‭BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE (ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION)‬

‭WITH HONORS‬

‭EDI 3113 ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC SEMESTER 2 2023/2024 SESSION‬

‭EXPERIMENT 7: COMMON EMITTER WITH RESISTIVE DEGENERATION‬

‭GROUP 8‬

‭No.‬ ‭Matric Number‬ ‭Name‬

‭1.‬ ‭S68183‬ ‭MUHAMAD NUR IRFAN BIN MOHD YASIN‬

‭2.‬ ‭S65728‬ ‭AIMAN SYAHMI BIN SHAHARUDIN‬

‭3.‬ ‭S66186‬ ‭MOHAMAD MIZAN BIN RAZALI‬

‭4.‬ ‭S65528‬ ‭AL IZZ ATHIRAH BINTI AL-MUZANI‬

‭5.‬ ‭S65534‬ ‭NUR QISTINA BINTI MOHD LOKMAN‬

‭Bipolar‬ ‭junction‬ ‭transistor‬ ‭(BJT)‬ ‭amplifier‬‭design‬‭relies‬‭heavily‬‭on‬‭the‬‭common-emitter‬

‭(CE)‬ ‭arrangement‬ ‭with‬ ‭resistive‬ ‭degeneration,‬ ‭which‬‭is‬‭well-known‬‭for‬‭its‬‭capacity‬‭to‬‭improve‬

‭performance‬ ‭attributes‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭vital‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭variety‬ ‭of‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭applications.‬ ‭This‬ ‭arrangement‬

‭increases‬‭linearity‬‭and‬‭temperature‬‭stability‬‭in‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭providing‬‭stability‬‭by‬‭adding‬‭a‬‭resistor‬

‭in‬ ‭series‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭emitter‬ ‭terminal[1].‬ ‭Furthermore,‬ ‭resistive‬ ‭degeneration‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭stable‬

‭performance‬ ‭throughout‬ ‭a‬ ‭broad‬ ‭range‬ ‭of‬ ‭operating‬ ‭situations‬ ‭by‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭the‬ ‭transistor's‬

‭susceptibility‬ ‭to‬ ‭temperature‬ ‭fluctuations‬ ‭and‬ ‭variations‬ ‭in‬ ‭transistor‬ ‭characteristics.‬ ‭This‬

‭introduction‬ ‭lays‬ ‭the‬ ‭foundation‬ ‭for‬ ‭an‬ ‭understanding‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭importance‬ ‭and‬ ‭usefulness‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

‭common-emitter‬ ‭design‬ ‭with‬ ‭resistive‬ ‭degeneration‬ ‭in‬ ‭contemporary‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭circuits.‬ ‭It‬ ‭also‬

‭explores the basic concepts and benefits of this configuration.‬

‭Notable‬ ‭advantages‬ ‭in‬ ‭signal‬ ‭quality‬ ‭and‬ ‭impedance‬ ‭matching‬ ‭are‬ ‭also‬ ‭provided‬ ‭by‬

‭resistive‬ ‭degeneration‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭common-emitter‬‭design.‬‭In‬‭order‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭matching‬‭with‬‭signal‬

‭sources‬ ‭and‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭loading‬‭effects,‬‭the‬‭amplifier's‬‭input‬‭impedance‬‭can‬‭be‬‭efficiently‬‭increased‬

‭by‬‭connecting‬‭a‬‭resistor‬‭in‬‭series‬‭with‬‭the‬‭emitter.‬‭In‬‭doing‬‭so,‬‭the‬‭chance‬‭of‬‭signal‬‭distortion‬‭is‬

‭decreased‬‭and‬‭signal‬‭transmission‬‭efficiency‬‭is‬‭maximized[‬‭6]‬‭.‬‭Reducing‬‭the‬‭gain‬‭fluctuation‬‭with‬

‭input‬ ‭signal‬ ‭amplitude‬ ‭further‬ ‭improves‬ ‭the‬ ‭amplifier's‬ ‭linearity‬ ‭and‬ ‭produces‬ ‭a‬ ‭more‬‭accurate‬

‭replica‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭input‬ ‭waveform‬ ‭thanks‬ ‭to‬ ‭resistive‬ ‭degeneration.‬ ‭These‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭make‬ ‭the‬

‭resistive-degeneration‬ ‭common-emitter‬ ‭arrangement‬ ‭the‬ ‭ideal‬ ‭option‬ ‭for‬‭applications‬‭like‬‭radio‬

‭frequency‬ ‭circuits,‬ ‭sensor‬ ‭systems,‬‭and‬‭audio‬‭amplifiers‬‭where‬‭precise‬‭signal‬‭amplification‬‭and‬

