\-l.( 10R ,\-\D l].tsI( \t.\1H1__\l11I( S PII \'\t('S.

\I
CIIAPTER

E
VECTOR AND BASIC MATHEMATICS
VECTOR 6. Unit r.ector':A vector divided by its rnagnitude is a
Introduction of Vector: unit vector. Unit vector for e- is ri lread as A cap
Physical quantities having rnagnitude, direction and or A hat).
obeying laws of voctor algebra are called vectors. ^,l
Exrmple: Displacement, velocity, acceleration,
Since,A=l:=A=AA
A
momentum. force, impulse, $€ight, thrust, torque, Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the
angular momennrm, angular velocity etc. direction-
If a physical quanlity has magnitude and direction
7. Orthogonal unlt vectors i.i una ri are called
both, then it does not always imply that it is a vector.
orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors must form
For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying
a Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate s-ystem
lau,s ofvector algebra has to be satisfied.
such that when we Crul the fingers of right hand
Example: The physical quantity curre has both &om rto _r, then \r€ must get the dhection of z
magnitude and direction but is still a scalar as it along thumb). The
disobeys the laws ofvector algebra. v
Tl?es of Vector:
l. Equfll vectors:T\\'o vectors f and 6 are said to
be equal when they have equal magnitudes and \
same direction. k I
I
; Z

B . V^ ;
ax J=1.k
2. Parallel vector: Two vectors f and E are said x yz =:
to be parallel when xi. y =y1. z=zk
(i) Both have same direction
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero E. Polar vectors: These have starting point or point
multiple of another vector. of application .Exarnple displacemenl and force
3. Anti-parallel v€ctors:T\r'o vectors A and E are etc.
said to be antiparallel $,hen 9. Axial l'ectors: These represent rotational eliects
(i) Both have opposite direction. and are always along the axis of rotation in
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negahi,e accordance ri.ith right hand screw rule. Angular
multipie of another vector. velocity, torque and angular momentuIn, etc., are
example ofphysical quantities ofthis type.
A

B
(_
4. Collinear vectors:\4tren the vectors under Axis ofrotation
consideration can share the same suppod or have
a common support then the considered vectors are Axis oirotalioD

collinear.

5. Z€ro vector (0) : A veclor having zero magnitude

and arbifiary dkection (not known to us) is a zero
vector.

1
l,ll \ \l( s-\ I 1'I:("t ()l{ :rID B.\Sl( \lATtl}:lIA'IIf'S
10. Coplanflr vector': T}uee (or more) vectors A2:zf+Ar+2.a,Jcoso
arecalled coplanar vector if they lie in the same I
plane. T$,o (&ee) vectors are always coplanar.
coso= --=0:120"
2
. Addition ofvectors:
(i) Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two G*-DI., l
Vectors Ifthe angle between A and E is 270", then A.B is-
If two non zero vectors are represented by the two
... I
sides of a triangle taken in same order then the (a) 0 (b) I (c) -l .,3
tall-
resultant is given by the closing side oftrialgle in
opposite order. i.e. [ =I +E Solution:Ia]
B A.B : eB cos 270' : o
R=A+B
Exam le-3

o
B Gven:i=A+E. Also, the magnitudes of A, B
and i are 12, 5 and 13 units respectiv€ly. The angle
between A and B is -
'. Ots=OA+AB
(a) o' @)rI (c)
''.,-
It
(d)r
(ii) Nlagnitude of resultnnt vector

In A ABN. coso =
ANT
t.:t ... AN = Bcoso
I
ts B
Solution:Ic] 0=90"
.BN
srn0=-.. BN=Bsrr0 A
(iv) Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
In AOBN. we have OR2 - ON2 BN2 If two non zero vectors are represented by the two
-+
adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the
R
resultant is given by the diagonal of the
B Bl parallelogram passing tkough the point of
9 r,1
intersection of the two vectors.
(1) I\Iagnitude
Since, R2 = ON2 + CN2
* Pl = 14+ Bcos0)2 +(Bsin0)2 + p2 = 1oA + AN;2 + CN2
R2 =A2 +B2cos20+2ABms0+B2sin20
= = R2 =A2 +82 +2ABcos0
= R2 = A2 + 821cos2 0 + sin2 01+ 2ABcose n=lIl=le+s]= A'2 +82 + 2ABcos0
= R2 =A2 +B2 + 2ABcos0 B c

