Physics

Motion in One Dimension

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Table of Content

1. Position.
2. Rest and motion.
3. Types of motion.
4. Point mass.
5. Distance and displacement.
6. Speed and velocity.
7. Acceleration.
8. Position-time graph.
9. Velocity-time graph.
10. Equations of kinematics.
11. Motion under gravity.
12. Motion with variable acceleration.

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1. Position.

Any object is situated at point O and three observers from three different places are looking for same
object, then all three observers will have different observations about the position of point O and no
one will be wrong. Because they are observing the object from their different positions.
Observer ‘A’ says: Point O is 3 m away in west direction. N O
W
Observer ‘B’ says: Point O is 4 m away in south direction. E
S
Observer ‘C’ says: Point O is 5 m away in east direction. B

Therefore position of any point is completely expressed by C

4m
5m
two factors: Its distance from the observer and its direction 3m A

with respect to observer.

That is why position is characterized by a vector known as
position vector.

Let point P is in a xy plane and its coordinates are (x, y). Then position vector (r ) of point will be
xˆi  yˆj and if the point P is in a space and its coordinates are (x, y, z) then position vector can be

expressed as r  xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ .

2. Rest and Motion.

If a body does not change its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to
be at rest.
And if a body changes its position as time passes with respect to frame of reference, it is said to be in
motion.
Frame of Reference: It is a system to which a set of coordinates are attached and with reference to which
observer describes any event.
A passenger standing on platform observes that tree on a platform is at rest. But when the same
passenger is passing away in a train through station, observes that tree is in motion. In both conditions
observer is right. But observations are different because in first situation observer stands on a
platform, which reference frame at rest and in second situation observer is moving in train, which is
reference frame in motion.

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 So rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of references.

Tree is at rest
Tree is in
motion

Platform (Frame of reference)

Moving train (Frame of reference)

3. Types of Motion.

One dimensional Two dimensional Three dimensional

Motion of a body in a straight Motion of body in a plane is called Motion of body in a space is called
line is called one dimensional two dimensional motion. three dimensional motion.
motion.
When only one coordinate of When two coordinates of the When all three coordinates of the
the position of a body changes position of a body changes with position of a body changes with
with time then it is said to be time then it is said to be moving time then it is said to be moving
moving one dimensionally. two dimensionally. three dimensionally.

e.g.. Motion of car on a straight e.g. Motion of car on a circular turn. e.g.. Motion of flying kite.
road. Motion of billiards ball. Motion of flying insect.
Motion of freely falling
body.

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4. Particle or Point Mass.

The smallest part of matter with zero dimension which can be described by its mass and position is
defined as a particle.
If the size of a body is negligible in comparison to its range of motion then that body is known as a
particle.
A body (Group of particles) to be known as a particle depends upon types of motion. For example in
a planetary motion around the sun the different planets can be presumed to be the particles.
In above consideration when we treat body as particle, all parts of the body undergo same
displacement and have same velocity and acceleration.

5. Distance and Displacement.

(1) Distance: It is the actual path length covered by a moving particle in a given interval of time.
(i) If a particle starts from A and reach to C through point B as shown in the figure.
Then distance travelled by particle  AB  BC  7 m C

(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity.

4m
(iii) Dimension: [M0L1T0]
(iv) Unit: meter (S.I.) A B
3m

(2) Displacement: Displacement is the change in position vector i.e., a vector joining initial to final
position.
(i) Displacement is a vector quantity
(ii) Dimension: [M0L1T0]
(iii) Unit: meter (S.I.)
(iv) In the above figure the displacement of the particle AC  AB  BC

 | AC |  ( AB) 2  (BC) 2  2( AB) (BC) cos 90 o = 5m

   
(v) If S 1 , S 2 , S 3 ........ S n are the displacements of a body then the total (net) displacement is the vector
    
sum of the individuals. S  S 1  S 2  S 3  ........  S n
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 (3) Comparison between distance and displacement:
(i) The magnitude of displacement is equal to minimum possible distance between two positions.
So distance  |Displacement|.
(ii) For a moving particle distance can never be negative or zero while displacement can be.
(Zero displacement means that body after motion has come back to initial position)
i.e., Distance > 0 but Displacement > = or < 0
(iii) For motion between two points displacement is single valued while distance depends on actual
path and so can have many values.
(iv) For a moving particle distance can never decrease with time while displacement can. Decrease in
displacement with time means body is moving towards the initial position.
(v) In general magnitude of displacement is not equal to distance. However, it can be so if the motion
is along a straight line without change in direction. Y
 
