wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 1

cÖ_g Aa¨vq wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ

Topicwise CQ Trend Analysis
GB Aa¨vq †_‡K wewfbœ †ev‡W© weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z GBPGmwm cixÿvq 30wU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ G‡m‡Q| wb‡Pi ÔBoard
Question Analysis As‡k GB Aa¨vq †_‡K †Kvb mv‡j †Kvb †ev‡W© KZwU cÖkœ n‡q‡Q Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
†evW© /mvj XvKv ivRkvnx Kzwgjøv h‡kvi PÆMÖvg ewikvj wm‡jU w`bvRcyi gqgbwmsn
2023 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
2022
2021 K‡ivbv gnvgvwii Kvi‡Y GBPGmwm cixÿv AbywôZ nqwb|
2020
2019 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1
2018 mw¤§wjZ †evW© (2 †mU): 2
2017 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
*we.`ª.: 2020 mv‡j GBPGmwm cixÿv AbywôZ nqwb|

weMZ mv‡j †ev‡W© Avmv m„Rbkxj cÖkœ (M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj
wi‡qvwjU| cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‧ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv
1| `„k¨Kí-1: mv¤úªwZKKv‡j AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y D‡`ªKKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K f©vPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU
c„w_ex‡Z e‡mB K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k P›`ªåg‡Yi AwfÁZv AR©b e‡j| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³wU e¨env‡ii wewfbœ
m¤¢e n‡”Q| †ÿ‡Îmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
`„k¨Kí-2: K…wl I cÖwYm¤ú` Dbœq‡b we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g mvaviY
evsjv‡`k GLb Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©| [PÆMÖvg †evW©- 2023] gvbyl fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z
fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KjKvwnwb, †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb,
(L) ÒcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY Kiv hvqÓ-
KvU©yb, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q
e¨vL¨v Ki|
RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-1 Gi cÖhyw³wU e¨env‡ii †ÿÎmg~n
hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q
eY©bv Kiv| ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b
(N) `„k¨Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw³ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv •egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi c~‡e©B wegvb
ivL‡Q- Dw³wU we‡kølY Ki| cwiPvjbvi ev¯Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i _v‡Kb| G
mgvavb: QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y
(K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv mswkøó wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g
c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖwkÿY-mswkøó K…wÎg cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq
Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq| cÖwkÿY †`qv n‡q _v‡K|
(L) cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY m¤¢e| e¨w³ wkÿv I M‡elYvq: wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj
kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| ev‡qv‡gwUª· welq¸‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I
n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb g‡Wwjs K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I
Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq| M‡elYvjä djvdj
AwØZxqev‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi we‡kølY I Dc¯vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb, wWGbG
MUb hv †Kv‡bv Ae¯v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq
weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwUª·‡K e¨w³ kbv³KiY Ges †Kvb
†m¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g
wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbqš¿‡Yi †K․kj wnmv‡e e¨envi
†`Lv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
Kiv nq| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm¸‡jv
wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î: wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi mye„nr cwim‡i Gi
e¨enviKvix‡`i †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg, wm‡÷g ev Kÿ e¨env‡ii e¨envi e¨vcK| RwUj Acv‡ikb, K„wÎg A½-cÖZ¨½
AbygwZ w`‡q _v‡K| m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡`i GKwU `j ms‡hvR‡b, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`mn bexb kj¨
n‡Z KvD‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Kv‡RI wPwKrmK‡`i cÖwkÿY I †ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i fvPz©qvj
ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| wi‡qwjwU e¨eüZ nq|
2  HSC ICT Chapter-1
mvgwiK cÖwkÿY: fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi (K) µv‡qvwRwbK G‡R›U Kx?
hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ (L) wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY
cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| mwZ¨Kv‡ii hw×Kvjxb m¤¢e| -e¨vL¨v Ki|
wec¾bK cwiw¯wZ‡Z •mwb‡Kiv Zv‡`i mwVK KiYxq (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ
m¤ú‡K© Av‡MB cwiwPZ nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K|
cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki|
e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ
gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x (N) wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i mv‡_
cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi M‡elYvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i ZzjbvgyjK we‡kølY Ki|
wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I mgvavb:
ÿwZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvixi (K) µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U: µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvi †iv‡Mi
Rxe‡bi SzuwK bv wb‡q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k AvµvšÍ ¯vb I †iv‡Mi aibvbyhvqx wbw`©ó kxZjZvq
†m¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq| †c․Qv‡bvi Rb¨ †hmKj Zij M¨vm e¨eüZ nq|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki `„k¨Kí-2 Gi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK Zv‡`i‡K µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U ejv nq| µv‡qvRwbK
BwÄwbqvwis| ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei
G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, AvM©b,
wR‡bvg‡K wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK
BwÄwbqvwis e‡j| Avgv‡`i †`‡k dmj Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kve©b-WvB A·vBW BZ¨vw` M¨vmmg~n e¨envi Kiv nq|
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨cKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb: (L) wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨vi gva¨‡g KvíwbK
mqvweb, cvU, fzÆv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv †cu‡c wÎgvwÎK cwi‡ek A_©vr fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g
BZ¨vw`i wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi
e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`bvkK QÎvK I hyׇÿ‡Î •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY
fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki weÁvbx cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| G QvovI †gvUiMvwi, RvnvR, wegvb
W. gvKmy`yj Avjg cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡¤§vPb K‡ib| BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿ‡Y wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs
hvi d‡j D”P djbkxj, `xN©¯vqx I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva
mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e
ÿgZv m¤úbœ cvU Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mvdj¨ m¤¢e
n‡q‡Q| GKB fv‡e, AvaywbK wPwKrmv weÁv‡b wiKw¤^‡bU †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR ev wegvb Pvjv‡bvi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb
DNA Gi e¨envi e¨vcK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY AR©b
BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi f¨vKwmb, ni‡gvb, B›Uvi‡dib, (M) DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ Mvwo PjvP‡j e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv
A¨vw›U‡Rb A¨vw›UewW cÖf…wZ Drcv`b Kiv n‡”Q| †ivewU·| †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb
Ab¨w`‡K †ivM kbv³KiY I wRb †_ivwci gva¨‡g my¯- I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU·
mej wkïi Rb¥`v‡b G cÖhyw³ •ecøvweK cwieZ©b ejv nq| ÿz`ª hš¿vsk •Zwi‡Z †iveU e¨eüZ nq| KviY
G‡b‡Q| wiKw¤^‡bU DNA e¨envi K‡i Dw™¢‡`i
Gme ÿz`ª hš¿ n‡Z •Zwi Ki‡j mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡ivax wRb cÖwZ¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g
Dw™¢‡`‡K AvMvQvbvkK cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| Ò†iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨e¯v;
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK I bvbv iKg KxUcZ½ cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ hv gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i
D™¢ve‡b G M‡elYv mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| A_ev Gi Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K…wÎg eyw×gËv
GgbwK eZ©gv‡b wiKw¤^‡bU DNA-Gi e¨envi K‡i D”P Av‡Q|Ó †iveU K…wÎg eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
ÿgZvm¤úbœ wewfbœ AbyRxe m„wó Kiv n‡”Q hv wewfbœ eR©¨ Kw¤úDUvi †ive‡Ui mKj KvRKg© wbqš¿Y K‡i| mKj
cqtwb®‥vkb, wkí eR©¨, †Zj BZ¨vw` cwi‡kva‡bi †ive‡Ui Kv‡Ri aviv c~e© †_‡K wVK K‡i †`Iqv _‡K|
gva¨‡g `~lY wbqš¿‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi d‡j Avgv‡`i
†iveU ïaygvÎ Zv‡K wb‡`©wkZ Kv‡Ri aviv Abyhvqx mvov
A‡bK evqy I cvwbNwUZ †ivM nIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g‡Q|
w`‡q _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU KvR‡i Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e
myZivs, `xN©¯vqx, fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva m¤úbœ I D”P
djbkxj km¨ Drcv`b, wPwKrmv weÁvb, Ilya •Zwi wb‡`©kbv †ive‡Ui †ggwi‡Z •Zwi K‡i w`‡Z nq| †iveU
BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄqvwis AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb I wbLyu^Z Kg©ÿg GKwU hš¿| GUv
we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| GKwU ¯^wbqwš¿Z Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ|
†ive‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨
2| ivnevi D”P gva¨wgK cvm Ki wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡jv| †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ WªvBwfs Gi bvbv wbqg Kvbyb (†hgb:
†m Zvi GK we‡`wk eÜzi KvQ †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvij †h, UªvwdK wmMb¨vj, moK wPý, w¯úW wjwgU, Ifvi‡UwKs,
†m‡`‡k wKQz Mvwo i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv PjvP‡j Pvj‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb cvwK©s/†bv cvwK©s GjvKv BZ¨vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv nq|
nq bv Ges ¯^qswµqfv‡e iv¯Ívq PjvP‡j mÿg| ivnevi Zvi
Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi Ges †mÝi e¨envi K‡i
wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki mgq AvOy‡ji Qvc w`‡q K¨v¤úv‡mi
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i †`Lj †h, K¨v¤úv‡mi GKwU wbw`©ó K‡ÿ †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡Z
GK`j wkÿv_©x K¨vÝv‡ii Dci M‡elYv K‡i‡Q| cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv
[wm‡jU †evW©- 2023] wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 3
(N) wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv (L) †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mviv eQi Av‡gi
ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i wd½vi wcÖ›U ev AvOz‡ji Qvc djb m¤¢e| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i wiKw¤^‡bU
kbv³KiY c×wZ Ges M‡elYvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU DNA Gi gva¨‡g †hme wRb cywói evnK, djea©b
n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| mv‡jvKms‡kølY ÿgZv m¤úbœ Ges mviv eQi djbkxj
gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci †mme wRb‡K wewfbœ wbKUeZx© ev `~ieZx© †h‡Kv‡bv Dw™¢`
wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ †_‡K msMÖn K‡i Av‡gi Pvivq XzwK‡q w`‡q mviv eQi
e¨eüZ cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³| kvixie„Ëxq Av‡gi AvkvZxZ djb cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZi GKwU †K․kj n‡jv wd½viwcÖ›U| (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ †ggwi wWfvBm •Zwii cÖhyw³wU b¨v‡bv-
AvOz‡ji Pvc ev wd½viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ n‡jv
h_vh_fv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ D³ e¨w³i AvOz‡ji cvigvYweK ev AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi
Qvc‡K kbv³Kvix GKK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î Kivi Rb¨ avZe I e¯‧‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi
D³ e¨w³i AvOz‡ji Qvc c~e© n‡ZB AvOz‡ji Pvc co‡Z weÁvb| eZ©gvb mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i mv‡_ b¨v‡bv
cv‡i Ggb †gwk‡bi (wd½viwcÖ›U wiWvi) mvnv‡h¨ †UK‡bvjwRi GKwU wbweo m¤úK© weivR Ki‡Q| KviY
†WUv‡e‡R msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z nq| cieZx©‡Z hLb Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨všÍ‡i AmsL¨v ÿz`ª ÿz`ª b¨v‡bvwgUvi
GKB e¨w³ wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i AvOzj iv‡L ZLb †h †¯‥‡ji mvwK©U Øviv gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi •Zwi n‡”Q| eZ©gvb
†ggwi‡ZI b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ n‡”Q| d‡j
AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci Pwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e© †WUv‡e‡R iwÿZ
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ggwii Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y ÿgZv w`b w`b e„w×
Qwei mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
cv‡”Q| †mRb¨ GLb evRv‡i †UivevBU mvB‡Ri †ggwi
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg`vgx, wbivcËv e¨e¯v m„wó Ges cÖPzi
wWfvBm cvIqv hv‡”Q|
†WUv ivL‡Z cv‡i e‡j AvRKvj wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kgx© I
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv
Ab¨vb¨‡`i cÖ‡ek I †ei nevi Rb¨ wd½viwcÖ›U
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q
wiWvi¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
K…wÎg ev¯ÍeZv| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I
ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwRi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei we‡bvg‡K
mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg
wb‡Ri myweavbyhvqx mvwR‡q †bqv‡KB †R‡bwUK
cwi‡ek hv ev¯Íe g‡b nq| M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g RwUj I
BwÄwbqvwis ev †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb e‡j| wR‡bvg n‡jv KwVb welq¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb I
†Kv‡bv Rx‡ebi eskMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Z_¨| wRbcÖhyw³ g‡Wwjs K‡i M‡elK‡`i mvg‡b mnR‡eva¨ I
e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv I AYyRxe †_‡K wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
•Zwi n‡”Q Rxeb iÿKvix IlyacÎ| wRb cÖhyw³ e¨envi DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ fvP©yqvj
K‡i gvby‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUj †iv‡Mi (†hgb: wi‡qwjwU gva¨‡g K…wÎgfv‡e wWfvBmwUi wÎ-gvwÎK g‡Wj
nuvcvwb, K¨vÝvi, Wvqv‡ewUm BZ¨vw`) wPwKrmv e¨e¯v Kiv •Zwi Kiv nq| d‡j hš¿ cÖ‡K․kjx wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi
n‡”Q| GB cÖhyw³i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvdj¨ n‡jv wiKw¤^‡bU RwUj KvR¸‡jv ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK KvíwbK
wWGbG (DNA) •Zwi Kiv hv w`‡q cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv I cwi‡e‡k m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j ev¯Í‡e
cwigvY g‡Zv weï× gvbe Bbmywjb I gvby‡li e„w× wWfvBmwU Dbœq‡bi mgq †hmKj mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i Zv
wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb Drcv`b Ki‡Z mÿg| m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m¸‡jv Gwo‡q Lye
mn‡RB mwVKfv‡e wWfvBmwU Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3| GKRb hš¿ cÖ‡K․kjx we‡kl cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GKwU A_©vr, M‡elYvjä djvdj we‡kølY I Dc¯vcb, RwUj
†ggwi wWfvBm •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hv AvKv‡i †QvU wKš‧ Z_¨ aviY AYyi AvYweK MVb BZ¨vw` hv †Kv‡bv Ae¯v‡ZB ev¯Í‡e
ÿgZv †ewk| wZwb wWfvBmwU DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ AviI GKwU Ae‡jvKb m¤¢e bq †m¸‡jv fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k
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8  HSC ICT Chapter-1
AvOz‡ji Qvc I nv‡Zi Qvc cÖhyw³ `ywUi g‡a¨ Avgv‡`i D”PÿgZvm¤úbœ cY¨ ev Dcv`vb •Zwii Rb¨,
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_vK‡j nv‡Zi †iLv c×wZ Kvh©Ki bvI n‡Z cv‡i| STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope)| 1980
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hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿY: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi me‡P‡q
Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvOz‡ji Qvc c×wZB eûj e¨eüZ|
ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi K‡i _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i †hLv‡b
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b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ n‡”Q cvigvYweK ev AvYweKgvÎvi Kvh©ÿg wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †Kv‡bv wec¾bK I
cÖ‡K․kj kv¯¿ hv †Kv‡bv wWfvBm ev wm‡÷‡gi KvR Ges ÿwZKi `ªe¨ evRviRvZ Kivi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Kg©Pevixi
AviI AwaK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| GwU cvigvYweK ev Rxe‡bi SzuwK bv wb‡q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡e‡k
AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi K‡ivi Rb¨ avZe †m¸‡jv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv m¤¢e nq|
e¯‧‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb| GKwU myZivs fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq wÎgvwÎK
Dcv`v‡bi †Mvovi w`‡Ki Avwe®‥vi †_‡K eZ©gv‡b wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i `ÿ Rbej •Zwi‡Z mnvqK
DbœqbK…Z c×wZ Ges mvgMÖx e¨envi K‡i f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 9
11| Wvt ÔKÕ wPwKrmvq µv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U e¨envi K‡i wb¤œ (N) DÏxcK Wvt ÔKÕ Gi IwU‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki cÖhyw³wU n‡jv
ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv †mev w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb Zvui IwU‡Z wd½vi wcÖ›U Ges M‡elK ÔLÕ Gi K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi
cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ GKwU wWfvB‡m AvOzj ¯úk© Kivb| Ab¨w`‡K cÖhyw³wU n‡jv f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb cÖhyw³| G `ywU
M‡elK ÔLÕ Zvui K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ Kɯ^i e¨envi ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ DËg|
K‡ib| [ewikvj †evW© 2023] KviY wb‡¤œ we‡kølY Kiv n‡jv:
(K) Ô¯§vU© †nvgÕ Kx? wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³‡Z gvby‡li AvOz‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡K
(L) ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i
wd½vi wcÖ›U wiWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i
wPwKrmv †mev †`qv m¤¢e|Ó -e¨vL¨v Ki|
Zv c~e© †_‡K msiwÿZ AvOy‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡qi mv‡_
(M) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi wPwKrmv †mev †`qvi c×wZwU Av‡jvPbv
Ki| wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËv
(N) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi IwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖhyw³ Ges M‡elK ÔLÕ wbwðZ Ki‡Z AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿‡Y wd½vi wcÖ›U
Zvui K‡ÿ cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖhyw³i g‡a¨ †KvbwU DËg? cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| G c×wZ e¨env‡i LiP Zzjbvg~jK
hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI| Kg nq Ges mdjZvi cwigvY cÖvq kZfvM|
mgvavb: Aciw`‡K, f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb c×wZ‡Z GKRb
(K) †h evm¯v‡bi gva¨‡g wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvwjs c×wZ‡Z wbR N‡i e¨enviKvixi KɇK †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ f‡qm †WUv
e‡mB wbivcËv e¨e¯v wbwðZKiY, K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv n«vm- dvB‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g mKj
e„w× Kiv, jvBwUs wm‡÷g K‡›Uªvj mn wPwKrmv †mev e¨enviKvixi KɇK Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨
MÖnY, `~ieZ©x †`‡ki eÜz evÜe Gi mv‡_ mgvbvmvgwb
B‡jKwUªK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i †WUv‡e‡R msiÿY
K‡_vcK_b BZ¨vw` myweavmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯§vU©
Ki‡Z nq| eo ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡b UvBg Ges Dcw¯wZ
†nvg e‡j|
(L) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i wbY©‡q f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e
wPwKrmv †mev †`qv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i Amy¯ZvRwbZ KviY †hgb- VvÐv, mw`©, Kvwk BZ¨vw`i
†Uwj‡gwWwmb| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¨enviKvixi KÉ cwieZ©b n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î
†f․‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ A‡bK mgq mwVK djvdj cvIqv hvq bv|
wPwKrmK, †ivM wbY©q †K›`ª, we‡klvwqZ †bUIqvK©
BZ¨vw`i mgš^‡q ¯^v¯¨‡mev †`Iqv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb ejv 12| wg. G· M‡elYv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ ÔKÕ †`‡k †c․u‡Q wegvb
nq| †Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mev| †Uwj‡gwWwmb †_‡K †b‡g WªvBfviwenxb ¯^qswµq Mvwo P‡o MšÍe¨¯‡j
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g GK †`‡k Ae¯vb K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki †c․uQvb| †mLv‡b Zvu‡K Ggb GKwU evwo‡Z _vK‡Z †`qv nq,
we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Kiv hvq| hvi me wKQzB AvaywbK Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z|
evsjv‡`‡ki wPwKrmv e¨e¯v‡ZI Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi
[ewikvj †evW© 2023]
ïiæ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvMwiKMY
†gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g miKvwi ¯^v¯¨ †K‡›`ª Kg©iZ (K) B-Kgvm© Kx?
wPwKrm‡Ki KvQ †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ ¯^v¯¨ civgk© wb‡Z (L) ÒAvMvgx wek^ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek^|Ó -e¨vL¨v
cv‡ib| d‡j `~ieZ©x A‡ji bvMwiKMY Riæwi Ki|
cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^v¯¨ †K‡›`ª G‡mI wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z (M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MvwowU •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³ Av‡jvPbv
cvi‡Qb| Ki|
(M) Wvt ÔKÕ Gi wPwKrmv †mev †`qvi c×wZwU n‡jv (N) mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq DÏxc‡Ki evwoi RbwcÖqZv
µv‡qvmvR©vwi| µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q AZ¨vwaK kxZj w`bw`b e„w× cvevi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK I †ivMvµvšÍ mgvavb:
wUmy¨‡K aŸsm Kivi cÖwµqv| (K) eZ©gv‡b we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z
µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨
wfZ‡i Kwg‡q -41 †_‡K -196 C ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q
†jb‡`b‡K B-Kg©vm (E-Commerce) e‡j|
Avmv nq| GB mgq GKwU myu‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi
(L) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e„nr †¯‥‡j
wUzm¨i wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv
nq| ZvcgvÎvi AZ¨vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡li c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e nq| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cY¨
cvwbRgvUe× n‡q H wUmy¨wU AvUKv c‡o †M‡j G‡Z i³ AZ¨šÍ gRyZ, we`y¨r mvkÖqx, †UKmB Ges AvKv‡i m~²,
I Aw·‡Rb mieivn e× n‡q hvq| KviY-196†m. †QvU I nvjKv nq| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fwel¨‡Z ¯§vU©
ZvcgvÎvq i³ I Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e bq| Gi d‡j Ily‡ai gva¨‡g cÖvYNvwZ K¨vÝv‡ii g‡Zv `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa
RgvUe× Ae¯vq wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi ÿq mvwaZ nq| n‡Z gyw³, cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯vq b¨v‡bv †iveU, †Kvqv›Uvg
Avevi m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi †fZ‡i wnwjqvg Kw¤úDwUs, wek¦e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó,
M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUmy¨wUi ZvcgvÎv 20-40 †m. Kvh©Kix I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy`~lY
G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi eid Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j M‡elKMY Avkvev`x| GRb¨B
M‡j hvq Ges wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq| AvMvgx wek¦ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek¦|
10  HSC ICT Chapter-1
(M) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ MvwowU •Zwi Kivi cÖhyw³ n‡jv (K) †ivewU· wK?
†ivewU·| †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb (L) cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i gUi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e-K_vwU e¨vL¨v
I KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· Ki?
ejv nq| (M) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gvQ Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³ eY©bv Ki?
ÿz`ª hš¿vsk •Zwi‡Z †iveU e¨eüZ nq| KviY Gme ÿz`ª (N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Awd‡m cÖ‡ek I K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨
hš¿ nv‡Z •Zwi Ki‡j mwVK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †KŠkj `ywUi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk myweavRbK we‡kølY Ki?
Ò†iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨e¯v| mgvavb:
hv gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i (K) weÁvbg, BwÄwbqvwis Ges cÖhyw³ mgš^‡q MwVZ †h welwU
A_ev Gi Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K…wÎg ey×gËv †ive‡Ui aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b Kvh©µg wKsev Kivi
Av‡Q|Ó ev¯Íe Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡jv †ivewU·|
†ive‡U K…wÎg eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi (L) fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gUi WªvBwfs
†ive‡Ui mKj KvRKg© wbqš¿Y K‡i| mKj †ive‡Ui cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wmgy¨‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g
Kv‡Ri aviv c~e© †_‡K wVK K‡i †`Iqv _v‡K| †iveU WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ PvjK‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b
ïaygvÎ Zv‡K wb‡`©wkZ Kv‡Ri aviv Abyhvqx mvov w`‡q em‡Z nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gvD‡›UW
_v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e wW‡¯úøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó hvbevn‡bi
wb‡`©kbv †ive‡Ui †g‡gvwi‡Z •Zwi K‡i w`‡Z nq| †iveU Af¨šÍixY Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki iv¯Ívq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU
Ab¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb I wbLyuZ Kvg©ÿg GKwU hš¿| GUv g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| cÖwkÿbv_©x I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_
GKwU ¯^wbqwš¿Z Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ| GKvšÍ n‡q ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq gUi WªvBwfs †K․kj iß Ki‡Z
(N) DÏxc‡Ki evwowU n‡jv AvaywbK evm¯vb ev ¯§vU© †nvg| mÿg nq| A_©vr Gi gva¨‡g mn‡RB WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY
wb‡¤œ mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq AvaywbK evwo ev ¯§vU© †nv‡gi m¤¢e n‡”Q|
RbwcÖqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv: (M) DÏxc‡Ki gvQ Drcv`‡bi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK
mvaviY evwo ev evm¯vb ej‡Z Avgiv eywS †hLv‡b gvbyl
BwÄwbqvwis| GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i evnK n‡”Q
evm K‡i| mvaviY evm¯v‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi mKj myweav
wRb| Ab¨w`‡K wR‡bvg n‡jv Rx‡ei •ewk‡ó¨i bKkv ev
(†hgb: jvBU, d¨vb, wUwf, wd«R BZ¨vw`) we`¨gvb _v‡K|
web¨vm| †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j
wKš‧ †m¸‡jv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ e¨enviKvix‡K wbR nv‡Z
D³ cÖvYxi wR‡bv‡gi †Kv‡bv GKwU wRb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i
cvIqvi myBP Ab A_ev Ad Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K ¯§vU©
w`‡Z nq| †h‡nZz wRb¸‡jv Avm‡j wWGbÕi GKwU Ask,
†nvg n‡jv Ggb GKwU evm¯vb †hLv‡b †nvg A‡Uv‡gvkb
ZvB GKUv wRb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
wm‡÷g Gi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri N‡i A_ev `~ieZ©x †Kv_vI
wWGbGÕi †mB AskUzi †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
e‡m jvBU, d¨vb K‡Uªvjmn †nvg wmwKDwiwUi g‡Zv me
cÖvYx ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K Av‡iKwU wRb †K‡U G‡b
ai‡bi wWwRUvj my‡hvM myweav cvIqv hvq| ¯§vU© †nvg ev
†mLv‡b jvwM‡q w`‡Z nq| Gi d‡j GKwU bZzb
AvaywbK evm¯v‡bi cÖwZwU wWfvBm (†hgb: †Uwjwfkb,
•ewkó¨m¤úbœ Kvw•ÿZ cÖvYxi m„wó nq|
mvDÛ wm‡÷g, jvBU, d¨vb, GqviKwÛkbvi, Iqvwks
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvq wg. †gvK‡jQ mv‡ne bZzb
†gwkb, †iwd«Rv‡iUi dvqvi wm‡÷g, kvIqvi wm‡÷g
BZ¨vw`) GKwU †K›`ªxq K‡Uªvwjs wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g cÖRvwZi gvQ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡i ewY©Z c×wZ
K‡›Uªvj Kiv nq| m¥vU© †nvg n‡jv GK ai‡bi Iqvb-÷c AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wbw`©ó gv‡Qi
mvwf©m c‡q‡›Ui g‡Zv, †hLv‡b emev‡mi Rb¨ me wWGbGÕi wbw`©ó wRb‡K †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i †mLv‡b
Dc‡hvRb cvIqv hvq| evm¯v‡bi me©vwaK wmwKDwiwUi mywbw`©ó wRb‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi gvQ
cvkvcvwk evm¯v‡b †Kv‡bv cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ _vK‡j mvgvU© Drcv`b K‡ib|
†nvg Zvi Rb¨ mwZ¨Kv‡ii mnvqZv n‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv, (N) DÏxc‡Ki wg. †gvK‡jQ mv‡n‡ei Awd‡m cÖ‡e‡ki
Kɯ^‡ii gva¨‡g `iRv, Rvbvjv †Lvjv ev eÜ Kiv jvBU, cÖwµqvwU n‡”Q AvOz‡ji Qvc Ges Awd‡m cÖ‡e‡ki mgq
d¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwjwfkb Pvjy wKsev eÜ Kiv BZ¨vw` ZvKv‡bv cÖwµqvwU n‡”Q ¯‥¨vb| G `ywU cÖhyw³i g‡a¨
KvR ZLb mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e n‡q hvq| GmKj my‡hvM wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖwµqvwU †ewk myweavbRK|
myweavi Kvi‡Y mvaviY evwoi Zzjbvq ¯§vU© evwoi gvby‡li wd½vi wcÖ›U m¤ú~Y© BDwbK Ges AcwiewZ©Z
RbwcÖqZv w`bw`b e„w× cv‡”Q| _v‡K| cÖwZwU e¨w³i wd½vi wcÖ›U G‡ZvUvB ¯^Zš¿ †h
`yBwU hRg wkï GKB wWGbG †cÖvdvBj wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY
13| wg. †gvK‡jQ mv‡ne †ckvq grm¨we`| †`‡k gv‡Qi Ki‡jI wd½vi wcÖ›U w`‡q Avjv`v Kiv hvq| wd½vi wcÖ›U
NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i bZzb bZzb cÖRvwZi e¨envi K‡i Awd‡m cÖ‡ek wbwðZ Ki‡Z c~‡e©B
gvQ Drcv`b K‡ib| Zvi Awd‡m cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ `iRvi mvg‡b e¨enviKvixi Av½‡ji Qvc †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ Ki‡Z
ivLv GKwU †gwk‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡j `iRv ¸‡j hvq nq| cieZx©‡Z wd½vi wcÖ›U wiWvi H e¨enviKvixi
AZtci `iRvi mvg‡b ivLv GKwU †gwk‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡j AvOy‡ji wb‡Pi As‡ki Z¡K‡K ixW K‡i msiwÿZ Qv‡ci
`iRv Ly‡j hvq| mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Ges wg‡j †M‡j A¨vK‡mm cÖ`vb K‡i|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 11
G c×wZ‡Z mdjZvi cwigvYI †ewk| wd½vi wcÖ›U hš¿| †iveU AwZ ÿz`ª gvB‡KvmvwK©‡Ui Dcv`vb
¯‥¨vbv‡ii `vg Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg Ges mn‡R wm‡÷g cy•Lvbycfy v‡e I Awek^vm¨fv‡e cixÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i hv
eyS‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y wd½vi wcÖ›U ev nv‡Zi ¯úk© gvby‡li c‡ÿ KwVb I Am¤¢e| wkí‡ÿ‡Î †ive‡Ui
c×wZB eûj e¨eüZ| Ab¨w`‡K †Pv‡Li †iwUbv e¨envi Dˇjv e„w× cvIqvq weÁvbxiv kÖwgK †iveU
c×wZ‡ZI GKBfv‡e e¨w³ kbv³ Kiv †M‡jI Gi •Zwii e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V‡Q| wkí KviLvbvq
mdjZvi nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| G‡ÿ‡Î †Pv‡Li Drcv`b cÖwµqvq fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wmgy‡jkb
AvBwik ev †iwUbv ¯‥¨vbvi wn‡m‡e †WUv BbcyU K‡i Kiv bv| d‡j Drcv`b cÖwµqv ïiæi c~‡e© Drcv`b
A¨vK‡mm K‡›Uªvj KvR K‡i| wKš‧ AvBwik I †iwUbv msµvšÍ SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv Kiv mnR n‡”Q|
¯‥¨vb A‡bK mgq wm‡÷g mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov (N) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx †cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i •Zwi cÖhyw³wU|
wWfvBmwUi `vgI †ewk| ZvB wd½vi wcÖ›U cÖhyw³ †ewk n‡jv fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv
myweavRbK| nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK
ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q
14| evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbxi A`~‡i Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡M GKwU Ggbfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z Zviv GwU‡K ev¯Íe
wek^gv‡bi wkí KviLvbv ¯vcb Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| BwZnvm I HwZn¨ iÿvq
†hLv‡b A¨vKPz‡qUi Gi mvnv‡h¨ `ÿ n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU wb¤œiƒ‡c f~wgKv cvjb K‡i-
cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ •Zwi Kivi gva¨‡g †`k‡K DbœZ I BwZnvm I HwZn¨ iÿvq fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³i
A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| D³ cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g Rv`yN‡i cÖvPxb we`¨v¸‡jv Dc¯vcb I cÖ`k©b
`ÿ †cÖvMÖvgviMY wmgy‡j‡UW cwi‡ek ¯vcb K‡i N‡i e‡m Kiv m¤¢e| wewebœ HwZnvwmK welq: †hgb- †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb
`k©bv_©x‡`i kn‡ii wewfbœ `k©bxq ¯vb †`Lvi e¨e¯v Ki‡eb| ¸nv, fv¯‥h©, HwZnvwmK feb; cÖZœZvwËK wb`k©b cÖf„wZ
(K) n¨vwKs Kx?
cÖ`k©‡b Rv`yN‡i ev wewfbœ HwZnvwmK M‡elYv‡ZI
(L) Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wek¦ wek^MÖvg -e¨vL¨v Ki?
fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨envi Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| Gi d‡j
(M) wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ wPwýZ K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki?
Rv`yN‡i †hgb AvMZ `k©bv_©xiv G mg¯Í welq¸‡jv
(N) †cªvMÖvgvi‡`i •Zwi cÖhyw³ BwZnvm I HwZn¨ iÿvq
cwi`k©‡b Avb›` jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib †Zgwb AvaywbK
KZUzKz f~wgKv iv‡L g~j¨vqb Ki?
HwZnvwmK M‡elKivI cÖvPxb c„w_ex m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq
mgvavb:
Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| BwZnvm I
(K) †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g †bUIqvK©, hvi Dci
HwZ‡n¨i A‡bK welq Av‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i Rvbv _vK‡jI
Aby‡gvw`Zfv‡e AwaKvi jvf Kivi Dcvq‡K n¨vwKs
G¸‡jvi ev¯Íe †Kv‡bv wb`k©b cvIqv hvq wb| Gme
e‡j|
welq¸‡jv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwiwUi gva¨‡g, Dc¯vcb Kiv
(L) †Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek^MÖvg n‡jv Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek
mgvR †hLv‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g hy³ n‡q c„w_exi m¤¢e| Gi gva¨‡g BwZnvm I HwZn¨‡K a‡i ivLv hv‡e|
wewfbœ ai‡bi mvZ †h mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
A_©vr wek^MÖvg aviYv PvwjKvkw³ n‡jv Z_¨ cÖhyw³| Z_¨ 15| m~h© civïbv †kl Kivi ci PvKwi bv †c‡q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
cÖhyw³i Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨eüZ K‡iB we‡k^i wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡m KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©‡bi c_ †e‡Q †bq|
wfbœ ms¯‥…wZi gvbyliv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ †h A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nq Ges cÖPzi
K‡i GKB MÖv‡gi AšÍfy©³ nq| ZvB ejv nq, Zv cÖhyw³ •e‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z Zvi GjvKvi A‡b‡KB G
wbf©i wek^B wek^MÖvg| c_ AbymiY K‡i ¯^vej¤^x nq| Zvi fvB cÖZvc evwo‡Z †_‡K
(M) DÏxc‡K wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv †iveU| †h Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡q covïbv K‡i D”PZi wWwMÖ
†cÖvMÖvgmg„× †gwkb ev Kw¤úDUvi ¯^qswµqfv‡e RwUj AR©b K‡i|
Kvh©µgmg~‡ni wb‡`©k‡K ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB mgvavb:
†iveU| †iveU n‡Z c‡i cy‡ivcywi ¯^qswµq, Avav- (K) †cøwRqvwiRg Kx?
¯^qswµqv, wcÖ-†cÖvMÖv‡gej A_ev gvbe wbqwš¿Z| †iveU (L) ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·-G e¨eüZ †WUv Kx-e¨vL¨v Ki?
Zvi ¯^qswµq †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i mKj KvR K‡i _v‡K| (M) DÏxc‡K cÖZv‡ci D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi cÖwµqv Kx
wkí-KviLvbvq Kiv‡bv, c¨vwKs ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki?
BZ¨vw` kÖgmva¨ KvR QvovI Kw¤úDUvi GB‡WW ev (N) evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZvq m~‡h©i Kvh©µ‡gi †hŠw³KZv
†ivewU· Gi e¨e¯v Av‡Q| wbZ¨-bZzb cÖ‡qvR‡b DbœZ we‡kølY Ki?
cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i bZzb bZzb wWRvBb K‡i wewfbœ mgvavb:
ai‡bi †iveU •Zwi Kiv n‡”Q| cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c„_K (K) †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv †jLv, mvwnZ¨Kg©,
c„_Kfv‡e wb‡`©kbv †ive‡Ui †g‡gvwi‡Z c~e© †_‡K wVK M‡elYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv Kg© BZ¨vw` ûeû bKj ev AvswkK
K‡i †`Iqv nq| cÖwZwU †iveU Zv‡K †`Iqv wb‡`©wkZ cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB n‡jv
KvRwUB ïay Ki‡Z Zv `ªæZ K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ AvaywbK †cøwRqvwiRg|
12  HSC ICT Chapter-1
(L) ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·-G e¨eüZ †WUvmg~n n‡jv- wWGbG, (K) †ivewU· Kx?
wRb, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Ges wbDwK¬K GwmW| Gme †WUv (L) cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gUi WªvBwfs wkLv m¤¢e-e¨vL¨v Ki|
†_‡K RxeweÁvb msµvšÍ M‡elYv I mgm¨vw` D`NvU‡bi (M) DÏxc‡K KviLvbvq e¨eüZ wWfvBmwUi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v
Rb¨ dwjZ MwYZ Z_¨weÁvb, cwimsL¨vb, K…wÎg eyw×gËv Ki|
imvqb I •Re imvqb e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| (N) wPc‡mi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i myweav I Amyweav
(M) DÏxc‡Ki cÖZv‡ci evwo‡Z †_‡K D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©‡bi D‡jøLmn †Zvgvi gZvgZ we‡kølY Ki?
mgvavb:
cÖwµqvwU n‡jv B-jvwb©s G cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
B-jvwb©s Ggb GKwU wkÿv c×wZ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©x(K) weÁvb, BwÄwbqvwis Ges cÖhyw³ mgš^‡q MwVZ †h welqwU
N‡i e‡mB DbœZ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †ive‡Ui aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b Kvh©µg wKsev cwiPvjbv
Gi Rb¨ hv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM| Kivi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡jv
B›Uvi‡bU-G mshy³ n‡q GKRb wkÿv_©x cÖPwjZ †ivewU·|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯Z bv n‡q N‡i e‡mB B-B‡gBj wfwËK (L) fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i gUi WªvBwfs
cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi wmgy¨‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g
Kbdv‡iwÝs, P¨vU, Bb÷¨v›U †g‡mwRs cÖf…wZ Kw¤úDUvi
WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Pvj‡Ki GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b
wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi K‡i e¨w³MZ, ch©v‡q
em‡Z nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ †nW gvD‡›UW
wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq g~j¨v‡b cixÿvq Ask
wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó hvbevn‡bi
†bIqvi gva¨‡g wWwMÖ AR©‡b mÿg nb| Gfv‡e we‡k^i
Af¨šÍixY Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki iv¯Ívq cwi‡e‡ki GKwU
†h‡Kv‡bv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b cov‡kvbv Kiv Ges wWwMÖ AR©b
g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| cÖwkÿbv_©x I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_
Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖwµqvq wkÿv AR©b AZ¨šÍ ¯^í e¨‡qi| GKvšÍ n‡q ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq gUi WªvBwfs †K․kj iß Ki‡Z
†hme Dbœqkxj ev AbybZ œ †`‡ki wkÿv_©xMY A¯^”QjZvi mÿg nq| A_©vr Gi gva¨‡g mn‡RB WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY
Kvi‡Y we‡`‡k cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zviv B-jvwb©s m¤¢e n‡”Q|
Gi gva¨‡g BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i| (M) DÏxc‡Ki e¨e¯vbvq e¨eüZ wWfvBmwU cÖhyw³wU n‡jv-
D`vniY¯^iƒc, Av‡gwiKvi †Kv‡bv GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡qi ev‡qvg¨vwU· wd½viwcÖ›U cÖhyw³| eZ©gv‡b wd½viwcÖ›U
AbjvBb wkÿv e¨e¯vq wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbivcËv e¨e¯v GKwU RbwcÖq ev‡qv‡gwUª· wm‡÷g
(N) DÏxc‡K m~h© cov‡kvbv †kl K‡i PvKwi bv †c‡q gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g N‡i e‡m KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©‡bi wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxq fv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨
c_ †e‡Q †bq, m~h© Gi A_© DcvR©‡bi G cÖwµqv‡K e¨eüZ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK| kvixie„Ëxq kbv³KiY
AvDU‡mvwm©s ejv nq| c×wZi GKwU †K․kj n‡jv wd½viwcÖ›U| AvOy‡ji Qvc ev
AvDU‡mvwms n‡jv GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ wd½viwcÖ›U n‡jv †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K h_vh_fv‡e kbv³
†`‡ki wewfbœ cÖwZôvb AwZwi³ Kg©x wb‡qvM bv K‡i Kivi Rb¨ D³e¨w³i Av½y‡ji Qvc‡K kbv³Kvixi GKK
evwn‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK‡K w`‡q wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv| e¨w³i AvOy‡ji Qvc c~e© n‡ZB
A‡_©i wewbg‡q KvR Kwi‡q †bq| Gi gva¨‡g nvRvi AvOy‡ji Pvc co‡Z cv‡i Ggb †gwk‡bi (wd½viwcÖ›U
nvRvi †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯v n‡”Q| †`‡k Avm‡Q wecyj wiWvi) mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡e‡m msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z nq|
cwigvY •e‡`wkK gy`ªv| ïay •e‡`wkKgy`ªv AR©b bq Gi cieZ©x‡Z hLb GKB evwK wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡i Av½yj
d‡j †`‡ki wecyj msL¨K cÖwkwÿZ †eKvi `ÿ iv‡L ZLb †h AvOz‡ji Qv‡ci Qwe •Zwi nq Zv c~‡e©
Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯vb m„wó n‡”Q| AvDU‡mvwm©s GLb †WUv‡e‡m iwÿZ Qwei mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv³Ki‡Yi Kv‡R
A‡b‡KiB †ckvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi m¤úbœ Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †gwkbwUi AvOy‡j †iLvi
AvDU‡mvwm©s n‡Z K‡qK wgwjqb Wjvi Avq Ki‡Q| web¨vm, Z¡‡Ki wUmy¨ Ges †Kbv wb‡Pi ivI m¨vj‡bi Ici
†`‡ki wkwÿZ †eKvi Rb‡Mvôxi A‡b‡KB GB wkÿv‡K wfwË K‡i B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK c×wZ‡Z AvOz‡ji QvcwPÎ
Kv‡R jvwM‡q Øvej¤^x n‡q DV‡Q| m~h© GB AvDU‡mvwm©s •Zwi K‡i| ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wek^Ry‡o
Gi gva¨‡gB N‡i e‡m A_© DcvR©b K‡i A_©‣bwZKfv‡e wd½viwcÖ›U wiWv‡ii RbwcÖqZv me©vwaK| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e
Kg `vgx, wbivcËv e¨e¯v m„wó Ges cÖPzi †WUv ivL‡Z
¯^vej¤^x nq Ges cÖPzi •e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i| m~‡h©i
cv‡i e‡j AvRKvj wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b Kg©x I Ab¨vb¨‡`i
g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ wkwÿZ †eKvi hyeKivI
†ek †jevi Rb¨ wd½viwcÖ›U wePvi¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e
GKBfv‡e AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZKfv‡e
e¨eüZ nq|
¯^vej¤^x n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr evsjv‡`‡ki ev¯ÍeZvi m~‡h©i
(N) DÏxc‡K wPc‡mi c¨v‡KURvZKi‡Yi mgq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³
Kvh©µg AvDU‡mvwm©s A`~i fwel¨‡Z •e‡`wkK gy`ªv
n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| wb‡P b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi myweav
AR©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| I Amyweav D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
myweav: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi myweav A‡bK| †hgb-
16| wPcm mevi LyeB wcÖq| wPcm c¨v‡KURvZKi‡Yi mgq 1. e„nr AvKv‡i cb¨ Drcv`b m¤¢e nq|
GKwU we‡kl cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wPcm KviLvbvi 2. Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvKv‡i mg„× I †QvU Kiv m¤¢e nq|
wbivcËv| wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡e‡ki G AvOz‡ji Qvc †`qvi 3. Drcvw`Z cY¨ Zvi gZ we`y¨r mvkÖqx, †UKmB I
Rb¨ GKwU wWfvBm ¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| nvjKv nq|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 13
4. cÖvYNvwZ K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ `~iv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa n‡Z gyw³ K¨v‡givm¤úbœ wWfvB‡mi mvg‡b `vuov‡Z nq| G‡Z cÖvq
jvf Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| 1 †_‡K 10 †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M| c~e© †_‡K aviYv Kiv
5. wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡e| †Pv‡Li AvBwi‡ki c¨vUv‡b©i mv‡_ wgwj‡q kbv³KiY
6. Kvh©Kix I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`b mn cvwb I evqy`~lY Kiv nq| Avw_©K I cÖwZôv‡b, miKvwi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e| cÖwZôv‡b, wgwjUvwi‡Z G c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| Av½y‡ji
Amyweav: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi myweavi cvkvcvwk A‡bK Qvc ev nv‡Zi Qv‡ci Zzjbvq G c×wZ djvd‡ji m~²Zv
AmyweavI cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| †hgb- Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk| GQvov GwU wbivcËvg~jK
1. G cÖhyw³‡Z Drcvw`Z b¨v‡bv dvBevi ev m~² Zš‧ kbv³KiY e¨e¯v, hv ¯vqx Ges `„k¨gvb| G c×wZ
wbtk^v‡mi gva¨‡g dzmdz‡m †c․uQv‡j †`Lv SzwK m„wó AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk †g‡gvwii
Ki‡Z cv‡i, G SzuwK welv³ LwbR A¨vm‡e÷‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Pkgv e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ G c×wZ‡Z
†P‡q †ewk| mgm¨v nq|
G c×wZ e¨envi Kivi d‡j †Pv‡Li ÿwZ nq|
2. abx I wba©‡bi cv_©K¨ Pig gvÎvq e„w× cv‡e|
(N) Dc‡i M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †h
3. gvbe kix‡ii †Kv‡li MVb •kjx cwieZ©bmn †Kvl
w`K cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv, ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·|
†g‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i|
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
4. GB cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii d‡j A`ÿiv µgk Kg©nxb n‡q
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· n‡jv RxeweÁvb, Kw¤úDUvi ms‡hvM,
hv‡e|
Bbdi‡gkb BwÄwbqvwis, MwYZ Ges cwimsL¨v‡bi
mgš^‡q MwUZ weÁv‡bi wekvj cwigvY Ges mwVKfv‡e
17| kwdK mv‡ne Zvi M‡elYvMv‡i w`bvRcy‡ii HwZn¨ cÖwµqv K‡i †m¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i| g~jZ •RweK c×wZ
avi‡Yi j‡ÿ wjPz wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i, Zvi djvdj msiÿY we‡kølY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ges mwVK aviYv AR©b Kivi
K‡ib| wZwb M‡elYvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekgy‡L Ggb GKwU hš¿ †ÿ‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq| Avi GB •Zwii
ewm‡q‡Qb †hwUi w`‡K wbw`©ó mgq ZvKv‡j Aby‡gvw`Z e¨w³eM© Z_¨ wnmve-wbKvk Ges G m¤úwK©Z hveZxq mgm¨vi
wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mgvav‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i e¨enviI Acwinvh©| Z‡e
(K) ¯§vU© †nvg Kx? wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qÝ; †cÖvwUb wm‡Kv‡qÝ BZ¨vw` MVb
(L) b~¨bZg †K mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwU e¨vL¨v ? Dcv`v‡bi B‡jKUªwbK †WUv‡eR MV‡b Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³
(M) M‡elYvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekgy‡L e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki? we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI gwjKzjvi †gwWwmb
(N) DÏxc‡Ki M‡elYv Kvh©µ‡g Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †h wRb‡_vivwc, Ilya •Zwi‡Z, el©v cwi®‥viKi‡Y, Rjevqy
w`KwU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q, we‡kølYc~e©K †mwUi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ cwieZ©b M‡elYvq, weKí kw³i mܨv‡b RxevYy A¯¿
Av‡jvPbv Ki? •Zwi‡Z, wWGbG g¨vwcs I A¨vbvjvBwmm †cÖvwU‡bi
mgvavb: wg_w¯…qv ch©‡eÿ‡Y ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq|
(K) ¯§vU© †nvg n‡jv GK ai‡bi Iqvb÷c mvwf©m c‡q‡›Ui
g‡Zv, †hLv‡b emev‡mi Rb¨ mKj Dc‡hvRb cvIqv hvq 18| Wv. wbjq †eªBb ev K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q kxZj AvM©b M¨vm
Ges MÖvnK‡K e¨envh© `ªevw`i ¸YMZgvb wbwðZ K‡i G e¨env‡ii wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AwfÁZv jv‡fi
msµvšÍ †mev cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwU wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ikb m¤úbœ K‡ib|
(L) b~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv (K) K…wÎg eyw×gËv Kx?
µv‡qvmvRv©vwi| GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ, hv (L) AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eywS‡q wjL?
AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z¡‡Ki (M) Wv.wbj‡qi wPwKrmv c×wZwU e¨vL¨v Ki?
(N) Wv. wbj‡qi Acv‡ik‡bi AwfÁZv jv‡fi cwi‡e‡ki
A¯^vfvweK ev AcÖZ¨vwkZ, †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/Z¡K †Kvl
cÖfve we‡kølY Ki?
aŸsm Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| µv‡qvmvRv©wi
mgvavb:
AwZwi³ •kZ¨ ZvcgvÎvq (Ñ41 †_‡K Ñ196 wWwMª
(K) K…wÎg eyw×gËv ej‡Z e¯‧Zc‡ÿ h‡š¿i eyw×gËv‡K
†mw›U‡MÖW) †ivMvµvšÍ †Kvl¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kivi KvR
†evSvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv NUbv ev cwiw¯wZi mv‡c‡ÿ
K‡i| G wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv RwUj cvk^©cÖwZwµqv
†Kv‡bv hš¿ (†hgb -Kw¤úDUvi| Kx ai‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡e
†bB, e¨_v, i³cvZ A_ev Acv‡ikbRwbZ KvUv-†Quovi Zvi mÿgZv cwigvc c×wZ n‡jv K…wÎg eyw×gËv|
†Kv‡bv RwUjZv †bB| (L) AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi c×wZ n‡jv
(M) DÏxc‡K M‡elYvMv‡ii cÖ‡ekgy‡L e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ n‡jv ev‡qvg¨vwUª·| gvby‡li •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨
ev‡qv‡gwU‡·i †Pv‡Li gwY I †iwUbv ¯‥¨vb| cwigv‡Yi wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³
GKRb gvby‡li †Pv‡Li gwYi `„k¨gvb iwOb Ask Aci Kivi e¨eüZ n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUªK| AvPiYMZ ev‡qv‡gwUª·
†Kv‡bv gvby‡li †Pv‡Li gwYi mv‡_ wgj cvIqv hvq bv| c×wZ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- wK‡evW© UvBwcs, MwZ,
GwU AwØZxq I ¯vqx| †Pv‡Li gwYi Pvicv‡k †ewóZ hvPvBKiY, nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi hvPvBKiY Ges Kɯ^i
iwOb ejq we‡kølY K‡i G c×wZ‡Z kbv³KiY Kiv hvPvBKiY Gme •ewk󨸇jvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K
nq| G c×wZ‡ZB †PvL I gv_v‡K w¯i K‡i GKwU AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kiv hvq|
14  HSC ICT Chapter-1
(M) DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx Wv. wbjq †eªBb K¨vÝvi wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î: RwUj Acv‡ikb, K…wÎg A½-cÖZ½
wbivg‡q kxZj AvM©b M¨vm e¨envi K‡i| G †_‡K †evSv ms‡hvRb, wWGbG ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw` wPwKrmK‡`i
hvq †h, K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q µ‡qvmvR©vwi c×wZ e¨envi Kiv cÖwkÿY I †ivM wbY©‡q e¨vcK nv‡i fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU
n‡q‡Q| e¨eüZ nq|
µv‡qvmvRv©wi GK ai‡bi KvUv †Qovwenxb wPwKrmv mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Y: fvPz©qvj wiqvwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi
c×wZ, hvi gva¨‡g kix‡i cÖ‡qvM K‡i ¯^vfvweK ev hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I wbLyuZ
AcÖZ¨vwkZ †ivMµvšÍ wUmy¨ †Kvl aŸsm K‡i| cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
G c×wZi wPwKrmvi cÖ_‡gB wmgy¨‡j‡UW mdUIq¨vi Øviv e¨emv evwYR¨: Drcvw`Z I cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZgvb,
MVb, wjLb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb Kg©x
AvµvšÍ †Kvl¸‡jvi ( †hgb- AvuwPj, dzmKzwo, cÖ`vn)
cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g wmgy¨‡jkb c×wZ
Ae¯vb I mxgvbv wba©viY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z
e¨eüZ nq|
gvB‡µvK¨v‡giv hy³K bj cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †ivMvµvšÍ
†Kvl/As‡ki ÿZ¯vb cÖ`vn Kgv‡bv nq| Gici
19| W. Lwjj †`‡ki Lv`¨ NvUwZ c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ AwaK dmj
†ivMvµvšÍ †KvlwU‡Z AvjUªv w_b myPhy³‡cÖve cÖ‡ek
Drcv`bKvix exR Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ GKwU cÖhyw³ mvnv‡h¨
Kwi‡q wbav©wiZ µ‡qv‡RwbK M¨vm cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| Zvui M‡elYv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨mg~n Zvui
ZvcgvÎv AZ¨vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j Ñ41 †_‡K -196 wWMÖx mnKvix AbygwZ e¨ZxZ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †bqvi †Póv K‡i|
†mw›U‡MÖW) wbe©vwPZ wUmy¨wU‡Z Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q (K) ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kx?
hvq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î G wb¤œ ZvcgvÎv-200 wWwMÖ (L) N‡ii g‡a¨B WªvBwfs †kLv m¤¢e- e¨vL¨v Ki?
†mw›U‡MÖW bvwg‡q Avbv nq| d‡j H wb¤œZg KvcgvÎvq (M) Wt Lwj‡ji M‡elYvq e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki?
i³ I Aw·‡Rb mÂvjb m¤¢e bv nIqvi `iæY †ivMvµvšÍ (N) Wt Lwj‡ji mnKvixi Kg©KvÐwU •bwZKZvi wePv‡i
wUmy¨i ÿwZ mvab nq| µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi we‡kølY Ki?
AvµvšÍ ¯vb I †iv‡Mi aib Abyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó mgvavb:
kxZjZvq †c․uQv‡bvi Rb¨ Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, (K) gvby‡li •`wnK ev AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨ cwigv‡ci wfwˇZ
Kve©b WvBA·vBW BZ¨vw` M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
wPwKrmv c×wZi Zzjbvq K¨vÝvi I wbD‡ivmvR©vwi cÖhyw³B n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·|
wPwKrmvi µv‡qvmvR©vwi A‡bK mvkÖqx Ges mgq Kg (L) fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i N‡ii g‡a¨B †gvUi