=R= A2 + 82 + 2ABcos 0
(iii) Direction of resultant rectors: If 0 is angle
R=A+B
B nne

behreen A andE then 6

R
F

A+Bi= A.2+82+2ABcose o AN
If R r:rakes an angle a rvith A, then in AOBN, B coso

BN BN Specialcoses:k= A+B when 0 : 0o

tancr=-=- R=A-Bwhen0=180"
ON OA+AN
tanc=-Bsin e R= A2 + B2 llrhsng : 96o
A + Bcos0 (2) Direction
Bsin 0
xample tatR=G=
,ON A - 8".r0
Civen: R=A+B and R: A: B. The angle berlgeen
A and B is-
G-"*p1"4 I
(a) 60" (b) 90" (c) 120' (d) 180" Two forces of magnilude F and .rE f act at right
Solution: Icl angles to each othq. Their resultant rnakes an angle p
R-:A-+B-+f-{Bcose (D u'ith F. The value ofp is
R:A= B (a) 30' (b) 4s' (c) 60' (d)135"

z
\'1.(.r1 ()R rI) B.rsI( lt,1.t H!_-\t,r1 t(js pUYSt( S-\ I
Solution:[cl Bsin0
tanor =
Resultant
' A + Bcos0
.
anq tan ar !
B sin ( 180 - 0)
' A + Bcos (180 - 0)
- - 0) = sin
Bul sin([80 0

F
and cos(I80 - 0) = -cos 0
Perpendicular Bsin0
ta$ _ - tan ctl-
A -Bcose
Base
G;;pr.=s-l
=v3F
F
J3
A pafiicle moving with velocity V towards northward
p:60' direction changes its direction and moves towards
eastward with the same speed- Find the change in its
(v) Pollgon Law ofVector Addition
velocity.
If a number of non zero vectors are represented
by the (ll l) sides ofan a-sided polygon then th€ rS (c)2v (d)v
tul "f O)
resultant is gvcn by the closing side or the ,"' Solution:Ial
side ofthe polygon taken in opposite order. So,
Vr: (b$ where lvll = v
E=a+E+e+D+E :
nz NEI rvhere lv: = v
G+eS+BC *CD+ DE =OE
.'. Change in velocity
D Dc Ai : ir-ir+(-ir)
E C = (ffi) * <otO: Oel

E B
andlAi : vf + v? + 2vrv, cos90"
I t=
v- +rr : VVI
B
t*e:#:
R
I:rorp:+5'
o .\
Note )r E
E Resultant oftwo rmequal vectors cannot be zero.
D Resultant of three co-planar vectors rnay or may
N
E
S (_1
D
not be zero
Resultant of three non co- planar vectors cannot
be zero. o
frg (a)
I\
ns {b)
Subtraction of vectors
snrce. I-E=I+(-B) and
Resolution of Vector into Components:
Consider a vector I in.{-I plane as shown in
le+Bl= A'2 + 82 + 2ABcos 0
fig. lf we draw onhogonal vectors R=x and R- v
= 1A-Bl= A2 + 82 +2ABcos080o -0) along.r and y axes respectively, by law of vector
Since, cos(180 - 0) = -cos0 addition, R={*+fv
= [-ni= 42+Rl fARcos o

R'-. = A+ B

R,
B R

0
I
R
SO
B
Now as for anv vector I=Aff SO, E* iRr
a nd R! R

Xon =l+1 iil soR=iRx+jRv .(r)

3
l,lt l \t( s-\ t \'r-( .I()R A\t) B.\SI( llrI'tIElL,\1I('S
D
& =Rcos0
But from figure ... (1) ? cos?=-=
.R
Rz
r,l

andRy =Rsine ...(iiD nl+nl+nl

Since R and 0 are usually known, Equation (ii) Where /, rq n are called Direction Cosines of tlrc
and (iii) give the magnitude of the cornponents of vects I and
R- along x and-v-axes respectively. /2 +m2 +n2 =

^ n3 *nl-Ri
Here it is rvorthy to note once a vector is resolved cos- q -cos- 0 + cos- Y= -#= I
into its components, the components themselves Ri+R;*R;
can be used to specif the vector as
Note:)9.
(| ) The magnitude of rhe vector R= is obtained by E When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its
squaring and adding equation (ii) and (iii), i.e.
R=
position vector OP = *i * ffi *:[
!6X;[i tr When a particle moves from point (xl, yr, zr)
to
(2) The direction of the vector n= is obtained by (x:, yz, z) then its displacement
dividing equation (in) by (ii), ,.e.
vector r = (x2 -x1)i + (y: - yt)j+ (z' -zl)k
tan 0 =Ev / Rx) or 0 = tan-l(Ry / Rx) . Scalar Product ofTwo Vectors
ple-6 b, Defnitlon: The scalar product (or dot product) of
A displacemenl vector, at an angle of 30' uith y-axis two vectors is defined as the product of the
has an x-component of l0 units. Then the nragnitude magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle
ofthe vector is - bet$,een them.
(a) 5.0 (b) 10 (c) 11.5 (d) 20
Solution:Idl
Thus if there are tu'o vectors f anO E having
,l an$e 0 betn'een thern, then their scalar product
R written as -e.E is detined as I.E = ag 0
"or
)3. h'operties:
Itf

