Transitions - Easy - 38 Questions
Transitions - Easy - 38 Questions
Transitions - Easy - 38 Questions
ID: 660d50dc
Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer from England who toured the US three times in the early
1900s. The child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For
example, he referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______ he incorporated the sounds of traditional African music into his
classical music compositions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In addition,
B. Actually,
C. However,
D. Regardless,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “In addition” logically signals that the detail in this sentence—that Coleridge-Taylor
included traditional African music in his classical compositions—adds to the information in the previous sentence.
Specifically, the previous sentence indicates one way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race
ancestry, and the claim that follows indicates a second, additional way.
Choice B is incorrect because “actually” illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is surprising in light of the
information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional
way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. Choice C is incorrect because “however”
illogically signals that the detail in this sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentence. Instead,
the detail adds to the information, indicating a second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his
mixed-race ancestry. Choice D is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the detail in this sentence is
true despite the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the detail adds to the information, indicating a
second, additional way in which Coleridge-Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry.
ID: c78620ba
In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
The bill didn’t make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to
be elected to Congress, and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen years. ______ in 1983, the bill passed.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Instead,
B. Likewise,
C. Finally,
D. Additionally,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Finally” logically signals that the bill passing—following many attempts between 1968
and 1983—is the final, concluding event in the sequence described in the previous sentences.
Choice A is incorrect because “instead” illogically signals that the bill passing is an alternative to one of the events
described in the previous sentences. Instead, it is the final event in the sequence. Choice B is incorrect because
“likewise” illogically signals that the bill passing is similar to one of the events described in the previous sentences.
Instead, it is the final event in the sequence. Choice D is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the
bill passing is merely another event described along with the events of the previous sentences. Instead, it is the
final, concluding event in the sequence.
ID: 20733eac
It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. ______
based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a research team recently suggested that humans may have
arrived more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. Similarly,
C. However,
D. In conclusion,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “However” logically signals that the theory discussed in this sentence—that humans
may have arrived in the Americas over 30,000 years ago—contrasts with the previously discussed theory that
humans arrived around 13,000 years ago.
Choice A is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the theory in this sentence is the result of the
theory discussed in the previous sentence. Instead, this theory contrasts with the previous one. Choice B is
incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the theory in this sentence is similar to the theory discussed in
the previous sentence. Instead, this theory contrasts with the previous one. Choice D is incorrect because “in
conclusion” illogically signals that the theory in this sentence concludes or summarizes the discussion of the
previous theory. Instead, this theory contrasts with the previous one.
ID: f07570bb
Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon’s coast are from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697. Stories
passed down among the area’s Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians support this belief. ______ Siletz stories describe how
blocks of beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing ashore after the ship was lost.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
B. For example,
C. However,
D. Likewise,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “For example” logically signals that the Siletz beeswax stories mentioned in this
sentence are examples consistent with the previous claim that Siletz stories support the shipwreck theory.
Choice A is incorrect because “for this reason” illogically signals that the Siletz stories about the beeswax were
caused by the previous claim that Siletz stories support the shipwreck theory. Instead, the beeswax stories are
examples consistent with the claim. Choice C is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the Siletz
stories about the beeswax contrast with the previous claim that Siletz stories support the shipwreck theory. Instead,
the beeswax stories are examples consistent with the claim. Choice D is incorrect because “likewise” illogically
signals that the Siletz stories about the beeswax are similar to the previous claim that Siletz stories support the
shipwreck theory. Instead, the beeswax stories are examples consistent with the claim.
ID: 92fe0ed7
Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano to be Earth’s largest shield volcano by volume, measuring
approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. ______ according to a 2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, Hawaii’s
Pūhāhonu shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about 148,000 cubic kilometers.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Secondly,
B. Consequently,
C. Moreover,
D. However,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “However” logically signals that this sentence, which indicates that the Pūhāhonu
volcano may be larger than the Mauna Loa volcano, offers a contrast to or refutation of the previous assumption that
Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano.
Choice A is incorrect because “secondly” illogically signals that this sentence merely offers an additional or
secondary point concerning the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano. Instead, the
sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption. Choice B is incorrect because “consequently”
illogically signals that this sentence offers a result or consequence of the previous assumption that Mauna Loa is
the largest shield volcano. Instead, the sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption. Choice C is
incorrect because “moreover” illogically signals that this sentence merely adds to the previous assumption that
Mauna Loa is the largest shield volcano. Instead, the sentence offers a contrast to or refutation of that assumption.