(vi) If rA and rB are the position vectors of particle initially and finally. B
s

Then displacement of the particle

A
  
rAB  rB  rA

And s is the distance travelled if the particle has gone through the path APB.

6. Speed and Velocity.

(1) Speed: Rate of distance covered with time is called speed.

(i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol  .
(ii) Dimension: [M0L1T–1]
(iii) Unit: meter/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.)
(iv) Types of speed:
(a) Uniform speed: When a particle covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, (no matter how
small the intervals are) then it is said to be moving with uniform speed. In given illustration
motorcyclist travels equal distance (= 5m) in each second. So we can say that particle is moving with
uniform speed of 5 m/s.

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 Distance 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1m/s
Time
5m/s 5m/s 5m/s 5m/s 5m/s 5m/s
Uniform Speed

(b) Non-uniform (variable) speed: In non-uniform speed particle covers unequal distances in equal
intervals of time. In the given illustration motorcyclist travels 5m in 1st second, 8m in 2nd second, 10m
in 3rd second, 4m in 4th second etc.
Therefore its speed is different for every time interval of one second. This means particle is moving
with variable speed.

Distance 5m 8m 10m 4m 6m 7m

Time 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec 1 sec

5m/s 8m/s 10m/s 4m/s 6m/s 7m/s

Variable Speed

(c) Average speed: The average speed of a particle for a given ‘Interval of time’ is defined as the
ratio of distance travelled to the time taken.
Distance travelled s
Average speed  ; v av 
T ime taken t
 Time average speed: When particle moves with different uniform speed  1 ,  2 ,  3 ... etc. in
different time intervals t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... etc. respectively, its average speed over the total time of journey
is given as
Total distance covered d1  d 2  d 3  ......  t   2 t 2   3 t 3  ......
v av   = 11
Total timeelapsed t1  t2  t3  ...... t1  t 2  t 3  ......

Special case: When particle moves with speed v1 up to half time of its total motion and in rest time
v  v2
it is moving with speed v2 then v av  1
2
 Distance averaged speed : When a particle describes different distances d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , ...... with
different time intervals t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ...... with speeds v1 , v 2 , v 3 ...... respectively then the speed of particle
averaged over the total distance can be given as

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 Total distance covered d1  d 2  d 3  ...... d  d 2  d 3  ......
 av    1
Total timeelapsed t1  t2  t3  ...... d1 d 2 d 3
   ......
1 2 3
 When particle moves the first half of a distance at a speed of v1 and second half of the distance at
speed v2 then
2v 1 v 2
v av 
v1  v 2
 When particle covers one-third distance at speed v1, next one third at speed v2 and last one third at
speed v3, then
3 v1v 2 v 3
v av 
v1v 2  v 2 v 3  v 3 v1
(d) Instantaneous speed: It is the speed of a particle at particular instant. When we say “speed”, it
usually means instantaneous speed.
The instantaneous speed is average speed for infinitesimally small time interval (i.e., t  0 ). Thus
s ds
Instantaneous speed v  lim 
t 0 t dt

(2) Velocity: Rate of change of position i.e. rate of displacement with time is called velocity.
(i) It is a scalar quantity having symbol v .
(ii) Dimension: [M0L1T–1]
(iii) Unit: meter/second (S.I.), cm/second (C.G.S.)
(iv) Types
(a) Uniform velocity : A particle is said to have uniform velocity, if magnitudes as well as direction
of its velocity remains same and this is possible only when the particles moves in same straight line
without reversing its direction.
(b) Non-uniform velocity: A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity, if either of magnitude or
direction of velocity changes (or both changes).
(c) Average velocity: It is defined as the ratio of displacement to time taken by the body