jv‡M| G c×wZ‡Z e¨v_v i³cvZ A_ev Acv‡ikbRwbZ WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY †`Iqv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi
KvUv-†Quovi RwUjZv †bB| †ivMx‡K †Kv‡bv c~e© cÖ¯‧wZ wmgy‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g WªvBwfs cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ PvjK‡K
GKwU wbw`©ó Avm‡b em‡Z nq| Pvj‡Ki gv_vq cwiwnZ
wb‡Z nq bv| Gi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î nvmcvZvj ch©šÍI
†nW gvD‡›UW wWm‡cøi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUvi Øviv m„ó
†ivMx‡K wb‡Z nq bv|
hvbevn‡bi Af¨šÍixY Ask Ges Avkcv‡ki iv¯Ívq
(N) Wv. wbjq †eªBb K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q kxZj AvM©b M¨vm
cwi‡e‡ki GKwU g‡Wj †`Lv‡bv nq| A_©vr Gi gva¨‡g
e¨env‡ii wPwKrmv c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ AwfÁZv jv‡fi mn‡RB WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e n‡”Q|
D‡Ï‡k¨ wmgy‡j‡UW Acv‡ikb m¤úbœ K‡ib Zv n‡jv (M) DÏxc‡K Wt Lwjj Gi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †R‡bwUK
fvPz©qvj wiqvwjwU| K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k nvZ gv_v I †Pv‡L BwÄwbqvwis| Rxe‡`‡n Rx‡bvg‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
we‡kl hš¿ K‡i fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek •Zwi Kiv mvwR‡q wKsev GKvwaK Rx‡ei Rx‡bvg‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q
nq| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cÖfve¸‡jv wb‡P we‡kølY Kiv bZzb Rxe‡Kvl m„wói †K․kjB n‡jv †R‡bwUK
nj: BwÄwbqvwis| GKwU Dw™¢` ev cÖvYxi •ewk‡ó¨i evnK n‡”Q
we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: fvPz©qvjwjwU G †ÿ‡Î e¨vcKfv‡e wRb| Ab¨w`‡K wR‡bvg n‡jv Rx‡ei •ewk‡ó¨i bKkv ev
e¨eüZ| AvRKvjKvi cÖvq cÖwZwU Pjw”P‡Î fvPz©qvj web¨vm| †Kv‡bv Dw™¢‡`i •ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU PvB‡j D³ Dw™¢‡`i wR‡bv‡gi †Kv‡bv GKwU wRb‡K
e¨envi K‡i bvbv ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †Mg •Zwi Kiv cwieZ©b K‡i w`‡Z nq| †h‡nZz wRb¸‡jv Avm‡j
n‡”Q| wgDwRqvg I HwZnvwmK ¯v‡bi `„k¨ I •Zwi Kiv wWGbGÕi GKwU Ask, ZvB GKUv wRb‡K cwieZ©b
m¤¢e n‡”Q| Ki‡Z n‡j j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wWGbGÕi †mB AskUzKz †K‡U
hvbevnb Pvjvb cÖwkÿ‡Y: wegvb †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR Avjv`v K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K
BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi cªwkÿ‡Y mswkøó wmgy¨‡jUi I g‡Wwjs- Av‡iKwU wRb †K‡U G‡b †mLv‡b jvwM‡q w`‡Z nq| Gi
mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY-mswkøó K…wÎg cwi‡ek d‡j GKwU bZzb •ewkó¨m¤úbœ Kvw•ÿZ Dw™¢‡`i m„wó
nq|
•Zwi K‡i cÖwkÿY †`Iqv hvq|
DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvq Wt Lwjj AwaK dmj
wkÿv I M‡elYvq: wkLb ev †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg RwUj
Drcv`bKvix exR Avwe®‥v‡ii Rb¨ Dc‡ii ewY©Z c×wZ
welq¸‡jv wmgy¨‡jkb I g‡Wwjs K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b
AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr wZwb wbw`©ó Dw™¢‡`i wWGbGÕi
mnR‡eva¨ I wPËvKl©Kfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq| M‡elYv wbw`©ó wRb‡K †K‡U Avjv`v K‡i †mLv‡b mywbw`©ó wRb‡K
djvdj we‡kølY I D¯vcb, RwUj AYyi AvYweK MVb †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb cÖRvwZi AwaK dmj Drcv`bKvix
wmgy¨‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g †`Lv hvq| exR Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 15
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Z_¨ g‡Z I ICT Gi fvlvq Wt Lwj‡ji fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z ev¯Íe‡K Dcjwä Kiv nq| GKwU
mnKvixi Kg©KvÐwU •bwZKZv ewnf~©Z| KviY Kv‡iv typical VR format-G GKRb e¨enviKvix wÎgvwÎK
AbygwZ e¨ZxZ Zvi †Kvb Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv ev †m¸‡jv w¯¿b msewjZ GKwU †nj‡gU c‡i Ges Zvi g‡a¨ w`‡q
†`Lv ev Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †bIqv •bwZKZv we‡ivax| G‡K ev¯Íe †_‡K AbyKiYK…Z A¨vwb‡g‡UW ev cÖvYešÍ Qwe
GK cÖKvi AbygwZ MÖnY K‡ib wb| GgbwK mnKvix Zvi †`‡L| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z gvwë‡mÝi wnDg¨vb-
mvg‡b Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ †bIqv †Póv K‡ib wb| eis Kw¤úDUvi B›Uvi †mÝmg~‡ni e¨envi AšÍf©y³ _v‡K hv
wZwb P‡j hvevi ci Zvi AeZ©gv‡b †mLv‡b Kw¤úDUvi gvbe e¨enviKvix‡`i‡K Kw¤úDUvi-wmgy¨‡jU‡UW
†_‡K Z_¨ †bb| hv Pigfv‡e •bwZKZv cwicšx| Avi Ae‡R±, †¯úm, Kvh©µg Ges wek^‡K GKev‡i ev¯Í‡ei
ICT Gi bxwZgvjv Abymv‡i G Kg©KvÐ KL‡bvB g‡Zv AwfÁZv cÖ`v‡b mÿg K‡i †Zv‡j| DÏxc‡K
mg_©b‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB ejv hvq †h, ICT Gi fvlvq M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Avjdv-Gi weÁvbxMYI Dc‡i ewY©Z
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ Kg©KvÐwU ICT bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K Dcv‡q †eªB‡bi Af¨šÍ‡ii MV‡bi Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z
†eAvBbx I •bwZKZv cwicšx| GKwU wmgy¨‡j‡UW cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i Zv ch©‡eÿY
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges ev¯Íe AwfÁZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
20| M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Avjdv-Gi weÁvbxMY †ivMvµvšÍ †Kv‡l (N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvYweK gvÎvi hš¿ •Zwii cÖhyw³wU
mivmwi Jla cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ AvYweK gvÎvi GKwU hš¿ n‡”Q b¨v‡bv †UK‡bv‡jvwR| †Kv‡bv GKwU e¯‧i
•Zwii †Póv Ki‡Qb| †eªB‡bi Af¨šÍ‡ii MVb I †Kvl Kvh©ÿgZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ we‡kl cªhyw³ ev hš¿ e¨envi
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Zvuiv GKwU wmgy¨‡j‡UW cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡i AYy ev civgvYyy¸‡jv‡K b¨v‡bv wgUvi †¯‥‡j ev b¨v‡bv
K‡ib| cvwU©‡Kj iƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv
(K) †Uwj‡gwWwmb Kx? b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi B‡jKUªwb·,
(L) K…wÎg eyw×gËv GK ai‡bi G·cvU© wm‡÷g -eywS‡q Lv`¨, c¨v‡KwRs, K¬w_s, dz‡qj K¨vUvwj÷, M„n-mvgMÖx,
†jL? Jla BZ¨vw`‡Z b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi e¨vcK cÖfve
(M) weÁvbx‡`i ch©‡eÿ‡Y cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki? i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Lv`¨ wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î b¨v‡bv
(N) DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ hš¿ •Zwii cÖhyw³wU Lv`¨ wk‡í wK †UK‡bvjwRi eûwea cÖfve jÿYxq| Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY
ai‡bi cÖfve iv‡L-we‡kølY Ki? †_‡K Lv`¨ Drcv`b, c¨v‡KwRs, cwienb Ges cywó gvb
mgvavb: eRvq ivL‡Z b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³,
(K) Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `yieZ©x †ivMx‡`i‡K e¨env‡ii d‡j Lv`¨ msiÿY Kiv mnR n‡q‡Q| d‡j
we‡kl½ wPwKrmK Øviv wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqvi e¨e¯vB Lv‡`¨i wbivcËv weavb KivI m¤¢e n‡”Q| G cÖhyw³i
n‡jv †Uwj‡gwWwmb| cÖ‡qv‡M Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` ¸Y e„w× Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| GQvovI
(L) K…wÎg eyw×gËv n‡jv gvby‡li wPšÍvfvebv¸‡jv‡K K…wÎg Lv`¨RvZ `ªe¨ c¨v‡KwRs Gi wmjfvi •Zwii Kv‡Ri Ges
Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi ev Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³wbf©i h‡š¿i g‡a¨ wewfbœ wRwb‡mi cÖ‡jc •Zwii Kv‡R b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
iƒc †`Iqvi e¨e¯v| Ab¨w`‡K G·cvU© wm‡÷g n‡jv e¨eüZ nq| Dc‡ii eY©bv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, Lv`¨
K…wÎg eyw×gËvi GKwU cÖ‡qvM| GwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wk‡í b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ e¨vcK cÖfve iv‡L|
wm‡÷g hv gvby‡li wPšÍv-fvebv Kivi `ÿZv Ges mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi mÿgZv‡K GK‡Î aviY K‡i| G wm‡÷‡g 21| W. wgRvb GKRb AvenvIqvwe`| wZwb f~wgK¤ú wb‡q
Kw¤úDUvi‡K wekvj Z_¨ fvÐvi w`‡q mg„× Kiv nq M‡elYv K‡ib| f~wgK‡¤ú evsj‡`‡ki Rvbgv‡ji ÿqÿwZi
hv‡K b‡jR‡eR e‡j| D”P ÿgZvm¤úbœ A‡bK¸‡jv cwigvY Kxfv‡e Kgv‡bv m¤¢e Zv wb‡q Zvi M‡elYv| G
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi I wPc e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi gva¨‡g M‡elYvq wZwb wb‡Ri j¨v‡e e‡mB f~wgK¤úcÖeY †`k¸‡jvi
Kw¤úDUv‡i K…wÎg eyw×gËvi m„wó Kiv nq| ZvB K„wÎg M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡Lb| f~wgK‡¤úi ev¯Íe Abyf~wZ
eyw×gËv GK ai‡bi G·cvU© wm‡÷g| I KiYxq ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z wZwb Rvcv‡bi GKwU AZ¨vaywbK
(M) DÏxc‡K weÁvbxMY †eªB‡bi Af¨šÍ‡ii MVb I †Kvl cÖhyw³ msewjZ M‡elYv †K‡›`ª Mgb K‡ib|
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h c×wZ e¨envi K‡i wmgy¨‡jUW (K) (Actuator) A¨vKPz‡qUi Kx?
cwi‡ek •Zwi K‡ib Zv n‡”Q fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| (L) B-Kgvm© e¨emv evwYR¨‡K mnR K‡i‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g (M) W. wgRvb Kxfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
•ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv K‡ib-e¨vL¨v Ki?
e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Ggbfv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv nq hv‡Z (N) f~wgK‡¤úi ev¯Íe Abyf~wZ I KiYxq wbav©i‡Y W. wgRvb
Zviv GwU‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| fvPz©qvj †Kvb cÖhyw³i e¨envi †`L‡Z Rvcv‡b †M‡jb? we‡kølY
wi‡qwjwU‡Z AbyKiYK…Z cwi‡ek ûeû ev¯Íe c„w_exi Ki|
g‡Zv n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨enviKvix m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c GKwU mgvavb:
Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k wbgw¾Z n‡q hvq| Z_¨ (K) A¨vKPz‡qUi n‡jv †ive‡Ui A½-cÖZ¨½ e¨envi I
Av`vb-cÖ`vbKvix wewfbœ ai‡bi wWfvBm msewjZ Pkgv, bvovPvov Kivi Rb¨ •e`y¨wZK †gvU‡ii mgš^‡q •ZwiK…Z
headsets, gloves, suit BZ¨vw` cwiavb Kivi gva¨‡g we‡kl c×wZ|
16  HSC ICT Chapter-1
(L) B-Kg©vm n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi 22| wfbK¬ bv‡g Rvcv‡bi GK cÖhyw³ †Kv¤úvwb wWwRUvj
†bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev cÖhyw³i K…wÎg MÖnKg©x •Zwi K‡i‡Q hvi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q
cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ MY¨ ev †mev wecYb, weµq, mieivn, wnKvwi| GB MÖnKg©x‡K †`Lv hv‡e n‡jvMÖvwdK c`©vq| wnKvwi
Zvi M„nKZ©v‡K Nyg †_‡K RvMv‡bv, ¸W gwb©s ejv, Awd‡mi
e¨emv msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e
Kv‡Ri dvu‡K dvu‡K wewfbœ evZ©v cvVv‡bvi KvRI Ki‡e| ivwd
m¤úv`b Kiv| eZ©gv‡b B-Kg©vm cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g gvby‡li m`¨ covïbv †kl K‡i †emiKvwi e¨vs‡Ki Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e
cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cY¨B µq-weµq †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q| †h‡nZz †m evmvq GKv _v‡K ZvB gv‡S gv‡S
Kiv n‡”Q| d‡j gvbyl N‡i e‡mB †KbvKvUv †_‡K ïiæ Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z †`wi nq| †mRb¨ †m GKwU wnKvwi †Kbvi
K‡i e¨emv msµvšÍ bvbv KvRI Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| GK ¯v‡b wm×všÍ wb‡jb| †h‡nZz wnKvwii `vg †ewk ZvB evmv †_‡K Pzwi
bv nq †mRb¨ evmvi wbivcËvi e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi wPšÍv Ki‡jb
e‡mB cY¨ µq, wewµ †jb‡`b me KvRB m¤¢e n‡”Q|
hv‡Z cwiwPZ e¨w³iv wbw`©ó evU‡b AvOz‡ji Qvc w`‡q evmvq
†gvUK_v mgq I kÖg Kwg‡q B-Kgvm© e¨emv evwYR¨‡K cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw`I wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zvi Awd‡m UvKvi
mnR K‡i‡Q| †fv‡ë cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ gvB‡µv‡dv‡b K_v e‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq|
(M) W. wgRvb Ab¨vb¨ M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ AbjvB‡b †hvMv‡hvM (K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx?
K‡ib| AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs I (L) AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki?
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ e¨vL¨v Ki?
†UwjKbdv‡iwÝs cÖwµqvq M‡elKMY we‡`‡k bv wM‡qI
(N) DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi evmv I Awd‡m wbivcËv e¨e¯’v
G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM, gZvgZ wewbgq, †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx-we‡kølYc~e©K
M‡elYvcÎ Ges M‡elYvi AMÖMwZi LeivLei ivL‡Z †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI?
cv‡ib| G cÖwµqvq W. wgRvb †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs c×wZ‡Z mgvavb:
†Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb I B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM e¨envi (K) µv‡qvmvR©vwi GK ai‡bi KvUv †Qovwenxb wPwKrmv
K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki M‡elK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z c×wZ, hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎvi M¨vm
gvbe kxi‡i cÖ‡qvM K‡i A¯^vfvweK ev AcÖZvwkZ
cv‡ib| Avevi Kw¤úDUvi, g‡Wg, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM, †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/Z¡K †Kvl aŸsm Kiv nq|
gvB‡µv‡dvb, w¯úKvi, I‡qe K¨v‡giv I KwgDwb‡Kkb (L) AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv
mdUIq¨vi (¯‥vBwc B‡gv BZ¨vw`) e¨envi K‡i we‡k^i b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i| †_‡K
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯v‡b Aew¯Z M‡elKM‡Yi mv‡_ K_v ï‡b I 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges
Qwe †`‡LI mivmwi K‡_vcK_b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G e¨envi Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| ÿz`ª
†_‡K e„nr Ges e„nr †_‡K ÿz`ª G `ywU c×wZ‡Z b¨v‡bv
cÖwµqvq W. wgRvb f~wgK¤úcÖeY †`k¸‡jvi M‡elK‡`i cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| G cÖhyw³i cÖavb myweav n‡”Q Gi
mv‡_ f~wgK¤ú m¤úwK©Z †h‡Kv‡bv welq Rvb‡Z I gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i AYy-cigvYy‡K B”Qvg‡Zv mvwR‡q
Rvbv‡Z cv‡ib| Kvw•LZ iƒc †`Iqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b wRb cÖ‡K․kj, Zwor
(N) f~wgK‡¤úi ev¯Íe Abyf~wZ I KiYxq wba©vi‡Y W. wgRvb cÖ‡K․kj, hš¿ cÖ‡K․kj BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î G †UK‡bvjwR
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Gi cÖ‡qvM †`L‡Z Rvcv‡b †M‡jb| e¨envi Kiv nq|
(M) DÏxc‡Ki wnKvwi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv †ivewU·|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR
gva¨‡g •ZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek, hv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq|
e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡j GwU‡K ev¯Íe †ivewU· g~jZ cÖ‡K․kj weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b
cwi‡ek e‡i g‡b nq| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cwi‡ek †iveU m¤úwK©Z aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b, Kvh©µg,
•Zwii Rb¨ kw³kvjx Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡e`bkxj MÖvwd· e¨envi- †ÿÎ BZ¨vw` welq M‡elYv Kiv nq| GwU
weÁvb cÖ‡K․kjwe`¨vi B›UviwWwmwcøbvwi †m±i, †hLv‡b
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| mvaviY MÖvdw· Avi fvPz©qvj RM‡Zi
†ive‡Ui Moveable body, A¨vKPz‡qUi BZ¨vw`
MÖvwd‡·i g‡a¨ ZdvZ n‡jv GLv‡b kã Ges ¯úk©‡KI nvW©Iq¨vi Ges †ive‡U‡i AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| e¨enviKvixiv hv †`‡L Ges BZ¨vw` welq wee„Z _v‡K| †ivewU‡·i Awafz³ welq
¯úk© K‡i Zv ev¯Í‡ei KvQvKvwQ †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ ej‡Z B‡jKUªwb·, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb,
we‡klfv‡e •Zwi Pkgv †nj‡gU (HMD) QvovI A‡bK b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR, K…wÎg eyw×gËv BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| G
mgq n¨vÛ Møvfm, eyU, my¨U e¨envi Kiv nq| D”P cÖhyw³wU Kw¤úDUvi eyw×gËv msewjZ Ges Kw¤úDUvi
wbqwš¿Z †iveU †gwkb •Zwi K‡i †h¸‡jv AvK…wZMwZ w`K
ÿgZvm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i MÖvwd· e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g `~i †_‡K A‡bKUv gvby‡li g‡Zv nq Ges A‡bKUv gvby‡li
†_‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ nq| G‡K g‡ZvB •`wnK ÿgZvm¤úbœ _v‡K| †iveU n‡jv GK
†Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ ejv nq| GQvovI G c×wZ‡Z ev¯ÍewfwËK ai‡bi B‡jK‡Uªv‡gKvwbK¨vj hvwš¿K e¨e¯v, hv
kãI m„wó Kiv nq, hv‡Z g‡b nq k㸇jv we‡kl we‡kl Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©U KZ©„K wbqwš¿Z
¯vb n‡Z DrmvwiZ n‡”Q| GB fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ GK ai‡bi ¯^qswµq ev Avav-¯^qswµq hš¿ ev hš¿gvbe|
†ive‡U GKevi †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j wVK †mB
e¨envi K‡iB f~wgK‡¤úi Abyf~wZ m„wó I KiYxq
†cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨
welq¸‡jv m„wó Kiv n‡qwQj| gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv| †iveU
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 17
¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i mKj KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| (M) Avwm‡di wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Z_¨ I
†iveU gvby‡li A‡bK `ytmva¨ I KwVb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mydj B-jvwb©s Gi gva¨‡g|
Ges Gi Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L, g‡b nq Gi K…wÎg eyw×gËv B-jvwb©s n‡jv Ggb GKwU wkÿv c×wZ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv
Av‡Q| G †ÿÎwU‡Z ZvB †iveU‡K †hme •ewkó¨ †`Iqvi wkÿv_©x N‡i e‡mB DbœZ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿvR©b
†Póv Kiv nq| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-`k©‡bw›`ªq ev wfRyq¨vj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ hv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv
cvi‡mckb, ms¯úk© ev ¯úk©‡bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ ÿgZv, wbqš¿Y
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM| B›Uvi‡bU-G mshy³ n‡q GKRb
I g¨vwbcy‡jk‡bi †ÿ‡Î `ÿZv ev wbcyYZv, †h‡Kv‡bv
wkÿv_©x cÖPwjZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯Z bv n‡qI N‡i e‡mB
¯v‡b •`wnKfv‡e bovPovi ÿgZv ev †jv‡Kv‡gvkb|
(N) DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi evmv I Awd‡m M„nxZ wbivcËv e¨e¯v B-†gBj, wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs, P¨vU, Bb÷¨v›U †g‡mwRs
†K․kj¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g wd½viwcÖ›U Ges f‡qm cÖf…wZ Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi K‡i
wiKMwbkb hv ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZi AšÍfy©³| ev‡qv‡gwUª· e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni g~j¨vqb cixÿvq Ask †bIqvi gva¨‡g wWwMÖ AR©‡b mÿg
MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K nq| Gfv‡e we‡k^i †h‡Kv‡bv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b cov‡kvbv
AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| wd½viwcÖ›U Ges f‡qm Kiv Ges wWwMÖ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖwµqvq wkÿv AR©b
wiKMwbkb ev‡qv‡gwUª‡·i `ywU kvLv| AZ¨šÍ ¯^í e¨‡qi| †hme Dbœqbkxj ev AbybZ œ †`‡ki
wd½viwcÖ›U n‡”Q eûj cwiwPZ GKwU ev‡qv‡gwUª· wkÿv_©xMY Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y we‡`k wM‡q
wWfvBm hvi mvn‡h¨ gvby‡li Av½y‡ji Qvc ev wUcmB‡K cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Zviv B-jvwb©s Gi gva¨‡g
BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i Zv c~e© n‡Z msiwÿZ Av½y‡ji BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i| D`nviY¯^iƒc,
Qv‡ci mv‡_ wgwj‡q cixÿv Kiv nq| GB c×wZ e¨env‡i
Av‡gwiKvi †Kv‡bv GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡qi AbjvBb wkÿv
LiP LyeB Kg| kbv³Ki‡Y Lye Kg mgq jv‡M Ges
mdjZvi nvi cÖvq kZfvM| e¨e¯vq wkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h,
Ab¨w`‡K f‡qm wiKMwbkb c×wZ‡Z GKRb Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv wM‡q wkÿvR©b
e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ K‡i H Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI Avwmd ÒB-jvwb©sÓ cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g
f‡qm †WUv dvB‡ji mv‡_ e¨enviKvixi f‡q‡mi Zzjbv wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
Kiv nq| G c×wZ mnR I Kg Li‡P ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ (N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avwmd Gi Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY
n‡jI Gi m~²Zv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| f‡qm bKj K‡i n‡jv AvDU‡mvwm©s Ges gwbi Gi Avw_©K m”QjZvi KviY
mn‡R †avKv †`Iqv hvq| Dc‡ivwjøwLZ we‡køl‡Yi n‡jv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| G `ywUB Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
gva¨‡g ¯úó †h DÏxc‡Ki ivwdi M„nxZ wbivcËv c×wZi cÖhyw³i Ae`vb| wb‡P G `ywU wel‡qi Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY
g‡a¨ wd½viwcÖ›U c×wZwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx| Kiv n‡jv:
Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnRjf¨Zv GLb †`‡ki
23| Avwmd Av‡gwiKvi GKwU wek^we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbvi
my‡hvM cvq| wKš‧ Avw_©K Am”QjZvi Kvi‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡Z wkwÿZ mgv‡Ri Rb¨ Avkxev`© e‡q G‡b‡Q| Gi GKwU
hvIqv m¤¢e nq wb| AZtci evsjv‡`‡k e‡mB AbjvB‡bi D`vniY n‡jv AvDU‡mvwm©s| AvDU‡mvwm©s n‡jv AbjvBb
gva¨‡g wek^we`¨vj‡q wWwMÖ AR©b Kij| Avwmd cov‡kvbvi Gi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwbi KvR Kivi
dvu‡K dvu‡K AbjvB‡b KvR K‡i A_© DcvR©b K‡i| d‡j Zvi gva¨‡g A_© DcvR©b Kiv| d‡j GKRb wkwÿZ †eKvi
cvwievwiK Ae¯vi DbœwZ nq| Zvi eÜz gwbi bZzb Rv‡Zi e¨w³I we‡`wk †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡R± m¤úbœ K‡i w`‡q
U‡g‡Uv Pvl K‡i Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb nq| A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z
(K) b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx? AwfÁ e¨w³MY GLb Gme gv‡K©U‡cø‡m wb‡Ri cQ›`mn
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvi wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki? KvR¸‡jv Lyu‡R wb‡”Q| Gfv‡e †`‡ki jvL jvL †eKvi
(M) Avwm‡di wek^we`¨vj‡qi wWwMÖ AR©b Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡q‡Q hyeK Avw_©Kfv‡e m”Qj n‡”Q| Avevi eZ©gvb we‡k^ ewa©Z
e¨vL¨v Ki? RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ Drcv`b DbœZgv‡bi dm‡ji exR
(N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Avwmd I gwbi Avw_©K m”QjZvi
Drcv`b, djb e„w× BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î hyMvšÍKvix cÖfve
KviY Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølYc~e©K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI?
mgvavb: †dj‡Q †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| dm‡ji ¸YMZgvb DbœZ
(K) GK weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i| †_‡K 100 Kivi †ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ
b¨v‡bvwgUvi AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv Ges e¨envi n‡”Q| †hgb-mqvweb, U‡g‡Uv, fzÆv, †cu‡c, Zzjv, †Zj
Kivi cÖhyw³B n‡jv b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| exR BZ¨vw`| Gme dm‡ji wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i
(L) wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv c×wZ n‡jv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| GUv G¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ KxUbvkK
Ggb GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| gwbi G ai‡bi U‡g‡Uv
kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki A¯^vfvweK Ges Pvl K‡iB AwaK Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb
†ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq| nq| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, Avwmd I
µv‡qvmvR©vwi AwZwi³ •kZ¨ ZvcgvÎvq (Ñ41 †_‡K gwb‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZvi g~j KviY Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
Ñ196 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW) †ivMvµvšÍ †mj¸‡jv‡K aŸsm cÖhyw³ e¨envi| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mydj wbR
Kivi KvR K‡i| AwZwi³ •kZ¨ hLb wfZ‡ii
Rxe‡b Kv‡R jvwM‡qB DÏxc‡Ki Avwmd I gwbi Avw_©K
†mi¸‡jv‡K wQ‡o †d‡j ZLb i³bvwj †_‡K †ivMvµvšÍ
m”QjZv jvf K‡i‡Q|
wUmy¨‡Z i³cÖevn eÜ K‡i AviI bó K‡i †d‡j|
18  HSC ICT Chapter-1
5. kxZj ZvcgvÎvq A¯^vfvweK †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kivi
ACS ICT Department Gi g‡bvbxZ eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœmg~n
wPwKrmv c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j? [Kz. †ev. 2023]
1. jvBf K¬v‡m mivmwi wkÿv_©x‡`i cvV`vb Kiv hvq µv‡qve‡jkb µv‡qvcÖe
†KvbwUi gva¨‡g? [iv. †ev. 2023] µv‡qvmvR©vwi µv‡qv‡RwbK
WebEx Google DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi
Facebook Yahoo e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ
DËi: WebEx hv‡Z AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
e¨vL¨v: jvBf-K¬v‡m mivmwi wkÿv_©x‡`i cvV`vb Kiv hvq A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq|
WebEx, Google Meet. Skype whatsapp, Zoom µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi
BZ¨vw` mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i| wfZ‡i –41 C †_‡K –196 C ZvcgvÎvq Kwg‡q Avbv
nq d‡j †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/ †Kv‡l i³ I Aw·‡Rb
2. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨eüZ HMD †KvbwU‡K wb‡`©k
mieivn e× n‡q hvq| G wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ ¯vb
K‡i? [e. †ev. 2023]
I aiYvbyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †cu․Qv‡bvi Rb¨
we‡kl Pkgv n¨vÛ Møvfm
wewfbœ µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U (†hgb : Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
ewW my¨U wi‡qwjwU BwÄb
AvM©b, Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW BZ¨vw`) e¨eüZ
DËi: we‡kl Pkgv
nq|
e¨vL¨v: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z e¨eüZ HMD ev Head
Mountained Display n‡jv we‡klfv‡e •Zwi Pkgv ev
†nj‡gU| e¨enviKvix hv †`‡L Ges ¯úk© K‡i Zv 6. †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ n‡q hvq?
ev¯Í‡ei KvQvKvwQ †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ GB we‡kl Pkgvi [Xv. †ev. 2023]
mv‡_ n¨vÛ Møvfm, eyU, my¨U BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq| – 41 C †_‡K – 196 C
– 31 C †_‡K – 186 C
3. †gwkb jvwb©s A¨vwcø‡Kkb •Zwi‡Z †Kvb †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv – 21 C †_‡K – 176 C
e¨eüZ nq? – 0 C †_‡K – 100 C
[iv. †ev. 2013; wm. †ev. 2013; g. †ev. 2013] DËi: – 41 C †_‡K – 196 C
C Python e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ
Java Algol hv‡Z AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
DËi: Python A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v: Al ev AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ (Artificial µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi
Intelligance) Gi AvIZvq †ek wKQz †ÿÎ i‡q‡Q| hvi wfZ‡i –41 C †_‡K –196 C ZvcgvÎvq Kwg‡q Avbv
g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv : †gwkb jvwb©s, †ivewU·, nq d‡j †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/ †Kv‡l i³ I Aw·‡Rb
Kw¤úDUvi wfkb, b¨vPvivj j¨v½y‡qR cÖ‡mwms (NLP), mieivn e× n‡q hvq| G wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ ¯vb
w¯úP cÖ‡mwms BZ¨vw`| gvbyl †hfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv K‡i, I aiYvbyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †cu․Qv‡bvi Rb¨
K…wÎg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i †mfv‡e wPšÍv fvebv Kivi wewfbœ µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U (†hgb : Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
