Genaral Masaharu Homma

1. False - commander-in-chief of the Japanese Imperial

2. 99 years Forces.
3. Elpidio quirino
- It was Homma who forced and accepted the
4. True
5. Diosdado macapagal surrender of the Americans at Bataan.
6. False
7. 350 appointments JANUARY 4, 1942
8. 21 years –Marcos  Priests suspected of engaging in subversion
9. 1972 – martial law activities were also imprisoned like Father
10. False Rufino Santos who was then a young priest
11. Department of energy – act 7838 ata
and later became the first Filipino Cardinal
12. Fidel ramos
13. False of the Catholic Church and Archbishop of
14. 10 million jobs sana ol Manila.
15. Gloria macapagal arroyo – about 10 pint
JORGE B. VARGAS
agenda ata
16. Asian financial crisis - who was then the mayor of greater Manila
17. Jose velarde
before the Japanese occupation of the city, had
18. D. housing D KASAMA SA 4P’S
19. Mamasapano encounter been instructed by President Quezon and
20. SEATO – SOUTHERN EAST ASIA General MacArthur to cooperate with the
TREATY ORGANIZATION BA? enemy.
21. ASSASSINATION OF BENIGNNO
AQUINO JR. JANUARY 23, 1942
22. BELL REPORT
- Arbitrary arrests and executions were done by
23. TRUE
24. FALSE the kempeitai (military police) any time of the
25. TRUE day.
26. FIRESIDE CHATS – PARA MALAMAN - “Kura” most feared word (inward wave of
NG MGA TAO KENEME hand meant “come here!” signified disaster
27. REPARATION AGREEMENT – and outward wave of hand meant “dismiss”
28. 80% BUILDING or “scram”.
29. BELL TRADE ACT – RESOURCES
- In Manila, the streetcar was still operational.
30. 545 MILLION PESOS – NAKS YAMAN
NNI ERAP Many people rode bicycles and Vokars
(wartime carriages pulled by horses).
- Taliba, La Vanguardia, Tribune and
JAPANESE OCCUPATION Liwayway were allowed to continue
publication but under rigid censorship by the
- Japan occupied the philippines over over three
government.
years, after General Masaharu Homma issued
a proclamation announcing the end of JANUARY 14, 1942
American occupation and the imposition of
martial law in the country. - Colonel Murosawa, head of the Religious
- The Japanese occupation of the Philippines Section of the Japanese Army, issued a
occurred between 1942 and 1945, when Declaration to Christians in the Philippines
Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth in which he expressed the view of the Japanese
of the Philippines during World War II. army to assure freedom of religion.
- they ran the Philippines with an iron hand.

MARTIAL LAW

- Japan claimed that it was creating Asia for JAPANESE PREMIER HIDEKI TOJO
Asians. - recognizes Japan's program of establishing
- On January 3, 1942 General Masaharu "the Philippines for the Filipinos" as a
Homma issued a proclamation announcing the member of the Greater East Asia Co-
end of the American occupation and the Prosperity Sphere.
imposition of martial law in the country.
 MICKEY MOUSE MONEY - Sa Pula,Sa Puti,anadaption of Julian Cruz
PUPPET GOVERNMENT Balmaseda's Isang Kuwalta ng Abaka
becamea crowd favorite

LIFE DURING THE WARTIME YEARS - Musical Philippines,Inc.enable classical

REFORMING THE PH GORN. musician stopper format the theater

THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE - •Cencorshipof media continued Nippongo

PHILIPPINES classes were still mandatory

- President Laurel went his way to Filipinise - NewOrder:kempeitai

the Catholic Church
- The Bureau of Religious Affairs was - Progmatic,or rather materialistic.People
created as an agency under the Executive had come face to face with violence
Commission
- They had learned to use weapons to kill
- The Board of Information replaced the the opponents
Bureau of Information and Public Security
of the Executive Commission - People kept leaving and returning
depending upon the situation Everywhere
- Kabataang Pangarap ni Rizal (The Youth
inthe land,people livedinfea
ofRizal's Dream) and
Revtrufilnism(Revive True Filipinism RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION
were organized

- Pre-warAmericanfilms and Japanesefilms

- Japanese discouraged the Filipinos from

writing in English

- They bolstered the enthusiasm of local

writers

- Liwayway

- Writers began to create short stories and

verses similar to the Japanese haiku

- Philippine Review and Pillars

- Their income was good enough to buy the

makiloof coffee-corn

- In1943, the Dramatic Philippines, Inc. was

formed

- Performed at the Old Metropolitan Theater

- Passion Play,Julius Caesar, Golden Boy

and Applesauce
Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)

Condition of the Philippines:

 Country paralyzed post-World War II.
 Recession in commerce, transportation
inefficiency.
 80% school buildings destroyed, weak
educational system.
 Annual deficit around 200 million pesos.
 Crime rate increase due to American gangster
influence.
 Post-war reconstruction led by Roxas.
Primary Problems:
 Struggling economy: low output, high
unemployment.
 Production halt in various sectors due to war
destruction.
 Education severely weakened.
 American government interference in policies.
 HUKBALAHAP movement riotous despite
Western influences.