Displaceme nt  r
Average velocity  ; v av 
Time taken t
(d) Instantaneous velocity: Instantaneous velocity is defined as rate of change of position vector
of particles with time at a certain instant of time.
 
  r dr
Instantaneous velocity v  lim 
t 0 t dt
(v) Comparison between instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity

7
(a) Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed
Y
by the particle.
3
When a stone is thrown from point O then at point of projection the 2
4
instantaneous velocity of stone is v 1 , at point A the instantaneous
B
A
C
v1
velocity of stone is v 2 , similarly at point B and C are v 3 and v 4 X
O
respectively.
Direction of these velocities can be found out by drawing a tangent
on the trajectory at a given point.
(b) A particle may have constant instantaneous speed but variable instantaneous velocity.
Example: When a particle is performing uniform circular motion then for every instant of its circular
motion its speed remains constant but velocity changes at every instant.
(c) The magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to the instantaneous speed.
(d) If a particle is moving with constant velocity then its average velocity and instantaneous velocity
are always equal.
(e) If displacement is given as a function of time, then time derivative of displacement will give
velocity.

Let displacement x  A0  A1t  A2 t 2

 dx d
Instantaneous velocity v   ( A 0  A1 t  A 2 t 2 )
dt dt

v   A1  2 A 2 t

For the given value of t, we can find out the instantaneous velocity.
 
E.g. for t  0 ,Instantaneous velocity v   A1 and Instantaneous speed | v |  A1
(vi) Comparison between average speed and average velocity
(a) Average speed is scalar while average velocity is a vector both having same units (m/s) and
dimensions [LT 1 ] .
(b) Average speed or velocity depends on time interval over which it is defined.
(c) For a given time interval average velocity is single valued while average speed can have many
values depending on path followed.
   
(d) If after motion body comes back to its initial position then v av  0 (as r  0 ) but v av  0 and
finite as (s  0) .
(e) For a moving body average speed can never be negative or zero (unless t  ) while average

velocity can be i.e. v av  0 while v a = or < 0.

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7. Acceleration.

The time rate of change of velocity of an object is called acceleration of the object.
(1) It is a vector quantity. Its direction is same as that of change in velocity (Not of the velocity)
(2) There are three possible ways by which change in velocity may occur

When only direction When only magnitude of When both magnitude and direction
of velocity changes velocity changes of velocity changes

Acceleration Acceleration parallel or Acceleration has two components one

perpendicular to anti-parallel to velocity is perpendicular to velocity and another
velocity parallel or anti-parallel to velocity
e.g. Uniform circular e.g. Motion under gravity e.g. Projectile motion
motion

(3) Dimension: [M0L1T–2]

(4) Unit: meter/second2 (S.I.); cm/second2 (C.G.S.)
(5) Types of acceleration:
(i) Uniform acceleration: A body is said to have uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of
the acceleration remains constant during particle motion.

Note: If a particle is moving with uniform acceleration, this does not necessarily imply that particle is moving
in straight line. e.g. Projectile motion.

(ii) Non-uniform acceleration: A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration, if magnitude or

direction or both, change during motion.
  
 v v 2  v 1
(iii) Average acceleration: a a   
t t
The direction of average acceleration vector is the direction of the change in velocity vector as

 v
a
t
 
 v dv
(iv) Instantaneous acceleration = a  lim 
t 0 t dt
(v) For a moving body there is no relation between the direction of instantaneous velocity and
direction of acceleration.
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  Y
a
2
 1

a 
a
 g
g g  3
X
 O

e.g. (a) In uniform circular motion  = 90º always

(b) In a projectile motion  is variable for every point of trajectory.