mÿgZvi iƒc`vb Kiv‡K AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ev
AvM©b, Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW BZ¨vw`) e¨eüZ
K…wÎg eyw×gËv e‡j| K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
nq|
cÖavbZ C/C++, Java, MATLAB, Python,
SHRDLU, PROLOG, LISP, CLISP, R BZ¨vw`
7. µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z wb‡¤œi †KvbwU e¨eüZ
†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v¸‡qR e¨envi Kiv nq| K…wÎg eyw×gËv nq? [h. †ev. 2023]
eZ©gv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb wPwKrmvwe`¨v,
µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U A‡¯¿vcPvi
hyׇÿÎ, K…wl, B-Kgvm©, wkÿv, wegvb Pvjbv, †Mwgs,
†iwWI †_ivwc †K‡gv‡_ivwc
†ivewU· BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Al Gi e¨envi cwijwÿZ n‡”Q|
DËi: µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U
e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi wPwKrmv c×wZ
4. †iveU MV‡b KqwU wbw`©ó we‡klZ¡ i‡q‡Q?
hv‡Z AZ¨waK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
[w`. †ev. 2023]
2 3 A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq|
4 5 µv‡qv‡_ivwc‡Z †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi
DËi: 3 wfZ‡i –41 C †_‡K –196 C ZvcgvÎvq Kwg‡q Avbv
e¨vL¨v: †iveU MV‡b 3wU wbw`©ó we‡klZ¡ i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : nq d‡j †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨/ †Kv‡l i³ I Aw·‡Rb
1. †ive‡Ui hvwš¿K MVb Zvi wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Dci wbf©i mieivn e× n‡q hvq| G wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ ¯vb
K‡i Kiv nq| I aiYvbyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †cu․Qv‡bvi Rb¨
2. hvwš¿K KvR Kivi Rb¨ we`y¨r e¨env‡ii e¨e¯v wewfbœ µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U (†hgb : Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
_vK‡Z nq| AvM©b, Aw·‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW BZ¨vw`) e¨eüZ
3. Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Øviv †iveU‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| nq|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 19
8. •ewkó¨ Abyhvqx Rxe‡K kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? e¨vL¨v: DNA ch©‡eÿ‡Y gvbe kix‡ii i³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
[Xv. †ev. 2023] DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) n‡jv
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qv‡gwUª‡Ki kvixie„Ëxq kbv³KiY c×wZ| DNA
ev‡qv‡gwUª· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· †U‡÷i gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K AZ¨šÍ wbLyuZfv‡e
DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª· kbv³ Kiv hvq| DNA ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ gvbe kix‡ii
e¨vL¨v: •`wnK MVb ev AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i i³, Pzj, AvOz‡ji bL, gy‡Li jvjv BZ¨vw` Dcv`vb
†Kv‡bv gvbyl ev Rxe‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|
n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwU·|
13. b¨v‡bvcvwU©‡K‡ji AvK…wZ KZ? [Xv. †ev. 2023]
9. K¨vcPvi, G·UªvKkb, KgcvwiRb I g¨vwPs †Kvb cÖhyw³i 1 †_‡K 100 nm
†ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq? [wm. †ev. 2023; g. †ev. 2023] 1 †_‡K 200 nm
†ivewU· ev‡qv‡gwUª· 1 †_‡K 300 nm
K…wÎg eyw×gËv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis 1 †_‡K 400 nm
DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª· DËi: 1 †_‡K 100 nm
e¨vL¨v: K¨vcPvi, G·UªvKkb, KgcvwiRb I g¨vwPs e¨vL¨v: weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi
ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³i †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq| ev‡qv‡gwUª· AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
cÖhyw³‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb ev AvPiYMZ e‡j| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR g~jZ `ywU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
•ewkó¨‡K m¨v¤új wn‡m‡e K¨vcPvi K‡i G·UªvKkb K‡i GKwU n‡jv Top-down Ges AciwU Bottom-up
†WUv‡e‡R msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z msiwÿZ †WUvi c×wZ| Uc WvDb c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU
m‡½ K¤úvwiRb I g¨vwPs Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †`Iqv nq| Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb
KvR Kiv nq| B‡jKUªwb· n‡jv Uc WvDb cÖhyw³| Ab¨w`‡K eUg Avc
c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
10. †KvbwU ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i Dcv`vb bq? ax‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv nq|
[P. †ev. 2023]
imvqb †WUv‡em 14. Top down c×wZ e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU‡Z?
†cÖvMÖvg MwYZ I cwimsL¨vb [h. †ev. 2023]
DËi: imvqb †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qv‡gwU·
e¨vL¨v: imvqb ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i Dcv`vb bq| Kw¤úDUvi ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR
mdUIq¨vi I cwimsL¨vbMZ †K․kj e¨envi K‡i •Re DËi: b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR
†WUv msMÖn I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g •Re M‡elYvq e¨eüZ e¨vL¨v: weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi
GKwU DbœZ c×wZ n‡jv ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· mvaviYZ PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q e‡j| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR g~jZ `ywU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
KvR K‡i _v‡K| GKwU n‡jv Top-down Ges AciwU Bottom-up
1. AvYweK Rxewe`¨v I †gwWwmb| c×wZ| Uc WvDb c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU
2. †WUv‡eR| K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †`Iqv nq| Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb
3. †cÖvMÖvg| B‡jKUªwb· n‡jv Uc WvDb cÖhyw³| Ab¨w`‡K eUg Avc
4. MwYZ I cwimsL¨vb| c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
ax‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv nq|
11. †cÖvwU‡bi wmKz‡qÝ •Zwii cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [e. †ev. 2023]
15. b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ KqwU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq?
ev‡qv‡gwUª· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
[P. †ev. 2023]
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
2wU 3wU
DËi: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
4wU 5wU
e¨vL¨v: †cÖvwU‡bi wmKz‡qÝ •Zwii cÖhyw³ n‡”Q
DËi: 2wU
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| GQvovI wR‡bvg wmKz‡qÝ, wRb‡_ivwc,
e¨vL¨v: weÁvb I cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i 1 †_‡K 100 b¨v‡bvwgUvi
gwjKzjvi †gwWwmb, Ilya •Zwi‡Z, weKí kw³i Drm
AvK…wZi †Kv‡bv wKQz •Zwi Kiv‡K b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
mÜv‡b, RxevYy A¯¿ •Zwi‡Z ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ nq|
e‡j| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR g~jZ `ywU c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
GKwU n‡jv Top-down Ges AciwU Bottom-up
12. DNA ch©‡eÿ‡Y gvbe kix‡ii †Kvb Dcv`vb e¨envi
c×wZ| Uc WvDb c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K †K‡U †QvU
Kiv nq? [h. †ev. 2023]
K‡i Zv‡K wbw`©ó AvKvi †`Iqv nq| Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb
gyLgÐj Kɯ^i
B‡jKUªwb· n‡jv Uc WvDb cÖhyw³| Ab¨w`‡K eUg Avc
†iwUbv i³
c×wZ‡Z ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
DËi: i³
ax‡i ax‡i eo †Kv‡bv wRwbm •Zwi Kiv nq|
20  HSC ICT Chapter-1
16. mvbw¯Œb I g‡qðvivBRvi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³  DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 18 I 19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
†KvbwU? [e. †ev. 2023] Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi wkÿv_©x Kvgvj GKwU hš¿ •Zwi
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· µv‡qvmvR©vwi K‡i| †hwU DuPz wbPz ¯v‡b Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR wfwWI aviY K‡i Ab¨‡`i wbKU cvVv‡Z cv‡i|
DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR 18. Kvgvj hš¿wU‡K †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i •Zwi K‡i?
e¨vL¨v: mvbw¯…b I g‡qðvivBRvi •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ [Kz. †ev 23]
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR| b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi Ab¨vb¨ e¨envi : ev‡qv‡gwUª· b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi Ab¨vb¨ e¨envi : †ivewU· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· 
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mm‡ii D”P MwZ, `xN©¯vwqZ¡, Kg DËi: †ivewU·
LiP BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î e¨envh©| GKB m‡½ wfmv e¨vL¨v: DÏxc‡Ki Kvgvj hš¿wU‡K †ivewU· cÖhyw³ e¨envi
†Kvqv›Uvg cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| K‡i •Zwi K‡i|
2. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î b¨v‡bv-†iveU e¨envi K‡i Acv‡ikb †ivewU·: weÁvb, BwÄwbqvwis Ges cÖhyw³i mgš^‡q MwVZ
†hgbÑ GbwRIcøv÷ mivmwi †ivMvµvšÍ †m‡j AvBwmwUi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR
wPwKrmv cÖ`vb Kiv| †hgbÑ b¨v‡bv µv‡qvmvR©vwi| m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv
WvqvM‡bvwmm Kiv| †hgbÑ G‡ÛvmKwc, nq| GQvovI GB kvLvq †iveU wbqš¿‡Y Kw¤úDUvi
GbwRIMÖvg, K‡jv‡bvi BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv nq| wm‡÷g, †ive‡Ui †mbmwi wdWe¨vK Ges Bbdi‡gkb
3. R¡vjvwb wk‡í R¡vjvwb Dr‡mi weKí wn‡m‡e wewfbœ cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
`i‡bi dz‡qj •Zwii Kv‡R, †hgbÑ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Avqb †_‡K dz‡qj, †m․iwe`y¨r Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 19. Kvgv‡ji hš¿wU e¨envi Kiv hvq- [Kz. †ev. 23]
†m․i‡Kvl •Zwii KviY| i. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î
4. †hvMv‡hvM †ÿ‡Î nvjKv IR‡bi I Kg R¡vjvwb ii. M„ne¨e¯vcbvq
Pvwn`vm¤úbœ Mvwo cÖ¯‧ZKi‡Y| iii. wkí KviLvbvq
5. wewfbœ ai‡bi †Ljvayjvi mvgMÖx †hgbÑ wµ‡KU, wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†Uwbm e‡ji ¯vwqZ¡ e„w×i Rb¨, dzUej ev Mjd i I ii i I iii
e‡ji evZv‡mi fvimvg¨ iÿv‡_©| ii I iii i, ii I iii
6. wkí-KviLvbvi ÿwZKi ivmvqwbK eR©¨‡K b¨v‡bv
DËi: i, ii I iii
cvwU©‡Kj e¨envi K‡i AÿwZKi e¯‧‡Z iƒcvšÍi
e¨vL¨v: wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î, M„ne¨e¯vcbv I wkí KviLvbvq
K‡i cvwb‡Z wb®‥vwkZ Kiv; †hgbÑ U¨vbvwi wk‡íi
eZ©gv‡b mdjfv‡e †ive‡Ui e¨envi cwijwÿZ n‡”Q|
eR©¨‡K GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ `~lYgy³ K‡i b`xi
†ivewU‡·i Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi †ÿ‡Î-
cvwbi `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a mnvqZv K‡i| †Zgwbfv‡e
 hy`܇ÿ‡Î hy×hv‡b WªvBfv‡ii weKí wn‡m‡e †iveU‡K
Mvwo I wkíKviLvbvi wbM©Z welv³ †auvqv b¨v‡bv
e¨envi Kiv hvq| GB mg¯Í †iveU `~i wbqwš¿Z
cvwU©‡K‡ji mnvqZvq `~lYgy³ M¨v‡m cwiYZ K‡i
evqy `~lY †iva Kiv hvq| (Remote Controlled) nIqvq †h †Kv‡bv g~û‡Z©
7. cÖmvabx‡Z wRsK A·vBW-Gi b¨v‡bv cvwU©‡Kj hy³ wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e nq|
nIqvq Z¡‡Ki K¨vÝvi †iva m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| †mB mv‡_  †h me †ÿ‡Î AwZ m~² KvR Kiv `iKvi nq †hgb:
mvbw¯…b I g‡qðvivBRvi •Zwii Kv‡R e¨envh© B‡jKUªwb· Gi IC ¸‡jv evbv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges PCB
ivmvqwbK c`v_© •Zwii †ÿ‡Î Ges Gw›U-GwRs wµg (Printed Circuit Board) evbv‡bvi Rb¨ †iveU
•Zwi‡ZI b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq| e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î nv‡Z •wZi wRwbm mwVK bvI
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡evW©mn Ab¨vb¨
17. AbvKvw•ÿZ ev AevwÂZ B-†gBj ev †g‡mR cvVv‡bv‡K mvwK©U †evW© •Zwi‡Z †iveU e¨eüZ nq|
Kx ejv nq? [wm. †ev. 2023; g. †ev. 2023]  wbDwK¬qvi wiq¨v±imn wewfbœ wec`RbK I SzuwKc~Y©
¯ú¨vwgs wdwks Kv‡R gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
n¨vwKs fvBivm  DbœZ we‡k^ wbivcËvi Kv‡R †ive‡Ui mdj e¨envi
DËi: ¯ú¨vwgs n‡”Q|
e¨vL¨v: B-†gBj A¨vKvD‡›U AbvKvw•ÿZ ev AevwÂZ B-†gBj  DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 20 I 21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
ev †g‡mR cvVv‡bv‡K ejv nq ¯ú¨vwgs| hLb †Kv‡bv Aviwkqvi evev M„n¯jxi Kv‡R mnqZv Ki‡Z mÿg
e¨enviKvix Zvi B-†gBj A¨vKvD›U e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv GKwU hš¿ •Zwi K‡ib| Avwikv †`Lj hš¿wU M„nKg©xi
I‡qemvBU wfwRU K‡i ZLb ¯ú¨vgviiv †mLvb †_‡K B- g‡Zv Ni cwi®‥vi, ivbœvmn bvbv ab‡bi Kv‡R mnvqZv
†gBj A¨vKvD›U msMÖn K‡i wewfbœ cÖZviYvg~jK †g‡mR K‡i|
cvVvq|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 21
20. DÏxc‡Ki hš¿wUi wbqš¿Y gva¨g †KvbwU? [h. †ev. 23]  cywj‡ki mvnvh¨Kvix wn‡m‡e: we‡k^i eû †`‡k cywjk
cvIqvi wm‡÷g •e`y¨wZK †gvUi wec¾bK cwiw¯wZ †gvKv‡ejvq †iveU‡K e¨envi
cÖ‡mmi B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U  K‡i|
DËi: cÖ‡mmi  mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î: mvgwiK †ÿ‡ÎI †ive‡Ui e¨envi
e¨vL¨v: †iveU‡K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs w`‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †evgv wbw®…q Kiv, f~wg gvBb mbv³
Ges Kw¤úDUvi wbqš¿‡Yi KvR K‡i cÖ‡mmi| cÖ‡mmi Kiv, mvgwiK bvbv miÄvgvw` enb Ges Ab¨vb¨
n‡jv GK ai‡bi we‡kl nvW©Iq¨vi hv BbcyU n‡Z wewfbœ
wgwjUvwi Acv‡ik‡b †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡`©kvejx MÖnY K‡i m¤úv`b K‡i Ges
 M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R: wKQz wKQz †iveU nvuU‡Z cv‡i Ges
AvDUcyU wWfvB‡m cÖ`k©b K‡i|
gvby‡li mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z cv‡i| iæwUbgvwdK N‡ii
†R‡b ivLv fv‡jv:
cÖvZ¨wnK A‡bK KvRKg©: †hgb-Kwd •Zwi Kiv, Ni
cvIqvi wm‡÷g: cvIqvi wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e †jW GwmW
cwi®‥vi Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R †iveU‡K e¨envi Kiv
w`‡q •Zwi wiPv‡R©ej e¨vUvwi e¨eüZ nq| GwU g~jZ
†iveU‡K mPj ivLvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| hvq|
•e`y¨wZK †gvUi: •e`y¨wZK †gvUi †ive‡Ui nvZ cv  wPwKrmvq: wPwKrmv‡ÿ‡Î RwUj me Acv‡ikb
BZ¨vw` bovPov Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| mvR©b‡`i bvbv ai‡bi Kv‡R †iveU mnvqZv K‡i|
B‡jKwUªK mvwK©U: GwU g~jZ †iveU‡K we`y¨r ms‡hvM  gnvKvk M‡elYvq: gvby‡li cwie‡Z© gnvKvk Awfhv‡b
cÖ`v‡bi KvR K‡i| B‡jKwUªK mvnv‡h¨ †iveU cvIqvi GLb wewfbœ •ewkó¨ msewjZ †iveU e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
wm‡÷g n‡Z cvIqvi wb‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj KvR m¤úªwZ g½jMÖn hy³iv‡óªi bvmv KZ©„K ÔwKDwiIwmwUÕ
m¤úv`b K‡i| bv‡gi GKwU †iveU cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hwU g½‡ji
cwi‡ek, cÖK…wZ BZ¨vw` n‡Z Z_¨ wb‡q †m¸‡jv‡K
21. †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î hš¿wUi e¨envi i‡q‡Q- [h. †ev. 23] we‡kølY K‡i c„w_ex‡Z cvVv‡”Q|
i. mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL¨, †ive‡Ui wbR¯^ eyw×gËv †bB e‡j GwU †Kv‡bv
ii. wPwKrmvi Kv‡R cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
iii. g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis
 DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 22 I 23 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ivBqvbv GgweweGm cvm K‡i †gwW‡Kj wek^we`¨vj‡q
i I ii i I iii
D”PZi wWwMÖi Rb¨ fwZ© nq| †mLv‡b †m K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k
ii I iii i, ii I iii
†Kv‡bv †ivMx QvovB mvR©vwi cÖwkÿY MÖnY K‡i|
DËi: i, ii I iii
22. ivBqvbvi cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi c×wZwU n‡jv- [iv. †ev. 23 ]
e¨vL¨v: †ive‡Ui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi:
ev‡qv‡gwÆ· fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU
 wec¾bK Kv‡R: wec¾bK Kv‡R gvby‡li cwie‡Z© b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· 
GLb †iveU Gi e¨envi n‡”Q| †hgb: Lwbi
DËi: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU
Af¨šÍixY KvR, Wz‡e hvIqv RvnvR AbymÜvb
e¨vL¨v: DÏxc‡Ki ivBqvbvi K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k †ivMx Qvov
BZ¨vw`|
mvR©vwi cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi c×wZwU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU|
 fvix wkí KviLvbvq: g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis KviLvbvq fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU: cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‧ ev¯Í‡ei
Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ bvbv iKg
b¨vq Abyf~wZ cÖ`vbKvix ev ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`¨MKvix
wec¾bK I cwikÖgmva¨ KvR †hgb- I‡qwìs,
weÁvbwbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU (VR) e‡j|
XvjvB, fvix gvj IVv‡bv ev bvgv‡bv, hš¿vs‡k
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I wmgy‡jkb Z‡Ë¡i
ms‡hvRb BZ¨vw` Kiv nq|
Dci cÖwZwôZ| G‡Z Kw¤úDUvi wmyg‡jkb I g‡Wwjs
 cy•Lvbycy•Liƒ‡c cixÿvi Kv‡R: †iveU AwZÿz`ª
mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR •Zwi K‡i Am¤¢e
gvB‡µvmvwK©‡Ui Dcv`vb cy•Lvby•Liƒ‡c Awek^vm¨fv‡e
KvRI Kiv m¤¢eci nq|
cixÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Kiv gvby‡li c‡ÿ KwVb Ges
Am¤^e| 23. D³ c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRb- [iv. †ev. 23]
 SyuwKc~Y© Kv‡R: cvigvYweK †K‡›`ª ÿwZKi i. Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb
†ZRw¯…qvq †h me Kg©x KvR K‡ib Zv‡`i SzuwK ii. wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR
A‡bK| Gme SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R gvby‡li e`‡j †iveU iii. A¨vKPz‡qUi
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 wbivcËvi Kv‡R: DbœZ we‡k^i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© i I ii i I iii
e¨e¯vcbvq wbivcËvi Rb¨ †iveU e¨eüZ nq| ii I iii i, ii I iii
wbivcËvi Rb¨ •Zwi Kiv †iveU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A‡bK DËi: i I ii
feb cvnvivq e¨envi Kiv nq|
22  HSC ICT Chapter-1
 DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 24 I 25 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:  DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 27 I 28 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
cÖZvc GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU K‡ÿ Av½y‡ji Qvc w`‡q wgt ‘X’ Zzjvi DbœZ RvZ D™¢ve‡b M‡elYv K‡ib| wZwb
cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †mLv‡b Kvi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY †bq| Liv mwnòz, AwaK djbkxj I AvMvg Rv‡Zi Zzjv
24. DÏxc‡Ki K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡k e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? [iv. †ev. 23] D™¢ve‡b mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib|
†ivewU· ev‡qvg¨vwUª·
27. wgt ‘X’ M‡elYvq †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡ib? [e. †ev. 23]
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU 
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
DËi: ev‡qvg¨vwUª· b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR ev‡qv‡gwUª· 
e¨vL¨v: DÏxc‡Ki K‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ ev‡qvg¨vwUª· cÖhyw³ DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Y Av½y‡ji e¨vL¨v: wgt ‘X’ Zvi M‡elYvq Zzjvi DbœZ RvZ D™¢ve‡b
Qvc‡K Av`k© wn‡m‡e aiv n‡q‡Q| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡ib|
D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
25. cÖZv‡ci cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³ f~wgKv iv‡L- [iv. †ev. 23] cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨, dmj Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î
i. wkÿv I M‡elYvq †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| †hgb-
ii. wbivcËvq mqvweb, fzÆv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡c, BZ¨vw`i
iii. e¨emv-evwY‡R¨
wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b e„w×,
†cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`bvkK QÎvK I fvBivm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖwZ‡iv` Kiv hv‡”Q| †R‡bwUK¨vwj cwiewZ©Z dmj
i I ii i I ii
AwaK Liv I VvÛv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i, ii I iii 28. wgt ‘X’ Gi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡e- [e. †ev. 23]
e¨vL¨v: cÖZv‡ci cÖwkÿ‡Y e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wU n‡jv fvPz©qvj i. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm cv‡e
wi‡qwjwU| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ f~wgKv iv‡L- ii. Rxe‣ewP‡Î¨ cwieZ©b mvavb n‡e
 we‡bv`b †ÿ‡Î: bvbv ai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi gva¨‡g mvaviY iii. RxeweaŸsmx fvBiv‡mi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i
gvbyl fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi mv‡_ me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i I ii i I iii
nIqvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wÎgvwÎK c×wZ‡Z wbwg©Z
ii I iii i, ii I iii
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU wbf©i KíKvwnwb, †c․ivwYK Kvwnwb,
DËi: ii I iii
KvUz©b, HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` gvby‡li Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v: wgt ‘X’ Gi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡fi d‡j-
RbwcÖqZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q| AvRKvjKvi cÖvq  bZzb Rv‡Zi Zzjvi D™¢ve‡b Rxe‣ewP‡Î cwieZ©b mvab
cÖwZwU Pjw”P‡Î wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi †`Lv hvq| n‡e|
 hvbevnb Pvjv‡bv I cÖwkÿ‡Y: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi  M‡elYvq A‣bwZK ev AhvwPZfv‡e wR‡bi ¯vbvšÍ‡ii
me‡P‡q ev¯ÍegyLx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K d¬vBU wmgy‡jU‡i d‡j RxeweaŸsmx cÖRvwZ ev fvBiv‡mi D™¢e n‡Z
†hLv‡b •egvwbKiv ev¯Í‡e Avmj wegvb DÇq‡bi cv‡i|
c~‡e©B wegvb cwiPvbvi ev¯Íe RMr‡K Abyaveb K‡i D‡jøL¨ †h M‡elYvi d‡j †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm
_v‡Kb| cv‡e bv eis e„w× cv‡e|
 mvgwiK cÖwkÿ‡Y: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi
 DÏxcKwU c‡o Ges 29 I 30 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
hyׇÿ‡Îi Aven •Zwi K‡i •mwbK‡`i‡K DbœZ I
†mwjg wgqv K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x| †m GK ai‡bi
wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i Rwg‡Z D”P djbkxj nvBweªW Rv‡Zi
 e¨emv evwY‡R¨: Drcvw`Z wKsev cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ dmj Drcv`b K‡i‡Qb|
gvb, MVb, wecYb, m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB, g~j¨vqb, wecYb 29. †mwjg wgqv †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i‡Qb? [ w`. †ev 23]
Kg©x cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡g fvPz©qvj b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR ev‡qv Bbdi‡gwU·
wi‡qwjwUi wmgy‡jkb c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qv‡gwUªK 
DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
26. †UwjcÖ‡R‡Ýi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ †KvbwU? e¨vL¨v: DÏxc‡Ki †mwjg wgqv †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨envi
[Xv. †ev. 23; wm. †ev. 23; g. †ev. 23 ] K‡i D”P djbkxj nvBweªW Rv‡Zi dmj Drcv`b
µv‡qvmvR©vwi ev‡qv‡gwUª· K‡i‡Qb| D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b †‡RbwUK
fvP©zqvj wi‡qwjwU AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡R›U  BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨, dmj Drcv`‡bi
†ÿ‡Î †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
DËi: fvP©zqvj wi‡qwjwU
†hgb- mqvweb, fzÆv, Zzjv, •Zj exR, U‡g‡Uv, †cu‡c
e¨vL¨v: D”PÿgZvm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡e`bkxj MÖvwd·
BZ¨vw`i wRb •ewkó¨ cwieZ©b K‡i G¸‡jvi Drcv`b
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g A‡bK `~i †_‡K KvR cwiPvjbvq e„w×, †cvKv-gvKo I Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`bvkK QvÎvK I
cÖwµqv‡K †Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ e‡j| fvPz©qvj, wi‡qwjwUi fvBivm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q| †R‡bwUK¨vwj cwiewZ©Z
cwi‡ek •Zwi‡Z †Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ Gi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| dmj AwaK Liv I VvÛv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 23
30. DÏxc‡K †mwjg wgqvi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³wUi jÿ¨ n‡jv- 36. †Kvb wkÿv e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g L¨vZbvgv wek^we`¨vj‡qi
[w`. †ev. 23] wkÿK‡`i mv‡_ †jLvcovi †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv m¤¢e
i. dmj Drcv`b e„w× Kiv n‡”Q?
ii. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv n«vm Kiv †gvevBj †Uwjwfkb
iii. AvMvQv mwnòz Kiv AbjvBb B›Uvi‡bU 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? DËi: AbjvBb
i I ii i I iii e¨vL¨v: eZ©gv‡b AbjvBb K¬vmiæg e¨e¯vi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv
ii I iii i, ii I iii B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i K¬v‡m cvV`v‡bi mgq mivmwi cÖkœ
DËi: i I ii Dˇii gva¨‡g cvV`v‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
e¨vL¨v: †mwjg wgqvi e¨eüZ cÖhyw³i d‡j D”P djbkxj AbjvB‡bi wewfbœ A¨vc, †hgb-Google meet,
WebEx, Webinar, Facebook messenger, imo,
nvBweªW Rv‡Zi dm‡j k‡m¨i ¸YMZ gvb e„w× cv‡e skype, Whatsapp, Zoom &BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i jvBf-
cvkvcvwk AvMvQv mwnòz n‡e Ges †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv K¬v‡m mivmwi wkÿv_©x‡`i cvV`vb Kiv nq|
e„w× cv‡e d‡j †`‡k cÖPzi dmj Drcv`b n‡e|
37. AbjvB‡b cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqvq wkÿv Kvh©µg
31. †Møvevj wf‡jR aviYvi cÖeZ©K †K? cwiPvjbv‡K Kx e‡j?
Herbert Marshal Mcluhan B-÷vwW Ab-jvwb©s
John McCarthy B-jvwb©s B›UviA¨vw±f K¬vm
Karel Capek DËi: B-jvwb©s
Mark Zuckerber  e¨vL¨v: MZvbyMwZK †kÖwbK‡ÿ wkÿv`v‡bi cwie‡Z© AbjvB‡b
DËi: Herbert Marshal Mcluhan wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªwbK gva¨g, we‡klZ
Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU I I‡qe e¨enviK †i wkÿv
32. wek^MÖvg aviYvi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi c×wZB n‡jv B-jvwb©s|
wkÿv M‡elYv
wPwKrmv †hvMv‡hvM 38. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs c×wZ‡Z Wv³v‡ii KvQ †_‡K †ivMxi
DËi: †hvMv‡hvM wPwKrmv‡K Kx e‡j?
B-†gwWwmb B-†Uwj‡dvb
33. AwWI-wfRyqvj c×wZ‡Z mfv Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? †Uwj‡gwWwmb †gwWK¨vj mvwf©m
†UwjKbdv‡iwÝs wfwWI P¨vwUs DËi: †Uwj‡gwWwmb
wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs †Uwj‡gwWwmb
39. EHC Gi c~Yiƒc †KvbwU?
DËi: wfwWI P¨vwUs Exxential Health Card
e¨vL¨v: AwWI wfRyqvj c×wZ‡Z we‡k^i †h‡Kv‡bv kni I ¯v‡b Electronic Health Card
Ae¯vb K‡i †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb hš¿cvwZ †hgb- Electronic Hospital Card
Kw¤úDUvi, ¯§vU©‡dvb, †Uwjwfkb e¨envi K‡i mfv Electronic Health Cash
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kivi †K․kjB n‡jv wfwWI DËi: Electronic Health Card
Kbdv‡iwÝs e¨vL¨v: EHC ev Electronic Helth Card n‡jv †WUv‡e‡R
msiwÿZ †ivMxi Z_¨ hv e¨envi K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯vb n‡Z
34. AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi RbwcÖq gv‡K©U †cøm †KvbwU? e¨w³i †ivM m¤úwK©Z Z_¨, wi‡cvU©, wPwKrmv e¨e¯vcÎ
Next Work Freelancer cvIqv m¤¢e|
Delance Relancer
DËi: Freelancer 40. Awd‡mi hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K ¯^qswµq Kiv‡K ejv nq-
e¨vL¨v: wek^e¨vcx AvDU‡mvwms Gi RbwcÖq gv‡K©U †cøm¸‡jv A‡Uv‡gkb wWwRUvjvB‡Rkb
n‡jv-Upwork, Elance, Freelancer, Belancar, †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb Iqvb-÷c mv‡cvU©
Fiverr Codachef BZ¨vw`| DËi: A‡Uv‡gkb