ID: 01c8c433
Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather
than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to pay promptly. ______ collecting this fee could be slow and
arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in post offices.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. On the contrary,
C. Consequently,
D. For example,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Consequently” logically signals that the postal problems described in this sentence
(slow fee collection, heaps of undeliverable mail) were a consequence of the fee system described in the previous
sentence.
Choice A is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the postal problems described in this sentence
occurred despite the fee system described in the previous sentence. Instead, they were a consequence of that
system. Choice B is incorrect because “on the contrary” illogically signals that the postal problems described in this
sentence contrast with the fee system described in the previous sentence. Instead, they were a consequence of that
system. Choice D is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the postal problems described in this
sentence are an example of the fee system described in the previous sentence. Instead, they were a consequence of
that system.
ID: db8fe023
A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its
intended use. ______ earthenware clay is often used for decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not
often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable than other clays.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Regardless,
C. In conclusion,
D. For example,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The previous sentence tells us that potters think about the look and use of a piece when
selecting clay. This sentence provides a specific example of a type of clay selected for its appearance, so the
transition "for example" fits perfectly.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a restatement of the same idea. But this sentence
does more than just restate the previous idea. Instead, it provides a more specific example of the idea presented in
the first sentence. Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence actually
agrees with the previous sentence. Both sentences suggest that desired look plays a role in the selection of clay
types for pottery pieces. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a concluding transition. But this sentence doesn’t
sum up the previous sentence. Instead, it gives a specific example of the idea presented in the previous sentence.
ID: 04ad68ca
In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large arches that help support a building’s exterior walls. Before the Gothic era,
cathedrals’ heavy ceilings had to be supported by thick, short walls, but the invention of flying buttresses eliminated this
need. ______ Gothic cathedrals could be built with thinner, higher walls.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. For instance,
C. Nevertheless,
D. As a result,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “As a result” logically signals that the thinner, higher walls in this sentence were a
result of the invention of flying buttresses in the previous sentence.
Choice A is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the thinner, higher walls in this sentence are
similar to the invention of flying buttresses in the previous sentence. Instead, the walls were a result of that
invention. Choice B is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the thinner, higher walls in this
sentence are an example supporting the statement about the invention of flying buttresses in the previous
sentence. Instead, the walls were a result of that invention. Choice C is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically
signals that the thinner, higher walls in this sentence occurred despite the invention of flying buttresses in the
previous sentence. Instead, the walls were a result of that invention.
ID: fc2bcc79
Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the Phoenicians (an ancient civilization located in present-day Lebanon). The
Phoenicians were famous for using this natural dye to color their clothes a distinctive purple. ______ the name “Phoenicia”
itself, some historians claim, may have originally meant “land of purple.”
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In fact,
B. Regardless,
C. Lastly,
D. On the contrary,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “In fact” logically signals that the claim in this sentence—Phoenicia being named after
the color purple—emphasizes and supports the previous claim that Phoenicians were famous for using purple dye.
Choice B is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the claim about Phoenicia’s name contrasts with
the previous claim that Phoenicians were famous for using purple dye. Instead, the naming emphasizes and
supports this claim. Choice C is incorrect because “lastly” illogically signals that the claim about Phoenicia’s name
is the final step in a process or sequence. Instead, the naming emphasizes and supports the previous claim that
Phoenicians were famous for using purple dye. Choice D is incorrect because “on the contrary” illogically signals
that the claim about Phoenicia’s name directly opposes the previous claim that Phoenicians were famous for using
purple dye. Instead, the naming emphasizes and supports this claim.
ID: 57bcd0d6
Etched into Peru’s Nazca Desert are line drawings so large that they can only be fully seen from high above. Archaeologists
have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted some from a nearby foothill, and they have been
studying the markings ever since. ______ archaeologists’ efforts are aided by drones that capture high-resolution aerial
photographs of the lines.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Currently,
B. In comparison,
C. Still,
D. However,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Currently” logically signals that the archaeologists’ use of drones (a current
technology) to photograph the lines is the present-day continuation of the ongoing archaeological research
described in the previous sentence.
Choice B is incorrect because “in comparison” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence offers a
comparison to the ongoing archaeological research described in the previous sentence. Instead, the use of drones is
the present-day continuation of that research. Choice C is incorrect because “still” illogically signals that the action
described in this sentence occurs despite the ongoing archaeological research described in the previous sentence.
Instead, the use of drones is the present-day continuation of that research. Choice D is incorrect because “however”
illogically signals that the action described in this sentence occurs either despite or in contrast to the ongoing
archaeological research described in the previous sentence. Instead, the use of drones is the present-day
continuation of that research.