Let R be the given l'ectG. X-cofiponent oithevectcr R

:lR lcos60'= 10
IO
lR 't= _:'r0 i. It is always a scalar which is positive if angle
cos60o tletween the vectors is acute (i.e., < 90') and
Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector negative if angle between them is obtuse (i.e.
R = Rx +Ry +R2qorR = R*i + Rvj + Rzk 90.<0< 180.).

'l li. It is commutatiu.. i.n. e.S=B.A

--J. iii. It is distributive. ,. r. e.tS+e)=I B+A E
rffi I.E
iv. As by definition = ABcos0
R

Tbe angle between the vectors 0 = cos-l | 4B I

IABI
v. Scalar product of tu,o vectors will be rnaximum
when cos0=max=1, i.e. 0=0o, i.e., vectors

IfR= makes an angle cr with x axis, B with y axis

are parallel ia.n)"r,. =69
and ]u,ith z-axis. then vi. Scalar product of two veciors will be minimum

COS Ct
R-.
---! =
R when lcos0l= rain =0, ;.e. 0=90o D* =O (e
= =
R n]+n']r+n] ie.if the scalar producl of two norzero
vectdrsvanishes the vectors are orthogonal.
R .Ry
t'
=+ cos0 I1l vii. The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed
R R +R v +R: as self dot product and is given by

:l
\"l:( 1()R .r\l) B,\SI( ]I.\l llE]1,t1 l( S PH\-SI(rS-Xl
(e)2 = A.A = a,tcose = e2 G*-Dt.7l
F--= If A is parallel toB, then
;". 4 = rtA.A (a) A.(A+ B) = a2 + ag (b)Ax(A+B)=AB
viii.In case ofunit vector i (d)i.x(AxB) =g
(c) 4.6 = o
i.i=1xlxccO=l Solutlon:Ial
s.;.;=i.i=j.l=i.r=r A (i,+6):e']+ A.E
: {: + {! so,s Q": d: + AB
h In case of orthogonal unit vectors i,]
"no
li,
Err
i.j= j.k=k.i= lx1cm90o =0
A force of 4i +5j Newton displaces a body tkough
I. Il1 terms of components
3i + 6k metre. The work done is-
I.E=(iA" + iA, +fe,;.iiB- +p, +[n,1 t J
(c) 42 t (d) 0 J
{a)12 O) 30
= [A"B* + ArB, + A2B, ] Solution: [cl

)3. Example: W= F g = l2+30:42J

i. Work W: In physics for constant force work is fir"-pl"tl
defined as, W =Fscos0 ... (r) The vector 5i+2j-lk is perpendicular to the vector
But by definition ofscalar product oftwo vectors,
si+j+z[ rori=
ii=Fscos0 ...(iI) (a) I O) 4.7 (c) 6.3 (d) 8.5
Solution:Idl
So &om e4" (i) and (ii) W=Fs i.e. work is the A.B = rs +2-z).=o
scalar product offorce with displacement-
ii. Power P: 2t=17=1-:1=8.5
2
As w=F.; * !Y=..*t* i iscomtantl I Elimple-lo I

Angle between two vectors (i + j) and (i - j) is-

orP=F.ii.n., pouer is the scalar product oi
(a) 30" 6f
(c) 45' (d)90"
&)
Solution:Id]
tbrce u,ith velocity 6r!Y=puo6S=;
dt dr A.B=<i+).<i-li:o
ifl. I\{agnetic Flux tP: soA-rB
.L
> Vector Product ofTwo Vectors
,| j )9. Defrnitlon:
The vector product ff cross product of two
vectors is defined as a vector having a rnagnitude
)/ equal to the product of the rugnitudes of two
vectors \a.ith the sine of angle between thsrn" and
direction perpendicular to the plane containing
the two vectors in accordance with right hand
Magnetic flux tbrough an area is given by screw rule.
dtP=Bdscos' " "'(,
But by definitiol of scalar product
C=AxB
Thus, if I and E are two vectors, then their
E.ds =Bdsms0 .......(ir)
So &om eq" (i) ad (ii) we have vector product wrinen as E * E is a uector e
defined by
dq = B.ds or9 = n.ds
J 6=e,.S=AB.i"g"
iv. Poleltial energy of a dipole t/: If an elecAic AxB B

dipole of moment I is situated in an electric freld t

E or a nragnetic dipole of moment M in a field
of induction E, the potential energy ofthe dipole
is given by:
Ur =-p.EanauB =-M.E

