Special Collection: Analytical methods for nonlinear vibration

Journal of Low Frequency Noise,

Vibration and Active Control
An improved homotopy perturbation 2019, Vol. 38(3–4) 918–927
! The Author(s) 2019
method for solving local fractional DOI: 10.1177/1461348418820676
journals.sagepub.com/home/lfn
nonlinear oscillators

Yong-Ju Yang and Shun-Qin Wang

Abstract
Local fractional nonlinear oscillators are studied by a modification of the homotopy perturbation method coupled with
the variational iteration method. In the solution process, the fractional variational iteration method is adopted to
transform the nonlinear oscillator equation into an integral equation, which is then decomposed into a series of
equations, which are solved by the homotopy perturbation method. Two examples are given to show that the proposed
method is simpler and more flexible than the classical homotopy perturbation method. It is also shown that the key to
use this method is to select the appropriate decomposition of the initial value series.

Keywords
Local fractional calculus, variational iteration method, homotopy perturbation method, He polynomials

Introduction
Most fractional equations are generated by solving specific problems of science and engineering, for example the
gas permeability of a nanofiber membrane,1–6 moisture permeability through a cocoon,7,8 nanoscale multiphase
flow,9 solvent evaporation in the bubble electrospinning,10–12 oscillators arising in microphysics and tsunami
motion,13,14 and sound transmission in hierarchic porous medium that can be exactly modeled by fractional
calculus.15–17 There are many fractional derivatives in literature, which are incompatible with each other,
among which He’s fractional derivative,15 the local fractional derivative,18–20 the Riemann–Liouville fractional
derivative, the Caputo fractional derivative, the Hadamard fractional derivative, and the Atangana–Baleanu
fractional derivative21 are widely used.
There are many computational methods for handling these fractional differential equations, such as the
reduced differential transform method,22 the transform methods,23 the Yang Laplace transform-DJ iteration
method,24 the local fractional Fourier method,25,26 and others.15–17
Fractional oscillation equations arise in various areas of engineering and applied sciences, which are used as a
powerful tool to vibration isolation and reduction of unnecessary vibration by porous media.
The variational iteration method27 and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM)28 were first proposed by
Chinese mathematician, Prof. Ji-Huan He, and have been widely used to deal with nonlinear problems.29–39 In this
paper, we attempt to solve nonlinear fractional oscillation equations by coupling the variational iteration method
with the HPM, which is simpler than using only the HPM or the variational iteration method.
The organization of the manuscript is as follows. In the next section, the local fractional operators are intro-
duced. In “A modification of the HPM” section, the improved HPM for solving the local fractional oscillation

School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, P. R. China

Corresponding author:
Shun-Qin Wang, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, Henan, P. R. China.
Email: [email protected]
Creative Commons CC BY: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (http://www.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission
provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
Yang and Wang 919

equation is investigated. In “Illustrative examples” section, several examples are considered. In the final section,
conclusions are presented.

Local fractional operators

In this section, we introduce the mathematical preliminaries of fractional calculus theory which shall be used in
this paper.18–20
Definition 1. If the function /ðxÞ is local fractional continuous on the interval ða; bÞ, the local fractional
derivative of /ðxÞ of order a at x ¼ x0 is given by


ð aÞ ðaÞ da /ðxÞ  Da /ðxÞ  /ðx0 Þ
Dx /ðx0 Þ ¼ / ðx0 Þ ¼ x¼x ¼ lim (1)
dxa  0 x!x0 ðx  x0 Þa



where Da /ðxÞ  /ðx0 Þ ffi Cð1 þ aÞD /ðxÞ  /ðx0 Þ .
Definition 2. In the interval ½c; d; the local fractional integral of /ðxÞ of order að0 < a  1Þ is defined as