 F
(vi) If a force F acts on a particle of mass m, by Newton’s 2 nd
law, acceleration a 
m
  
 dv d 2 x   dx 
(vii) By definition a    As v 
dt dt 2  dt 
i.e., if x is given as a function of time, second time derivative of displacement gives acceleration
(viii) If velocity is given as a function of position, then by chain rule
dv dv dx d  dx 
a    v. as v  dt 
dt dx dt dx  
(ix) If a particle is accelerated for a time t1 by acceleration a1 and for time t2 by acceleration a2 then
a t  a2 t2
average acceleration is aa  1 1
t1  t2
(x) If same force is applied on two bodies of different masses m 1 and m 2 separately then it produces
accelerations a1 and a 2 respectively. Now these bodies are
a1 a2
attached together and form a combined system and same F m1 F m2
force is applied on that system so that a be the acceleration
of the combined system, then
a
F F F
F  m 1  m 2  a 
F
  m1 m2
a a1 a 2
1 1 1 a a
So,    a 1 2
a a1 a 2 a1  a 2

(xi) Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity increasing
with time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform constant while negative acceleration
(retardation) means velocity is decreasing with time.
(xii) For motion of a body under gravity, acceleration will be equal to “g”, where g is the acceleration
due to gravity. Its normal value is 9.8 m/s 2 or 980 cm/s 2 or 32 feet/s 2 .
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8. Position Time Graph.
During motion of the particle its parameters of kinematical analysis (u, v, a, r) changes with time. This
can be represented on the graph.
Position time graph is plotted by taking time t along x-axis and position of the particle on y-axis.
Let AB is a position-time graph for any moving particle y
Change in position y 2  y 1
As Velocity =  …(i)

Position
Time taken t 2  t1 y2 D B

BC AD y 2  y 1 
From triangle ABC tan     ….(ii) y1 C
AC AC t 2  t1 A

By comparing (i) and (ii) Velocity = tan O t1 t2

x

v = tan Time

It is clear that slope of position-time graph represents the velocity of the particle.

Various position – time graphs and their interpretation

11
P

 = 0o so v = 0
O T
i.e., line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is at rest.

 = 90o so v = 

O T
i.e., line perpendicular to time axis represents that particle is changing its
position but time does not changes it means the particle possesses infinite
velocity.
Practically this is not possible.
P

O T
 = constant so v = constant, a = 0
i.e., line with constant slope represents uniform velocity of the particle.
O T

 is increasing so v is increasing, a is positive.

O T
i.e., line bending towards position axis represents increasing velocity of
particle. It means the particle possesses acceleration.

 is decreasing so v is decreasing, a is negative

i.e., line bending towards time axis represents decreasing velocity of the
particle. It means the particle possesses retardation.

 constant but > 90o so v will be constant but negative

 i.e., line with negative slope represent that particle returns towards the point
O T
of reference. (Negative displacement).

12
 P

A B
C Straight line segments of different slopes represent that velocity of the body
changes after certain interval of time.
O T
S

P
This graph shows that at one instant the particle has two positions. Which is
T
O
not possible.

The graph shows that particle coming towards origin initially and after that
it is moving away from origin.
T
O

Note: If the graph is plotted between distance and time then it is always an increasing curve and it never comes
back towards origin because distance never decrease with time. Hence such type of
distance time graph is valid up to point A only, after point A it is not valid as shown in
the figure. A

Distance
For two particles having displacement time graph with slopes 1 and 2 possesses O Time
 tan 1
velocities v1 and v2 respectively then 1 
 2 tan  2

13
9. Velocity Time Graph.

The graph is plotted by taking time t along x-axis and velocity of the particle on y-axis.
Distance and displacement: The area covered between the velocity time graph and time axis gives
the displacement and distance travelled by the body for a given time interval.
Then Total distance | A1 | | A 2 | | A 3 | +


= Addition of modulus of different area. i.e. s  |  | dt 1 3
t
Total displacement  A1  A 2  A 3 2

–

= Addition of different area considering their sign. i.e. r   dt

Here A1 and A2 are area of triangle 1 and 2 respectively and A3 is the area of trapezium .
Acceleration: Let AB is a velocity-time graph for any moving particle y

Change in velocity v 2  v 1

Velocity
As Acceleration = …(i)
v2 D
 B
Time taken t 2  t1
v1 
BC AD v 2  v 1 C
From triangle ABC, tan     ….(ii) A
AC AC t 2  t1
x
By comparing (i) and (ii) O t1 t2
Time
Acceleration (a) = tan 
It is clear that slope of velocity-time graph represents the acceleration of the particle.