ID: 827afb27
Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta) are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles
year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch trees, ______ lose their needles every fall.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. for instance,
B. nevertheless,
C. meanwhile,
D. in addition,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “For instance” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that larch trees
lose their needles every fall—is an example supporting the claim in the previous sentence (that not all conifer
species keep their leaves or needles year-round).
Choice B is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is true in spite
of the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s an example supporting that claim. Choice C
is incorrect because “meanwhile” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is separate from (while
occurring simultaneously with) the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s an example
supporting that claim. Choice D is incorrect because “in addition” illogically signals that the information in this
sentence is merely an additional fact related to the claim about conifer species in the previous sentence. Instead, it’s
an example supporting that claim.
ID: a773f069
Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae temporarily bond with
the atoms of whatever they touch. ______ spiders are able to cling to and climb almost any surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For instance,
B. However,
C. Similarly,
D. As a result,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “As a result” logically signals that the claim in this sentence—that spiders can cling to
and climb almost any surface—is because of the previous information about the bonding properties of spiders’
spatulae.
Choice A is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the claim in this sentence exemplifies the
information in the previous sentences. Instead, the claim is because of the previous information about the bonding
properties of spiders’ spatulae. Choice B is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the claim in this
sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentences. Instead, the claim is because of the previous
information about the bonding properties of spiders’ spatulae. Choice C is incorrect because “similarly” illogically
signals that the claim in this sentence is similar to, but separate from, the information in the previous sentences.
Instead, the claim is because of the previous information about the bonding properties of spiders’ spatulae.
ID: 1b219d14
As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff began interviewing fellow Arab American immigrants about their experiences
straddling two cultures. Over the next few decades, Naff conducted more than 450 such interviews, also known as oral
histories. ______ she collected photographs and other artifacts that represented her subjects’ experiences.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. On the contrary,
C. In addition,
D. Today,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. "In addition" logically signals that Naff’s artifact collecting was separate from, and in
addition to, her interviewing.
Choice A is incorrect because "in other words" illogically signals that the information about Naff’s artifact collecting
restates the previous information about her interviewing. Instead, Naff collected artifacts in addition to conducting
interviews. Choice B is incorrect because "on the contrary" illogically signals that Naff’s artifact collecting was
contrary to her interviewing. Instead, Naff collected artifacts in addition to conducting interviews. Choice D is
incorrect because "today" illogically signals that Naff’s artifact collecting is occurring in the present day. Instead,
this activity occurred in the past, as indicated by the past tense verb "collected."
ID: 0d3ebdce
Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether individuals can understand and respond to questions during
REM sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to respond to basic math problems while asleep (a
single left-right eye movement indicated the number one). ______ she attached electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to record
their eye movements during sleep.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. Next,
C. For instance,
D. In sum,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “Next” logically signals that the action described in this sentence—Konkoly recording
participants’ eye movements—is the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.
Choice A is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that this sentence specifies or elaborates on an aspect
of the action described in the previous sentence. Instead, it describes the next step in Konkoly’s experiment. Choice
C is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence is an example of
the action described in the previous sentence. Instead, it is the next step in Konkoly’s experiment. Choice D is
incorrect because “in sum” illogically signals that this sentence summarizes or concludes the action described in
the previous sentence. Instead, it describes the next step in Konkoly’s experiment.
ID: 47547d07
In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their own.
First, the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. ______ she will lay up to 100 eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all with sand,
before returning to the ocean.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. By contrast,
B. Similarly,
C. Next,
D. For example,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Next” logically signals that the egg laying in this sentence is the next step in the
sequence of events described in the other sentences.
Choice A is incorrect because “by contrast” illogically signals that the egg laying in this sentence contrasts with the
nest digging in the previous sentence. Instead, the egg laying follows the nest digging as the next step in the
sequence of events. Choice B is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the egg laying in this sentence
is similar to the nest digging in the previous sentence. Though the two actions are related, they are not similar.
Instead, the egg laying follows the nest digging as the next step in the sequence of events. Choice D is incorrect
because “for example” illogically signals that the egg laying in this sentence is an example of the nest digging in the
previous sentence. Instead, the egg laying follows the nest digging as the next step in the sequence of events.
ID: 6081831f
When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021 for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history.
______ only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had been named best director at the Oscars, making
Zhao the second woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. Previously,
C. However,
D. Likewise,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “Previously” logically signals that the event described in this sentence—Bigelow being
named best director—occurred before Zhao’s win. The fact that only one other woman had won the award before
puts Zhao’s win in perspective.