Promises During Elections and Inauguration:

 Focus on Philippines' rehabilitation, economic
production.
 Export income for investment in technology,
employment.
 Aimed at addressing hunger, healthcare,
unemployment.
 Seeking financial aid from international
organizations, especially the United States.
Laws and Programs:
 Acceptance of Bell Trade Act for 800 million
dollars in rehabilitation money.
 Preferential tariffs, parity rights for American
citizens.
 Ratification of Treaty of General Relations
with the US.
 General Amnesty for war-related offenses.
 Introduction of Parity Amendment in 1947.
Beneficiaries of Laws and Programs:
  Mutual benefits for Philippines and US in
Treaty of General Relations.
Promises During Elections and Inauguration:
 Military Bases Agreement advantageous for
the US.  Focus on rebuilding and repairing post-war
 General Amnesty for those involved in WWII. systems.
 Bell Trade Act primarily advantageous for US  Address unemployment and wage issues.
citizens and businesses.  Control market prices to combat inflation.
Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws:  Prioritize industrialization and citizen
development.
 Roxas failed to foresee consequences of
American-influenced decisions.
 Bell Trade Act primarily favored US interests Laws and Programs:
over Philippine sovereignty.
 Military Bases Agreement restricted Filipino  Established PACSA, ACCFA, Labor
freedom. Management Advisory Board, Rural Banks.
 Roxas criticized for Westernized decisions.  Revived "fireside chats" for government
updates.
Issues and Controversies:  Granted amnesty to HUKBALAHAP
members.
 Criticized for close ties with Americans,
 Improved industrial ventures, irrigation, road
allowing US military bases.
systems.
 Graft and corruption scandals emerged.
 Set up Central Bank and Rural Banking.
 Handling of HUKBALAHAP movement
criticized. Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs:
 Allegations of surrendering Philippine
freedom to Americans.  PACSA aided financially challenged families.
 Attempted assassination due to public anger.  ACCFA helped farmers sell produce.
 Labor Management Advisory Board guided
labor matters.
Summary of Governance:  Rural Banks assisted rural finances.
 "Fireside chats" kept public informed.
 Roxas inherited post-war Philippines with  Amnesty benefited former HUKBALAHAP
economic, social challenges. members.
 Focused on rehabilitation, heavily influenced
by American policies. Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws:
 Criticized for policies favoring US interests  Amnesty didn't fully resolve conflict with
over Filipino welfare. HUKBALAHAP.
 Escaped assassination attempts due to public  Failed to address poverty and implement
discontent. agrarian reforms.
Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)  Some programs faced implementation issues.
Issues and Controversies:

Condition of the Philippines:  Controversial 1949 election believed to be

corrupt.
 Succeeded Manuel Roxas in 1948, faced  Impeachment trial for allegedly misusing
issues of graft, corruption, and neglect. government funds.
 Challenges included poverty, inflation,  Accusations of permitting immorality in armed
agricultural pests, and housing problems. forces.
 Unemployment rose due to declining  Criticisms for neglecting public issues and ties
American business presence. with America.
Primary Problems: Summary of Governance:
 Poverty, particularly in Mountain Province.  Inherited post-war challenges, focused on
 Wages couldn't keep up with inflation. reconstruction.
 Agricultural lands affected by locusts and rats.  Implemented various programs but faced
 Post-war housing shortage. criticism and controversies.
 Rising unemployment with American  HUKBALAHAP conflict persisted despite
businesses leaving. amnesty.
  Failed to fully address poverty and faced Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws:
corruption allegations.
 Solutions addressed surface-level issues, not
root problems.
 Cultural disputes arose from relocation
Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953-1957) programs.
 Corruption remained rampant despite anti-
corruption efforts.
Condition of the Philippines:
 Post-Japanese War recovery and WW2
reconstruction. Issues and Controversies:
 Facing land reform issues and Hukbalahap  Widespread corruption among cabinet
Rebellion. members.
 Lack of funding for post-war rehabilitation.  Magsaysay resisted corruption, even among
Primary Problems: relatives.
 Allegations of plane crash being caused by a
 Land reform challenges. bomb.
 Hukbalahap Rebellion insurgency.
 Insufficient funds for post-war recovery. Summary of Governance:

Promises During Elections and Inauguration:  Known as "the guy" for his common touch and
sympathy for the masses.
 Vowed to prioritize service to the people above  Championed anti-corruption efforts, resisted
all. bribery.
 Pledged uncompromising loyalty to the  Implemented land reform initiatives but faced
Constitution. challenges.
 Emphasized guardianship of individual  Magsaysay's death shrouded in controversy,
freedom and dignity. with allegations of foul play.
 Committed to land reform and peace with
insurgents.
Laws and Programs: Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