Various velocity – time graphs and their interpretation

14
  = 0, a = 0, v = constant
Velocity
i.e., line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is moving with
constant velocity.
O
Time

 = 90o, a = , v = increasing
Velocity

i.e., line perpendicular to time axis represents that the particle is increasing its

O
velocity, but time does not change. It means the particle possesses infinite
Time
acceleration. Practically it is not possible.
Velocity

 =constant, so a = constant and v is increasing uniformly with time

O Time i.e., line with constant slope represents uniform acceleration of the particle.

 increasing so acceleration increasing

Velocity

i.e., line bending towards velocity axis represent the increasing acceleration in
the body.
O Time

 decreasing so acceleration decreasing

Velocity

i.e. line bending towards time axis represents the decreasing acceleration in
the body
O Time
Velocity

Positive constant acceleration because  is constant and < 90o but initial
O
Time
velocity of the particle is negative.

15
Velocity
Positive constant acceleration because  is constant and < 90o but initial
O
Time velocity of particle is positive.

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90o but initial
Velocity

velocity of the particle is positive.

O
Time

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90o but initial
Velocity

velocity of the particle is zero.

O
Time
Velocity

Negative constant acceleration because  is constant and > 90o but initial
velocity of the particle is negative.
O
Time

16
10. Equations of Kinematics.

These are the various relations between u, v, a, t and s for the moving particle where the notations
are used as:
u = Initial velocity of the particle at time t = 0 sec
v = Final velocity at time t sec
a = Acceleration of the particle
s = Distance travelled in time t sec
sn = Distance travelled by the body in nth sec

(1) When particle moves with zero acceleration

(i) It is a unidirectional motion with constant speed.
(ii) Magnitude of displacement is always equal to the distance travelled.
(iii) v = u, s=ut [As a = 0]

(2) When particle moves with constant acceleration

(i) Acceleration is said to be constant when both the magnitude and direction of acceleration
remain constant.
(ii) There will be one dimensional motion if initial velocity and acceleration are parallel or anti -
parallel to each other.
(iii) Equations of motion in scalar from Equation of motion in vector from
  
  u  at v  u  at
1 2   1
s  ut  at s  u t  at 2
2 2
  
 2  u 2  2as v .v  u.u  2a.s
u v   1  
s t s  (u  v ) t
 2  2

a   a
sn  u  (2n  1) s n  u  (2n  1)
2 2

17
 (3) Important points for uniformly accelerated motion
(i) If a body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration then distance covered by the
body in t sec is proportional to t2 (i.e. s  t 2 ).
So we can say that the ratio of distance covered in 1 sec, 2 sec and 3 sec is 12 : 2 2 : 3 2 or 1 : 4 : 9.
(ii) If a body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration then distance covered by the
body in nth sec is proportional to (2n  1) (i.e. s n  (2n  1)
So we can say that the ratio of distance covered in I sec, II sec and III sec is 1: 3: 5.
(iii) A body moving with a velocity u is stopped by application of brakes after covering a distance
s. If the same body moves with velocity nu and same braking force is applied on it then it will
come to rest after covering a distance of n2s.
u2
As  2  u 2  2as  0  u 2  2as  s  , s  u2 [since a is constant]
2a
So we can say that if u becomes n times then s becomes n2 times that of previous value.
(iv) A particle moving with uniform acceleration from A to B along a straight line has velocities  1
and  2 at A and B respectively. If C is the mid-point between A and B then velocity of the particle
at C is equal to
 12   22

2

11. Motion of Body under Gravity (Free Fall).

The force of attraction of earth on bodies, is called force of gravity. Acceleration produced in the
body by the force of gravity, is called acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the symbol
g.
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size, weight or
composition) fall with the same acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body
falling towards the earth from a small altitude (h << R) is called free fall.
An ideal one-dimensional motion under gravity in which air resistance and the small changes in
acceleration with height are neglected.
(1) If a body dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
(i) Equation of motion: Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward
direction) as a positive, here we have

18
 u=0
u=0 [As body starts from rest]
a = +g [As acceleration is in the direction of motion]
v=gt …(i)
h
1
h  gt 2 …(ii)
2
 2  2 gh …(iii)
v
g
hn  (2n  1) ...(iv)
2

(ii) Graph of distance velocity and acceleration with respect to time:

s v a

g
tan = g


t t t

(iii) As h = (1/2)gt2, i.e., h  t2, distance covered in time t, 2t, 3t, etc., will be in the ratio of 12 : 22 :
32, i.e., square of integers.

