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Maths 7

The document discusses integration, which is the inverse process of differentiation. It defines indefinite integrals and describes some of their properties, including that an indefinite integral represents a family of curves. It also lists several standard integrals and their formulas.

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23 views2 pages

Maths 7

The document discusses integration, which is the inverse process of differentiation. It defines indefinite integrals and describes some of their properties, including that an indefinite integral represents a family of curves. It also lists several standard integrals and their formulas.

Uploaded by

hacker993945
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Key Notes

Chapter-7

Integrals

• Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. In the differential calculus, we are given a
function and we have to find the derivative or differential of this function, but in the integral
calculus, we are to find a function whose differential is given. Thus, integration is a process
d
which is the inverse of differentiation. Let F ( x ) = f ( x ) . Then we write ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
dx
. These integrals are called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called constant of
integration. All these integrals differ by a constant.

• From the geometric point of view, an indefinite integral is collection of family of curves, each
of which is obtained by translating one of the curves parallel to itself upwards or downwards
along the y-axis.

• Some properties of indefinite integrals are as follows:

1. ∫ 
f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx

2. For any real number k, kf ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx

More generally, if f1, f 2 , f3 , ......, f n are functions and k1, k 2 ,......, k n are real numbers. Then

∫ k1f1 ( x ) + k 2f2 ( x ) + ...... + k n fn ( x ) dx = k1 ∫ f1 ( x ) dx + k 2 ∫ k 2 ( x ) dx + .... + k n ∫ fn ( x ) dx


• Some standard integrals:

x n +1
(i) ∫ x dx =
n
+ C, n ≠ −1. Particularly, ∫ dx = x + C
n +1

(ii) ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C


(iii) ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
∫ sec
2
(iv) x dx = tan x + C

∫ cos ec x dx = − cot x + C
2
(v)

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP


Key Notes
(vi) ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

(vii) ∫ cos ec x cot x dx = − cos ec x + C


dx
∫ 1− x 2
= sin −i x + C
(viii)

dx
∫ 1− x 2
= − cos −i x + C
(ix)

dx
∫ 1+ x 2
= tan −i x + C
(x)

dx
∫ 1+ x 2
= − cot −i x + C
(xi)

∫ e dx = e
x x
+C
(xii)

ax
∫ a dx =
x
+C
(xiii) log a

dx
∫x x2 −1
= sec−1 + C
(xiv)

dx
∫x x2 −1
= −co sec−1 + C
(xv)

1
(xvi) ∫ x dx = log | x | +C

Material Downloaded From SUPERCOP

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