 Republic Act No. 1160: Established National

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Condition of the Philippines:
Administration.
 Republic Act No. 1199: Created court of  Post-WW2 recovery with economic
Agrarian Relations. challenges.
 Republic Act No. 1400: Established Land  High dependency on imported goods.
Tenure Administration.  Inherited corruption issues from previous
 Republic Act No. 821: Created Agricultural administration.
Credit Cooperative Financing Administration.
Primary Problems:
 Reparation Agreement with Japan:
Compensation for war damages.  Economic challenges and corruption.
 Laurel-Langley Agreement: Adjusted  Dependency on foreign imports.
economic ties with the US.
 Agricultural Commodities Agreement: Promises During Elections and Inauguration:
Continued colonial economic patterns.  Prioritize local production for fundamental
 Anti-subversion Law: Limited democratic needs.
rights.  Accelerate agricultural and industrial
Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs: development.
 Emphasize health and education in rural areas.
 Republic Act No. 1160: Landless farmers and  Strengthen moral values alongside material
rebel returnees. abundance.
 Republic Act No. 1199: Farmers gained crop
distribution rights. Laws and Programs:
 Land reform initiatives aimed at common  Filipino First Policy: Prioritized local
people. businesses over foreign investors.
  Bohlen–Serrano Agreement: Shortened US  Bridge gap between rich and poor.
bases lease.  Open Malacanang Palace to the public.
 Austerity Program: Aimed to curb corruption  Restore morality, end corruption, and establish
and promote honesty. anti-terrorism.
 Republic Cultural Awards: Recognized
Filipino artists, scientists, historians, and Laws and Programs:
writers.  Opened Malacanang Palace to the public.
Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs:  Dismissed corruption in government.
 Changed Philippine Independence Day to July
 Filipino businessmen benefited from 4.
protection and support.  Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963
 Austerity Program restored trust in abolished share tenancy.
government.
 Artists and intellectuals gained recognition for Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs:
their work.  Corrupt congressmen and businessmen
Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws: benefited.
 Stonehill, involved in the Stonehill Scandal,
 Filipino First Policy faced criticism for not may have benefitted.
benefiting the common Filipino.
 Austerity Program failed to fully eliminate Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws:
corruption.  Firing alleged corrupt officers hindered
Issues and Controversies: tracking corruption sources.
 Failed to solve major social and economic
 Criticized for anti-foreign policies, particularly problems.
by the US.  Ineffective poverty alleviation programs.
 Corruption within the Bureau of Internal
Revenue. Issues and Controversies:

Summary of Governance:  Stonehill Scandal involving graft and

corruption.
 Garcia prioritized economic independence and  Rise in consumer goods prices.
self-sustainability.  Peace and order issues.
 Implemented Austerity Program to combat
corruption. Summary of Governance:
 Focused on cultural revival and recognition of
 Macapagal aimed to end corruption and
Filipino talents.
poverty but achieved little.
 Criticized for lack of programs benefiting the
 Seen as more talk than action.
common Filipino, leading to electoral defeat.
 Devaluation of Philippine Peso and return to
free trade impacted local businesses.
 Unable to fulfill promises to farmers due to
Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) lack of funds.
Condition of the Philippines:  Legacy viewed negatively, with his term seen
as unproductive or contributing to ongoing
 Uprisings against the Aquino administration. economic struggles.
(Ramos? Ewan)
 Widespread poverty and corruption.
 Economic controls since 1948. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (1965-1986)
Primary Problems:
 Low living standards and economic stability. Condition of the Philippines:
 Unemployment and devaluation of the
Philippine Peso.  Decrease in freedom and democracy during
 Corruption and revocation of midnight Marcos's second term.
appointments.  Economic, industrial, and infrastructural
developments boosted tourism.
Promises During Elections and Inauguration:  Good relations with world leaders attracted
foreign investments but faced economic
 Return to free private enterprises and minimal
downturn in second term.
government control.
  Corruption allegations led to uprisings and Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
reformation movements.
Primary Problems:
Condition of the Philippines:
 Unemployment and destabilized economy.
 Restoration of democracy after Marcos regime
 Rampant corruption and abuse of power.
and Martial Law.
 Increased crime rates due to poverty (pre-
 Impact of natural disasters: 1990 earthquake,
Martial Law).
Mt. Pinatubo eruption, and typhoons.
Promises During Elections and Inauguration:  Numerous coup attempts and uprisings.
 Frequent and prolonged brownouts.
 Reformation of international and domestic
policies. Primary Problems:
 Renovation of infrastructure and judiciary
 Displeased citizens and power
systems.
shortage/brownouts.
 Diminishing corruption and restoring greatness
to the Philippines. Promises During Elections and Inauguration:
 Economic development and good governance.
 Job creation, social services, peace and order,
Laws and Programs: and improved lives for all.
 Mobilization of volunteerism, especially
 Martial Law declared to suppress civil discord
among the youth.
and communist threats.
 Commitment to uphold the Constitution and
 Decentralization Act and Investment
serve the nation.
Incentives Act of 1967.
Laws and Programs:
Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs:
a.) Restoration of Democracy:
 Infrastructure development benefitted the
common man.  Abolished the legislature.
 Martial Law initially boosted GNP but led to  Declared a revolutionary government.
loss of democracy.  Wrote a new constitution (1987 Constitution).
Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws: b.) Land Reform:
 Policies lacked structured poverty resolution.  Executive Order No. 228: Declared full
 Corruption increased, especially with Imelda ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries.
Marcos's involvement.  Executive Order No. 229: Provided
 Rise in population below the poverty line. mechanisms for implementing the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Issues and Controversies:
(CARP).
 Ill-gotten wealth allegations against Marcos.  Proclamation No. 131: Instituted CARP as a
 Declaration and abuses of Martial Law. major government program with a special fund
 Assassination of Benigno Aquino. (ARF).
 Republic Act No. 6657: Comprehensive
Summary of Governance: Agrarian Reform Law promoting social justice
and industrialization.
 First term focused on infrastructure, economy,
and agriculture. c.) Free Secondary Schooling.
 Initial Martial Law reception positive but led
to abuses and loss of democracy. d.) Proclamation No. 9:
 Marcos's downfall accelerated after Aquino's  Established a constitutional commission to
assassination and snap election defeat, draft a new charter reflecting Filipino
culminating in People Power revolution. aspirations.
e.) Proclamations No. 1 & 3:
 No. 1 called for courtesy resignations of
appointive public officials.
 No. 3 proclaimed her government as a
"revolutionary government," suspending the
1973 Constitution.
f.) Executive Order No. 88:
 Created an Ad Hoc Special Committee for the
liquidation of the Constitutional Commission
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
of 1986.
Government:
g.) United States Trading:
 Restored civil liberties and stability after coup
 Encouraged American business to increase
attempts.
investment in the Philippines.
 Established peace agreements with Mindanao
h.) Ratification of a 1991 Treaty: rebels.
 Promoted nationalism for the Philippines'
 Allowed continued US access to military bases centennial anniversary.
in the Philippines.
Economic:
i.) Administrative Code of 1987:
 Recovered from economic downturn during
 Organized various Cabinet departments and Aquino administration.
offices under the President's control.  Implemented measures to address power crisis
These reforms aimed to restore democracy, address and frequent brownouts.
land inequality, provide education, and streamline  Encouraged foreign investment despite Asian
government operations. Financial Crisis.
Primary Problems:

Beneficiaries of the Laws and Programs:  Asian Financial Crisis caused economic
slowdown.
 Common people seeking democracy and  Widespread brownouts due to power shortage.
freedom.
 Corporate landowners benefited more from Promises:
agrarian reform laws, exploiting loopholes.
 Restoration of civic order.
 Reaching out to political factions for national
priorities.
Holes and Shortcomings of the Laws:  Focused on economic growth and job creation.
 Distractions from coup attempts hindered Laws and Programs:
problem-solving efforts.
 Focus on disaster management detracted from  Republic Act 7638: Charter of the Department
addressing systemic issues. of Energy.
 Republic Act 7648: Electric Power Crisis
measures.
 First RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement.
 Republic Act 7832: Anti-electricity Pilferage
Issues and Controversies: Act.
 Controversies surrounding Hacienda Luisita  Republic Act 8179: Foreign Investment
and the Mendiola massacre. Support.
 Coping with multiple coup attempts and Beneficiaries:
maintaining stability.
 Agrarian Reform Program aided farmers and
Summary of Governance: fishermen.
 Elected amid high expectations for change  Migrant Workers Act protected Filipino
after the Marcos era, Aquino faced challenges workers abroad.
from coup attempts and natural disasters.  Foreign investors benefited from open market
 Addressed concerns through disaster policies.
management and legal reforms but struggled Holes and Shortcomings:
with controversies, notably regarding land
distribution.  Government debt increased due to power plant
 Despite challenges, the economy experienced projects.
positive growth, but Aquino's leadership is  Some shortcomings in migrant worker
viewed as average compared to predecessors. protection.
Issues and Controversies:  New General Banking Act (Republic Act No.
8791).
 PEA-AMARI Scam involving Manila Bay  Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic
reclamation. Act No. 8792).
 Allegations of corruption in Centennial Expo  New Securities Act (Republic Act No. 8799).
project.
 Expansion of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Summary of Governance: Program (CARP).
 Creation of Presidential Anti-Organized Crime
 Improved tax system and economic Task Force and Philippines Center on
productivity. Transnational Crime.
 Ended power crisis and oligopolies in key  Reinforcement of death penalty.
sectors.
 Achieved peace agreements with rebel groups, Beneficiaries:
earning international recognition.
 Farmers benefited from expanded agrarian
reform.
 Efforts to combat crime aimed to benefit all
Joseph Ejercito Estrada ((1998-2001) citizens.
Election Campaign:  Proposed economic reforms aimed to attract
foreign investments.
 Captured support with "Erap para sa mahirap"
(Erap for the poor) slogan. Holes and Shortcomings:
 Inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan, emphasizing  Focus of Clean Air Act limited to air quality
connection with lower class. management.
Economic:  Adoption of foreign economic models faced
implementation challenges.
 Initially strong economic team, but later failed
to maintain gains. Issues and Controversies:
 Stock market manipulation allegations led to  Conflict with MILF persisted, affecting peace
decline in foreign investments. and security.
 Hindered by Asian Financial Crisis and  Plunder and perjury charges led to
climatic disturbances. impeachment and public protests.
Primary Problems:  Allegations of cronyism and stock market
manipulation undermined confidence.
 Graft and Corruption, resulting in
impeachment due to plunder and perjury. Summary of Governance:
 Impact of Asian Financial Crisis on currency  Elected on promises to uplift the poor and
and economy. improve the economy.
 Effects of El Nino, including drought and rice  Faced challenges including economic
price increases. downturn, graft allegations, and rising crime.
 Persistent poverty, with significant income  (Resigned) Impeached due to corruption
disparity. charges, leading to public protests and EDSA 2
Promises: revolution.