41. e¨emvq-evwY‡R¨i AvaywbKZg ms¯‹iY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?

35. RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i cÖKvwkZ B-Kgvm© B-jvwb©s
cvV¨cy¯‘K I‡qemvBU †_‡K †Kvb AvKv‡i WvDb‡jvW B-†gBj B-Uª¨vwKs 
Ki‡Z nq? DËi: B-Kgvm©
B-jvwb©s B-Rvb©vj e¨vL¨v: B-Kgvm© n‡jv AvaywbK †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ges Kw¤úDUvi
B-eyK B-†U·U  †bUIqvK© we‡klZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ ev
DËi: B-eyK cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cY¨ ev †mev wecYb, weµq, mieivn,
e¨vL¨v: B-eyK n‡jv wcÖ›UK…Z eB‡qi AbjvBb ev wWwRUvj e¨emv msµvšÍ †jb‡`b BZ¨vw` KvR mw¤§wjZfv‡e
fvm©b hv WvDb‡jvW K‡i cov hvq| m¤úv`b Kiv|
24  HSC ICT Chapter-1
42. EFT Gi c~Yiƒc Kx? 49. K…wÎg eyw×gËvq cÖavbZ e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU?
Electronic Fund Transfer DROLOG HTML
Emotional Freedom Techniques PYTHON COBOL
Enterprising Fund Transfer DËi: PYTHON
Electronic Fund Techniques  e¨vL¨v: K…wÎg eyw×gËvq e¨eüZ †cÖvMÖvg j¨vs¸‡qR¸‡jv n‡jv-
DËi: Electronic Fund Transfer C/C+, Java, Python, SHRDLU, PROLOG,
LFSP, CLIP
43. B‡jKUªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdviÕ c×wZ‡Z e¨e¯’v †KvbwU?
ATM MIM 50. AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡R‡Ýi me‡P‡q mdj †ÿÎ †KvbwU?
PSTN GSM †gwkb jvwb©s w¯úP
DËi: ATM GbGjwc †Mwgs 
e¨vL¨v: B‡j±ªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi n‡jv GKwU B‡j±ªwbK †jb‡`b DËi: †gwkb jvwb©s
ev Uªvb‡RKkb, hv msNwUZ nq Kw¤úDUvivBRW
51. cÖhyw³ †h kvLv †ivewUK wWRvBb, msMVb, wbqš¿Y Ges
†bUIqv‡K©i mvnv‡h¨ GKB e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ kvLvi g‡a¨
cwiPvjbvq mshy³ Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
A_ev wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ A¨vKvD‡›Ui
†ivewU· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
g‡a¨| ev‡qv‡gwUª· we‡nweqvi 
DËi: †ivewU·
44. fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwUi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ mdUIq¨vi n‡jv-
e¨vL¨v: †ivewU· n‡jv cÖ‡K․kj weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b
Phython Java
†iveU m¤úwK©Z aviYv, bKkv, Drcv`b, Kvh©µg, e¨envi
Vizard Atom
†ÿÎ BZ¨vw` welq M‡elYv Kiv nq|
DËi: Vizard
e¨vL¨v: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi †ÿ‡Î mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv n‡jv- 52. AwZ kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPwKrmv Kiv‡K ejv
Vizard, VR Toolkit, 3DS MAX nqÑ
ev‡qv‡gwUª· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª·
45. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g wegvb cwiPvjbv cÖwkÿ‡Y
µv‡qvmvR©vwi †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨envi nq? DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi
d¬vBU †iKW©vi d¬vBU w÷gy¨‡jUi e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi AwZwi³ •kZ¨ ZvcgvÎvq (– 41C)
d¬vBU wmgy¨‡jUi d¬vBU wWfvBm †ivMvµvšÍ †mj¸‡jv‡K aŸsm KvR K‡i| AwZwi³ •kZ¨
DËi: d¬vBU wmgy¨‡jUi hLb wfZ‡ii †mj¸‡jv‡K wQu‡o †d‡j ZLb i³bvwj
†_‡K †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨‡Z i³cÖevn eÜ K‡i AviI bó
46. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi bZzb iƒc †KvbwU?
K‡i †d‡j|
AM‡g‡›UW wi‡qwjwU wmgy‡jkb wi‡qwjwU
mdUIq¨vi wi‡qwjwU B‡¤ú± wi‡qwjwU  53. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z †ivMvµvšÍ †Kv‡li Ae¯’vb I mxgvbv
DËi: AM‡g‡›UW wi‡qwjwU wba©vi‡Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq?
e¨vL¨v: AM‡g‡›UW wi‡qwjwU n‡jv fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi RM‡Zi µv‡qv‡cÖve µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U
GK ai‡bi mswgkªY NUv‡bv nq| wmgy¨‡j‡UW mdUIq¨vi gvB‡µvK¨v‡givhy³ bj
DËi: wmgy¨‡j‡UW mdUIq¨vi
47. Jurasic Park QwewU wbg©v‡Y †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q? 54. ÿZ¯’vb kbv‡³ e¨eüZ gvB‡µvK¨v‡givhy³ bj‡K Kx
K…wÎg eyw×gËv †ivewU· e‡j?
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU †Uwj‡cÖ‡RÝ  µv‡qvwUDe Kv‡qv‡mj
DËi: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU µv‡qv¯‥¨vb Kv‡qv‡cÖve
DËi: Kv‡qv‡cÖve
48. h‡š¿i g‡a¨ wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv cÖ`v‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Kx e¨vL¨v: Kv‡qv‡cÖve n‡j µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z e¨eüZ GK ai‡bi
e‡j? wbqwš¿Z Av›Uvw_b m~P I gvB‡µv K¨v‡givhy³ bj hv w`‡q
wek^MÖvg †Uwjc¨vw_ ÿZ¯vb kbv³ I cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q wba©vwiZ K¬v‡iv‡RwbK
†Uwj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ M¨vm, e¨envi Kiv nq|
DËi: AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
e¨vL¨v: K…wÎg eyw×gËv ej‡Z e¯‧Zc‡ÿ h‡š¿i eyw×gËv‡K 55. µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U †KvbwU?
†evSvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv NUbv ev cwiw¯wZi mv‡c‡ÿ †cÖv‡cb AvM©b
†Kv‡bv hš¿ (†hgb- Kw¤úDUvi) Kx ai‡bi wm×všÍ wb‡e wg‡_b †ebwRb
Zvi mÿgZv cwigvcY c×wZ n‡jv K…wÎg eyw×gËv| DËi: AvM© b
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 25
56. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb e¨envi Kiv DËi: f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb
nq? e¨vL¨v: AvPiYMZ ev‡qv‡gwUªK c×wZ wZbwU| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
k³ big 1. wK-†÷ªvK †fwiwd‡Kkb, 2. wmM‡bPvi †fwiwd‡Kkb
KwVb Zij  Ges 3. f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb|
DËi: Zij
e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb QvovI Kve©b 63. g„Z‡`n kbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ †KvbwU?
WvBA·vBW, AvM©b Aw·‡Rb BZ¨vw` M¨vm e¨envi Kiv n¨vÛ wR‡gwU †dBm wi‡KvMwbkb
nq| AvBwik ¯‥¨vwbs wWGbG †U÷ 
DËi: wWGbG †U÷
57. KZ ZvcgvÎvq µv‡qvmvR©vwi †mj¸‡jv aŸsm Kivi KvR
K‡i? 64. †gvevBj wmg µ‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³ MÖvnK‡K mnvqZv K‡i?
–58C – 41C ev‡qv‡gwUª·K b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR
–19C 0C †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis µv‡qvmvR©vwi 
DËi: – 41C DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª ·K
e¨vL¨v: IqvU©, †gvj, w¯…b U¨vM, †mvjvi †Kviv‡Uvm, gU©bm e¨vL¨v: wMÖK kã bio (life) I metric (to measure) †_‡K
wbD‡ivg Ges †QvULv‡Uv Pg© K¨vÝvimg~‡ni Rb¨ DrcwË n‡q‡Q ev‡qv‡gwUª·, ev‡qv‡gwUª· †mB cÖhyw³ hv
µv‡qvmvwR©K¨vj wPwKrmv †`Iqv nq| gvby‡li †`‡ni •ewkó¨ †g‡c Ges we‡kølY K‡i •eaZv
wbY©q K‡i|
58. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z AwfÁ K‡i Zzj‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖhyw³i
mnvqZv †bIqv nq? 65. weeZ©‡bi inm¨ D‡b¥vP‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³ eo GKwU f~wgKv
K…wÎg eyw×gËv †ivewU· cvjb K‡i‡Q?
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU  ev‡qv‡gwUª· b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
DËi: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
DËi: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
59. e½eÜz -1 †Kvb ai‡bi m¨v‡UjvBU? e¨vL¨v: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· n‡jv RxeweÁvb, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ,
wRI‡÷kbvwi wgwWqvg Av_© Bbdj‡gkb BwÄwbqvwis , MwYZ Ges cwimsL¨v‡bi
I‡q`vi Kgy¨wb‡Kkb  mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU welq hv RxeweÁv‡bi wekvj
DËi: wRI‡÷kbvwi cwigvY †WUv msMÖn, msiÿY Ges mwVKfv‡e cÖwµqv
e¨vL¨v: wRI‡÷kbvwi m¨v‡UjvBU n‡jv †mBme m¨v‡UjvBU K‡i †m¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i|
†h¸‡iv c„w_exc„ô †_‡K 36,000 wK‡jvwgUvi Dc‡i
c„w_exi N~Y©‡bi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L ûeû GKB MwZ‡Z 66. GMO-ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
c„w_ex‡K cÖ`wÿY K‡i| Genetic Modified Organism
Genetic Modified Organ
60. e¨w³‡K AwØZxq kbv³ Kivi cÖhyw³ †KvbwU? Genetically Modified Organism
†ivewU· ev‡qv‡gwUª· Genetic Medical Organic
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis DËi: Genetically Modified Organism
DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª·
67. GKvwaK Rx‡ei wR‡bvg‡K †Rvov jvwM‡q bZzb Rxe‡Kvl
m„wói †KŠkj‡K Kx e‡j?
61. CAD Gi c~Y©iƒc wK?
Computer Aided Design
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
Computer Arted Diagram ev‡qv‡gwUª · †iv‡evwU·
Computer Adaptive Design DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
Computer Aided Diagram
DËi: Computer Aided Design 68. D”P djbkwj km¨ Drcv`‡b †Kvb cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ nq?
e¨vL¨v: CAD n‡”Q GKwU we‡kl mdUIq¨vi hv BwÄwbqvis †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis µv‡qvmvR©vwi
Gi wewfbœ KvR †hgb- WªdwUs, wWRvBb wKsev wmgy‡ikb ev‡qv‡gwUª· b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis

69. gvbe‡`‡ni Bbmywjb •Zwi nq †Kvb e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K?

62. AvPiYMZ ev‡qv‡gwUª· c×wZ †KvbwU?
Streptococcus Bacillus
wd½viwcÖ›U wWGbG †U÷
E.coli Staphylococcus 
n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb  DËi: E.coli
26  HSC ICT Chapter-1
70. †Kvb cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ A`~i fwel¨‡Z ¯^qswµqfv‡e 76. wWwRUvj wbivcËv AvBb cÖYxZ nq †Kvb mv‡j?
gvbe‡`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡i A¯¿cvPvi Kiv hv‡e? 2015 2017
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR µv‡qvmvR©vwi 2016 2018
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis ev‡qv‡gwUª· DËi: 2018
DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR
77. wek^MÖvg aviYv ev¯Íevq‡bi Dcv`vb-
e¨vL¨v: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g AvMvgx‡Z
i. †bUIqvK© mshy³Zv
`~iv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa n‡Z gyw³, cÖwZiÿvq b¨v‡bv †iveU, ii. †WUv msiÿY
†Kvqv›Uvg Kw¤úDwUs, wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM iii. cÖwµqvKiY ÿgZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
m„wó, Kvh©Kwi I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy `~lY wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q| i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii
71. †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WUvi Dci DËi: i, ii I iii
Abby‡gvw`Zfv‡e AwaKvi jvf Kiv‡K Kx e‡j? e¨vL¨v: wek^MÖvg aviYv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ gvby‡li G e¨vcv‡i
n¨vwKs wdwbwks m‡PZbZv, mÿgZv, AvMÖn, Ávb, `ÿZv Ges
¯ú¨vwgs w¯úwKs  Dc‡hvwMZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi mv‡_ nvW©Iq¨vi,
DËi: n¨vwKs mdvUIq¨vi, †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ mshy³Zv Ges
e¨vL¨v: †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g, †bUIqvK©, †WUvi Dci wek^vm‡hvM¨ †WUv ev Z_¨ msiÿY Ges cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
Abby‡gvw`Zfv‡e AwaKvi (Access) jvf Kivi DcvqB ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
n¨vwKs|
78. a2i Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
GK‡mm Uz Bbdi‡gkb GKvD›U Uz BbKvg
72. AbvKvw•ÿZ ev AevwÃZ B-†gBj ev †g‡mR cvVv‡bv‡K GK‡mm Uz BbKvg GgvD›U Uz Bbdi‡gkb
Kx e‡j? DËi: GK‡mm Uz Bbdi‡gkb
n¨vwKs w¯úwKs
ùzwds ¯ú¨vwgs  79. Zviwenxb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g n‡jv-
DËi: ¯ú¨vwgs i. †Uwj‡dvb
e¨vL¨v: AbvKvw•ÿZ ev AevwÃZ B-†gBj ev †g‡mR cvVv‡bvB ii. B-†gBj
¯ú¨vwgs| iii. Ryg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
73. †cøwRqvwiRg †Kvb Aciv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ? i i I ii
KwcivBU jsNb mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm ii I iii i, ii I iii
AvB‡Ww›UwU Pzwi A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi DËi: ii I iii

DËi: A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi 80. AvDU‡mvwm©s-Gi RbwcÖq gv‡K©U †cøm n‡jv-
e¨vL¨v: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv †jLv, mvwnZ¨Kg©, i. Upwork
M‡elYvcÎ, m¤úv`bv Kg© BZ¨vw` ûeû bKj ev AvswkK ii. Elance
cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk KivB n‡jv iii. Opel
†cøwRqvwiRg| mwVK m~Î D‡jøL Qvov †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†idv‡iÝ wn‡m‡e e¨env‡iI †eAvBb KvR Z_v i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii
†cøwRqvwiR‡gi AvIZvq c‡o|
DËi: i I ii
e¨vL¨v: wek^e¨vcx AvDU‡mvwms Gi RbwcÖq gv‡K©U †cøm¸‡jv
74. BSA Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
n‡jv-Upwork, Elance, Freelancer, Belancar,
Bangladesh Software Alliance
Fiverr Codachef BZ¨vw`|
Business Software Alliance
Bangladesh Software Agency
81. †ivMxi Z_¨ msiÿ‡Y e¨eüZ mdUIq¨vi n‡jv-
Business Software Agency
i. Therapy Notes
DËi: Business Software Alliance
ii. Kareoc
iii. Care 360
75. miKvwi AvgjvZš¿ n«vm Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
B-Mf‡b©Ý B-Kgvm© i ii I ii
B-†UÛvi B-Awdm i I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: B-Mf‡b©Ý DËi: i I iii
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 27
82. wbivcËvi mv‡_ Awdm dvBj msiÿ‡Yi mvwf©m n‡jv- e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq wUDgv‡ii aib Abyhvqx Ges
i. Google Drive wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †c․uQv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm,
ii. office 365 †hgb-Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, AvM©b, Aw·‡Rb ev Kve©b
iii. Amwell
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? WvBA·vBW e¨envi Kiv nq| GB Zij M¨vm¸‡jv‡K
i i I ii µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U e‡j|
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i I ii 88. ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i e¨envi †ÿÎ n‡jv-
i. wRb dvBwÛs
83. Virtual Reality †Z e¨eüZ hš¿- ii. B-Kgvm©
i. Headsets iii. ¯§vU© KvW©
ii. Gloves
iii. Keyboard wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i i I iii
i i I ii ii I iii i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii DËi: i I ii
DËi: i I ii
89. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i AšÍf©y³-
84. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e- i. ev‡qvjwR
i. WªvBwfs †kLv
ii. MwYZ
ii. Wv³vwi †kLv
iii. Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ
iii. wegvb Pvjbv †kLv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i i I ii i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i, ii I iii DËi: i, ii I iii

85. AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡R‡Ýi †ÿÎ n‡jv- 90. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU‡·i M‡elYvi †ÿθ‡jv n‡jv-
i. †gwkb jvwb©s i. wRb AbymÜvb
ii. w¯úP ii. gwjKzivi †gwWwmb
iii. wfkb iii. gnvKvkhvb wbqš¿Y
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i i I ii
i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i, ii I iii ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i I ii
86. K…wÎg eyw×gËvq e¨eüZ †cÖvMÖvg j¨vs¸‡qR-
i. C/C++ 91. b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq-
ii. Java i. wPwKrmv weÁv‡b
iii. RLISP ii. kw³ Drcv`‡b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡mmi •Zwi‡Z
i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi: i I ii i i I ii
e¨vL¨v: K…wÎg eyw×gËv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î C/C++, Java, ii I iii i, ii I iii
MATLAB, Python, SHRDLU, PROLOG, LISP, DËi: i, ii I iii
CLISP, R BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR e¨eüZ|
92. mvBevi Aciva n‡jv-
87. µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U n‡jv- i. n¨vwKs
i. Aw·‡Rb ii. wdwks
ii. Gwm‡Uvb iii. †÷ªvwPs
iii. †cÖv‡cb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i i I ii
i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i I ii DËi: i I ii
28  HSC ICT Chapter-1
93. †cøwRqvwiRg n‡jv 99. Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b †iveU‡K KZ wWwMÖ †KvY ch©šÍ Nyiv‡bv
i. †Kv‡bv †jLv bKj Kiv hvq?
ii. m~Î D‡jøL Qvov †idv‡iÝ †`Iqv 90 180
iii. M‡elYvcÎ AvswkK cwieZ©b Kiv 270 360
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
DËi: 360
i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii 100. µv‡qvmvRv©wi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb Dcv`vb-
DËi: i, ii I iii Aw·‡Rb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wg‡_b 
dwi`cyi †Rjv kn‡ii Wvqv‡ewUK nvmcvZv‡j wfwWI
DËi: bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g XvKvi we‡kl wPwKrmK‡`i KvQ
e¨vL¨v: µv‡qvmvRv©wi wPwKrmvq wUDgv‡ii aib Abyhvqx Ges
†_‡K wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqv nq|
wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †c․uQv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm,
94. wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`v‡bi G c×wZ‡K Kx e‡j?
†hgb-Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb AvM©b Aw·‡Rb ev Kve©b
†Uwj‡gwWwmb B-†nj_
WvBA·vBW e¨envi Kiv|
†UwjKbdv‡iÝ †Uwjc¨vw_
DËi: †Uwj‡gwWwmb
101. Global village Gi Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
e¨vL¨v: †Uwj‡gwWwmb n‡jv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g
Genetic Engineering
`~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmK Øviv wPwKrmv
Education
†mev †`Iqvi cÖwµqv| A_©vr cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv
Biometrix
†f․‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯Z †ivMx‡K wPwKrmv †mev AI 
cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯vB n‡jv †Uwj‡gwWwmb| DËi: Education
e¨vL¨v: †Møvevj wf‡jR Gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv 1. Kw¤úDUvi
95. G ai‡bi wPwKrmv †mev cvIqvi I‡qemvBU n‡jv-
I Avbylw½K hš¿cvwZ, 2. Kw¤úDwUs; 3. †iwWI,
i. Teladoc
ii. WebEx †Uwjwfkb, d¨v·; 4. AwWI wfwWI; 5. m¨v‡UjvBU;
iii. Amwell Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©; 7. B›Uvi‡bU; 8. †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? I 9. g‡Wg BZ¨vw`|
i i I ii
i I iii i, ii I iii 102. †KvbwU AvDU‡mvwm©s G e¨eüZ gv‡K©U‡cøm?
DËi: i I iii Facebook Google
Upwork Yahoo
96. wewfbœ RwUj †iv‡Mi KviY Avwe®‹v‡i †Kvb cÖhyw³ KvR DËi: Upwork
Ki‡Q?
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR 103. wek^MÖv‡gi †giæ`Ð †KvbwU
†R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis µv‡qvmvR©vwi  †WUv nvW©Iq¨vi
DËi: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· mdUIq¨vi Kv‡bw±wfwU 
e¨vL¨v: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· n‡jv RxeweÁvb, Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, DËi: Kv‡bw±wfwU
Bbdi‡gkb BwÄwbqvwis, MwYZ Ges cwimsL¨v‡bi e¨vL¨v: wek^MÖvg kãwU Øviv wek^e¨vcx Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU welq hv RxeweÁv‡bi wekvj B›Uvi‡bU‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
cwigvY †WUv msMÖn, msiÿY Ges mwVKfv‡e cÖwµqv
K‡i †m¸‡jv e¨vL¨v K‡i| 104. †`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvKv‡K †eMevb Kivi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi
†KvbwU bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Q?
97. Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b †iveU‡K KZ wWwMÖ †KvY ch©šÍ Nyiv‡bv †dBmeyK ¸Mj
hvq? AvDU‡mvwm©s msev`cÎ
90 180 DËi: AvDU‡mvwm©s
270 360 
105. †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mfv Kiv‡K Kx ejv nq?
DËi: 360
†UwjKbdv‡iÝ wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ
98. µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb Dcv`vb-
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb wfwWI P¨vwUs 
Aw·‡Rb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb DËi: †UwjKbdv‡iÝ
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wg‡_b  e¨vL¨v: `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯vq
DËi: bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs e‡j|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 29
106. AvwU©wdwmqvj Bw›Uwj‡RÝ-G †KvbwU e¨envi Kiv nq? DËi: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
†cªvjM G·GgGj e¨vL¨v: Rxe msµvšÍ Z_¨ e¨e¯vcbvi Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³i
†Kvej GBPwUGgGj cÖ‡qvMB n‡jv ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·| g~jZ RxeweÁv‡bi
DËi: †cªvjM AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvB GLv‡b AšÍf©y³ nq|

107. AvwU©wdwkqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq- 116. weÁv‡bi †Kvb kvLvq DNA cwieZ©b Kiv nq?
VOLISP, JAVA, CLISP µv‡qvmvR©vwi †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
JAVA, CLISP, Algol ev‡qv‡gwUª· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
LISP, JAVA, Python
DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis
LISP, CLISP, Fortran
DËi: VOLISP, JAVA, CLISP
117. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui hvÎv ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j?
108. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi Ab¨ bvg Kx? 1965 1972
nvBcvi wiqvwjwU Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb 1969 1975
fvPz©qvj Gbfvqib‡g›U fvPz©qvj Ae‡R± DËi: 1969
DËi: Kw¤úDUvi wmgy‡jkb
118. B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK cÖ_g cÖhyw³ †KvbwU?
e¨vL¨v: fvPy©qvj wiqvwjwU‡Z Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ I wmgy‡jkb
ASIANET ARPANET
Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZwôZ wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e|
AIRNET ADVANCENET
109. K…wÎg eyw×gËv ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i DËi: ARPANET
Kw¤úDUv‡i?
119. AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡”Q-
Z…Zxq cÂg
i. †dBm wi‡KvMwbkb
PZz_© lô
ii. f‡qm wi‡KvMwbkb
DËi: cÂg
iii. UvBwcs Kx †÷ªvK
110. †ive‡Ui A½ bovPov ev †Nviv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq- wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
avZe w¯úªs †jW GwmW e¨vUvwi i i I ii
•e`y¨wZK †gvUi •e`y¨wZK †Rbv‡iUi  ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: •e`y¨wZK †gvUi DËi: ii I iii

111. †ive‡Ui gw¯Í®‹ ejv nq †KvbwU‡K? 120. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b-

A¨vKUz‡qUi cÖ‡mmi i. N‡i e‡mB KvR cvIqv hvq
†mÝi ewW  ii. B›Uvi‡bU myweav †bIqv hvq
DËi: cÖ‡mmi iii. wewfbœ I‡qe myweav cvIqv hvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
112. wb‡Pi †Kvb †iv‡Mi Rb¨ µv‡qvmvR©vwi e¨eüZ nq? i i I ii
Pg©‡ivM gw¯Í‡®‥i †ivM ii I iii i, ii I iii
†c‡Ui †ivM `šÍ‡ivM DËi: i, ii I iii
DËi: Pg©‡ivM
121. ev‡qv‡gwUª· cÖhyw³ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i-
113. µv‡qvmvRv©wi‡Z ZvcgvÎv evov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-
i. RvZxq cwiPqcÎ
Zij Aw·‡Rb Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
ii. cvm‡cvU©
wnwjqvg M¨vm wbqb M¨vm
iii. Rb¥ wbe܇b
DËi: wnwjqvg M¨vm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
114. eZ©gv‡b Pvgovi K¨vÝvi wbivg‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³i e¨envi i i I ii
n‡”Q? ii I iii i, ii I iii
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU µv‡qvmvR©vwi DËi: i, ii I iii
Bbdi‡gwUª·
bigvj mvR©vwi 122. †ivewU·-Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨-
µv‡qvmvR©vwi  i. nvW©Iq¨vi
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi ii. AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ
iii. bZzb M‡elYv cwiPvjbv
115. Bbdi‡gkb g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq? i I ii i I iii
ev‡qv‡gwUª· ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· ii I iii i, ii I iii
†iv‡evwU· †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis  DËi: i I ii
30  HSC ICT Chapter-1
123. b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR w`‡q •ZwiK…Z hš¿ n‡Z cv‡i-
ÁvbgyjK cÖ‡kœvËi (K-As‡ki Rb¨)
i. Kw¤úDUvi
ii. µv‡qv‡cÖve 1. EHR Kx?
iii. †iveU DËi: †Kv‡bv †ivMx ev Rb‡Mvôxi ¯^v¯¨ msµvšÍ welq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wbqggvwdK msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g wewfbœ Z‡_¨i mgv‡ek‡K
i i I ii ejv nq EHR ev Electronic Health Record.
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i, ii I iii 2. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Kx? [P. †ev. 17]
e¨vL¨v: K…wÎg eyw×gËv ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM n‡jv †iveU| we‡k^i cÖ_g DËi: †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯vq gwbUi ev c`v©q
K…wÎg eyw×gËv m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi wWMi Gi Kv‡Q wek^ AskMÖnYKvixiv ci¯ú‡ii m¤§yLxb n‡q hLb G‡K
P¨vw¤úqvb `vevi M¨vwi Kvmcvif civwRZ nq| Ab¨‡K mivmwi †`‡L K‡_vcK_‡b AskMÖnY K‡i ZLb
124. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis‡qi gva¨‡g- Zv‡K wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs ejv nq|
i. Rx‡ei bZzb wR‡bvg Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq 3. B-†gBj Kx?
ii. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Bbmywjb •Zwi Kiv hvq DËi: electronic mail †K ms‡ÿc E-mail ejv nq| GwU
iii. Lye mn‡R e¨vw³ kbv³ Kiv hvq GKwU DbœZ I `ªæZ •e`y¨wZK WvK e¨e¯v| GwU Ggb GK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†bUIqvK© e¨e¯v hvi gva¨‡g ¯^í e¨‡q ZvrÿwYKfv‡e
i I ii i I iii
we‡k^i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
ii I iii i, ii I iii
DËi: i I ii 4. †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Kx?
125. †iveU e¨eüZ nq-
DËi: †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯vi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³‡K
i. evmvevwo‡Z M„n¯vwj Kv‡R †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev KwgDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bvjwR ejv nq|
ii. cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b 5. wZbwU KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi bvg †jL|
iii. cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b DËi: m¨v‡UjvBU KwgDwb‡Kkb, †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb I
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb|
i i I iii
ii I iii i, ii I iii 6. GPS Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
DËi: i I iii DËi: GPS Gi c~Y©bvg- Global Positioning System.
126. †µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z- 7. GSM Gi c~Y©bvg Kx?
i. wUDgvi wUmy¨i ZvcgvÎv n«vm-e„w× Kiv nq DËi: GSM–Gi c~Y©bvg: Global System for Mobile
ii. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡qvRwbK G‡R›U e¨envi Kiv nq| Communications.
iii. AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 8. †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs †K Ges KZ mv‡j D™¢veb K‡ib?
i i I ii DËi: gwi Uvid 1975 mv‡j †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs D™¢veb K‡ib|
ii I iii i, ii I iii 9. ey‡jwUb †evW© Kx?
DËi: i, ii I iii
DËi: Kw¤úDUvi ey‡jwUb †evW© nj B›Uvi‡b‡U weÁvcb
127. wek^MÖvg cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb n‡jv- cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU B‡jKUªwbK e¨e¯v †hLv‡b GKwU
i. Kv‡bKwUwfwU ÿgZvkvjx †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ Kg ÿgZv
ii. †WUv m¤úbœ †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mshy³ †_‡K Ab¨vb¨
iii. mÿgZv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv, Z_¨ mieivn I
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? msiÿY BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i _v‡K|
i i I ii
ii I iii i, ii I iii 10. wiRv‡f©kb wm‡÷g Kx?
DËi: i, ii I iii DËi: wiRv‡f©kb wm‡÷g n‡jv-AbjvBbwfwËK hvZvqv‡Zi
e¨vL¨v: †WUv n‡”Q Fact ev item hv G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e Qwo‡q wmwWDj •Zix Ges Avmb msiÿY Kivi e¨e¯v|
wQwU‡q _v‡K| wek^MÖv‡g wewfbœ Z_¨ hv †WUv †_‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwµqvKiY K‡i cvIqv hvq| 11. B-Kgv©m Kx? [e. †ev. 23; w`. †ev. 19; Kz. †ev 17; iv. †ev. 16]
128. wek^MÖvg ej‡Z †evSvq- DËi: eZ©gv‡b we‡k^i cÖvq mKj †`‡ki g‡a¨ we¯Í…Z
i. wi‡qj UvBg †mev wewbgq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKsev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨
ii. Z_¨ I we‡bv`‡bi mnRjf¨Zv †jb‡`b‡K B-Kg©vm (E-Commerce) e‡j|
iii. we‡k^i MÖvgmg~‡ni AvšÍtm¤úK©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 12. B‡jKUªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi Kx?
i i I ii DËi: AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi e¨e¯vq †Uwj‡dvb I †WUv
ii I iii i, ii I iii †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g B‡jKUªwbK Dcv‡q `ªæZ A_© ¯vbvšÍi
DËi: i, ii I iii Kiv hvq| G c×wZ‡K B‡jKUªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi e‡j|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 31
13. ATM Kx 25. µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kx? [P. †ev.23; Xv. †ev. 17; wm. †ev. 16]
DËi: ATM Øviv †evSvq Automated Teller Machine| DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi
GwU GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨vswKs e¨e¯v hvi gva¨‡g A_© gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki
D‡Ëvjb Kiv hvq| A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq|
14. fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Kx? [iv. †ev. 23] 26. µv‡qvmvRvwi©‡Z e¨eüZ c`v_©¸‡jv KqwU c×wZ‡Z
DËi: = cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Íe bq wKš‧ ev¯Í‡ei †PZbv D‡`ªMKvix cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq?
weÁvbwbf©i Kíbv‡K fvPy©qvj wi‡qwjwU (VR) ev Abyf‡e DËi: µv‡qvR©vwi‡Z e¨eüZ c`v_©¸‡jv `yBwU c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM
ev¯ÍeZv wKsev Kíev¯ÍeZv e‡j| Kiv hvq?
15. d¬vBU wmgy‡jkb Kx? 27. µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U Kx? [wm. †ev. 23]
DËi: d¬vBU wmgy‡jkb n‡jv Ggb GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmvq †iv‡Mi AvµvšÍ ¯vb I †iv‡Mi
fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwU‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q we‡klvwqZ Kw¤úDUvi avibvbyhvqx wbw`©ó kxZjZvq †c․uQv‡bvi Rb¨ †hmKj
wm‡÷g †hgb- d¬vBU wmgy‡jUi mg~‡ni gva¨‡g Zij M¨vm e¨eüZ nq| Zv‡`i‡K µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U
wmwfwjqvb wKsev wgwjUvwi cvBjU‡`i‡K mwZ¨Kv‡ii ejv nq| µv‡qv‡RwbK G‡R›U wn‡m‡e Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
GqviµvdU QvovB †mwU Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿY †`qv nq| Aw·‡Rb, AvM©b, Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW BZ¨vw` M¨vmg~n
e¨envi Kiv nq|
16. †Kvb Z‡Ë¡i Dci fvPy©qvi wi‡qwjwU cÖwZwôZ?
DËi: wmgy‡jkb Z‡Ë¡i Dci fvPz©qvi wi‡qwjwU cÖwZwôZ| 28. †Uwj †gwWwmb Kx? [mw¤§wjZ †evW© 218; iv. †ev. 17]
DËi: †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev ej‡Z †evSvq †gvevBj †dvb ev
17. †ivewU· Kx?
[g. †ev. 23; Xv. †ev. 19; iv. †ev. 19; mw¤§wjZ †evW© 18; e. †ev. 16, 17] wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb Kiv|
DËi: †UK‡bvjwRi †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui bKkv, MVb I KvR 29. ev‡qv‡gwUª· Kx? [w`. †ev. 23; e. †ev. 19; w`. †ev 16]
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq †mB kvLv‡K †ivewU· ejv nq| DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv
18. †iveU Kx? e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË
DËi: †iveU n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z GKwU ¯^qswµq e¨e¯v hv K‡i Zv‡K AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq|
gvbyl †hfv‡e KvR K‡i †mfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev Gi 30. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Kx? [wm. †ev. 17]
Kv‡Ri aib †`‡L g‡b n‡e Gi K…wÎg eyw×gËv Av‡Q| DËi: ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· ev •Re Z_¨weÁvb n‡jv Ggb GK
19. K…wÎg eyw×gËv Kx? [wm. †ev. 19; Xv. †ev. 16] cÖhyw³ n‡jv Ggb cÖhyw³ hv dwjZ MwYZZ, Z_¨weÁvb,
DËi: gvby‡li wPšÍv fvebv‡K h‡š¿i gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kivi cwimsL¨vb, Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, K…wÎg eyw×gËv, imvqb
c×wZ‡K Artificial Intelligence ev K…wÎg eyw×gËv Ges •Re imvqb e¨envi K‡i RxeweÁv‡bi mgm¨vmg~n
e‡j| mgvavb K‡i _v‡K|