5
PIIYSI ('S.\ I It:( 1()t{ .\-\t) 8,.\sl{ }1.\l llt \1.\l I( s
The direction of ItB, i.r. d is perpendicutar to ixj=lqjxk=iandkxi=j
the plane conuining vectors A= and Eand in the And as cross product is not commutative,
sense of advance of a right handed screw rotated l"i =-k. i'j=-iuna i*i=-j
from f 1first vector) to E (second vector) lx. In terms of cornponents
through the smaller angle between them. Thus, if ; ji
a right handed screw whose axis is perpendicular
to the plane franred by f
and E is rotated from B

e s
to through the srnaller angle between :: Bv B,
them, then the direction of advancement of the
= i(AyB, - ArBy)
screw grves the direction of E , E i.€. a
*i1A,B* - A*B,1+ t1e"O, --lrO*1
)a, Properties
i. Vector product of any trvo vectors is always a )3. Erample:
vector perpendicular to the plane containitg these Since vector product of two vectois is s vector,
two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors vsctor physical quanlities (paticularlyrepresenting
e and E, thougb the vectors f and B may or rolational effects) like torque, angular momenimt
may not be orthogonal. velocity and force on a moving charge ia a
ii. Vector product of two vectors is not magnetic field and can be expressed as the vector
product of two vectors. It is well - established in
commutative. i.e.. I.E+E*I tbut =-Exe.l physics that:
Here it is q'orthv to note that
-T=rxr
-+
LA x B ii n xe l= aBstne (i) Torque
ie. in case of vector E " g and B, A (ii) Angular moment"* i =iri
magnitudes are equal but directioos are opposite.
iii. The vector product is distributive when the order (iii) Velocity v=tDxr
oflhe vectors is strictly maintained i.€. (iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with
a"G+C) =A><B+I.e velocity v in a magnetic fleld E is given by
iy. The vector Eoduct of two vectors will be
F=q1i,.E1
maximum when 5i1g = m2l1 = l, ;.s., 0=90o on a dipole
(v) Torque in a field
1I r 81,,, = ag ; { =p rE ano r" =MrE
ie. vector product is maximum if the vectors are
orthogonal. mple-
v. The vector product of two non- zero vectors will The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented
be minimum when lsin0l= minimum:0, by co-initial vectors 2i+3jandi+4j. The area of
ia, 0 = 0o or iSd the parallelogram is-
(a) 5 units along z-axis (b) 5 units in x-y plane
1I, 16o = s (c) 3 units in x-z plane (d) 3 units in y-z plane
i.e.if the vectff product of wo noD-zero vectors
Solution: al
li jil
vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
vi. The self cross product, i.e., product of a
tt
vectorbyitself vanishes, 1.e., is null vector A.B:12 I 0l : k (8 3):5k
ax.I=aesuo"ri=o ll 4 0l
lr
vii In case ofunit vsslsv nxn=U5e 1lx1 (Tr"-pt;D
ixi=jxj=kxk=0 A vector A of magniru& 5.8 *it., another vector
viii ln case of orthogonal unit vectors, i,_rk ln B of magnitude l0 units are inclined to each other at
accordalce with right hand screw rule: an angle of 30". The magdtude of the vectot product
of the t\a,o vectors is -
(a) I mirs ft) 5.6 units
i. (c) 75 units (d) 25'.6 udts
Solution:Id]
A "B:$,6'lo*sin3oo
t,
:zs f un;ts

6
vl.( T Ol{ A\I) It,lSI( }L\1}l}-}I:11'I( S PII\'$ I ( s-\l
2. |3MTSTHEOREM Solution:Jal
In Fig. ct: 90' + 15" = 105'
Inany AABC with sides a b. ; p:90. + 30.: 120
sina sinp sin 1 And y: 180'- (3tr + 15):1350
ab c Using Lami's Theoretr! we have
Tr=Tr=W
180-a sin c sir p sin y
sinc sinlo5'
... T,:w.
' -59.
siny sinl35"
sin 75" 50 x 0.%59
p 180 / _-50._=_=68.1 N
' sin45' 0.7071
t8o -p
ri.e. for any triangle the ratio of the sine of the - - WsinP - 50sinl20" _ 50xsin60o
argle containiag the side to the lengtb of the side siny sinl35' sin45'
is a constant. _ 50x0.8660:61.24N
For a triangle whose tbree sides are in the sam o_707,
or&r we eslablish the Lami's theorem in the
following rnanner. For the triangle shown
i+6+6=6 A weight mg is suspended fronr the middle of a rope
[All tlree sides are taken in order] ...... (t)
utose ends are at tbe sare level. The rope is no
.- i+6= j ...... (ri) longer horizontal. Find the minimum tension required
to completely stmighten the rope.
Pre-multiplying both sides by a B