 Priority on economic improvement and peace

and order. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001-2010)
 Focus on uplifting the masses, providing basic
needs and services.
 Pledged to stamp out crimes and ensure safety CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES
for all citizens.
The Philippines came close to a financial meltdown in
Laws and Programs: 2001 during the impeachment of Former President
 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Estrada. The revenues were too low, with its $54.8
Act No. 8749). billion in foreign debt too high which followed a lower
 Incentives for Regional Headquarters of nation credit rating. In addition to this foreign
Foreign Multinationals (Republic Act No. investors were reluctant to invest in the Philippines at
8756). that time due to the political crisis the country was
experiencing.
 Retail Trade Liberalization Act (Republic Act
No. 8762).
 Thailand, and Indonesia who are rapidly reducing
poverty at present.
The impeachment case against failed to push through,
the people marched to the streets and EDSA 2 was Unemployment
born. When Former President Estrada was finally
removed from Malacanang, there was another rally • President Arroyo promised to create 10 million jobs
attempt by Estrada’s supporters. This attempt was from 2004-2010 but didn’t reach this target. A lot of
supposedly “EDSA 3” but it failed due to the lack of decent jobs in the manufacturing sector disappeared
supporters. and more less secure jobs emerged.

PRIMARY PROBLEMS • Since unemployment, poverty and hunger go

together, this just shows the failure of the Philippine
Killings social-protection program who doesn’t
• There have been more than 840 killings in the PROMISES DURING THE ELECTIONS AND
Philippines since President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo INAUGURATION
came to power.
The “10-point agenda” outlined by Macapagal-Arroyo
• The Philippines is now considered as the second most during her inaugural address last June 30, 2001:
dangerous country to practice journalism next to Iraq.
Corruption
1. “I shall have created more than six million jobs,
• Corruption scandals during the Arroyo perhaps, even 10 million job
Administration in the last seven years have cost the
Filipinos around 7.3 billion pesos. 2. “Everyone of school age will be in school in an
uncrowded classroom, in surroundings conducive to
• With at least six corruption cases so far, President learning.
Arroyo has now been considered the most corrupt
president in the Philippines. 3. “I shall have balanced the budget by collecting the
right revenues and spending on the right things.
• Corruption has greatly benefited the Arroyo
Administration while it continues to worsen the 4. “The network of transport and digital infrastructure
condition of the Philippines specifically contribute on which my government embarked in the last three
more to poverty. years will have linked the entire country.

• Corruption is a problem in all the institutions of the 5. “Power and water will be regularly provided to all
Philippines including the criminal justice system barangays (villages).
specifically the police, prosecutorial and judicial 6. “Metro Manila will be decongested with economic
organs. activity growing and spreading to new centers of
government, business and community in Luzon, in the
Visayas and in Mindanao.
Budget Mismanagement
7. “The Subic-Clark corridor will be the most
• Education, health, and public infrastructure were not competitive international service and logistic center in
given much priority even though there were large the Southeast Asian Region.
increases in the national budget.
8. “Elections will no longer raise a single doubt about
• The president relied on reenacted budget; none of the their integrity. The electoral process will be completely
proposed regular budgets were approved on time. In computerized.
three of the nine years as president, she ran the
government without an approved budget. 9. “Peace will have come to Mindanao.

Poverty 10. “The divisive issues generated by EDSA I, II and

III will also be just memories shared by friends from
• Poverty is most rampant in the rural areas of the every side in those upheavals…
Philippines. Even though there is a share of poverty in
the National Capital Region, the rate of poverty in
rural areas than urban areas is still a lot higher. The (Gloria M. Arroyo, 2001)
rural poor are the unemployed or self-employed in
agriculture or only casual labor who are landless. LAWS AND PROGRAMS
• Poverty has worsened because of high inflation and Restoring Political Stability and Building New Politics
unemployment. The Philippines has not yet surpassed
poverty unlike neighboring countries like Vietnam,
President Arroyo wanted to resolve the political crisis • Address housing problems through restructured home
through restoring the confidence of the people in the loans
government through:
• Spend 20 billion pesos to finance agricultural
• Establishing partnerships with the civil society by modernization to improve the productivity and
involving people in governance. salaries/incomes of farmers and fishermen.
• Implementing anti-corruption programs starting with
the Administrative Order No.1 which forbids the
relatives and top officials of the president to form b. Human Development Services
contracts with the government.
• Making a new Anti-Graft Commission which will • Improve health care and education services for the
promote integrity among the officials and presidential poor.
appointees.
Promote Economic Revival through Social Equity
c. Protection from Violence
• Implementing a monetary policy in order to keep the
inflation rate low while providing liquidity for growth.
• Create new micro-financing guidelines so that loans • Promote anti poverty programs to vulnerable groups
may be more available to the poor. including the children, women, elderly, disabled and
refugees from conflicts by handing them the resources
• Banking reforms to promote transparency, enhanced they need to improve their lives.
competition, financial soundness and modernization
with the help of expanded foreign participation in • Conduct entrepreneurial and livelihood
domestic banks. seminars/talks/trainings for the rural workers, working
women and union members.
• By joining hands with business to strengthen
information and communications technology (ICT) d. More Livelihood Opportunities
while encouraging rural industries.
• Finance agricultural projects
• Provide employment assistance
Battle of the Budget
• Provide 17,000 jobs through the 38.7 billion pesos
• Through keeping the budget deficit below P145 worth of new investments.
billion or 3.8% of GNP through different revenue
• Finance and facilitate loans totaling 127 million
programs in order to make funds available for
pesos to improve the productivity of enterprises.
businesses.
• Monitoring local government remittances,
strengthening audit and tax reform programs by DOMESTIC POLICIES
computerization to improve tax collections.
Charter change
• In the president’s SONA, she said that the system of
The Anti-Poverty Strategy government needs fundamental change and the debate
on Charter Change should start immediately.
The anti-poverty strategy is based on these five
programs namely asset distribution, human • In the last 2006, her House of Representatives
development services, protection from violence, more planned to revise the constitution through the
livelihood opportunities for the poor and greater constituent assembly.
participation in governance and social life.
• Executive Order No. 464 and Calibrated Preemptive
Response
a. Asset Distribution • Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 464 which states
that demonstrations or otherwise known as rallies
• “Land for the landless”
should have permits or they would be preemptively
• Provide facilities for the poor by the improvement of stopped.
the slums
• Provide financial assistance for the housing of
Human Rights
OFW’s, the employees with low salaries, and the
AFP/PNP personnel
• Killings were rampant during the Arroyo On the other hand, some say that since 2001-2006, the
administration that is why independent commissions Arroyo Administration has not made improvements
were assembled to investigate them. and development of the Philippines especially in the
rural sector. Those who only benefited from her
• Arroyo promised to bring peace through the anti- programs were the foreign big businesses and the pro-
terrorism legislation Arroyos including the big compradors, landlords, and
toped officials of the Armed Forces and National
Police.
Amnesty Proclamation 1377
• President Arroyo signed the Amnesty Proclamation
1377 which is for the Communist Party of the HOLES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE LAWS
Philippines and the New People’s Army. • 3h Anti-poverty groups believe that President
• The amnesty would cover up the crime of rebellion Arroyo’s policies regarding poverty are not effective.
and all other crimes fighting for political beliefs but In order to help and improve the lives of the less
will not include the crimes against chastity, rape, fortunate, they proposed policies such as supporting
torture, kidnapping for ransom, use and trafficking of the completion of the CARP by increasing public
illegal drugs and other crimes leading to personal ends investments in health, education, water and sanitation,
which violate international law provided that they and human development services.
surrender/return their trust in the society.

• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

Estrada Pardon problems during the Aquino Administration which are
still present today:
• President Arroyo granted Former President Estrada
pardon based on the recommendation of the
Department f Justice • Extension of the land appraisal process
• Estrada was freed from his Tanay rest house on • Very few and extremely vague guidelines for
October 6. landowner compensation
• Extended landowner-tenant negotiations
Conversion Order (The Sumilao Farmers’ March) • Lack of technical organization
• President Arroyo rescinded the conversion order on • Inconsistent execution/implementation of program
the 144 hectare lot in Sumilao, Bukidnon so that land
owenership may be returned to 55 members of the
Higainon tribe farmers
• The Amnesty Proclamation 1377 cannot convince the
• The order signed by Eduardo Ermita, the Executive hardcore communists to surrender because the root
Secretary indicates that: “Wherefore premises cause of their rebellions which is to address their
considered and as recommended by DAR, the petition problems is still not answered and addressed by the
for cancellation and/or revocation of the conversion government.
order covering 144 hectares of land…is hereby
granted.” • The government’s implementation of the rice
productivity program is very expensive, ineffective and
inefficient. The Hybrid Rice Commercialization
Program (HRCP) is the new technology by the
BENEFICIARIES OF THE LAWS AND government.
PROGRAMS
• The liberalization, deregulation and privatization
President Arroyo promised to continue working on policies of the Arroyo administration made the
poverty alleviation until she is president and expressed Philippine economy more vulnerable to the rampant
hope for her pro-poor programs and reforms which monopolies (global and local). The administration is
would be continued and maintained until the next the one to blame for the wrong national policies that
administration. have exposed the country and its people to the cruel
Among all of her projects and programs including impact of the recent global crisis.
housing, health, educational, agricultural, development
services and a lot more, she has only a fraction of
Filipinos, an estimated 5,000 beneficiaries who • The Oil Deregulation Law which allows the local oil
benefited from them and showed support for them. firm to increase their prices on top of the monopoly
imposed oil prices in the international market. Because
of this the number of poor Filipinos would increasingly
grow up if the oil prices trends are there.
Some of the grievances include general cases like the
corruption of the government and its officials, low
salaries of soldiers and the difference of salaries
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES between the AFP soldiers and the Air Force Pilots,
Hello “Garci” Controversy (June 2005 – Present) insufficient supply of medicines in the army and the
powerful “comptroller” family who is enjoying
The Hello “Garci” Controversy is about wiretapped promotions and positions and are manipulating funds
recordings of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s and that the government funds for the soldiers never or
conversations with COMELEC Commissioner Virgilio seldom reach them.
Garcilliano. The conversations was about rigging or
cheating the 2004 national elections. Former NBI
Deputy Director Samuel Ong released the wiretapped The bloodless mutiny ended after 18 hours. The
tapes; he also claimed that he had the “mother of all soldiers surrendered as they failed to rally support
tapes” which was released a few days later. The from the public. All the 300 soldiers were arrested and
National Telecommunications Commission initially charged in the general court martial.
banned the playing of the tapes in the media, and
threatened that any media group who plays the tapes
will be forced to close. The tape was then allowed by
the Supreme Court to be aired by the media with a vote On September 24, 2004 the soldiers apologized to
of 9 – 6, this was against the NTC’s decision. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and took back the
accusations against top AFP officials. Currently
Virgilio Garcilliano’s whereabouts were unknown right majority of the soldiers have been released and some
after the Hello Garci tapes came out. There were even soldiers have escaped military custody.
some rumors that he was able to escape the country. 5
Months later he resurfaced and admitted that he was
the one talking to GMA in the tapes but the Proclamation 1017 (February 24, 2006)
conversation took place after the counting of votes had
been done. He also denied that GMA instructed him to “I Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, President of the Republic
cheat in the 2004 national elections. of the Philippines and Commander-in-Chief of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, by virtue of the
powers vested upon me by Section 18, Article 7 of the
Oakwood Mutiny (July 27, 2003) Philippine Constitution which states that: ” The
President…whenever it becomes necessary,…may call
A group composing of more than 300 fully armed out (the) armed forces to prevent or suppress…
soldiers took over Oakwood Premier in Ayala, Makati rebellion…, ” and in my capacity as their Commander-
City. The soldiers were led by Navy Ltsg. Antonio in-Chief, do hereby command the Armed Forces of the
Trillanes IV, Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala, Army Philippines, to maintain law and order throughout the
