Assignment

Plant Engineering

Name: Josephine Bakewa ID: A00224059

1 Draw and explain whu spur gear ua the most commonly used type of gear?

Spur Gears:
The teeth of spur gears are straight and parallel to the gear axis.
They have teeth that are cut radially on the gear face, extending outward.
Spur gears are simple in design and operation.
They provide direct contact between the teeth when they mesh, resulting in higher loads and noise
levels.
Spur gears are commonly used in applications that require low to moderate speeds and where noise
is not a significant concern.

2.Using P-V and T-S diagrams explain Otto cycles.

The Otto cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that describes the idealized behavior of a four-
stroke internal combustion engine.

In the P-V diagram above, the stages of the Otto cycle are represented as follows:
 Intake (Stage 1): The piston moves from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC) while the
intake valve is open. The fuel-air mixture enters the cylinder, resulting in an increase in volume and a
relatively low-pressure rise.

Compression (Stage 2): The piston moves from BDC to TDC while both the intake and exhaust valves
are closed. The fuel-air mixture is compressed, reducing the volume and significantly increasing the
pressure.

Combustion (Stage 3): At TDC, the compressed fuel-air mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The rapid
combustion causes a sharp increase in pressure and temperature, resulting in a significant expansion
of the gases.

Exhaust (Stage 4): The piston moves from TDC to BDC while the exhaust valve is open. The
combustion gases are expelled from the cylinder, reducing the pressure and volume.

In the T-S diagram, the stages of the Otto cycle are represented as follows:

Intake (Stage 1): The air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder, resulting in an increase in entropy and
a slight temperature rise.

Compression (Stage 2): The mixture is compressed adiabatically, increasing its temperature and
reducing its entropy.

Combustion (Stage 3): The spark ignition causes rapid combustion, leading to an isochoric (constant
volume) heat addition process, increasing both temperature and entropy.

Exhaust (Stage 4): The exhaust gases are expelled, resulting in a decrease in temperature and entropy.

3. Explain diesel cycle with the aid of diagrams

Fuel Injection and Combustion (Stage 2): Near the end of the compression stroke, fuel is injected into
the highly compressed air. The fuel ignites due to the high temperature and pressure, resulting in a
rapid combustion process. The pressure and temperature increase further due to combustion, leading
to an increase in volume and pressure.

Expansion (Stage 3): The hot gases resulting from combustion expand, pushing the piston from TDC to
BDC. This process is also adiabatic and performs work on the piston, converting the high-pressure gas
into mechanical work. The pressure decreases, and the volume increases during this stage.

4.Describe with a neat sketch the working of a combined separating and throttling calorimeter

A combined separating and throttling calorimeter is a device used to determine the dryness fraction
or quality of steam. It combines the functions of separating moisture from the steam and then
throttling it to a lower pressure. Here's a description along with a sketch of the working of a combined
separating and throttling calorimeter:

Separating Calorimeter:

The steam sample is initially passed through a moisture separator. The moisture separator is designed
to remove the liquid droplets or moisture from the steam.
The steam enters the moisture separator, and due to the change in direction and velocity, the heavier
liquid droplets separate and collect at the bottom of the separator.
The dry steam, which is now free from most of the moisture, exits the moisture separator and enters
the next stage.
Throttling Calorimeter:

The dry steam from the separating stage enters the throttling valve. The throttling valve reduces the
 pressure of the steam while keeping the enthalpy nearly constant.
As the steam passes through the throttling valve, its pressure drops abruptly, causing a decrease in
temperature due to adiabatic expansion.
The throttled steam exits the throttling valve and enters a chamber, where it mixes with a cooling
water stream.
The heat exchange between the steam and the cooling water causes a further drop in temperature.
The resulting mixture of cooled steam and cooling water is collected and directed to a water trap or a
calorimeter.
The water trap collects any remaining condensed water droplets, and the dry steam sample is then
analyzed for its quality or dryness fraction.

5. Explain the classification of gears according to relative position of shaft axes.

Gears can be classified based on the relative position of their shaft axes, which refers to the
orientation of the gears in relation to each other. Here are the common classifications of gears based
on the relative position of shaft axes:

Parallel Shaft Gears:

In parallel shaft gears, the shaft axes of the gears are parallel to each other.
The teeth of the gears are parallel to the axis of rotation.
Examples of parallel shaft gears include spur gears, helical gears, and herringbone gears.
Parallel shaft gears are commonly used in applications where the shafts need to transmit motion and
power between parallel axes.
Intersecting Shaft Gears:

In intersecting shaft gears, the shaft axes of the gears intersect or cross each other at a point.
The gears can be positioned at various angles, such as right angles (90 degrees) or other angles.
Examples of intersecting shaft gears include bevel gears, spiral bevel gears, and hypoid gears.
Intersecting shaft gears are commonly used in applications where the shafts need to transmit motion
and power between non-parallel axes, such as in right-angle drives.
Non-Intersecting and Non-Parallel Shaft Gears:

Non-intersecting and non-parallel shaft gears have shaft axes that neither intersect nor are parallel to
each other.
 These gears are often used when the direction of motion needs to be changed or when there is a
need to transmit motion between non-parallel and non-intersecting axes.
Examples of non-intersecting and non-parallel shaft gears include worm gears and rack and pinion
systems.
Worm gears consist of a cylindrical gear (worm) and a toothed wheel (worm gear) with perpendicular
axes, and they are commonly used for high gear ratios and to transmit motion at right angles.
Rack and pinion systems convert rotary motion into linear motion and are used in applications like
steering systems and linear actuators.

6.Show the various process on the T-S diagram on the Rankine cycle and discuss the constant pressure
steam generation

Process 1-2 (Constant Pressure Steam Generation):

In this process, water is heated and converted into high-pressure steam at a constant pressure within
a boiler or heat exchanger.
Heat is added to the water at a constant pressure, causing its temperature and enthalpy to increase
while the entropy remains nearly constant.
This process is represented as a vertical line on the T-S diagram, indicating the constant pressure
during steam generation.
Process 2-3 (Isentropic Expansion):

The high-pressure steam from process 1-2 enters the turbine, where it expands and performs work.
This expansion occurs in an isentropic (reversible adiabatic) manner, meaning there is no heat
transfer during the expansion.
As the steam expands, its temperature and pressure decrease, while the entropy increases due to the
expansion and work extraction.
Process 3-4 (Constant Pressure Heat Rejection):

After leaving the turbine, the low-pressure steam enters a condenser, where it undergoes constant
pressure heat rejection.
Heat is extracted from the steam in the condenser, causing it to condense into water.
This process occurs at a constant pressure, resulting in a decrease in temperature and enthalpy while
the entropy remains nearly constant.
The condensed water is then pumped back to the boiler to repeat the cycle.
Process 4-1 (Isentropic Compression):

In this process, the condensed water is compressed to the high pressure using a feedwater pump.
The compression is typically assumed to be isentropic, meaning there is no heat transfer during this
process.
The water's temperature and pressure increase, while the entropy remains nearly constant.
The constant pressure steam generation process (1-2) is crucial in the Rankine cycle as it involves
heating water at a constant pressure to generate high-pressure steam. This steam is then expanded in
the turbine (2-3) to extract work, followed by heat rejection in the condenser (3-4) to convert it back
into water. The water is then compressed (4-1) and returned to the boiler to complete the cycle.
7.Discuss any one of the methods in determining the dryness fraction of steam with relative merits and
demerits. With formulars

One commonly used method to determine the dryness fraction of steam is the Separating
Calorimeter method. In this method, the steam is passed through a calorimeter that separates the
moisture from the steam. The dryness fraction is then calculated based on the measurements of the
mass of separated moisture and the total mass of the steam sample.

Here's how the Separating Calorimeter method works, along with its merits and demerits:

Separating Calorimeter Method:

The steam sample is first passed through a moisture separator or calorimeter that separates the liquid
moisture from the steam.
The separated moisture is collected and weighed using a measuring device, such as a drain collector
or a moisture trap.
Simultaneously, the total mass of the steam sample is also measured.
Based on these measurements, the dryness fraction (x) of the steam can be calculated using the
formula:
x = (m - mₒ) / (mₛ - mₒ)
where:
x = dryness fraction of steam
m = mass of separated moisture
mₒ = mass of moisture in the calorimeter or moisture trap
mₛ = total mass of steam sample
Merits of the Separating Calorimeter method:
It is a direct and practical method for determining the dryness fraction of steam.
It provides accurate results if the moisture separation is efficient.
It can be used for both low-pressure and high-pressure steam.
Demerits of the Separating Calorimeter method:

The accuracy of the method depends on the effectiveness of the moisture separation process. Any
errors or inefficiencies in moisture separation can affect the accuracy of the results.
The method requires additional equipment, such as a moisture separator or calorimeter, which adds
to the complexity and cost.
It may not be suitable for very high-temperature or high-pressure steam, as it can be challenging to
separate moisture effectively under such conditions.
Overall, the Separating Calorimeter method is a practical and widely used method for determining the
dryness fraction of steam. It provides accurate results when the moisture separation is efficient.
However, it requires careful attention to the moisture separation process to ensure accurate
measurements. Other methods, such as throttling calorimeters or total heat balance methods, may
be used in specific applications or when the separating calorimeter method is not feasible or practical.