a*1i +U;=-a'i - O+i,6 = -i *i

T
:) axb=cxa ....... (iil) I
Pre-multiplfng both sides ot(ii; by 6
(a) 0 (b) - (c) I (d) None
6 r1a +U; = -t,,i = 6"i+U"U=-Uri Solution:
+ -ir6=-tr" '+ u,.6=6*i ......(iu) According to Lami'stheorm
From (ii, and (iv), Y€ 4 T-lq
I
get B
T
i,6 =6r" =6,i
Taking magnitude, we get mg
1i
'61=1u'i 1=1i," I
TT mg
absin(l80 - T) = bcsin(180 - o) sin p sin y sin c
=
= casio(I80 - 9) For straighteoa: 180", p:90', y:90n
:) ab sitr= bcsin q = ca sin p
I Tmg
Dividing throughout by a6c, we bave sin90" sin 180'
sln c( sin p slnl mg
abc T
0
IramDle- So the minimum tensiol required 1o completely
A rope is stretched between two poles. A 50 N boy straithen rr,ill beinfnity.
hangs tom it. as shown in Fig. Find the tensions in
the fwo parts ofthe rope.
B

)3. Introduction:Wlen we corsidff the motion of a

T:
T particle. we assume a fixed point relative to
Il
nhich the given particle is in motion. For
: 68.3 N, T; : 61.24 N example, if we say that water is flowing or wind
(a) T1
(b) Tr : 61.24 N, T, = 68.3 N is blowing or a person is running with a speed r,,
(c) Tr : 62.3 N. T: : 65.24 N ue mean that these all are relative to the earth
(d) Tr : 60 N, Tr : 62.7 N (which we have assumed to be fixed).

7
PII \'\t( S-X I 1 i:( I Ott \ \ I) B.\ \ I (- \1.\'l H tL\ r_ 1I ('S

f vse = vs - \'e
f'
So if the satellite moves from west Io east (in th€
direction of rotatioD of earth on its axis) its
velocity relative to earth's surface will be
vse =vs -v€
.t
,t,
And if the salellite moves &om east ao west, ,.e.,
's's -I
opposite lo the motion of earth,
s
vse =Vs - (-Ve) =vs +Ve
Now to find the velocity of a moviag object '13. Relrtive velocity of rain:
relative to another moving object, consider a

particle P whose position relative to fiarre S is i, If rain is falling verticalty with a velocity i.
and an observer is moving horizontally with
v.fiile relatiw to 5 is rps, .

S
speed v, the velocity of rain relative to
If the position of Aames rehtive to S at any
-+ -+
observeruill be tpJr{ = \'R - \:t,{
time is from figure, lps = rls,+ rs,s
r 5,5 then
Dillerentiating this equation with respect to time Which by law ofvector addition has magnitude
-+ J --)
&ps drp5' . dr5,5 ' R\,t - vfi + v(,
direction 0 = ran-l(vu / vn)
with the vertical as shou.n in fig.
dt dt dt
{-+-r-+
Or vps = \'pS,+ \'S,S [as v = d r /dt ]
--) -t
Or vps, = vps- \'S,s

)9. General Formula: The relative velocity of a

particle Pr moving ]vith velocity i with respect

+ll
to another particle P: moving with velocity ,1 is
J-+
given by, vrlr= v1 - v2

1
1t
/t
'rl .

i. If both the particles are rnoving in the same

direction then: tE;-d"-1s-l
A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at
uq? =Ul u2
3ff with the vertical to keep the rain arvay. He
ti. Ii the two particles are moving in &e opposite tkown the umbrella and starts rurring al I0 knL/h.
dtection" then: He finds that rain drop is hitting hrs head vertically.
Dq2 =q +u2 Fhd the speed ofrain u.r.t. road-
Iti, if the two particles are moving in the murually
(a) 10 kn/s (b) 20 km/h
(c) lo !3 k Js (d) 20 {3 kn/h
perpendicular directions, then:
Solution: [r
Di +u;

lv. If the angle between ul and u2 be 0. thsn

f t ^ll: :3l]p / IJJ",
urr: = + ul - l.qu2 cosul
Lri I0 Krdhr
?l Relatlve velmity of satellite: If a satellite is

moving in equatorial plaue with velocif v. and

(1) (2)
a point on the surface of earth with i. relativ"
to the centre of earth, the velocity of satellite rdr, iVelocity of rain with respect to man) is vertical
relative to the surlbce ofearth dori'n u,ard }L\ R \1