Capt. Milo Maestrecampo, Navy Ltsg. James Layug Philippines, prevent or suppress all forms of lawless
and Marine Capt. Gary Alejano. violence as well any act of insurrection or rebellion
and to enforce obedience to all the laws and to all
The group called themselves the new “katipuneros” decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me
but they were dubbed y the media as the “magdalo” personally or upon my direction; and as provided in
soldiers. They claim that the taking over of the Section 17, Article 12 of the Constitution do hereby
Oakwood Premier in Makati was spontaneous, and that declare a State of National Emergency.”
their goal was only to be able to air their grievances
and complaints about the corruption in the military and
in the government. They also stated that the saw signs
that GMA was going to declare martial law. On February 24, 2006, President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo used her emergency powers and issued
Proclamation 1017. The proclamation was called a
“state of national emergency” and was similar to
One of the accusations made by the soldiers was that Martial Law primarily because she will be able to
the Arroyo administration was selling arms and order arrests without warrants. The proclamation came
ammunitions to the enemy forces. These enemy forces after the Armed Forces of the Philippines received
include the MILF and the Abu Sayyaf. Also they claim reports that some officials of the armed forces will
that Arroyo issued the order to bomb Davao City so announce their withdrawal of support from GMA
that Arroyo would be able to ask the United States of during the anniversary of the People Power Edsa 1
America for anti-terrorist support. Arroyo also planned Revolution. To prevent this GMA issued the
to bomb several areas in Metro Manila so that she proclamation to ensure that there will be no rebellion
could declare martial law. or violent coup attempts.
 few days later on September 10, 2007, Jose de Venecia
III issued an affidavit stating that he was with Abalos
AFP Chief Generoso Sanga revealed that Danilo Lim, in china and heard Ablaos demanding money from the
one of the commanders of an elite force in the AFP officials of the ZTE Corporation. The Supreme Court
was the one planning to withdraw his support of GMA. issued a temporary restraining order preventing the
Lim then was relieved of his port and was placed under contract from pushing through.
Sanga’s custody. Police also suspended all gun
carrying licenses and did not allow the public to carry
weapons.
On September 18, 2007, while testifying to in the
senate, Jose de Venecia III revealed that the First
Gentleman Mike Arroyo told him to “back off” from
The next day, police raided offices of the newspaper pursuing the deal. A few days later President Gloria
Daily tribune and also sent armed men in civilian Macapagal Arroyo suspended the deal because of
clothing to go around the offices of Abante a tabloid “political criticisms”. She also claimed that the alleged
newspaper. The military was also sent to surround the corruption was investigated and that the reports after
offices of ABS-CBN and GMA Network. The the investigation were uncorroborated.
government claimed that they were only
protecting these establishments from potential
takeovers from destabilizers. During the hearings the Senate ordered Rodolfo “Jun”
Lozada, who was the President of Philippine Forest
Corporation and was said to have knowledge that the
16 people were arrested and charged with rebellion, deal was overpriced, to attend the senate hearing.
these people included Bayan Muna Reps. Satur Lozada did not attend the hearing and was able to fly
Ocampo, Teddy Casiño and Joel Virador of Bayan out of the country 2 hours before the start of the
Muna, Anakpawis Reps. Beltran and Rafael Mariano, hearing. The Senate then ordered the arrest of Jun
and Gabriela Rep. Liza Maza. Lozada. On February 5, 2008, Jun Lozada arrived at
the NAIA international airport and was taken away by
unidentified men. Lozada claims that the men
blindfolded him and was talking about where he was
Former President Cory Aquino was allowed to have a
supposed to be killed. This was prevented however
rally in Ayala but the rally was dispersed right after
since text messages from his family to media revealed
Cory Aquino left.
that there was going to be something bad that was to
happen to Jun Lozada. The next day the PNP admits
that Jun Lozada was in their custody.
The proclamation lasted for a week, after this President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo lifted the proclamation.
Petitions questioning the legality of the proclamation
On February 7, 2008, Jun Lozada appeared in a pre-
were raised by a number of groups and people. A few
dawn conference in La Salle Greenhills and narrated
months later the Supreme Court declared that the
his experience on how he was taken away against his
proclamation was indeed legal however the acts done
will. In the following weeks Jun Lozada testified in the
in implementing the proclamation were not.
senate, fearing for his life. He said that Abalos
threatened to have him killed and that when he left the
NBN project the project was priced at $262 million but
NBN-ZTE Controversy (April 2007) it ballooned to $329.5 Million when it was approved.
The NBN-ZTE controversy is about a deal between the
Philippines and XTE Corporation, a company in china.
The deal was worth $329.59 Million and was aimed at The hearings were conducted; with Lozada as the