1
(iv) The distance covered in the nth sec, hn  g (2n  1)
2
So distance covered in I, II, III sec, etc., will be in the ratio of 1: 3: 5, i.e., odd integers only.

(2) If a body is projected vertically downward with some initial velocity

Equation of motion:   u  g t
1 2
h  ut  gt
2
 2  u 2  2 gh
g
hn  u  (2n  1)
2

19
(3) If a body is projected vertically upward
(i) Equation of motion: Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., vertically up)
as positive
a=–g [As acceleration is downwards while motion upwards]
So, if the body is projected with velocity u and after time t it reaches up to height h then
1 2 g
  u  gt; h  ut  gt ;  2  u 2  2 gh ; hn  u  (2n  1)
2 2
(ii) For maximum height v = 0
So from above equation v=0

u = gt,
h
1
h  gt 2 u
2
and u 2  2 gh

(iii) Graph of distance, velocity and acceleration with respect to time (for maximum height):

s v a
(u2/2g)

+ +
(u/g) (2u/g)
O t O t

– g
(u/g) –v –a
t

It is clear that both quantities do not depend upon the mass of the body or we can say that in
absence of air resistance, all bodies fall on the surface of the earth with the same rate.
(4) In case of motion under gravity for a given body, mass, acceleration, and mechanical energy
remain constant while speed, velocity, momentum, kinetic energy and potential energy change.
(5) The motion is independent of the mass of the body, as in any equation of motion, mass is not
involved. That is why a heavy and light body when released from the same height, reach the
ground simultaneously and with same velocity i.e., t  (2h / g) and v  2 gh .
(6) In case of motion under gravity time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to fall down
through the same distance. Time of descent (t1) = time of ascent (t2) = u/g

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 2u
 Total time of flight T = t1 + t2 
g
(7) In case of motion under gravity, the speed with which a body is projected up is equal to the
speed with which it comes back to the point of projection.
As well as the magnitude of velocity at any point on the path is same whether the body is moving
in upwards or downward direction.
(8) A ball is dropped from a building of height h and it reaches after t
seconds on earth. From the same building if two ball are thrown (one u
u=0
u
upwards and other downwards) with the same velocity u and they
reach the earth surface after t1 and t2 seconds respectively then
t t1 t 2

t1 t2 t

(9) A body is thrown vertically upwards. If air resistance is to be taken into account, then the time
of ascent is less than the time of descent. t2 > t1
u u2
Let u is the initial velocity of body then time of ascent t1  and h 
ga 2(g  a)
Where g is acceleration due to gravity and a is retardation by air resistance and for upward motion
both will work vertically downward.
For downward motion a and g will work in opposite direction because a always work in direction
opposite to motion and g always work vertically downward.
1 u2 1 u
So h (g  a) t 22   (g  a) t 22  t2 
2 2(g  a) 2 (g  a)(g  a) u=0

1m

Comparing t1 and t2 we can say that t2 > t1 since (g + a) > (g – a) 1m

(10) A particle is dropped vertically from rest from a height. The time 1m

taken by it to fall through successive distance of 1m each will then be in 1m

the ratio of the difference in the square roots of the integer’s i.e.
1, ( 2  1 ), ( 3  2 ).......( 4  3 ),.........

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12. Motion with Variable Acceleration.

(i) If acceleration is a function of time

   f (t) dt dt
t
a  f (t) Then v  u  0
f (t) dt and s  ut 

(ii) If acceleration is a function of distance

x
a  f (x ) Then v 2  u 2  2  x0
f (x ) dx

(iii) If acceleration is a function of velocity

v dv v vdv
a = f (v) Then t  
u f (v)
and x  x 0  
u f (v)

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