8
\'1. ( l'o 1{ 1\ D I}.\St ( tI.\'I H }.Il.\',I l( s Pll!sIas-\I
(ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time;
The man should swim perpendicular to thebank.
The time taken to cross the river u'ill be:

' t)m

-\'iu,, 1\B
-' -,
lvp lsin 30o: I vy I

l0Km/br l0Km / hr : 20 Krdi'r

=vR sin.30o t/2
?3. Relatlve velocity of swimmer: If a man can
swim relative to \r'ater \vith velocity I and o
Upstream Doon:tl""m
water is flou,ing relative to ground with velocity
In this case, the rran will touch the opposite
vR velocity of man relative to ground r'11 will bank at a distance l.B dov,,nstream
be given by: This distance will be given by:
))-+-+ * ur ---
1'= \'M- vR . i.e., vy = Y + 1'" AB = urt: =ur:u' or AB=-w
Dtu
So if the swimming is in the direction of flow of
u"ter. vV:\'+\'R le-16
A boat man could row his boat xith a speed l0ry'sec.
And if the swimming is opposite to the flow of
He u.ants to take his boat ftom P to a point Q just
\ AteI, VM =V-VR opposite on the olher bani< of the river flowing at a
ie. Crossing the river:Suppose, the river is flowing speed 4m,/sec. He sbould row his boat
(a) at right angle to the stream
with velocity 6, . A man can su'im in still \rater with
(b) at an angle ofsin-' (2,5t with PQ up the stream
velocity um . He is standing on one bank of tlre river (c) at an angle ofsin-' 12.5; wirh PQ down the stream
and \r'ants to cIoss th€ river. tu'o cases arise. (d) at an angle cos-t 1215; with Pq dowr the stream
(i) To cross the river over shortest distance: That
is 1o cross the dver straight, the man should swim Solution:Ih]
making angle d rrith the upsfeam as sholn.
_,1 B
a
aB\ -:-
___- V, :4 m/s
---\A!-
\
P
Velocity ofboat with resp€ct to grormd must be along
linel
Upstream O DoNrsteaur vg1 : Velocity ofboat w.r.t river
Here OAB is the tdangle of vectors, in u,hich ,-+-+--tr-,
vBR - vB - \'R vBR- \'R
OA = vo,,AB = u,. Their resultant is given by
-vB
As v s is along PQ.
oi = i rn" direction of s*irming makes DVBRsitrc:vr
augle d with upstream. From &e tnangle O8.1. uR /+\
we hnd, o.o: rin-'[ ] slll tt
I uan J Iro.]
cos 0= fr Also sintr =\ (z\
um unr
+ angle sin *ith PQ ,n tt. srrerm
Where a is the angle made by the directiol of [;.J
swimming r4ith the shortest distance (OA across
the river.
Time taken to cross the river:If !1be the width t. Trigonometryfumtiors
of the river, then time taken to ffoss the river will 18tr : sr.:'
be given by
l.l 1 rarl:
lt

U f) j l'= tr : o.ot 74 rad.