20. Expert System Kx? 31. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Kx?

DËi: G·cvU© wm‡÷g Ggb GKwU wm‡÷g hvi mvnv‡h¨ DËi: †Kv‡bv Rxe †_‡K GKwU wbw`©ó wRb (Gene) enbKvix
mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q DNA (Deoxyribouncleic acid) c„_K K‡i wfbœ GKwU
†Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb A_ev wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv Rx‡e ¯vbvšÍ‡ii †K․kj‡K †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e‡j|
hvq G·cvU© wm‡÷g K…wÎg eyw×gËvi bxwZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis †K †R‡bwUK gwWwd‡Kkb (Genetic
modification/manipulation-GM) I ejv nq|
21. wek^MÖvg Kx? [h. †ev. 17]
DËi: †Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek^MÖvg n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek 32. b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i RbK †K?
†hLv‡b c„w_exi mKj gvbylB GKwU GKK mgv‡R emevm DËi: wiPvW© dvBbg¨vb‡K b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i RbK ejv nq|
K‡i Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨env‡ii 33. b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR Kx?
gva¨‡g G‡K Aci‡K †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| [Xv. †ev. 23; Kz. †ev. 23; iv. †ev. w`. †ev. 17; Kz. h. †ev. 16]
22. B›Uvi‡bU Kx? DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³ n‡jv cvigvYweK ev
DËi: B›Uvi‡bU c„w_ex we¯Í…Z GKwU e„nËg Kw¤úDUvi AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ avZe
†bUIqvK© hv AmsL¨ †QvU ev eo †bUIqv‡K©i ms‡hv‡M e¯‧‡K mywbcYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi weÁvb|
•Zwi GKwU e„nr AvšÍR©vwZK †bUIqvK©| 34. n¨vwKs Kx? [iv. †ev. 19; P. †ev. 16]
DËi: AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡ek K‡i
23. KZ `k‡K B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq| Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv A_ev †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi‡K
DËi: beŸB `k‡K B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq| †gvn”Qbœ K‡i Zvi cy‡iv wbqš¿Y wb‡q †bqv‡K n¨vwKs e‡j|
24. µv‡qv‡cÖve Kx? [h.†ev. 23] 35. †cøwRqvwiRg Kx? [h. †ev. 19]
DËi: µv‡qvmvRv©wi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z †h bj e¨envi K‡i DËi: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨, M‡elYv ev
Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b-WvB A·vBW, AvM©b I WvB m¤úv`bv Kg© ûeû bKj ev AvswkK cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri
wg_vBj B_vi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K µv‡qv‡cÖve e‡j| bv‡g cÖKvk KivB nj †cøwRqvwiRg|
32  HSC ICT Chapter-1
36. eøMvi wK?
Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi (L-As‡ki Rb¨)
DËi: whwb B›Uvi‡bU eø‡M †cv÷ K‡ib Zv‡K eøMvi ejv nq|
1| ev¯Íe RMr I fvPz©qvj RM‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL|
37. mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm Kx?
DËi: cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯Í‡e hv N‡U ZvB RMr, cÿvšÍ‡i ev¯Í‡ei
DËi: mdUUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm ej‡Z cÖ¯‧ZKvixi webv
†PZbv D‡`ªKKvix weÁvb wbf©i Kíbv‡K fvP©yqvj RMr
AbygwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Kwc Kiv, wb‡Ri bv‡g e‡j| fvPz©qvj RM‡Z ev¯Íe‡K ïay Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
weZiY Kiv wKsev †Kv‡bv cÖKvi cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri †hgb- ev¯Íe RM‡Z gvbyl k~‡b¨ D‡o †h‡Z cv‡i bv,
bv‡g Pvwj‡q †`Iqv BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg‡K †evSvq| 120 Zjv feb †_‡K jvd †`Iqv KíbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i
38. Z_¨-cÖhyw³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? bv| wKš‧ fvPz©qvj RM‡Z fvP©yqvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g
DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Z_¨ `ªæZ AvniY, cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx K…wÎgfv‡e ev¯Íe RMr •Zwi K‡i Gme welq¸‡jv
msiÿY, AvaywbKiY, e¨e¯vcbv Ges weZiY Kiv nq Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
Zv‡K Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e‡j|
2| cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi cÖfve KZUzKz?
39. Awdm A‡Uv‡gbkb Kx? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Awd‡mi mvwe©K Kvh©µg DËi: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡ek,
(†hgb-WKz‡g›U •Zwi, WKz‡g›U bw_fz³KiY I msiÿY †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix H cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© ev¯Í‡ei
BZ¨vw`) `ÿZvi mv‡_ wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z m¤úbœ Kiv‡K AbyKi‡Y AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Awdm A‡Uv‡gkb e‡j| AvaywbK wPwKrmv †mev, wegvb cÖwkÿY, gnvk~b¨ Awfhvb,
mvgwiK cÖwkÿY cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU Avgv‡`i
40. Awdm A‡Uv‡gbk‡bi cÖPjb KLb ïiæ nq? cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q|
DËi: 1970 mv‡ji w`‡K Awdm¸‡jv‡Z A‡Uv‡gbk‡bi
cÖPjb ïiæ nq| 3| K…wÎg eyw×gËv e¨vL¨v Ki| [mw¤§wjZ †evW© 18]
41. Ô¯§vU©Õ †nvg Kx? [e. †ev. 23] A_ev, Òwe‡kl cÖhyw³i wKQz Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li g‡Zv wm×všÍ
DËi: †h evm¯v‡bi gva¨‡g wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvwjs c×wZ‡Z wbR mÿgÓ -e¨vL¨v Ki|
N‡i e‡mB wbivcËv e¨e¯v wbwðZKiY, K‡ÿi ZvcgvÎv DËi: gvby‡li wPšÍv-fvebv¸‡jv K…wÎg Dcv‡q cÖhyw³ wbf©i hš¿
n«vm-e„w× Kiv, jvBwUs wm‡÷g K‡›Uªvj mn wPwKrmv †mev ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ iƒc †`Iqv‡K AvwU©wdwmqvj
Bb‡Uwj‡RÝ ev K…wÎg eyw×gËv e‡j| A_©vr K…wÎg
MÖnY, `~ieZ©x †`‡ki eÜz evÜe Gi mv‡_ mvgbvmvgwb
eyw×gËvi `iæb Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvebv-wPšÍv¸‡jv gvby‡li
K‡_vcK‡_vb BZ¨vw` myweavmg~n cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯§vU©
g‡ZvB nq| †hLv‡b gvbyl GKB mg‡q wewfbœ wPšÍv Ki‡Z
†nvg e‡j|
cv‡i bv †mLv‡b K…wÎg eyw×gËvm¤úbœ cÂg cÖR‡b¥i
42. wWwRUvj Kbfvi‡RÝ Kx? Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv GKB mg‡q eûwea KvR `ªæZZvi mv‡_
DËi: wWwRUvj Kbfvi‡RÝ n‡jv wewfbœ gva¨‡gi wewfbœ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖhyw³‡K (Z_¨ cÖhyw³, †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyww³ ev
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkbm, KbRy¨gvi B‡jKUªwb· I we‡bv`b 4| K…wÎg eyw×gËv GK ai‡bi G·cvU© wm‡÷g -eywS‡q
ev †MBg wkí) wgwjZ K‡i GKwU gva¨‡g GKxf~Z Kiv †jL| [mw¤§wjZ †evW© 18]
Ges Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv| DËi: G·cvU© wm‡÷g Ggb GKwU wm‡÷g hvi mvnv‡h¨
mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
43. CAD Kx? [Xv. †ev. 23] †Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb A_ev wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv
DËi: CAD Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Computer Acid Design hvq| G·cvU© wm‡÷g K…wÎg eyw×gËvi bxwZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ|
(Kw¤úDUvi GB‡WW wWRvBb)| GwU GKwU we‡kl myZivs ejv hvq K…wÎg eyw×gËv GK ai‡bi G·cvU©
mdUIq¨vi hv BwÄwbqvwis Gi wewfbœ KvR †hgb WªvdwUs, wm‡÷g|
wWRvBb wKsev wmgy‡jkb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
5| Òhš¿ ¯^qswµqfv‡e KvR K‡iÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| [P. †ev. 16]
44. evi‡KvW Kx?
DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi n‡q‡Q
DËi: evi‡KvW n‡jv GK cÖKvi mvs‡KwZK wPý, hvi Øviv hv ¯^qswµfv‡e KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv †iveU ,
c‡Y¨i bvg, cÖ¯‧ZKvi‡Ki bvg, g~j¨ cÖf…wZ Z_¨ mshy³ hv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©ÿg ¯^qswµq
Kiv nq| AvaywbK hš¿| KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †ive‡Ui
45. wRAvBGm Kx? mvnv‡h¨ ¯^qswµfv‡e bvbviKg wec¾bK I cwikÖgmva¨
DËi: wRAvBGm Ggb GKwU wm‡÷g hv cÖvK…wZK, m¤ú`, KvR †hgb I‡qwìs, XvjvB, fvwi, gvjvgvj DVv-bvgv,
f~wg, cwi‡ek Z_v †f․‡MvwjK AeKvVv‡gv I cvwicvwk^©K hš¿vsk ms‡hvRb, Mvwo is Kiv BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv nq|
welq msµvšÍ Z_¨ we‡kølY I msMVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b †evgv wbw¯…qKiY, gnvKv‡k †iveU, wgwjUvwi,
wmwKDwiwU (cÖwZiÿv), D×vi, gvbylwenxb Mvwo, cvwbi
46. ICT Gi c~Y©iƒc wjL| bx‡P Kg©‡cv‡hvMx hvb, †Uwj Acv‡ikb, †gwW‡Kj mvR©vwi
DËi: ICT Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Information and GgbwK DbœZ †`‡k evmvevwo‡Z •`bw›`b Kv‡R I
Communication Technology. we‡bv`‡b †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e e¨veüZ n‡”Q|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 33
6| ÔeZ©gv‡b WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡ZI hvZvqvZ Kiv hvq|Õ 10| ÒFinger Print”–GKwU cÖPwjZ Biometric c×wZ
e¨vL¨v Ki| [Xv. †ev. 23] e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z DËi: wd½vi wcÖ›U wbf©yjfv‡e KvD‡K wPwýZ Kivi Dchy³ I
hvZvqvZ Kiv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨Kvix hš¿wU †iveU, hv me©¯^xK…Z †K․kj| G‡ÿ‡Î c~e© †_‡K Kv‡iv Av½y‡ji Qvc
AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLyuZ Kg©ÿg ¯^qswµq msiÿY Kiv nq Ges wdsMvi wcÖ›U wiWv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
Av½y‡ji Qvc wb‡q msiwÿZ Qv‡ci mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i
AvaywbK hš¿| †ive‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ WªvBfviwenxb Mvwo‡Z
KvD‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| wdsMvi wcÖ›U wiWvi wn‡m‡e
hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ WªvBwfs Gi bvbv wbqg
AcwUK¨vj c×wZ (FTIR), CMOS K¨vcvwm‡UÝ, _vgv©j
Kvbyb (†hgb- UªvwdK wmMb¨vj, moK wPý, w¯úW wjwgU, †mwÝs Ges AëªvmvDÛ •mwÝs wm‡÷g e¨envi Kiv nq|
Ifv‡UwKs, cvwK©s/†bv cvwK©s GjvKv BZ¨vw`) †cÖvMÖvg Kiv
nq| Mvwo‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi Ges †mÝi e¨envi 11| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wek^B wek^MÖvg-e¨vL¨v Ki| [iv. †ev 19]
K‡i †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg Abymv‡i Mvwo Pvjv‡Z DËi: wek^MÖvg Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek †hLv‡b c„w_exi mKj
cv‡i|) G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv gvbyl GKK mgv‡R emevm K‡i Ges B‡jKUªwbK
wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv| wgwWqv, B›Uvi‡bU I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g G‡K
Ac‡ii †mev cÖ`vb K‡i| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
7| SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R e¨eüZ hš¿wU Kxfv‡e gvby‡li weKí we¯Í…Z e¨envi Z_v Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Bbdi‡gkb
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i? [Ky. †ev. 23] mycvi nvBI‡qi mv‡_ ms‡hvM Qvov wek^MÖv‡gi aviYv
Am¤¢e|
DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y eZ©gv‡b A‡bK hš¿ Avwe®‥vi
n‡q‡Q hv SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R weKí wnmv‡e ¯^qswµqfv‡e
12| wek^‡K GKwU MÖv‡gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq †Kb e¨vL¨v Ki|
KvR K‡i| GgbB GKwU hš¿ n‡jv †iveU, hv AZ¨šÍ DËi: wek^MÖvg ej‡Z mvaviYZ Ggb GKwU aviYv‡K †evSv‡bv
`ªæZ, K¬vwšÍnxb Ges wbLuyZ Kg©ÿg ¯^qswµq AvaywbK hš¿| nq †hLv‡b we‡k^i wewfbœ cÖv‡šÍi †jvKRb ci¯ú‡ii
KviLvbvq Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †ive‡Ui g‡a¨ wewfbœ mv‡_ mnR hvZvqvZ I ågY, MYgva¨g I B‡jKUªwbK
SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg Kiv _v‡K| wewfbœ ¯‥¨vbvi, †mÝi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g hy³ †_‡K µ‡gB GKwU GKK
I K¨v‡givi e¨envi K‡i †iveU ¯^qswµqfv‡e †cÖvMÖvg KwgDwbwU‡Z cwiYZ nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi wgwWqv we‡kl
Abymv‡i KviLvbvi SzuwKc~Y© KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i| K‡i Iqvì© IqvBW I‡q‡ei e¨vcK e¨envi I cÖev‡ni
G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi KvRwUi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Avi †Kv‡bv wKQz Kvi‡Y AvR we‡k^i †Kv‡bv GK †`‡ki GK cÖv‡šÍi
Ki‡Z nq bv| †jvKRb Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡ki †jv‡Ki mv‡_
Lye mn‡RB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| Z‡_¨i G Av`vb-
8| †ivewU· cÖhyw³ gvby‡li KvR‡K wKfv‡e mnR K‡i‡Q? cÖ`vb wek^‡K GZUvB Kv‡Q wb‡q G‡m‡Q †h GwU‡K GKwU
MÖv‡gi mv‡Z Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
DËi: †ivewU· cÖhyw³ gvby‡li KvR‡K A‡bK mnR K‡i
w`‡q‡Q| wkí KviLvbvi cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek KvR Kiv 13| wek^MÖvg Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© myweavmg~n wjL|
gvby‡li c‡ÿ Am¤¢e Ggb A‡bK RvqMvq †ivewU‡·i DËi: wek^MÖvg Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz myweav wb¤œiƒc:
gva¨‡g KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| wewfbœ Lwb, gnvKvk  mviv c„w_ex gvby‡li nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq G‡m‡Q|
BZ¨vw` RvqMvq eZ©gvb hy‡M †ivewU· Gi e¨envi n‡”Q|  gvby‡li Kv‡Ri `ÿZv Ges MwZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
 e¨emv evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NU‡Q Ges †jb‡`b mnRZi n‡”Q|
9| ÒcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY hvqÓ -e¨vL¨v
 AbjvBb jvB‡eªix, Ab-jvBb BDwbfvwm©wU, wfwWI
Ki| [P. †ev. 23] wUD‡Uwiqvj ev wewfbœ cÖKvi B-eyK e¨env‡ii d‡j
A_ev, e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| wkÿv e¨e¯vi Dbœqb n‡”Q|
DËi: cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³ kbv³KiY m¤¢e| e¨w³  N‡i e‡mB mn‡R DbœZ ¯^v¯¨‡mev I wPwKrmv myweav
kbv³Ki‡Yi cÖhyw³wU n‡jv ev‡qv‡gwUª·| ev‡qv‡gwUª· cvIqv hv‡”Q|
n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖhyw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv e¨w³i †`‡ni MVb  M‡elYvi DcvË I Z_¨ cªvwß mnRZi n‡”Q Ges
Ges AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨ Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡K mn‡RB wewfbœ M‡elYvi djvdj Rvbv hv‡”Q|
AwØZxqfv‡e wPwýZ ev kbv³ Kiv nq| Kw¤úDUvi
weÁv‡b ev‡qv‡gwUª·‡K e¨w³ kbv³KiY Ges †Kv‡bv 14| msev` msMª‡n wek^MÖvg Kxfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i? e¨vL¨v
wm‡÷g cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbq‡š¿i †K․kj wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv K‡iv|
nq| GB c×wZi gva¨‡g ev‡qv‡gwUª· wWfvBm¸‡jv DËi: we‡k^i wewfbœ Z_¨ ev msev` msMÖ‡ni KvR wbf©yjfv‡e
e¨enviKvix‡`i †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg, wm‡÷g ev Kÿ e¨env‡ii Ges `ªæZ AbymÜvb ev cÖvwßi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU e¨vcKfv‡e
AbygwZ w`‡q _v‡K| m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡`i GKwU `j n‡Z e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| wek^MÖv‡gi gva¨‡g ivR‣bwZK,
†Ljvayjv, PvKzwii Z_¨, AbjvBb ey‡jwUb †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g
KvD‡K Avjv`vfv‡e kbv³ Kivi Kv‡RI ev‡qv‡gwUª·
mKj Lei msiÿY Ges mn‡R I Kg Li‡P msev`
c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖvwßmn hveZxq Z_¨ e¨e¯vcbv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
34  HSC ICT Chapter-1
15| evm¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wek^MÖv‡gi cÖfve KZUzKz? e¨vL¨v Ki| Amy¯ Z¡‡Ki cwiPh©vq GwU †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
DËi: AvaywbK evm¯vb wk‡í wek^MÖv‡gi cÖfve Acwimxg| ZvQvov wjfvi K¨vÝvi, cÖ‡÷U K¨vÝvi, dzmdzm K¨vÝvi,
wek^MÖvg evwo-N‡ii •Zwi, evm¯v‡bi bKkv, gyL ev Iivj K¨vÝvimn wewfbœ †iv‡M Amy¯ Z¡K m‡ZR
gvwëwgwWqvi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki wbKU mivmwi Dc¯vcb K‡i Zzj‡Z GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
Ges †hvMv‡hvM I †jb‡`b msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g evm¯vb wbg©vY I e¨emvwqK Kvh©vewj 19| µv‡qvmvRv©wi e¨envi wjL|
mnRZi K‡i‡Q| DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZvq KvUv †Quov I
iv³cvZnxb wPwKrmv c×wZ|
16| Ôwek^MÖvg Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi AvaywbK iƒc-e¨vL¨v †ek wKQz Af¨šÍixY kvixwiK e¨vwa †hgb-wjfvi K¨vÝvi,
Ki| †cÖv‡‡÷U K¨vÝvi, jvs K¨vÝvi, Z¡K/Pvgovi K¨vÝvi
DËi: wek^e¨vcx B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨vcK e¨env‡ii d‡j †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw`i wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvRv©wi e¨eüZ nq|
e¨e¯vi cÖf~Z DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡”Q| GLb gvbyl µv‡qvmvR©vwi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPwKrmv Kiv‡K
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i µv‡qv‡_ivwc e‡j|
Pj‡Z cv‡i| •ewk^K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi G e¨e¯v‡K †Møvevj
wf‡jR ev wek^MÖvg e‡j| 20| µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z †Kvb †Kvb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq?
gvbyl `ªæZZvi mv‡_ AvšÍRv©wZKfv‡e msMwVZ Z_¨vejx DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z †hme M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi
msMÖn, msiÿY I mieiv‡ni gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Z_v e¨emv- g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv-
evwY‡R¨i Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q e‡j G‡K Z_¨ I  Kve©b WvB A·vBW
†hvM‡hvM e¨e¯vi AvaywbK iƒc ejv nq|  Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
 AvM©b
17| Òb~¨bZg aKj mwnòz kj¨wPwKrmv c×wZwUÓ e¨vL¨v Ki|
 bvBUªvm A·vBW
[P. †ev. 19]
A_ev, ÔkxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq wPwKrmv †`qv m¤¢eÕ- e¨vL¨v Ki|  WvB-wg_vBj B_vi I †cÖv‡cb BZ¨vw`
[Kz. †ev. 17]
A_ev, wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq wPwKrmv c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki| 21| ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i
[w`. †ev. 17; iv. †ev. 17,16] wPwKrmv †mev †`qv m¤¢e|Ó -e¨vL¨v Ki| [e. †ev. 23]
A_ev, Òµv‡qvmvR©vwii gva¨‡g i³cvZnxb Acv‡ikb m¤¢eÓ A_ev, Ò†Uwj‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mevÓ-eywS‡q †jL|
eywR‡q †jL| [w`. †ev. 16] [h. †ev. 23]
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡”Q GK cÖKvi wPwKrmv c×wZ hvi DËi: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g `~ieZ©x †ivMx‡`i
gva¨‡g AZ¨vwaK kxZj ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z¡‡Ki wPwKrmv †mev †`qv m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i
A¯^vfvweK Ges †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨ aŸsm Kiv nq| †Uwj‡gwWwmb| Z_¨ I †hvM‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb
µv‡hvmvRv©wi †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wPwKrmv Kiv‡K †f․‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ Ae¯vbiZ †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ
µv‡qv‡_ivwc e‡j| µv‡qv‡_vivwc‡Z wUDgvi wUmy¨i wPwKrmK, †ivM wbY©q †K›`ª, we‡klvwqZ †bUIqvK©
ZvcgvÎv 12 †m‡K‡Ûi wfZ‡i Kwg‡q –120 †_‡K BZ¨vw`i mgš^‡q ¯^v¯¨‡mev †`Iqv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb ejv
–160 †m. ZvcgvÎvq wb‡q Avmv nq| GB mgq nq|
µv‡qv‡cÖve ev GKwU m~‡Pi cÖvšÍ Øviv wUDgvi wUmy¨i †UwU‡gwWwmb GK ai‡bi †mev| †Uwj‡gwWwmb cÖhyw³i
wfZ‡i Lye `ªæZ AvM©b M¨v‡mi wbtmiY Kiv‡bv nh| gva¨‡g GK †`‡k Ae¯vb K‡i Ab¨ †`‡ki we‡klÁ
ZvcgvÎvi AZ¨vwaK n«v‡mi d‡j †Kv‡l cvwb RgvUe× Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki
n‡q H wUmy¨i g‡a¨ AvUKv c‡o †M‡j G‡Z i³ I wPwKrmv e¨e¯v‡ZI Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
Aw·‡Rb cwienb m¤¢e nq bv| Gi d‡j RgvUe× eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvMwiKMY †gvevBj †dv‡bi
Ae¯vq wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi ÿq mvwaZ nq| Avevi gva¨‡g miKvwi ¯^v¯¨ †K‡›`ª Kg©iZ wPwKrm‡Ki KvQ