Z b X
j¼N1
ðaÞ 1 a 1
a Ib /ðxÞ ¼ /ðxÞðdxÞ ¼ lim /ðxj ÞðDxj Þa (2)
C 1 þ aÞ
ð a ð Þ
C 1 þ a Dt!0 j¼0

 
where Dxj ¼ xjþ1  xj , Dx ¼ max Dx1 ; Dx2 ; Dxj ; . . . and ½xj ; xjþ1 , j=0,. . .,N1, x0 ¼ a; xN ¼ b, is a partition of
the interval [a,b].
Definition 3. The Yang–Sumudu transform of /ðxÞ of order a(0 < a  1) is defined as
Z þ1
  1 /ðxÞ
Da /ðxÞ ¼ Ua ðzÞ ¼: Ea ðza xa Þ ðdxÞa (3)
C ð1 þ a Þ 0 za
   
Theorem 1. Assuming Da /1 ðxÞ ¼ U1a ðzÞ and Da /2 ðxÞ ¼ U2a ðzÞ, then we have
 
Da /1 ðxÞ  /2 ðxÞ ¼ za U1a ðzÞU2a ðzÞ (4)

a
where the convolution /1 ðxÞ  /2 ðxÞ ¼ Cð1þa
1 ð aÞ
Þ 0 I x /1 t
ð Þ/2 ðx  tÞðdtÞ .

A modification of the HPM

In this section, we shall illustrate the solution procedure of the improved HPM to derive particular solution of
some local fractional nonlinear oscillation equations. In order to present this method, we give the following local
fractional oscillation equation

@ 2a uðxÞ
¼ L½uðxÞ þ R½uðxÞþgðxÞ (5)
@x2a

associated with the initial conditions uð0Þ ¼ u0 ; uðaÞ ð0Þ ¼ u1 ; L½uðxÞ represents the linear part and R½uðxÞ rep-
resents the nonlinear terms, uðxÞ and x are generalized displacements and time variables, respectively, u0 and u1
are the well-known initial conditions, and gðxÞ is the inhomogeneous part, often this inhomogeneous part contains
excited parameters.
Moreover, a is the value of fractal dimensions of the porous medium. For a ¼ 1, the proposed models turn out
to be those of the classical oscillation equation without holes.
By means of the initial conditions and according to the rule of fractional variational iteration method, we
construct the following initial value u0 ðxÞ for equation (5)

xa
u0 ðxÞ ¼ u0 þ u (6)
C ð1 þ a Þ 1
920 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38(3–4)

According to the fractional variational iteration method,32 we construct a correction functional for equation (5)
as follows
 
@ 2a un
unþ1 ðxÞ ¼ un ðxÞ þ 0 I ðxaÞ kðx  sÞ  L ~
½ n ð Þ
u s  R ~
½ n ð Þ
u s  g ð Þ ds
s (7)
@x2a

where k is a fractal Lagrange multipliers and L½v~n ðsÞ and R½v~n ðsÞ are considered as restricted local fractional
variation, i.e. da L½v~n ðsÞ ¼ 0 and da R½v~n ðsÞ¼0:
Applying the Yang–Sumudu transform18–20 on both sides of equation (7) results in
 
ðaÞ @ 2a un
Da fvnþ1 g ¼ Da fvn g þ Da 0Ix kðx  sÞ  L½u~n ðsÞ  R½u~n ðsÞ  gðsÞ ds (8)
@x2a

Using Theorem 1, we can get

 
  @ 2a un
Da fvnþ1 g ¼ Da fvn gþz Da kðxÞ Da
a
 L½u~n ðsÞ  R½u~n ðsÞ  gðsÞ (9)
@x2a

It can be easily inferred from equation (9) that

 
a  a  a a   a @ 2a un
d Da fvnþ1 g ¼ d Da fvn g þz d Da kðxÞ d Da  L½u~n ðsÞ  R½u~n ðsÞ  gðsÞ (10)
@x2a

By virtue of da L½v~n ðsÞ ¼ 0 and da R½v~n ðsÞ¼0; we can get

 
a   a a 
a  a @ 2a un
d Da funþ1 g ¼ d Da fun g þz d Da kðxÞ d Da (11)
@x2a

Using da unþ1 ¼ 0, it is easily inferred from equation (11) that

 1
1 þ Da kðxÞ a ¼ 0 (12)
z

According to equation (12) and Theorem 1, we obtain the following fractal Lagrange multiplier