\i D; U; 180

9
PII \ \I( s-\ I \-t.( I ()lt A,\t) B.\s1( \1.\'IIII__\I.\ t ICS
1.2 Trigonometric ratio ofcertain allied angles Note:)l.
sin (- 0) : - 0sia cos (- 0) : cosQ (a) When n is a positive integer, then expamion will
sin (90 0) = cos0 cos (90 - 01 = sin 0 have (r + 1) terms
sin (90 + :
0) cos0 cos (90 + q : - sin e (b) W}en r is a negative integer, expansion u'ill have
sin (180 :
- 0) sin 0 cos (180 - 0) : - cos9
inlinite terrns.
(c) When r is a fraction, expansion will have infinite
sin (180 + 0) = - sinQ cos (180 + 0) : - cosg
terms.
sin (270 - 0): - cosO cos (270 - 0) : - sin 0
sin (270 + e) : - coso cos (270 + q - sin e
4. Algebraic equations & Solutlons
4.1 Linear equation
sin (360 - 0) : - tin 0 cos (360 - : cos9 0;1 h
1.3 Relation involving one angle Ifax -b=0.thenx- -l: one real solution
(i) siu'0 + cos'0 : I a
(ii)sec20:l+tanre 4.2 Quadratic equation
liii;cosec:O=l+cot:0
1.4 Sum and difference ofangles Ifaxr+bx+s:9, 1trg1 x= -bt.6'-4*
(i)sin (A + B) : sinA cos B + cos A sinB 2a
(ii) cos (A + B) : cos A cos B I sin A sin B Ifb2 - 4ac > 0-two real solutions
:
br - 4ac 0, one real solution
tanAttanB
(iii) tan (A r Br' - b: - 4ac < 0,no real solutions
I + ran A tan B 5 Determinant
1.5 Conversion ofsum intoproducl& vice-versa la bl
(i) sin (A + B) + sin (A - B) : 2 sin A cos B 5.1 D:l l:ad-bc
(ii) sin (A+ B) sin(A- B):2 cos Asin B l" dl
(iii) cos (A + B) - cos (A - B) :2 cos A cos B al al aj
(iv) cos (A + BF cos (A B)=-2sinAsinB
(r) 2 sin C cos D : sin(C + D) + sin(C -D)
5. 2 D bt b: b3

rYi)sinc - r;, p = 2.r-(C:

D)"o.€f :
cl c, cj
a1 (b2 ca - b3 c2) - a2 @1 ca b3 c1)
+a3Orc:-b?cl)
'22 .ri,D-
rvii) sin C 2.o.(C*D)sn(c-D) 6. Straight line, Circle, Ellipse, Parabola,
Ilyperbola
(uii) C D -
/,'-
t- , '
D) (C - D) 6.1 Straight line
cos cos 2cos
22 Equation of straight line: y : mx + c
(D-c)
(x)cosc-cosD - 2sn(c+D)s uherem = slope-Axofline - 4I = lrog
22 ,

1.6 Multiplesformulae lntsrcept on y-axis : c

(i)sin20:2 sin0cos0
(ii)sin3O = 3 sir0 - 4 sin'O The intercept on x-axis = a
:
(iii)cos2O cos'0 - sin'0 m
I - 2sido - 2cosro- I
(iv)cos3o = 4 cos30 -3 coso nl=0 (B)
(A)

(v)la!2g='*9 \ \
l-tan-0
(vi)2 cot20 : cotO - tan0
2. Logarithm
2.1 Base l0
lf
2.2 Base e
:
10' x; then log1sx : n
(c)
L"'''l& 1)
If en = y; then logy: m (E)
2.3 Change ofbase 12)

1l
(i)logr,a
',loga D(ii)lo&x - ,10l,16 e logrox
= 2.303 loglgx
3. Binomiol Theorem 6.2 Circh
(i) Equrtion of a circle of centre (0, 0) and
(i) (l tx)D: I tn< + n(n-l)x2 ... radius r
2l tt1
x +v:f
(ii) (l , xf'= I +*- n(n-t) *t...
2t
(iii) If x <<l ; thon(] +x)':1+rx xr)
(Neglecting higher terrns)
(l + x; '=1 r: (-n)x -- I + Lx

10
\'1"( I oR A\t) li.\st(i \I_\ t lll"_\1.\.I I( s PIl l sI ('s-xI
(ii) Equation ofa circle of centre . d ..d
(\4) -:- (srD(Fcos x(vu) . (msx)-rn x
at (a. b) and radius r
{x-a1:+1v-6;r=vl
dx dx
... d (tanx) :sec- x
(\au)
63 Ellipse ;;
Equation of a ellipse is given (0.0)
d.
(rx) -:--(co8): - cosec'x
.*2
by.+ I dx
a' b-"=l d
(x) -:- (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx

x (xi) .d (cosec x) = --cosec x. cob(

dx
d
F and F' = foci :
(xii) (sinrx) l<x< I
2c
t---:----------
dr {:7'
Wherec = r/ar -br ,d -t
a : OA : soni rnajor axis
b : OB: semi minor axis
: -c
(xur)

.d
-
(cos '1;=
F I
-1<x<1

Eccentricity (e) (xrv) (tan 'x) -:,

a dx i+\_
fuea of ellipse = nab
(xv)
d-l(cot-. x):
6.4 Parabola
(i) .r" = lax -dx' l+xj
: -
1*rn; fdx 1...-' x; *J*2 -
1

I
lxl >l

F
x
d -l
(xvii) . (cosec-'x) ----: lxl >l
(0, 0) a.0) dx xJxr -l
A

F : focus : (a,0); A: Vertex - (0,0)