improving the communication capabilities of the “whistleblower” and a lot of government officials were
Philippines. On August 29, 2007, Nueva Vizcaya Rep. implicated and involved in the issue. This included
Carlos Padilla, disclosed on his privilege speech that First Gentleman Mike Arroyo, Former Mayor Lito
COMELEC chairman Benjamin Abalos has been going Atienza and Former COMELEC chairman Benjamin
to China not just for leisure but to broker a deal with Abalos. Until now the controversy never reached a
the XTE Corporation. He also said that there were two conclusion and truth and justice has yet to be achieved.
other corporations willing to do the job for the
Philippines at lower prices but was turned down. These
two other private companies offered cheaper prices Gloria Arroyo’s Expensive Dinners
than ZTE Corporation.
The public began noticing the expensive dinners that
Abalos denied these accusations but also admitted that President Macapagal Arroyo was having when an
he knew some of the officials in ZTE Corporation. A
article from the New York Post reported that GMA and - The Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
her entourage to the US dined in the famous Le Cirque averaging 6.2% from 2010-2015
in New York and spent $20,000 or almost 1 Million - No “Wang-Wang”(street siren) policy
Pesos. - RA No. 10868 or Centenarians Act of
2016
- RA No. 10351 or the Sin Tax Reform ACT
The report said that GMA ordered several expensive - K-12 education system (R.A No. 10533)
bottles of wine which pushed the tab to $20,000.
Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
Considering the economic downturn in the Philippines
and the continuous increase in unemployment and
(Signed into Law) May 15, 2013
poverty ratings, the expensive dinner resulted into a lot - RA No. 10354 or Responsible Parenthood
of criticisms against GMA. Makati Mayor Jejomar and Reproductive Health Act of 2012
Binay bashed GMA for her expensive dinner and said - RA No. 10361 or Batas Kasambahay •
that $20,000 can already give 30,000 people 3 square - RA No. 10353 or Anti-Enforced or
meals in a day. He also noted that if GMA indeed used Involuntary Disappearance Act of 2012
public funds to pay for the meal then it should be
deplorable. If she used her own money to pay for the
dinner then it is really insensitive to the millions of CONTROVERSIES UNDER THE
Filipino’s who experience hunger everyday in the
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT
Philippines.
NOYNOY
- Manila Hostage Crisis
Bishops also criticized the expensive dinner and said - Typhoon Yolanda
that it was very “imprudent” and the public deserves - Pork Barrel Scam
an explanation and an apology. Then Press Secretary - DAP (Disbursement acceleration Program)
Cerge Remonde said that it was Romualdez that paid controversy
for the dinner however this was not believed by the
- MAMASAPANO ENCOUNTER
public and called Cerge a “certified liar”.
Died on June 24, 2021 at the age of 61 Caused of
death: Renal disease secondary to diabetes
After this issue several reports regarding a $15,000
dinner in Washington also came out. The issue then He was laid to rest at the Manila Memorial Park in
was never resolved and now only exists as a memory. Sucat Paranaque
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
President Arroyo was named the 14th president of the RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE 2016-2022
Philippines during the People Power II, January 20,
2001 in Edsa when former President Joseph Estrada Early life of Rodrigo Duterte
was forced out of office because of allegations of - Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in
plunder and corruption. The president faced a lot of
Maasin
challenges in her early presidency which includes an
unstable economy and protests by the supporters of - Duterte studied political science and
Estrada. Another one of her problems include the obtaining a law degree
ongoing battle between the government and the rebels. - Duterte was among the longest serving
Despite the problems and issues regarding her mayors in the Philippines
administration, she has also done a lot for the
Philippines including lifting the Philippines out of its The Duterte Presidency
financial crisis. - Duterte is the oldest person to assume the
Philippine presidency
- On May 30, 2016, proclaimed
Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III
"BUILD, BUILD, BUILD"
- Fifteenth President of the Philippines INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM
- June 30, 2010-June 30, 2016
WAR ON DRUGS
ACCOMPLISHMEMT OF PRESIDENT
NOYNOY - Faced intense criticism for its aggressive
war on drugs
- TIME named him one of the 100 Most
Influential People in the World in 2013.
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH
CHINA SEA
- Faced challenges in dealing with territorial
disputes in the South China Sea,
particularly with China.
MARTIAL LAW IN THE MINDANAO
- implemented measures to address security
concerns, particularly in conflict-affected
areas like Mindanao
HEALTHCARE INITIATIVES
- launched healthcare programs aimed at
improving access to medical services and
enhancing public health
ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AND INFLATION
- Rising inflation and economic challenges
posed significant hurdles for the
administration
HUMAN RIGHTS AND VIOLATION
- Allegations of extrajudicial killings and
human rights violations continued

EDUCATION REFORMS
- Focused on improving the quality of
education through reforms in the
educational system