ðx  s Þa
kðx  sÞ ¼ (13)
C ð1 þ a Þ

Substituting equation (13) into equation (7), the variational iteration relationship of equation (5) can be
constructed as following
(   )
ðx  sÞa @ 2a un
unþ1 ðxÞ ¼ un ðxÞ þ 0 I ðxaÞ  L½un ðsÞ  R½un ðsÞ  gðsÞ ds ;
Cð1 þ aÞ @x2a (14)
xa
u0 ðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ
Cð1 þ aÞ

Wu and Lee29 gave the proof of the convergences of equation (14).

Via calculating, we know that equation (14) is equivalent to the following iteration relationship

ðx  sÞa
unþ1 ðxÞ ¼ u0 ðxÞ þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½L½un ðsÞ  R½un ðsÞ  gðsÞds ;
Cð1 þ aÞ (15)
xa
u0 ðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ
Cð1 þ aÞ
Yang and Wang 921

The following integral equation can be induced from equation (15)

8
>
> ðx  sÞa
< uðxÞ ¼ fðxÞ þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½L½uðsÞ  R½uðsÞ  gðsÞds ;
Cð1 þ aÞ (16)
a
>
> x
: fðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ
Cð1 þ aÞ

Note that both equations (15) and (16) have the same n times approximate solution vn ðxÞ, which tends to their
exact solution uðxÞ of equation (5). Then, solving equation (5) can be reduced to solving equation (16), which
actually provides an equivalent equation for equation (5). On the other hand, since there are many choices of the
Lagrange multipliers, the equivalent integral equations can be derived by many other forms.
To illustrate the HPM, we consider equation (16) as
8
>
> ðx  s Þa
< vðxÞ ¼ fðxÞ þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½L½vðsÞ  R½vðsÞ  gðsÞds ;
C ð1 þ a Þ (17)
a
>
> x
: fðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ
C ð1 þ a Þ

Let the solution vðxÞ of equation (17) has the following series form

X
1
vðxÞ ¼ pia vi ðxÞ; n ¼ 1; 2; . . . (18)
i¼0

Substituting equation (18) into equation (17), we can get

X
1
xa ðx  sÞa
pna vn ðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ  0 Ix ðaÞ gðsÞds
Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ
n¼0 ( "1 # ) (19)
a X
a ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
 p 0Ix L½vn ðsÞþR p vn ðxÞ ds
na
Cð1 þ aÞ n¼0

This

X
1
xa ðx  sÞa
pna vn ðxÞ ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ  0 I ðxaÞ ½gðsÞds
n¼0
Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ
X1 X1 (20)
ðx  sÞa ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
a
 pa 0 I ðxaÞ L½vn ðsÞds  I Hn ðvÞds
n¼0
Cð1 þ aÞ n¼0
0 x
Cð1 þ aÞ

where Hn ðvÞ is the He polynomials and Hn ðvÞ is given as follows

( " ! #)
1 dna X
n
Hn ð v Þ ¼ R p vi ðxÞ
ia
(21)
Cð1 þ naÞ dpna i¼0 k¼0

In this paper, we let

xa ðx  sÞa
G ¼ uð0Þ þ ux ðaÞ ð0Þ  0 I ðxaÞ gðsÞds (22)
Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ

And we suppose G can be decomposed as the following series

X
1
G¼ Gn (23)
n¼0
922 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38(3–4)

According to equations (20) and (23) and the classic HPM, we can construct the following new recursion scheme
8
>
> v 0 ¼ G0
>
> a a
< v1 ¼G1  0 I ðaÞ ðx  sÞ Lðv0 Þ ds  0 I ðaÞ ðx  sÞ H0 ds
>
x
C ð1 þ a Þ x
Cð1 þ aÞ (24)
> . . . . . .;
>
> a a
> vmþ1 ¼ Gn  0 I ðaÞ ðx  sÞ Lðvm Þ ds  0 I ðaÞ ðx  sÞ Hm ds
>
: x
Cð1 þ aÞ x
Cð1 þ aÞ
Obviously, similarly to the classic HPM, we can easily verify that
X1
u ¼ lim pna vn (25)
p!1
n¼0

converges to the exact solution of equation (5).

