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Machine Programmed Carry Out Arithmetic Logical Operations Computation Digital Electronic Programs

The document discusses the history and components of computers. It describes how computers have evolved from early mechanical calculators to modern devices with microprocessors and memory chips. The document also explains how computers are used to control industrial and consumer products as well as power the internet.

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shivanyaiictcomputerinstitute
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15 views4 pages

Machine Programmed Carry Out Arithmetic Logical Operations Computation Digital Electronic Programs

The document discusses the history and components of computers. It describes how computers have evolved from early mechanical calculators to modern devices with microprocessors and memory chips. The document also explains how computers are used to control industrial and consumer products as well as power the internet.

Uploaded by

shivanyaiictcomputerinstitute
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A computer is a machine that can

be programmed to automatically carry


out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations (computation).
Modern digital electronic computers
can perform generic sets of operations
known as programs. These programs
enable computers to perform a wide
range of tasks. The term computer
system may refer to a nominally
complete computer that includes
the hardware, operating
system, software,
and peripheral equipment needed and
used for full operation; or to a group of
computers that are linked and function
together, such as a computer
network or computer cluster.
A broad range
of industrial and consumer
products use computers as control
systems, including simple special-
purpose devices like microwave
ovens and remote controls, and factory
devices like industrial robots.
Computers are at the core of general-
purpose devices such as personal
computers and mobile devices such
as smartphones. Computers power
the Internet, which links billions of
computers and users.
Early computers were meant to be
used only for calculations. Simple
manual instruments like
the abacus have aided people in doing
calculations since ancient times. Early
in the Industrial Revolution, some
mechanical devices were built to
automate long, tedious tasks, such as
guiding patterns for looms. More
sophisticated electrical machines did
specialized analog calculations in the
early 20th century. The
first digital electronic calculating
machines were developed
during World War II,
both electromechanical and
using thermionic valves. The
first semiconductor transistors in the
late 1940s were followed by
the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS
transistor) and monolithic integrated
circuit chip technologies in the late
1950s, leading to
the microprocessor and
the microcomputer revolution in the
1970s. The speed, power, and
versatility of computers have been
increasing dramatically ever since
then, with transistor counts increasing
at a rapid pace (Moore's law noted that
counts doubled every two years),
leading to the Digital Revolution during
the late 20th to early 21st centuries.
Conventionally, a modern computer
consists of at least one processing
element, typically a central processing
unit (CPU) in the form of
a microprocessor, together with some
type of computer memory,
typically semiconductor memory chips.
The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logical operations, and
a sequencing and control unit can
change the order of operations in
response to stored information.
Peripheral devices include input
devices (keyboards, mice, joystick,
etc.), output devices (monitor
screens, printers, etc.),
and input/output devices that perform
both functions (e.g., the 2000s-
era touchscreen). Peripheral devices
allow information to be retrieved from
an external source and they enable the
result of operations to be saved and
retrieved.

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