Choice A is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the event described in this sentence occurred as a
result or consequence of Zhao’s win. Instead, it occurred before Zhao was named best director and puts Zhao’s win in
perspective. Choice C is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the event described in this sentence
occurred in spite of or in contrast to Zhao’s win. Instead, it occurred before Zhao was named best director and puts
Zhao’s win in perspective. Choice D is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that this sentence merely adds
a second, similar piece of information to the information about Zhao’s win. Instead, the fact that only one other
woman had won the award before puts Zhao’s win in perspective.
ID: c7e85c0a
The envelope-shaped paper bags common in the US 150 years ago were impractical for carrying goods. ______ because they
were the only paper bags that could be mass-produced, these bags dominated the market. That all changed in the 1870s,
when industrial designer Margaret Knight patented a machine to make flat-bottomed, foldable paper bags.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. For instance,
C. Thus,
D. In other words,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “However” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that envelope-
shaped bags dominated the market—contrasts with the previous claim that these bags were impractical for carrying
goods.
Choice B is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is an example
supporting the previous claim that envelope-shaped bags were impractical for carrying goods. Instead, the sentence
contrasts with the previous claim about the bags. Choice C is incorrect because “thus” illogically signals that the
information in this sentence is a result of the previous claim that envelope-shaped bags were impractical for
carrying goods. Instead, the sentence contrasts with the previous claim about the bags. Choice D is incorrect
because “in other words” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a paraphrase of the previous
claim that envelope-shaped bags were impractical for carrying goods. Instead, the sentence contrasts with the
previous claim about the bags.
ID: f33f0892
Although novels and poems are considered distinct literary forms, many authors have created hybrid works that incorporate
elements of both. Bernardine Evaristo’s The Emperor’s Babe, ______ is a verse novel, a book-length narrative complete with
characters and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than prose.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. by contrast,
B. consequently,
C. secondly,
D. for example,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “For example” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that The
Emperor’s Babe is a novel conveyed in lines of poetry—exemplifies the claim in the previous sentence about hybrid
works that incorporate elements of both novels and poems.
Choice A is incorrect because “by contrast” illogically signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with
the claim about hybrid works in the previous sentence. Instead, the information demonstrates that Evaristo’s novel
is an example of a hybrid work. Choice B is incorrect because “consequently” illogically signals that the information
in this sentence is a consequence, or result, of the claim about hybrid works in the previous sentence. Instead, the
information demonstrates that Evaristo’s novel is an example of a hybrid work. Choice C is incorrect because
“secondly” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a second, separate claim from the previous
sentence’s claim about hybrid works. Instead, the information demonstrates that Evaristo’s novel is an example of a
hybrid work.
ID: 7d56630a
In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers Michael Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath attempted to answer three
questions. ______ is there a period each day when the pulse rates of jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond more slowly
to stimuli during that period? Finally, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish adversely affected?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. First,
C. Additionally,
D. However,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “First” logically signals that the question in this sentence—whether there is a daily
period during which jellyfish pulse rates decline—is the first in a sequence of three questions the researchers
attempted to answer about jellyfish sleep behavior.
Choice A is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the question in this sentence is a result of the
three questions the researchers attempted to answer. Instead, it is the first of those three questions. Choice C is
incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the question in this sentence is an additional question
related to the three questions the researchers attempted to answer. Instead, it is the first of those three questions.
Choice D is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the question in this sentence contrasts with the
three questions the researchers attempted to answer. Instead, it is the first of those three questions.
ID: a6155e60
Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. ______ upon
analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of
Rome’s National Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions contain large amounts of the compound
sodium carbonate.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. Meanwhile,
C. Thus,
D. In comparison,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Thus” logically signals that the action described in this sentence—the researcher being
able to determine the chemical makeup of the planet’s bright regions based on how they reflect light—is a result or
consequence of the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints.
Choice A is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence occurs
despite the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a result or
consequence of that information. Choice B is incorrect because “meanwhile” illogically signals that the action
described in this sentence either occurs at the same time as or offers an alternative to the previous information
about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a result or consequence of that information.
Choice D is incorrect because “in comparison” illogically signals that the action described in this sentence is being
compared with the previous information about spectroscopic fingerprints. Instead, the finding in this sentence is a
result or consequence of that information.
ID: b7571c0a
Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a film, provide a more realistic visual experience than computer-
generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the “real thing” can be prohibitively expensive. ______ many filmmakers
use a blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible and CGI elements as necessary to control costs.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
C. Furthermore,
D. In other words,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. The first sentence tells us that practical effects are more realistic but also more
expensive than CGI. The second sentence tells us that many filmmakers use both kinds of effects, balancing realism
with cost. To connect these ideas, we need a cause-and-effect transition, like “therefore.” “For this reason” has the
same meaning as “therefore.” .
