FUNDAMENTALS OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING
CE 1102 Stress Resultants, Stresses and
Strains
Dr. Shayani Mendis

Stress Resultants (Internal Forces) Stress Resultants (Internal Forces)

 Due to the loads acting on structures, Followings are the most common stress resultants
stresses are developed within the Axial force (tension / compression)
Shear force
structural components
Bending moment

 Resultant of these stresses are called

stress resultants or internal forces

Stress Resultants (Internal Forces) Stress Resultants (Internal Forces)

 In a beam, at different cross sections of  To calculate internal forces of any member;
the beam, there are different values for ◦ First, external unknown forces should be found
shear force and bending moment. using equilibrium equation and the free body
diagram.
◦ Next, an imaginary cut needs to be made at the
 In a truss member, as truss members are point where internal forces are to be found.
considered as weightless members,
throughout the member at any cross
section, same axial force exists.

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 Stress Resultants (Internal Forces) Sign Convention
 To calculate internal forces of any member Positive normal force
(contd.); N Tension is positive
N
◦ Now, the structure is in two parts. Draw the
internal forces at the cut.
Positive shear force
Clockwise shear is
V V
positive

Positive bending moment

◦ Consider the equilibrium of one part and find
the unknown internal forces. M M Sagging moment is
positive

Example 1
Figure below shows a machine shaft in which bearing
at A can be considered as a pin and the bearing at B
can be considered as a roller. Determine the internal
forces acting on the cross section at point C.

0.05 m
0.15 m 0.1 m
0.2 m
0.05 m

Answer Answer (contd.)

for full free body diagram,
Actual Structure

for the free body diagram of the portion considered,

Ax

free body diagram of a portion

full free body diagram
of the structure

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 Example 2
Determine the stress
resultant acting on the cross
section through point A if
the column has a mass of
200 kg/m

Example 3
Answer: The figure shows
N = -35 kN a crane boom
carrying a load of
500 kg. Find the
W stress resultants
of the cross
section of boom
at point E.
Consider A, C
and D as pins.

N
Free body diagram
of the portion of
column considered

Answer

FCD = 12500 N
Ax = 10000 N
Ay = 2500 N
ME = -2500 Nm
5 kN
NE = - 10000 N
VE = -2500 N
10 kN

2.5 kN

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 Example 3 (contd.) Stress This is different for
bending stresses

Think …..  Stress = Normal force / Area

 Units
 If all the joints are pins, why the structure is not ◦ Pascal (Pa) – N/m2
considered as a truss? ◦ Kilo Pascal (kPa) - kN/m2 (103 N/m2)
◦ Mega Pascal (Mpa) - MN/m2 (106 N/m2)
 Why DC is considered as a truss member?
Normal Stress Tensile Stress

Stress
Compressive
Shear Stress Stress
(tangential)

Normal and Shear Stress Example 1

 Normal stress (σ) – Due to axial tension or  80 kg weight is hanged by a cable of diameter
compression
σ = ΔFn / ΔA
3.15 mm.What is the stress in the cable.

 Shear stress (τ) – Due to sliding effect of one layer of Area = 7.793 x 10-6 m2
material over another layer
τ = ΔFt / ΔA
Force = 80 x 9.8 = 784 N
Stress = 100.6 MPa

Example 2 Example 2 (Ans.)

Consider the same cable in example 1. Assume that the cable is a)
made of copper. The allowable stress for copper is 50 MPa. σmax = Fmax / A
a) Determine the maximum weight that the cable can carry 50 x 106 Pa = Fmax / 7.793 x 10-6 m2
without exceeding the allowable stress limit. Fmax = 389.65 N
b) What should be the minimum diameter of the cable, if it Wmax = 39.76 kg
is to carry 80 kg weight?
b)
σmax = F / Amin
Amin = 80 x 9.8 / 50 x 106 Pa
dmin = 4.469 x 10-3 m

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 Assignment Example 3
 Do example 3 to 6 to be submitted as an  Determine the stress in each section of the bar shown
in figure below. The bar is subjected to 20 kN tensile
assignment. force. Section 1 and 3 are circular cross sections of 20
 Deadline 10/06/2022 at 4.00pm mm and 15 mm diameter respectively. Section 2 is a 30
mm square cross section. (Ans: 63.66 MPa/ 22.2 MPa/
 Please submit to (Instructor) Civil 113.2 MPa)
department 3rd Floor
 50% deduction of marks for late
submission
 No need to put a cover page, just write
your Reg No and Name in the first page

Example 4 Example 5
 The bar given in figure below has a constant  Determine the normal stress and shear
cross section of width 35 mm and thickness 10 stress in the plane along section a-a of the
mm. Determine the maximum normal stress in block given below.
the bar.

Ans: 85.7 MPa

Example 5 (Hint) Example 6

 The wooden joint shown below has a
width of 150 mm. Determine the shear
stresses developed along plane a-a and b-
b.

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Example 1.6 (Hint) Example 1.7
 The cable in example 1 was elongated 1.35 mm due to
80 kg weight. What would be the strain of the cable, if
the original length of the cable is 1.5 m?

strain = 900 x 10-6 = 900 μm/m = 900 micro strain

(μԐ)

Strain = change in length/ original length