(xviii) :dx (c) = 0. where c is a constant
(ii) r2 = lqy 7.1.4 Rutes for finding derivatives of conqrosite
functiom
ddv
(D --(cy)=c
dx .'
dx
(ii) d (u+v+wa...)
7. Calculus ;;
7.1 Differentiatlon du dv dw
7.1.1 Geomekicnl meaning dx dx dx
Let y = f (x). be a function of U., I where u v, w - . . are all futrctioDs of x
"
(iii) dv dv
dx du
shou'sthe slope of the tangent at any point .j-(trv) =u. -v-
of the curve.
dx dx dx
7.1.2 Physical meaning
du du
g
Idx ir a symUot for rate o[ change w.r.t. x fr):'ala
(iv) ox\v,i
v.
orderivative \I/-r.t- x. (v) (a) chain rule ofdifferentiation
7.1.3 Differential coefficient of some dy_dy du
standardfimctions dx du dx
. d d.'. (b) Extended chain rule
(r) (xo. ,: rxo-r....
(rlt (e I e
e; dx dy dy&r&: dxtr

(iiD i 1a*;: a*los a dx dxr dx2 &1 &

dx 7.1.5 Maxima & l\Iinima
(iv) a,,on-*,= ] In lig. al point A the curve has a
dx*x maximumvalue, and at point B, the curve bas
dt(logx) = loge
(v) -; a minimun. At these points the tangent to the
(Ixx - cur1r'e (dotted lines) is parallel to the X-axis.

1t
f IIISI('S-X I \'l._(1()lt .\\I) B..1sI(' u.\T ltI11.\.II( s
If the curve is described by y : (x) ther! (iv) Integration by pnrts:
both at ma-ximum and at minimum the slope Integration ofa product of two functions is
of :angent is zero. grven by: (first fimction) r (integral of
dv second function) integral of f(differential
___- : 0 coefficient of hrst) r (integral of second)l
dx
f(x) (gx) dx : {x)
This is tbe condition lor rnaxima or mininra J J C(x)dx
j lf'(x) g(x).rlxl<lx
7.2.5 Integration by substitution method
Standard Substitution: follou,ing standard
substitutions u,ill be useful.
Note: b. Itrtegratrd form s bslil tio
To check whether the point where |dx - O o u
{r) a- -r-
I
.,,/a-
- x-
maximum or minimum. one musl
"uut*," dx'
{. (i,)
11 ,
x-
I
va- +
,.2 Vx' + a'
tf I-{ < 0 (negative), then the point is maximum. f;--.-i I
dx' (ii, Vx- - a'
x- :
-a
If
dx-
:j > 0 fpositive). then rhe point is minimum
trlr .l-
[* or
t-,.
.l-
7.2 Integration !a-x I x
7.2.1I\Ieaning: x(a - x)
d
If + [F(x)] = f(x). tben F(x) called rhe I
dx
integral of(x). It is uritt"n d". i x(a - x)
^ fflr; F /;;
It is read as integral of(x) w.r.t. x. t_ t_
7.2.2 Integral ofsome standard function
(\)
1i*-u ''1r/ *

'' J[x'dx L.
(i)
--o+l
rc (n * -l) ", S(,d
n+l I
(ir)
I|'*=,or.;*1*.
"'Em
t..,...'..'_ ffi
(iiD
Jta" = lo, + Cllul
Je*
clx = e* + C {l)
V**u "'Vt_ *
(vi)
Jsiax&:-cosx+C x(a + x)
(vii)
(viii)
Jcosx
dx = sinx + C

dx = log secx + C
'@I
(ix)
Jtanx
Jsec2
x .dx: tanx + C
E-
l_
E-,
I

Where C is the constant of i egration

!a+x 'ia-x
7.2.6 Definite Integral:
ax+b
7.2.3 .dx : =
e
+c
b

Jr1*; a* 1r1*y1b r6y - rlay

Je^**b d = =
a
tax*b)
dx - Note:x.
a

7.2.4 Rules 1'or hnding the integration ol The constant of integration vanishes in definite
composite functions.
integration
(i)
J
k f (x) dr = k. f(x) dx,$,here k is
J
a Some properties of deffnite integrll:
col$taDt
ba
(ii) If J r1*; o* : r1*y * cx*n
ti) frlxy ox: - Jrlxy ax
atr
bcb
dx: (iD lf(x) dx : Jr1*; o* + Jr1xl
I foo()
f t<*l * " ox

(iii)
I tf(x)+g(x)ldx=J f(x)d\+ J e(x)dx fth"r."."11

t2