Choice A is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that practical effects are more
realistic but also more expensive than CGI. The second sentence tells us that many filmmakers use both kinds of
effects, balancing realism with cost. To connect these ideas, we need a cause-and-effect transition, like “therefore.”
“Similarly” doesn’t show cause and effect: it shows the addition of another agreeing idea. Choice C is incorrect. This
isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that practical effects are more realistic but also more expensive
than CGI. The second sentence tells us that many filmmakers use both kinds of effects, balancing realism with cost.
To connect these ideas, we need a cause-and-effect transition, like “therefore.” “Furthermore” doesn’t show cause
and effect: it shows the addition of another agreeing idea. Choice D is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The
first sentence tells us that practical effects are more realistic but also more expensive than CGI. The second
sentence tells us that many filmmakers use both kinds of effects, balancing realism with cost. To connect these
ideas, we need a cause-and-effect transition, like “therefore.” “In other words” doesn’t show cause and effect: it
shows a restatement of the same idea in different words.
ID: dd087f31
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young
Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels
to London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Meanwhile,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Secondly,
D. In fact,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Meanwhile” logically signals that the action described in this sentence (Obinze’s move
to London to pursue a career) is simultaneous with the action described in the previous sentence (Ifemelu’s move to
the United States). The first sentence establishes that the actions take place around the same time, referring to the
characters’ “divergent experiences” following high school.
Choice B is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about Obinze’s
move to London is true despite the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States. Instead, as the
first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that occur around the
same time. Choice C is incorrect because “secondly” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a
second point or reason separate from the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States. Instead,
as the first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that occur
around the same time. Choice D is incorrect because “in fact” illogically signals that the information in this
sentence emphasizes, modifies, or contradicts the previous information about Ifemelu’s move to the United States.
Instead, as the first sentence establishes, Obinze’s move and Ifemelu’s move are related, parallel experiences that
occur around the same time.
ID: 0ee64efc
In the 1850s, William Still was instrumental in helping nearly 1,000 people escape from slavery, earning him the moniker “the
Father of the Underground Railroad.” ______ despite the fame of his contributions during his lifetime, Still is discussed far less
today than other prominent Black abolitionists from his era, such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. However,
C. Specifically,
D. Similarly,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. "However" is used to indicate a contrast between two ideas. The first sentence describes
how Still used to be famous. This sentence describes how Still is not very famous today, so the transition "however"
fits perfectly.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that introduces an example. But the second sentence doesn’t
provide a specific example of Still’s famous contributions to the Underground Railroad. Instead, it changes the
subject to how his fame has faded over time. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that introduces an
example or continuation of a previous idea. But the second sentence doesn’t provide a specific example of Still’s
famous contributions to the Underground Railroad. Instead, it changes the subject to how his fame has faded over
time. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the agreement between two ideas. But this
sentence shows a contrast with the first sentence—namely, that Still used to be very famous but now isn’t very
famous.
ID: 63c73b50
In 2018, Kurt Luther and Vikram Mohanty created the web-based tool Civil War Photo Sleuth (CWPS). A user uploading an
unknown Civil War soldier’s photograph to CWPS first tags the photo with all known information. ______ CWPS’s facial-
recognition software analyzes twenty-seven different physical features and looks for matches to tagged images already in
the database.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Then,
B. In fact,
C. Likewise,
D. For example,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Then” indicates that the events in this sentence took place after the events in the
previous sentence. Only after users upload images of unknown soldiers can those images be analyzed.
Choice B is incorrect. This transition is used to emphasize the truth of a statement that modifies the previous
statement. But this sentence doesn’t modify the step described in the previous statement: instead, it introduces an
entirely new step in the process. So “in fact” wouldn’t make sense here. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a
transition that indicates the addition of a new but related idea, which doesn’t make sense here. Analyzing the
physical features in the uploaded photographs isn’t a similar idea, but rather the next step in the process. Choice D
is incorrect. This choice uses an exemplification transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Analyzing physical
features is not an example of uploading and tagging an image.
ID: 3831f2d7
Arkansas aviator Louise Thaden was already a record breaker when she won the inaugural National Women’s Air Derby, a
race from California to Ohio, in August of 1929. ______ in December of 1928, Thaden had set an aviation record when she
reached an altitude of 20,269 feet in a Travel Air biplane.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Earlier,
B. However,
C. Next,
D. As a result,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. This choice uses a transition that indicates a shift back in time. Since the first sentence
talks about Thaden’s race win in 1929 and the second shifts back to talking about her record in 1928, this makes the
most sense here.
Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence actually agrees with and
expands on the previous sentence by describing the earlier record that Thaden had "already" held. Choice C is
incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a shift forward in time, which doesn’t make sense here. A
record in 1928 didn’t come after Thaden’s race win in 1929. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect
transition, which doesn’t make sense in this context—an event in 1929 can’t cause something in 1928.
ID: 2b5e0731
With darkness falling, a mother elephant loses sight of her calf and wants to make sure it is safe. ______ she releases an
infrasonic call for the calf to hear. Infrasonic sound is below the range of human hearing, but many animals can hear these
sounds from several miles away.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
C. Nowadays,
D. Similarly,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. "For this reason" is a cause-and-effect transition. The cause in this case is that the
mother elephant wants to know that her calf is safe, so the effect is that she lets out an infrasonic call for the calf to
hear. Therefore, "for this reason" fits perfectly in this context.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that introduces an example of a previous idea. But the second
sentence doesn’t provide an example of the events described in the first sentence. Instead, it describes what
happens next: the mother elephant calls for her calf. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that
indicates a shift from the past to the current time, which doesn’t make sense here. Both sentences use the present
tense, as they’re describing the same time period. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates
commonality or agreement between two ideas. But this sentence isn’t similar to the events in the first sentence.
Instead, it describes the events that happen next.
ID: 1c36e3e1
The number of dark spots that appear on the Sun, known as sunspots, can vary greatly. For example, there were about 180
sunspots in November 2001. ______ there were only about 2 sunspots in December 2008.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Similarly,
C. Therefore,
D. By comparison,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. The first sentence claims that the number of sunspots can vary greatly. To support this
claim, the next two sentences compare two examples: one time when there were 180 sunspots and one time when
there were only 2 sunspots. So the transition “by comparison” fits perfectly.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a restatement of the same idea, which doesn’t
make sense here. This sentence doesn’t restate the first example—it describes a totally different example. Choice B
is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the addition of a similar idea, which doesn’t make sense
here. This sentence describes a second example that is very different from the first example. Choice C is incorrect.
This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. The first example didn’t result in the
second example.
ID: 4f2710ab
Organisms have evolved a number of surprising adaptations to ensure their survival in adverse conditions. Tadpole shrimp
(Triops longicaudatus) embryos, ______ can pause development for over ten years during extended periods of drought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in contrast,
B. for example,
C. meanwhile,
D. consequently,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “For example” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that tadpole
shrimp embryos can pause development during extended periods of drought—exemplifies the previous sentence’s
claim that organisms have evolved surprising adaptations to survive in adverse conditions.
Choice A is incorrect because “in contrast” illogically signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with
the claim about organisms in the previous sentence. Instead, it exemplifies this claim. Choice C is incorrect because
“meanwhile” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is separate from (while occurring
simultaneously with) the claim about organisms in the previous sentence. Instead, it exemplifies this claim. Choice
D is incorrect because “consequently” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a consequence, or
result, of the claim about organisms in the previous sentence. Instead, it exemplifies this claim.
ID: 34a5ba1c
By 1936, Spanish Romani dancer Carmen Amaya was known all over Spain for her powerful style of flamenco dancing.
However, in July of that year, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War made it difficult for her to perform in her home country.
______ Amaya left Spain to perform abroad, dancing for audiences across North and South America.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In comparison,
B. As a result,
C. First of all,
D. For example,
Rationale
Choice B is the best answer. “As a result” logically signals that the information in this sentence about Amaya leaving
Spain to perform abroad is a result of the previous information about the Spanish Civil War.
Choice A is incorrect because “in comparison” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is being
compared to the previous information about the Spanish Civil War. Instead, Amaya leaving Spain is a result of that
war. Choice C is incorrect because “first of all” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is the
beginning of a sequence of events. Instead, Amaya leaving Spain is a result of the event (the outbreak of war)
described in the previous sentence. Choice D is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the
information in this sentence is an example supporting the previous statement about the Spanish Civil War. Instead,
Amaya leaving Spain is a result of that war.
ID: ac8eb085
“O2 Arena,” an award-winning science fiction story by Nigerian author Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki, takes place in an
alternate version of Nigeria where breathable air is a rare commodity that is owned and sold by companies. ______ people
must purchase it with currency called O2 credits.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. In any case,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Earlier,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. The second sentence describes a consequence of the system laid out in the first
sentence: because air is owned and sold by companies in this world, people have to buy it.
Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that means “no matter what happens” or “whatever the situation
is,” which doesn’t make sense here. There’s only one situation described in the text: a fictional world in which
companies own all the breathable air, forcing people to buy it. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a
disagreement transition. But this sentence doesn’t disagree with the previous sentence. They both describe the
same fictional situation. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a shift back in time,
which doesn’t make sense here. Both sentences use the present tense, as they’re describing the same fictional time
period.
ID: 37957752
As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, deep dives present a challenge for seals and other marine mammals. A seal
must exert enough energy to propel itself hundreds of meters downward, while keeping its heart rate low enough that it
doesn’t run out of oxygen while underwater. ______ a seal moves its flippers as little as possible on a deep dive, gliding to
conserve energy.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
D. In comparison,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “For this reason” logically signals that the behavior described in this sentence is a
consequence of the information about seals in the previous sentence. That is, a seal moves its flippers as little as
possible during a deep dive because it needs to keep its heart rate low enough that it does not run out of oxygen.
Choice A is incorrect because “in the first place” illogically signals that this sentence is the first point in a
discussion. Instead, the sentence describes a behavior that is a consequence of the previous information about
seals. Choice B is incorrect because “on the other hand” illogically signals that the behavior described in this
sentence contrasts with the previous information about seals. Instead, it is a consequence of that information.
Choice D is incorrect because “in comparison” illogically signals that the behavior described in this sentence is
being compared to the previous information about seals. Instead, it is a consequence of that information.
ID: 90117366
To explore how blinking affects social interactions, Dutch researchers observed interactions between human speakers and
“listeners” (animated human faces on a screen). The researchers found that when the listeners blinked slowly, the speakers
tended to talk for less time. ______ quicker blinks were associated with longer talking times.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. Specifically,
C. Firstly,
D. By contrast,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “By contrast” logically signals that the finding described in this sentence contrasts with
the finding described in the previous sentence. That is, quicker blinks were associated with longer talking times,
whereas slower blinks were associated with shorter talking times.
Choice A is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the finding described in this sentence is an
example of the finding described in the previous sentence. Instead, it contrasts with that finding. Choice B is
incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that this sentence provides specific, precise details about the
finding described in the previous sentence. Instead, it presents information that contrasts with that finding. Choice
C is incorrect because “firstly” illogically signals that the finding described in this sentence is a first point or occurs
first in a chronological sequence of events. Instead, it contrasts with the finding described in the previous sentence.
ID: 2bda9edb
In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary Tape became a hero of the Asian American civil rights movement. In January
of that year, she won an antidiscrimination case in the California Supreme Court. ______ in April, she wrote an open letter
criticizing her local board of education for discrimination. Both actions are remembered today as historic stands against
racism.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Later,
B. For instance,
C. In other words,
D. Rather,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Later” logically signals that the letter-writing discussed in this sentence occurred later
in a chronological sequence of events than did the antidiscrimination case discussed in the previous sentence.
Choice B is incorrect because “for instance” illogically signals that the letter-writing discussed in this sentence is
an example of the antidiscrimination case discussed in the previous sentence. Instead, the letter-writing is an event
that occurred after the court case. Choice C is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the letter-
writing discussed in this sentence is a paraphrase or restatement of the antidiscrimination case discussed in the
previous sentence. Instead, the letter-writing is an event that occurred after the court case. Choice D is incorrect
because “rather” illogically signals that the letter-writing discussed in this sentence is an alternative to the
antidiscrimination case discussed in the previous sentence. Instead, the letter-writing is an event that occurred
after the court case.
ID: 87d8a2ff
During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs’ Electron rocket experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut down
suddenly after ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the incident, Rocket Labs’ CEO publicly acknowledged what happened
and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had consisted of two satellites.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Afterward,
B. Additionally,
C. Indeed,
D. Similarly,
Rationale
Choice A is the best answer. “Afterward” logically signals that the events described in this sentence—the CEO’s
public acknowledgment and apology—occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological
sequence of events.
Choice B is incorrect because “additionally” illogically signals that the events described in this sentence merely
occurred in addition to the rocket booster’s failure. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are
part of a chronological sequence of events. Choice C is incorrect because “indeed” illogically signals that the events
described in this sentence emphasize or strengthen a statement made in the previous sentence. Instead, they
occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events. Choice D is incorrect
because “similarly” illogically signals that the events described in this sentence are similar to the rocket booster’s
failure. Instead, they occurred after the rocket booster’s failure and are part of a chronological sequence of events.