Illustrative examples
In order to demonstrate the validity of the improved HPM in “A modification of the HPM” section, we give the
following local fractional differential equations.
Example 1. Consider the forcing Duffing equation

d2a u a
2a
þ 3u  2u3 ¼ cosa xa sina ð2xÞ (26)
dx

subject to the initial conditions uð0Þ ¼ 0; ux ð0Þ ¼ 1:

By means of equation (19), equation (26) can be transformed into the following equation
 
xa ðx  sÞa a ðx  sÞa
vðxÞ ¼  0 I ax cosa xa sina ð2xÞ ds þ 0 I ðxaÞ 3vðsÞ  2v3 ðsÞ ds (27)
Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ
X
1
Letting vðxÞ ¼ pia vi ðxÞ; n ¼ 1; 2; . . . and substituting it into equation (27), we can derive
i¼0
X
1
xa ð1Þnþ1 X þ1 ð 2n1
3 þ 1Þxð2nþ1Þa pð2nþ1Þa
pia vi ðxÞ ¼ 
Cð1 þ aÞ 2 C½1 þ ð2n þ 1Þa
i¼0 ( "n¼11 # ) (28)
a X X1
a ð a Þ ðx  s Þ
þ p 0Ix 3 p vi ðxÞðsÞ  2 Hn ds
ia
Cð1 þ aÞ n¼0 n¼0

where Hn ðvÞ is the He polynomials for the nonlinear term v3 and Hn ðvÞ is given as follows
82 !3 39
1 dna <4 X 1
5
=
H n ðv Þ ¼ p ia
vi ð x Þ (29)
Cð1 þ naÞ dpna : n¼0
;
k¼0:

Obviously, according to equation (29), the first few He polynomials are, respectively, given by
8
>
> 6x3a
>
> H0 ¼ v30 ¼ ;
>
> Cð1 þ 3aÞ
>
>
>
> 60x5a
>
> ¼ 2
¼ ;
>
< H 1 3v v 1
0
Cð1 þ 5aÞ
546x7a (30)
>
> H2 ¼ 3v20 v2 þ 3v21 v0 ¼ ;
>
> Cð1 þ 7aÞ
>
> . . . . . .;
>
>
>
> ð1Þnþ1 ð32nþ3  3Þxð2nþ3Þa
>
>
>
: Hn ¼ 4 C½1 þ ð2n þ 3Þa
Yang and Wang 923

In the light of equation (22), we let

X
1
xa ð1Þ nþ1 X
þ1 ð 2n1
3 þ 1Þxð2nþ1Þa
G¼ Gn ¼  (31)
n¼0
ð
C 1þa Þ 2 n¼1
C½1 þ ð2n þ 1Þa

where

xa
G0 ¼ ;
Cð1 þ aÞ
4 x3a
G1 ¼ ;
2 Cð1 þ 3aÞ
28 x5a (32)
G2 ¼ ;
2 Cð1 þ 5aÞ
. . . :;
ð1Þnþ1 ð32n1 þ 1Þxð2nþ1Þa
Gn ¼ 
2 C½1 þ ð2n þ 1Þa

