Name of the nucleus Proton Deuteron Triton

Mass number (A) 1 2 3

No. of neutrons {N) 1-1 = 0 2-1 = 1 3-1 = 2

It is clear from the previous table that :

The atomic number equals the mass number in protium nucleus

Number of neutrons equals:

In nuclear chemistry, an atom is referred to as a nuclide and is identified by

A transmutation is a change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a

Is a process in which one chemical element is transformed into another

Example: Hydrogen transmuting into helium in stellar.

APPLICATION Oxygen isotopes : oxygen element has 3 isotopes

Atomic mass Masses of atomic isotopes can't be measured in kg, because

presence of each of them where : X10-3 / 6.02 X 1023

Atomic mass = M1P1+ M2P2 + M3P3 + ......

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