ID: 4154a7a3
In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully twirling her long,
flowing skirt to create striking visual effects. ______ in 1896, cinema pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière made a
groundbreaking short film of Fuller’s dance.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. In conclusion,
C. Later,
D. In other words,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “Later” logically signals that the event discussed in this sentence—the creation of the
short film featuring Fuller’s dance—is a related event that occurred after the event discussed in the previous
sentence (the 1891 debut of the dance).
Choice A is incorrect because “however” illogically signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with the
information in the previous sentence. Instead, the creation of the short film is a related event that followed the event
discussed in the previous sentence. Choice B is incorrect because “in conclusion” illogically signals that the
information in this sentence concludes or summarizes the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the
creation of the short film is a related event that followed the event discussed in the previous sentence. Choice D is
incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a paraphrase or
restatement of the information in the previous sentence. Instead, the creation of the short film is a related event that
followed the event discussed in the previous sentence.
ID: 9c78f702
Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the ocean’s uptake of carbon from the atmosphere. When alive, these tiny marine
organisms absorb atmospheric carbon via photosynthesis. ______ after they die, the phytoplankton sink to the seafloor, where
the carbon in their cells gets stored in sediment, preventing it from cycling back into the atmosphere.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. By contrast,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Then,
Rationale
Choice D is the best answer. “Then” logically signals that the event described in this sentence—carbon in
phytoplankton cells being trapped in sediment after the organisms have died—occurs later in a chronological
sequence than the event described in the previous sentence (phytoplankton absorbing carbon while alive).
Choice A is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the information that follows provides specific,
precise details elaborating on the previous information about what phytoplankton do when alive. Instead, this
sentence explains what happens after phytoplankton die—a later step in the chronological sequence of events.
Choice B is incorrect because “by contrast” illogically signals that the information that follows contrasts with the
previous information about what phytoplankton do when alive. Instead, this sentence explains what happens after
phytoplankton die—a later step in the chronological sequence of events. There is no contrast: in both life and death,
phytoplankton contribute to the ocean’s carbon uptake. Choice C is incorrect because “nevertheless” illogically
signals that the information that follows is in spite of the previous information about what phytoplankton do when
alive. Instead, this sentence explains what happens after phytoplankton die—a later step in the chronological
sequence of events. There is no contrast: in both life and death, phytoplankton contribute to the ocean’s carbon
uptake.
ID: d3898d32
Riley Black—the author of critically acclaimed books such as My Beloved Brontosaurus (2013)—is best known for writing
about dinosaurs, but she has also conducted hands-on fieldwork. ______ her fieldwork has included paleontological digs in
Utah, Montana, and Wyoming, and her dinosaur fossil discoveries can be seen at places such as the Carnegie Museum of
Natural History.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. Subsequently,
C. Specifically,
D. Conversely,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. The second sentence provides more specific information about the fieldwork mentioned
in the first sentence—that the paleontological digs took place in Utah, Montana, and Wyoming. Therefore,
“specifically” fits perfectly in this context.
Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence doesn’t disagree with the
previous sentence. Rather, this sentence agrees with and elaborates on the last sentence by providing more
specifics about the fieldwork Black does. Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates that an
event took place after another event. But the two sentences are not describing different events—instead, this
sentence gives more details about the fieldwork discussed in the first sentence. Choice D is incorrect. This choice
uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence doesn’t disagree with the previous sentence. Rather, this sentence
agrees with and elaborates on the last sentence by providing more specifics about the fieldwork Black does.
ID: 6916c8e5
Laetitia Ky’s hair is her art. Inspired by hairstyles from various African tribes, the Ivorian artist uses wire and thread to sculpt
her hair into all kinds of shapes. ______ she once made her hair into the shape of the continent of Africa—including the island
of Madagascar!
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Soon,
B. Elsewhere,
C. For example,
D. However,
Rationale
Choice C is the best answer. “For example” logically signals that the following information about Ky—that she once
shaped her hair to look like Africa—is an example supporting the previous statement that she makes different
shapes with her hair.
Choice A is incorrect because “soon” illogically signals that the event described in this sentence occurred soon after
the statement about Ky making different shapes with her hair. Instead, the sentence provides an example of one of
these shapes. Choice B is incorrect because “elsewhere” illogically signals that the event described in this sentence
occurred in a different place than the statement about Ky making different shapes with her hair. Instead, the
sentence provides an example of one of these shapes. Choice D is incorrect because “however” illogically signals
that the information in this sentence contrasts with the statement that Ky makes different shapes with her hair.
Instead, the sentence provides an example of one of these shapes.