Substituting equation (32) into equation (28) and then in light of equation (23), the recurrence relation of the
improved HPM is constructed as follows
8
>
> xa
>
> v ¼ G ¼ ;
>
>
0 0
C ð1 þ a Þ
>
>
>
> ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
a
>
> v ¼ G þ I ½3v0 ðsÞ  H0 ðsÞds ;
>
>
1 1 0 x
Cð1 þ aÞ
>
>
< ðx  sÞa
v2 ¼ G2 þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½3v1 ðsÞ  H1 ðsÞds ; (33)
> Cð1 þ aÞ
>
>
>
> ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
a
>
> v ¼ G þ I ½3v2 ðsÞ  H2 ðsÞds ;
>
>
3 3 0 x
Cð1 þ aÞ
>
> . . . . . .;
>
>
> x  sÞa
> vmþ1 ¼ Gmþ1 þ 0 I ðxaÞ ð
>
: ½3vm ðsÞ  Hm ðsÞds
Cð1 þ aÞ

Substituting equation (30) into equation (33), we can get

8
>
> xa
>
> v 0 ¼ G0 ¼ ;
>
> Cð1 þ aÞ
>
>
>
> x3a
>
> v ¼  ;
< 1
Cð1 þ 3aÞ
x5a (34)
>
> v2 ¼ ;
>
> C 1 þ 5aÞ
ð
>
> . . . . . .;
>
>
>
> xð2mþ1Þa
>
> m
: vm ¼ ð1Þ
C½1 þ ð2m þ 1Þa

Proceeding in this manner, the rest of the components vi ðxÞ can also be completely determined and then,
making using of equation (25), we can yield the following exact solution of equation (26)

m
X
1
xð2mþ1Þa
uðxÞ ¼ ð1Þ ¼ sina xa (35)
m¼0
C ½ 1 þ ð 2m þ 1 Þ a

This periodic solution is nondifferentiable and it is stair shaped, which can be seen in the works of Chinese
mathematician, Prof. Xiao-jun Yang.18–20 Since a is the value of fractal dimensions of the fractal medium, with
the help of the geometric meaning of the Cantor fractal space, we can quantitatively analyze the intensity of sound
wave propagation in porous medium.18–20
924 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38(3–4)

Example 2. Consider the following fractional differential equation

d2a u a
 u þ u2 ¼ Ea ð2xÞ (36)
dx2a

subject to the initial conditions uð0Þ ¼ 1; ux ð0Þ ¼ 1:

By means of equation (19), equation (36) can be transformed into the following equation

xa a ðx  sÞa
vðxÞ ¼ 1þ  0 I ax Ea ð2sÞ ds  0 I ðxaÞ vðsÞ  v2 ðsÞ ds (37)
Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ aÞ
X
1
Letting vðxÞ ¼ pia vi ðxÞ; n ¼ 1; 2; . . . and substituting it into equation (37), we can derive
i¼0
X
1  X þ1
xa 2na xðnþ2Þa
pia vi ðxÞ ¼ 1þ 
Cð1 þ aÞ C½1 þ ðn þ 2Þa
i¼0 ( "n¼01 # ) (38)
a X X1
a ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
 p 0Ix p vi ðxÞðsÞ 
ia
Hn ðsÞ ds
Cð1 þ aÞ n¼0 n¼0

where Hn ðvÞ is the He polynomials for the nonlinear term v2 and Hn ðvÞ is given as follows
82 !2 3 9
1 d <na X1 =
Hn ðvÞ ¼ 4 pia
v i ð sÞ 5 (39)
Cð1 þ naÞ dpna : n¼0
;
k¼0

Obviously, according to equation (39), the first few He polynomials are, respectively, given by
8
>
> 2xa 2x2a
>
> H0 ¼ v20 ¼ 1 þ þ ;
>
> Cð1 þ aÞ Cð1 þ 2aÞ
>
>
>
> 2x2a 8x3a 8x4a
>
< H1 ¼2v0 v1 ¼ Cð1 þ 2aÞ þ Cð1 þ 3aÞ þ Cð1 þ 4aÞ ;
>
8x4a 32x5a 32x6a (40)
>
> H2 ¼ v21 þ 2v0 v2 ¼ þ þ ;
>
> Cð1 þ 4aÞ Cð1 þ 5aÞ Cð1 þ 6aÞ
>
> . . . . . .;
>
>
>
> x2ma xð2mþ1Þa xð2mþ2Þa
>
>
: Hmþ1 ¼ 22m1 þ 2mþ3 þ 2mþ3
Cð1 þ 2maÞ C½1 þ ð2m þ 1Þa C½1 þ ð2m þ 2Þa