‭faithful signal reproduction are critical.‬

‭2‬
‭Objective‬

‭1.‬ ‭To examine the function of BJT common emitter amplifiers?‬

‭2.‬ ‭To‬ ‭calculate‬ ‭the‬ ‭value‬ ‭of‬ ‭resistor,‬ ‭volt,‬ ‭current‬ ‭and‬ ‭power‬ ‭of‬ ‭common‬ ‭source‬ ‭with‬

‭resistive degeneration.‬

‭3‬
‭Procedure‬

‭1.‬ ‭The‬ ‭amplifier‬ ‭operation‬ ‭was‬ ‭utilize‬‭in‬‭the‬‭forward‬‭active‬‭region,‬‭the‬‭biasing‬‭network‬‭of‬

‭R,‬ ‭VBB,‬ ‭RC‬ ‭and‬ ‭VRe‬ ‭was‬ ‭design‬ ‭to‬ ‭establish‬‭the‬‭emitter‬‭current‬‭IE‬‭using‬‭the‬‭value‬‭of‬

‭VCC= 12V, VBB, 6V, R= 300‬Ω ‭, RC= 200‬Ω‭, RE=170‬Ω‭.‬

‭2.‬ ‭T‬‭small-signal‬‭model‬‭of‬‭BJT‬‭was‬‭used‬‭to‬‭sketch‬‭the‬‭complete‬‭ac‬‭equivalent‬‭circuit‬‭of‬‭the‬

‭amplifier without capacitor.‬

‭Figure 1‬‭Common Source with Resistive Degeneration‬‭without Capacitors.‬

‭3.‬ ‭The‬‭node‬‭voltage‬‭and‬‭current‬‭of‬‭the‬‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier‬‭was‬‭determined‬‭and‬‭filled‬

‭in Table 1.‬

‭3‬
‭4.‬ ‭The voltage gain Av if Vin=‬‭0‬. ‭1‬‭‬‭𝑐𝑜𝑠‬(‭2‬ × ‭10‬ π‭𝑡)‬ ‭was determined.‬

‭5.‬ ‭A‬ ‭complete‬ ‭design‬ ‭of‬‭an‬‭equivalent‬‭circuit‬‭of‬‭the‬‭amplifier‬‭with‬‭capacitor‬‭was‬‭sketched‬

‭using‬ ‭the‬ ‭value‬ ‭of‬ ‭VCC=12V,‬ ‭VBB=‬ ‭5V,‬ ‭R=‬ ‭330‬Ω‭,‬ ‭Rc=200‬Ω‭,‬ ‭Re=‬ ‭124‬Ω‭,‬‭C1=‬‭0.1µF‬

‭and C2= 10µF.‬

‭4‬
 ‭Figure 2‬‭Common Source with Resistive Degeneration‬‭with Capacitors.‬

‭6.‬ ‭The‬‭node‬‭voltage‬‭and‬‭current‬‭of‬‭the‬‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier‬‭was‬‭determined‬‭and‬‭filled‬

‭in Table 2.‬

‭7.‬ ‭The voltage gain was calculated. Vin and Vout as a function of time was plotted.‬