µv‡qv‡cÖve ev m~‡Pi cÖvß w`‡q wUDgvi wUmy¨wUi wfZ‡i †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ ¯^v¯¨ civgk© wb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j `~ieZ©x
A‡ji bvMwiKMY Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^v¯¨ †K‡›`ª bv
wnwjqvg M¨vm wbtmi‡Yi gva¨‡g wUmy¨wUi ZvcgvÎv 20
G‡mI wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb|
†_‡K 40†m. G DVv‡bv nq| ZLb RgvUe× wUDgvi
wUmy¨wUi eid M‡j hvq Ges wUmy¨wU aŸsm n‡q hvq| 22| ey‡jwUb †evW© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
DËi: ey‡jwUb †evW© GKwU kw³kvjx †evW©, hv †K›`ªxq
18| µv‡qvcÖe ej‡Z Kx †evS? Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ Kg ÿgZv m¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi
DËi: µv‡qvmvR©vwi wPwKrmv c×wZ‡Z †h bj e¨envi K‡i I †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mshy³ _v‡K| ey‡jwUb
Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, Kve©b -WvB A·vBW, AvM©b I WvB †ev‡W© GKw`‡K †hgb msiwÿZ Lei †`Lv hvq †Zgwb
B_vi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K µv‡qvcÖe e‡j| GwUi bZzb Lei †ev‡W© †i‡L †`Iqv hvq| we‡kl mdUIq¨v‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ †ivMvµvšÍ wUmy¨i Dci cÖ‡jc †`Iqv nq| wewfbœ gva¨‡g ey‡jwUb †evW© me©`v mwµq ivLvi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb
†ivM I K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq GwU e¨eüZ nq| we‡kl K‡i jvB‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 35
23| e¨vswKs †m±‡i †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs Ges wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs 28| cÖhyw³i e¨env‡i gUi WªvBwfs cÖwkÿY m¤¢e-K_vwU e¨vL¨v
Gi myweav Kx Kx? Ki| [Xv. †ev 19; Kz. †ev. 19; Xv. †ev. 19]
DËi: eZ©gv‡b e¨vswKs †m±‡i †UwjKbdviwÝs I wfwWI A_ev, ÒcÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wbivc‡` Kvi WªvBwfs
e¨e¯vi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡`i mgqg‡Zv †mev cÖ`vb Kiv cÖwkÿY m¤¢eÓ-e¨vL¨v Ki| [P. †ev. 17]
nq| d‡j MÖvnKiv †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q Zv‡`i mgm¨v¸‡jv DËi: cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i wbivc‡` Kvi WªvBwfs /gUi WªvBwfs
†mev`vZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡i| GQvov cÖwkÿY m¤¢e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i fvPz©qvj
eZ©gv‡b †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi wi‡qwiwU| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g
wej cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| G‡Z K‡i MÖvnK‡`i †fvMvwšÍ WªvBwfs‡qi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb Lye mn‡RB AvqË Kiv
K‡g hvq| Avevi AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv mgq m¤¢e| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv iv¯Ívq
UvKv UªvÝdvi Kiv hvq| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi gva¨‡g Mvwo Pvwj‡q cÖwkÿYv_©x Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e Mvwo
e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ kvLvq AbjvBb wgwUs m¤¢e n‡”Q| Pvjv‡bvi mvnm AR©b K‡i `ªæZ Mvwo Pvjbv wkL‡Z
cv‡i|
24| wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jv
†jL| 29| wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖwkÿY
DËi: wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jv m¤¢e| -e¨vL¨v Ki| [wm. †ev. 23]
DËi: wmgy‡jUi g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g KvíwbK
wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
wÎgvwÎK cwi‡ek A_©vr fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g cÖwÿY
i. gvwëwgwWqv Kw¤úDUvi ev j¨vcUc
m¤¢e| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwUi gva¨‡g mwZ¨Kvi hyׇÿÎ •Zwi
ii. g‡Wg
K‡i •mwbK‡`i DbœZ I wbLyuZ cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
iii. B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
G QvovI †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR, wegvb BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi
iv. I‡qe K¨v‡giv
cÖwkÿ‡Y wmgy‡jUi I g‡Wwjs mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g
v. wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs Dc‡hvMx mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|
cÖwkÿvYv_x© Lye mn‡RB ev¯Í‡e †gvUiMvwo, RvnvR ev
wegvb Pvjv‡bvi bvbv wbqg-Kvbyb AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges
25| wiRv‡f©kb wm‡÷g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq cÖwkÿY AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
DËi: wiRv‡f©kb wm‡÷g n‡jv AbjvBb wfwËK hvZvqv‡Zi
wmwWDj •Zwi Ges Avmb msiÿY Kivi e¨e¯v| 30| ev¯Í‡e Ae¯’vb K‡iI Kíbv‡K Qzu‡q †`Lv ev¯Íe-e¨vL¨v
eZ©gv‡b AbjvB‡b wewfbœ Gqvi jvBb Awdm, Uªv‡fj Ki| [wm.†ev. 17]
G‡R›U Awdm, †nv‡Uj cÖf…wZ ¯v‡b hvZvqv‡Zi wmwWDj DËi: fvPzqv©j wi‡qwjwU cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i ev¯Í‡e Ae¯vb
•Zwi Kiv Ges Avmb e¨e¯v msiÿY Kiv nq| K‡i Kíbv‡K Qzu‡q †`Lv m¤¢e|
fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡ek
26| `ªæZ †jb‡`b m¤úv`‡b B-Kgvm© KZUzKz B-Kgvm© KZUzKz †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix H cwi‡e‡k gMœ n‡Z, ev¯Í‡ei
¸iæZ¡c~Y©? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| AbyKi‡Y m„ó `„k¨ Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z, †mB mv‡_ ev¯Í‡ei
DËi: cY¨ ev †mevi Dcv`vb, gv‡K©wUs, †Wwjfvwi, mvwf©wms b¨vq kÖeYvbyf~wZ Ges •`wnK I gvbwmK fvev‡eM,
Ges g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai AbjvBb cÖwµqv‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e D‡ËRbv Abyf~wZ cÖf…wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
B‡jKUªwbK Kgvm© ev B-Kgvm© e‡j| fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU‡Z wÎ-gvwÎK B‡gR •Zwii gva¨‡g AwZ
B-Kgvm© Gi gva¨‡g mn‡R †jb‡`b m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Am¤¢e KvRI Kiv m¤¢eci nq|
¯^í mg‡q Ges Kg Li‡P weÁvcb, †hvMv‡hvM
AeKvV‡gvMZ Dbœqb cÖf…wZ Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| 31| ÔAvPiwYK †WUvÕ e¨vL¨v Ki| [Xv. †ev. 23]
DËi: ev‡qv‡gwUªK cÖhyw³i AvPiYMZ •ewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i
27| B‡jKUªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ AvPiwYK †WUv (†hgb:
DËi: †Uwj‡dvb I WvUv †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g A_© ¯vbvšÍ‡ii Kɯ^i, nv‡Zi ¯^vÿi Ges Kx †evW© UvBwcs) e¨envi Kiv
e¨e¯v‡K B‡j±ªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi ejv nq| nq| †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvPiYMZ •ewk󨸇jv BbcyU †WUv
B‡j±ªwbK dvÛ UªvÝdvi K‡i gy`ªvi gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq bv wn‡m‡e †WUv‡e‡R msÿiY Kiv nq| †hgb Kɯ^i
wKš‧ wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ mvab Kiv nq| †jb‡`b Kv‡R myweav kbv³KiY c×wZ‡Z e¨enviKvixi Kɯ^i‡K
I wbivcËvi Rb¨ A‡Uv‡g‡UW †Ujvi †gwkb (ATM) gvB‡µv‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g aviYc~e©K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi
e¨eüZ nq| WvUv w`‡q e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`b g¨vM‡bwUK mvnv‡h¨ B‡jKUªwbK wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i †WUv‡e‡R
w÷ªc (†P․¤^K Kvwji †iLv) wewkó e¨vsK KvW© e¨eüZ msiÿY Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z msiwÿZ Kɯ^i AvPiwYK
nq, hv w`‡q †h †Kv‡bv mgq e¨vsK †_‡K D‡Ëvjb Kiv †WUvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q e¨w³ kbv³Ki‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Kiv
hvq| nq|
36  HSC ICT Chapter-1
32| wewfbœ K‡cv©‡iU †j‡f‡j ev‡qv‡gwUª· wm‡÷g e¨eüZ nq †QvU I nvjKv nq| b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ fwel¨‡Z ¯§vU©
†Kb? Ily‡ai gva¨‡g cÖvYNvZx K¨vÝv‡ii g‡Zv `yiv‡ivM¨ e¨vwa
DËi: eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ K‡cv©‡iU †j‡f‡j Awd‡m ev‡qv‡gwUª· n‡Z gyw³ cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯vq b¨v‡bv †iveU †Kvqv›Uvg
e¨eüZ nq| KviY Gi mvnv‡h¨ Awd‡mi mgq I Kw¤úDwUs, wek^e¨vcx e„nr Kg©ms¯v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó,
Dcw¯wZ wbqš¿Y, cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y, ATM G †jb‡`b Kvh©Kix I m¯Ívq kw³ Drcv`bmn cvwb I evqy`~lY
hvPvBKiY, Kw¤úDUvi †WUv‡ceR I †bUIqvK© wbqš¿Y, Kgv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e e‡j M‡elKMY Avkvev`x| GRb¨B
Mvwo cÖ‡ek I AwMœ wbivcËv, e¨vs‡Ki †jb‡`‡b wbivcËv, AvMvgx wek^ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek^|
e¨w³MZ Av‡Mœq¯¿ wbqš¿Y, wbivcËv Kg©xi PjvPj
wbqš¿Ymn †mjyjvi †dv‡bi wbivcËv e¨e¯v †Rvi`vi Kiv 38| Kw¤úDUvi I µxov mvgMÖx •Zwi‡Z b¨v‡bvcÖhyw³i e¨envi
m¤¢e nq| e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: Kw¤úDUvi I µxov mvgMÖx •Zwi‡Z b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwRi
33| ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU·-G e¨eüZ †WUv Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| e¨envi wb‡¤œ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
[h. †ev. 19] Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi •Zwi: Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi, MwZ,
DËi: ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· n‡jv weÁv‡bi †mB kvLv hv BZ¨vw` e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ nvW©Iq¨vi Ges wfwWI †Mgm
ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv GbvjvBwmm Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi Kb‡mvj •Zwi‡Z b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq|
cÖhyw³, Bbdi‡gkb w_Iwi Ges MvwYwZK Ávb‡K e¨envi µxov mvgMÖx •Zwi: †Uwbm e‡ji ¯vwqZ¡ e„w×, evZv‡m
K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î †WUv wWGbG, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Ges Mjd e‡ji cwRkb wVK ivLv BZ¨vw`i Rb¨
wbDwK¬K GwmWmn Ab¨vb¨ welq‡K AšÍf©~³ K‡i| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq| GQvovI †L‡jvqvo‡`i
mvaviYZ ev‡qvBbdig¨vwU· WvUv‡e‡R wRb e¨vsK, RyZv, †gvRv, UªvDRvi cÖf…wZi ¯vwqZ¡ e„w× I AvivgcÖ`
wbDwK¬IUvBW wmKz‡qÝ, †cÖvwUb wmKz‡qÝ BZ¨vw` welq Kivi Rb¨ b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR e¨eüZ nq|
_v‡K|
39| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i •bwZKZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
34| †Kvb cÖhyw³i e¨env‡i cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡¤§vwPZ [h. †ev. 17]
n‡q‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki| DËi: •bwZKZv n‡”Q gvby‡li KvR-Kg©, AvPvi-e¨env‡ii †mB
DËi: cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡¤§vwPZ n‡q‡Q †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis g~jbxwZ hvi Dci wfwË K‡i gvbyl GKwU Kv‡Ri fvj
cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki weÁvbx W. gvKmy`yj g›` w`K wePvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
Avjg cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡¤§vwPZ K‡i‡Qb| e¨envi mvg‡Ri mKj †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv
ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j Kw¤úDUcvi I mvBevi Aciva,
35| †Kvb cÖhyw³‡Z mviv eQi Av‡gi djb m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki| †MvcbxqZv, e¨w³ ¯^Zš¿¨Zv ev AvB‡WbwUwU, PvKzwi, ¯^v¯¨
[w`. †ev. 23] I Kg© cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î •bwZKZvi
DËi: †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mviv eQi Av‡gi welqwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i
djb m¤¢e| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis cÖhyw³i wiKw¤^‡bU m‡PZbZv e„w× I •bwZKZv iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡j
DNA Gi gva¨‡g †hme wRb cywói evnK, djea©b Kw¤úDUvi Aciva, mvBevi Aciva, n¨vwKs, mdUIq¨vi
mv‡jvKms‡kølY ÿgZv m¤úbœ Ges mviv eQi djbkxj cvB‡iwm BZ¨vw` Acivag~jK I A‣bwZK Kv‡Ri cÖeYZv
†mme wRb‡K wewfbœ wbKUeZ©x ev `~ieZ©x †h‡Kv‡bv Dw™¢` A‡bKvs‡k n«vm cv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
†_‡K msMÖn K‡i Av‡gi Pvivq XzwK‡q w`‡q mviv eQi
40| n¨vwKs •bwZKZv we‡ivax Kg©KvÛ-e¨vL¨v Ki| [h. †ev. 16]
Av‡gi AvkvZxZ djb cvIqv m¤¢e n‡”Q|
DËi: n¨vwKs‡qi gva¨‡g mvBevi Aciva msNwVZ nq|
AvµgY GK ai‡Yi B‡jKUªwbK AvµgY hv‡Z
36| AvYweK ch©v‡qi M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki| [Xv. †ev. 17]
wµwgbvjiv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Ab¨ KviI wm‡÷‡g webv
DËi: AvYweK ch©v‡q M‡elYvi cÖhyw³wU n‡j b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³|
AbygwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i dvBj, †cÖvMÖvg wKsev nvW©Iq¨vi
b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR ev b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³ n‡jv cvigvYweK ev
aŸsm ev ÿwZ mvab K‡i| G‡K mvBevi f¨vÛwjRg
AvYweK †¯‥‡j AwZÿz`ª wWfvBm (†hgb- †iveU) •Zwi
(Vandalism) I ejv nq| hv GKwU •bwZKZv we‡ivax
Kivi Rb¨ avZe e¯‧‡K mywbcyYfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi
KvR|
weÁvb| b¨v‡bvmv‡qÝ Ges b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR n‡jv
GKK AYy-cigvYy †`Lv Ges wbqš¿Y Kivi mvg_©¨| 41| mybvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j Kxfv‡e cÖhyw³
b¨v‡bv cÖhyw³i d‡j †Kv‡bv DcvKiY‡K GZUvB ÿz`ª K‡i e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
•Zwi Kiv hvq †h, Gi †_‡K Avi ÿz`ª Kiv m¤¢e bq| DËi: mgv‡R mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ M‡o Zzj‡Z Z_¨
cÖhyw³‡Z •bwZKZvi welq¸‡jv †g‡b Pjv DwPZ| Z_¨
37| ÒAvMvgx wek^ n‡e b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi wek^Ó -e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wb‡Ri `ÿZv I Ávb‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
[e. †ev. 23]
mgvR Rxe‡bi Kj¨vYKi Kv‡R wb‡R‡`i wb‡qvwRZ Kiv
DËi: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g e„nr †¯‥‡j
DwPZ| GQvov mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e wKQz wel‡q mZ©K
c‡Y¨vrcv`b m¤¢e nq| G cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z cY¨
_vK‡Z n‡e| †hgb- RbM‡Yi mgm¨vi KviY nq Ggb
AZ¨šÍ gReyZ, we`y¨r mvkÖqx, †UKmB Ges AvKv‡i m~²,
wek^ I evsjv‡`k †cÖwÿZ  Final Revision Batch 37
†Kv‡bv Z‡_¨i fzj Dc¯vcb bv Kiv, e¨w³MZ AR©‡bi 46| ÒN‡i e‡m nvRvi gvBj `~‡ii jvB‡eªwi‡Z cov‡kvbv Kiv
Rb¨ A‣eafv‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³i e¨envi bv Kiv| RbMY‡K hvqÓ e¨vL¨v Ki|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wewfbœ Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© AwewnZ Kivi DËi: B-jvwb©s Gi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡m nvRvi gvBj `~‡ii
cvkvcvwk wPwKrmv, wkÿv, K…wl, e¨emvq BZ¨vw`‡Z Z_¨ jvB‡eªwi‡Z co‡kvbv Kiv hvq| B-jvwb©s n‡jv
cÖhyw³i BwZevPK e¨envi m¤ú‡K© mevB‡K AvMÖnx Ki‡Z AbjvBbwfwËK cov‡kvbv| Avevi, Z_¨ cÖhyw³i myweav
n‡e| e¨envi K‡i mbvZb c×wZi eB‡qi wWwRUvj iƒc (B-
eyK) †h I‡qemvB‡U msiwÿZ _v‡K Zv‡K AbjvBb
42| ÔA‡b¨i •Zwi †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Zvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc jvB‡eªwi e‡j| Gme AbjvBb jvB‡eªwi †_‡K wk·v_©xiv
Kiv †Kv‡bv Aciva wK-bvÕ †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI| wewfbœ wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i co‡Z cv‡i Ges wfwWI
DËi: A‡b¨i •Zwi mdUIq¨vi Zvi AbygwZ Qvov Kwc Kiv wPÎ †`‡L mn‡R wkL‡Z cv‡i| hv Zvi cvV¨ eB Aa¨q‡b
mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwmm AšÍf©y³| mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L|
ej‡Z cÖ¯‧ZKvixi webv AbygwZ‡Z †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Kwc
Kiv, wb‡Ri bv‡g weZiY Kiv wKsev †Kv‡bv cÖKvi 47| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK-
cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Ri bv‡g Pvwi‡q †`Iqv BZ¨vw` eywS‡q †jL| [iv. †ev. 17]
Kvh©µg‡K eySvq| G ai‡bi KvR KwcivBU AvBb j•Nb DËi: Z_¨ cÖhyw³i KvR n‡”Q †WUv msMÖn K‡i Bbdi‡gkb
K‡i| •Zwi Kiv| Avi †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i KvR n‡”Q
Bbdi‡gkb ev Z_¨‡K GK¯vb †_‡K Ab¨¯v‡b
43| mvBevi µvBg ej‡Z Kx †evR? mwVKfv‡e mwVK mg‡q ¯vbvšÍi Kiv| myZivs GKwU Qvov
DËi: B›Uvi‡bU ev Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h mKj µvBg Ab¨wU APj| GBRb¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
msNwVZ nq Zv mvBevi µvBg bv‡g cwiwPZ| G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK|
mvBevi µvBg GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Aciva| Gi gva¨‡g
mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwmm, mvBevi AvµgY, mvBevi Pzwi 48| AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯’v DbœZ †`k MV‡b
Ges Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs Gi g‡Zv gvivZ¥K Aciva Acwinvh© -e¨vL¨v Ki| [iv. †ev. 23]
msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K| DËi: AvBwmwU wbf©i Drcv`b e¨e¯v DbœZ †`k MV‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkícÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z
44| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? [Xv. †ev. 16] c‡Y¨i gvb wbY©‡q Kw¤úDUvi e¨eüZ nq| Drcv`b
DËi: AvBwmwU‡Z mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i Kv‡R e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv wVKg‡Zv KvQ Ki‡Q wKbv Zv
gva¨‡g gvby‡l gvby‡l wg_w¯…qv‡KB †evSvq| Gi A_© Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î
n‡jv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM I AwaK SzuwKc~Y© Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi PvwjZ †iveU e¨eüZ
fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gvbyl hv wKPz m„wó, wewbgq wKsev nq| MÖæc Ae K¤úvwbi wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi †h †KD
Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM| B›Uvi‡b‡U B‡jKUªwbK †gBj, †UwjKbdv‡iÝ, ey‡jwUb †evW©
M‡o D‡V‡Q A‡bK cø¨vUdg© hv mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Kg©iZ
gva¨g wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq `yBwU kÖwg‡Ki KvR‡i mgq, †eZb I IfviUvBg wnmve Kiv
gva¨g n‡jv †dmeyK I UzBUvi| Rb¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv nq|

45| ICT wkÿvq wkwÿZ Rbe‡ji Rb¨ DcvR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î 49| Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b ICT Gi cÖfve Kx?
mnR my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki| DËi: we‡k^i wewfbœ †`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯vq Z_¨ I cÖhyw³
DËi: ICT wkÿvq wkwÿZ †h †KD AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi gva¨‡g Afvebxq cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| wkÿv, wPwKrmv, e¨vsK,
mn‡RB A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi A_© exgv, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, Awdm-Av`vjZ, Kj KviLvbv,
n‡jv wbR ¯v‡b ev GjvKv †_‡K cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯v, K…wl, weÁvb, wPwKrmv cÖKvkbv, wkí-
we‡`k †_‡K A_© DcvR©b Kivi c×wZ| AvDU‡mvwm©s Gi ms¯‥…wZ BZ¨vw` mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î eZ©gv‡b
d‡j wkwÿZ Rbej GB wkí‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A_© Z_¨cÖhyw³i eûgyLx cÖ‡qvM cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| GQvov
DcvR©‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vej¤^x n‡”Q| AevwiZ my‡hvM m„wó mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯vq cÖhyw³i †Qvuqv gvbyl‡K
n‡q‡Q Kg©ms¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î hv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖwZwbqZB mshy³ K‡i ivL‡Q| d‡j mvgvwRK Rxeb I
BwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| g~j¨‡ev‡ai mgš^q mvwaZ n‡”Q|

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