In the light of equation (22), we let

X
1
xa X
þ1
2na xðnþ2Þa
G¼ Gn ¼ 1 þ  (41)
n¼0
Cð1 þ aÞ n¼0 C½1 þ ðn þ 2Þa

where

xa
G0 ¼ 1 þ ;
Cð1 þ aÞ
x2a x3a x4a
G1 ¼  2 2 ;
Cð1 þ 2aÞ Cð1 þ 3aÞ Cð1 þ 4aÞ
2x4a 8x5a 8x6a (42)
G2 ¼    ;
Cð1 þ 4aÞ Cð1 þ 5aÞ Cð1 þ 6aÞ
. . . :;
xð2mþ2Þa xð2mþ3Þa xð2mþ4Þa
Gnþ1 ¼ 22m1  2mþ3  2mþ3
C½1 þ ð2m þ 2Þa C½1 þ ð2m þ 3Þa C½1 þ ð2m þ 4Þa
Yang and Wang 925

Substituting equation (42) into equation (38) and then in light of equation (23), the recurrence relation of the
improved HPM is constructed as follows
8
>
> xa
>
> v 0 ¼ G0 ¼ 1 þ ;
>
> Cð1 þ aÞ
>
>
>
> ðx  s Þ a
>
> v1 ¼ G1 þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½v ðsÞ  H0 ds ;
>
> C ð1 þ a Þ 0
>
>
>
< ðx  s Þ a
v2 ¼ G2 þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½v1 ðsÞ  H1 ds ;
> C ð1 þ a Þ (43)
>
> ðx  s Þ a
>
> v3 ¼ G3 þ 0 I ðxaÞ ½v2 ðsÞ  H2 ds ;
>
>
>
> C ð1 þ a Þ
>
> . . . . . .;
>
> a
>
> ðaÞ ðx  sÞ
>
> v mþ1 ¼ G mþ1 þ I ½vm ðsÞ  Hm ds
: 0 x
C ð1 þ a Þ
:

Substituting equation (40) into equation (43), we can get

8
>
> xa
>
> v0 ¼ G ¼ 1 þ ;
>
> Cð1 þ aÞ
>
>
>
> x2a x3a
>
> v ¼ þ ;
< 1
Cð1 þ 2aÞ Cð1 þ 3aÞ
x 4a
x5a (44)
>
> v2 ¼ þ ;
>
> Cð1 þ 4aÞ Cð1 þ 5aÞ
>
> . . . . . .;
>
>
>
> x2ma xð2mþ1Þa
>
>
: vm ¼ þ
Cð1 þ 2maÞ C½1 þ ð2m þ 1Þa

Proceeding in this manner, the rest of the components of vi ðxÞ can also be completely determined and then,
making using of equation (25), we can yield the following exact solution of equation (36)

X
1
xma
uðxÞ ¼ ¼ E a ðx Þa (45)
m¼0
C ð 1 þ maÞ

Conclusions
In this work we proposed the improved HPM. The test examples showed that the suggested new technique can be
regarded as an efficient tool for solving the local fractional differential equations, which avoids cumbersome
computational works.

Acknowledgements
The author(s) are grateful to Professor Ji-Huan He and other anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and useful
suggestions.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of
this article.

Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/ or publication of this
article: This work is supported by the foundation of the Nanyang Normal University (2018STP005).
926 Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 38(3–4)

ORCID iD
Yong-Ju Yang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4373-945X
Shun-Qin Wang http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-2107

References
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22: 1637–1643.
2. Wang FY, He JH, Sun QL, et al. Improvement of air permeability of Bubbfil nanofiber membrane. Therm Sci 2018;
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3. He JH, Kong HY, Yang RR, et al. Review on fiber morphology obtained by the bubble electrospinning and Blown bubble
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