‭5‬
‭Results‬

‭Table 1‬‭Common Source with Resistive Degeneration‬‭without Capacitors‬

‭Parameters‬ ‭Simulation‬

‭V (n001)‬ ‭12 V‬

‭V (n002)‬ ‭6.09747 V‬

‭V (n003)‬ ‭5.13822 V‬

‭V (n004)‬ ‭0.865609 V‬

‭V (n005)‬ ‭0.070897 V‬

‭Vbb‬ ‭6 V‬

‭Ic (Q1)‬ ‭0.0295127 A‬

‭Ib (Q1)‬ ‭0.000295127 A‬

‭Ie (Q1)‬ ‭-0.0298078 A‬

‭Ic (Q2)‬ ‭0.0342227 A‬

‭Ib (Q2)‬ ‭0.000342227 A‬

‭Ie (Q2)‬ ‭-0.0345649 A‬

‭Ic (Q3)‬ ‭0.0298078 A‬

‭Ib (Q3)‬ ‭0.00254969 A‬

‭Ie (Q3)‬ ‭-0.0323575 A‬

‭I (Rc)‬ ‭0.0295127 A‬

‭I (Re)‬ ‭0.0298078 A‬

‭I (R)‬ ‭0.0371146 A‬

‭I (Vbb)‬ ‭-0.000295127 A‬

‭I (Vcc)‬ ‭-0.0666273 A‬

‭6‬
 ‭Table 2‬‭Common Source with Resistive Degeneration‬

‭Parameters‬ ‭Simulation‬

‭V (n001)‬ ‭12 V‬

‭V (n002)‬ ‭5.49032 V‬

‭V (n003)‬ ‭5.1 V‬

‭V (n004)‬ ‭4.23569 V‬

‭V (n005)‬ ‭0.1 V‬

‭V (n006)‬ ‭0.864679 V‬

‭V (n007)‬ ‭0.159324 A‬

‭V (Vout)‬ ‭5.49032x10‬‭-7‬ ‭A‬

‭Ic (Q1)‬ ‭0.0325484 A‬

‭Ib (Q1)‬ ‭0.000325484 A‬

‭Ie (Q1)‬ ‭-0.0328739 A‬

‭Ic (Q2)‬ ‭0.0330134 A‬

‭Ib (Q2)‬ ‭0.000330134 A‬

‭Ie (Q2)‬ ‭-0.0333435 A‬

‭Ic (Q3)‬ ‭0.0332738 A‬

‭Ib (Q3)‬ ‭0.000399877 A‬

‭Ie (Q3)‬ ‭-0.0332738 A‬

‭I (C1)‬ ‭-5.49032x10‬‭-19‬ ‭A‬

‭I (C2)‬ ‭1.59324x10‬‭-18‬ ‭A‬

‭I (Rc)‬ ‭0.0325484 A‬

‭I (Re)‬ ‭0.0328739 A‬

‭I (R)‬ ‭0.0337434 A‬

‭I (V1)‬ ‭-0.000325484 A‬

‭7‬
 ‭I (Vbb)‬ ‭-0.000325484 A‬

‭I (Vcc)‬ ‭-0.0662918 A‬

‭Figure 3‬‭Comparison V(n005) from AC Source with V(out)‬

‭8‬
‭Discussion‬

‭Table‬ ‭1‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬ ‭result‬ ‭for‬ ‭common‬ ‭Source‬ ‭with‬ ‭Resistive‬ ‭Degeneration‬ ‭without‬

‭Capacitors.‬ ‭The‬ ‭primary‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭source‬ ‭is‬ ‭12V,‬ ‭with‬ ‭node‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭indicating‬ ‭a‬ ‭proper‬ ‭voltage‬

‭drop‬‭across‬‭the‬‭circuit.‬‭The‬‭base‬‭voltage‬‭appears‬‭consistent‬‭with‬‭the‬‭biasing‬‭needs.‬‭The‬‭collector‬

‭currents‬ ‭(Ic)‬ ‭for‬ ‭transistors‬ ‭with‬ ‭corresponding‬ ‭base‬ ‭currents‬ ‭(Ib)‬ ‭reflecting‬ ‭the‬ ‭typical‬‭current‬

‭amplification‬ ‭properties‬ ‭of‬ ‭transistors.‬ ‭The‬ ‭emitter‬ ‭currents‬ ‭(Ie)‬ ‭are‬ ‭slightly‬ ‭higher‬ ‭than‬ ‭the‬

‭collector‬ ‭currents‬ ‭due‬‭to‬‭the‬‭addition‬‭of‬‭the‬‭base‬‭currents.‬‭The‬‭emitter‬‭current‬‭is‬‭higher‬‭than‬‭its‬

‭collector‬‭current‬‭due‬‭to‬‭the‬‭higher‬‭base‬‭current,‬‭indicating‬‭a‬‭potential‬‭difference‬‭in‬‭transistor‬‭gain‬

‭or an error in component specification.‬

‭Table‬ ‭2‬ ‭shows‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭simulation‬ ‭results‬ ‭indicate‬ ‭a‬ ‭well-functioning‬ ‭transistor‬ ‭circuit‬

‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭primary‬ ‭supply‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭of‬ ‭12V.‬ ‭Voltage‬ ‭drops‬ ‭at‬ ‭various‬ ‭nodes‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭proper‬ ‭voltage‬

‭distribution.‬ ‭The‬ ‭near-zero‬ ‭currents‬ ‭through‬ ‭capacitors‬ ‭C1‬ ‭and‬ ‭C2‬ ‭indicate‬ ‭their‬ ‭role‬ ‭as‬ ‭DC‬

‭blocks‬ ‭or‬ ‭filters,‬ ‭with‬ ‭insignificant‬ ‭AC‬ ‭ripple.‬ ‭The‬ ‭current‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭load‬ ‭resistor‬ ‭(R)‬ ‭is‬

‭showing‬ ‭compliance‬ ‭with‬ ‭Ohm's‬ ‭Law.‬ ‭The‬ ‭negligible‬ ‭output‬ ‭current‬ ‭(Vout)‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭consistent‬

‭currents from the voltage sources suggest stable operation and minimal losses.‬

‭Figure‬ ‭3‬ ‭shows‬ ‭the‬ ‭comparison‬ ‭between‬ ‭V(n005)‬ ‭from‬ ‭AC‬ ‭Source‬ ‭with‬ ‭V(out).‬ ‭This‬

‭shows that the output voltage increases more than the input voltage, so it is an amplifier.‬

‭𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡‬‭‬‭𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒‬‭‬ ‭257‬.‭49‬
‭𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛‬‭‬ = ‭𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡‬‭‭𝑣
‬ 𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒‬
= ‭99‬.‭96‬
= ‭2‬. ‭57‬

‭9‬
‭Questions‬

‭1.‬ ‭What is the basic BJT common emitter amplifier?‬

‭A‬ ‭simple‬ ‭BJT‬ ‭common‬ ‭emitter‬ ‭amplifier‬ ‭is‬ ‭one‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭fundamental‬ ‭single-stage‬

‭bipolar-junction-transistor‬‭(BJT)‬‭amplifier‬‭topologies.‬‭It‬‭serves‬‭as‬‭a‬‭voltage‬‭amplifier.‬‭In‬

‭this‬‭circuit,‬‭the‬‭base‬‭terminal‬‭of‬‭the‬‭transistor‬‭acts‬‭as‬‭the‬‭input,‬‭the‬‭collector‬‭serves‬‭as‬‭the‬

‭output,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭emitter‬‭is‬‭common‬‭to‬‭both.‬‭The‬‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier‬‭is‬‭widely‬‭used‬

‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭simplicity‬ ‭and‬ ‭versatility.‬ ‭It‬ ‭amplifies‬ ‭both‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭and‬ ‭current,‬ ‭making‬ ‭it‬ ‭a‬

‭crucial building block in electronic circuits [2].‬

‭2.‬ ‭What is emitter degeneration?‬

‭Emitter‬ ‭degeneration‬ ‭refers‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭addition‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭small‬ ‭resistor‬‭(R4)‬‭between‬‭the‬‭emitter‬

‭and‬‭the‬‭common‬‭signal‬‭source‬‭in‬‭a‬‭common-emitter‬‭(CE)‬‭amplifier‬‭circuit.‬‭By‬‭doing‬‭so,‬

‭we‬‭“degenerate”‬‭the‬‭CE‬‭stage.‬‭Although‬‭this‬‭topology‬‭decreases‬‭the‬‭gain‬‭of‬‭the‬‭amplifier,‬

‭it‬‭improves‬‭other‬‭aspects‬‭such‬‭as‬‭linearity‬‭and‬‭input‬‭impedance.‬‭Essentially,‬‭it‬‭boosts‬‭the‬

‭output impedance, making the circuit a better current source [3].‬

‭3.‬ ‭Give example of bad input connection.‬

‭●‬ ‭Incorrect‬ ‭Polarity:‬ ‭When‬ ‭the‬‭input‬‭signal‬‭in‬‭a‬‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier‬‭with‬‭an‬

‭NPN‬ ‭transistor‬‭is‬‭connected‬‭in‬‭reverse‬‭polarity,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭drive‬‭the‬‭transistor‬‭into‬‭an‬

‭unintended‬ ‭operational‬ ‭state,‬ ‭resulting‬ ‭in‬ ‭distortion‬ ‭and‬ ‭possibly‬ ‭harming‬ ‭the‬

‭device.‬

‭●‬ ‭Capacitor‬ ‭Short-Circuit:‬ ‭Short-circuiting‬‭or‬‭damaging‬‭the‬‭coupling‬‭capacitor‬‭can‬

‭disrupt‬ ‭the‬ ‭DC‬ ‭biasing‬ ‭conditions,‬ ‭potentially‬ ‭causing‬ ‭distortion‬ ‭or‬ ‭harm‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬

‭10‬
 ‭transistor. [4]‬

‭4.‬ ‭Provide a summary of CE concepts.‬

‭Emitter‬‭current‬‭(IE)‬‭is‬‭the‬‭total‬‭current‬‭flowing‬‭through‬‭the‬‭emitter‬‭terminal‬‭of‬‭a‬‭bipolar‬

‭junction‬‭transistor‬‭(BJT)‬‭in‬‭a‬‭common-emitter‬‭(CE)‬‭configuration,‬‭comprising‬‭the‬‭sum‬‭of‬

‭the‬ ‭base‬ ‭current‬‭(IB)‬‭and‬‭the‬‭collector‬‭current‬‭(IC).‬‭IE‬‭is‬‭fundamental‬‭for‬‭amplification,‬

‭as‬ ‭it‬ ‭controls‬ ‭IB,‬ ‭which‬ ‭modulates‬ ‭the‬ ‭transistor's‬ ‭conductivity‬ ‭to‬ ‭produce‬ ‭a‬ ‭larger‬ ‭IC.‬

‭Emitter‬ ‭current‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭reflects‬ ‭the‬ ‭effectiveness‬ ‭of‬‭injected‬‭carriers‬‭from‬‭the‬‭emitter‬

‭contributing‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭transistor's‬ ‭output‬ ‭current.‬ ‭Proper‬ ‭biasing‬ ‭regulates‬ ‭IE‬ ‭for‬ ‭stable‬

‭operation,‬ ‭while‬ ‭temperature‬ ‭changes‬ ‭influence‬ ‭IE,‬ ‭necessitating‬ ‭temperature‬

‭compensation‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭in‬ ‭circuit‬ ‭design.‬ ‭Understanding‬ ‭IE‬ ‭concepts‬ ‭is‬ ‭crucial‬ ‭for‬

‭optimizing BJT circuits in electronic devices. [3]‬

‭11‬
‭Conclusion‬

‭In‬‭conclusion,‬‭the‬‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier‬‭with‬‭resistive‬‭degeneration‬‭offers‬‭significant‬

‭improvements‬ ‭in‬ ‭performance‬ ‭and‬ ‭stability‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭standard‬ ‭common‬‭emitter‬‭amplifier.‬

‭By‬ ‭incorporating‬ ‭a‬ ‭resistor‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭emitter‬ ‭leg,‬ ‭the‬ ‭amplifier‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭from‬ ‭enhanced‬ ‭linearity,‬

‭reduced‬ ‭gain‬ ‭sensitivity‬ ‭to‬ ‭variations‬ ‭in‬ ‭transistor‬ ‭parameters,‬ ‭and‬ ‭improved‬ ‭thermal‬ ‭stability.‬

‭This‬ ‭configuration‬ ‭also‬ ‭helps‬ ‭to‬ ‭mitigate‬ ‭the‬ ‭effects‬ ‭of‬ ‭temperature‬ ‭changes‬ ‭and‬ ‭transistor‬

‭mismatches,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭more‬ ‭consistent‬ ‭performance.‬ ‭While‬ ‭there‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭trade-off‬ ‭in‬ ‭terms‬ ‭of‬

‭reduced‬ ‭voltage‬ ‭gain‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭introduction‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭degeneration‬ ‭resistor,‬ ‭the‬ ‭overall‬ ‭benefits‬

‭make‬ ‭it‬ ‭a‬ ‭preferred‬ ‭choice‬ ‭in‬ ‭many‬ ‭analog‬ ‭circuit‬ ‭designs‬ ‭where‬ ‭stability‬ ‭and‬ ‭linearity‬ ‭are‬

‭critical.‬

‭12‬
‭References‬

‭[1] BJT Common Emitter Amplifier - Analog Electronics Course. (n.d.). Electronics Course.‬

‭Retrieved May 20, 2024, from‬‭https://electronics-course.com/bjt-ce-amp‬

‭[2] BJT Common Emitter. (n.d). Electronics Course. Retrieved May 19, 2024, from‬

‭https://electronics-course.com/bjt-common-emitter-amp#google_vignette‬

‭[3]‬‭How to Calculate the Emitter Current, Ie, of a‬‭Transistor. (n.d.). Learning about Electronics.‬

‭Retrieved May 20, 2024, from‬

‭http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/How-to-calculate-the-emitter-current-ie-of-a-tra‬

‭nsistor‬

‭[4] Connector Basics - SparkFun Learn. (n.d.). SparkFun Learn. Retrieved May 20, 2024, from‬

‭https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/connector-basics/all‬

‭[5] Lecture 17: Common Source/Gate/Drain Amplifiers. (n.d.). EECS: Retrieved May 20, 2024,‬

‭from‬‭https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee105/fa03/handouts/lectures/Lecture17.pdf‬

‭[6] 7.3: Common Emitter Amplifier. (n.d.). Libretexts Engineering. Retrieved May 20, 2024, from‬

‭https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Electrical_Engineering/Electronics/Semiconductor_Devic‬

‭es_-_Theory_and_Application_%28Fiore%29/07%3A_BJT_Small_Signal_Amplifiers/7.3%3A_C‬

‭ommon_Emitter_Amplifier‬

‭13‬