Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering 1289

1289-1299

Zagazig J. Agric. Res., Vol. 43 No. (4) 2016

http:/www.journals.zu.edu.eg/journalDisplay.aspx?Journalld=1&queryType=Master

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A FARM RESIDUES CHOPPING

MACHINE

Mona N.Sh. Radwan*, M.M. Morad, M.M.A. El-Sharabasy and M.M. Badr
Agric. Eng. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ., Egypt

ABSTRACT
Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of a farm residues chopping machine so
as to use final product for producing animal feed. The performance of the chopping machine was
studied under three different types of farm residues [rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and peanut
vines], four different cutting drum speeds and four different feed rates. The performance of the
chopping machine was evaluated taking into consideration machine productivity, required power,
specific energy, operational cost and criterion cost. The experimental results reveal that the optimum
values of machine productivity were 258.26, 339.16 and 282.38 kg/hr; the optimum values of the
required power were 3.17, 2.85 and 2.90 kW; the optimum values of the specific energy were 12.27,
8.40 and 10.27 kW.hr/Mg; the optimum values of operational cost were 91.88, 69.97 and 84.04
LE/Mg and the optimum values of criterion cost were 102.38, 81.49 and 93.32 LE/Mg for rice straw,
sweet potatoes vines and peanut vines, respectively. The mentioned optimum values were achieved
under the following conditions: cutting drum speed of about 1520 rpm corresponding to (33.41m/sec.)
for different farm residues with adjusting feed rates at 283.15, 400 and 320 kg/hr., for rice straw, sweet
potatoes vines and peanut vines, respectively.
Key words: Chopping, rice straw, sweet potatoes vines, peanut vines.

INTRODUCTION handling, transporting and reduce storage space.

Then chopped crop residues can be used in
Crop residues are one of the most critical different purposes such as un-traditional fodder
problems which face the Egyptian farmer for feeding animals, compost to be added to the
specially after harvesting. In Egypt, there are soil to help increasing soil fertility and improve
about 40 million Mg yearly of the field raw its physical properties and biogas as a source of
material. The national income might be energy. In Egypt, different chopping machines
increased with 4.6 billion LE/year if field raw are used, some of these machines are imported
materials are recycled. Egyptian farmer burn and the other are locally manufactured. In both
rice straw as a way for disposing it and to save cases, such care had been taken to improve the
time to prepare the soil for next crops .This habit performance of these machines taking into
results in a vast loss of energy accompanied consideration machine productivity, total losses,
with direct negative effect on both human health energy and cost requirement. Mohamed et al.
and environment. Moreover, the traditional way (2001) developed and evaluated a rice straw
of storing the crop residues in the farms and chopper. The results indicated that the
houses roofs gives unlimited chance for the productivity of the developed machine was 0.95
possibility of fire corruption of these residues. Mg/hr., at 2000 rpm rotor speed and the cutting
To solve this problem, it must be cut the plant lengths of (1-9 cm) reached 95.25% from the
residues into pieces using chopping machine to total amount of cutting residue. El-Iraqi and El-
minimize their size and volume to facilitate Khawaga (2002) designed a cutting machine for

* Corresponding author: Tel. : +201093531796

E-mail address: [email protected]
1290 Radwan, et al.

chopping rice straw and corn stalks. They found to 2.81 Mg/hr., useful power from 2.19 to 3.86
that the maximum percentages of <5 cm cutting kW with decreasing the unit energy required
length of 87.80 and 92.00% were obtained for from 1.87 to 1.37 kW.hr./Mg and chopping
rice straw and corn stalks residues, respectively machine cost from 16.33 to 7.22 LE/Mg at
at cutting speed of 10.09 m/sec, feeding rate of number of knives of 2 and corn stalk moisture
0.771 Mg/hr., and knife clearance of 1.5 mm, content of 65.0%. Morad et al. (2007)
maximum values of power consumption of 4.90 investigated the performance of crop residues
and 4.76 kW were obtained at feeding rate of chopping machine during cutting some farm
0.771 Mg/hr., and cutting speed of 10.09 m/sec., residues in terms of percentage of cutting
with knife clearance of 4.5 mm for cutting rice lengths, energy and cost as a function of change
straw and corn stalks, respectively. They in chopper drum speed, material feed rate and
recommended using the designed cutting moisture content. They recommended to use the
machine for cutting rice straw and corn stalks chopping machine under chopper rotating speed
residues at 0.771 Mg/hr., feeding rate 10.09 of 51.13 m/sec., also under feed rates of 0.45,
m/sec., cutting speed with 1.5 mm knife 1.03 and 0.53 Mg/hr., for rice straw, corn stalks
clearance. Younis et al. (2002) developed and sugar cane residues, respectively. They also
chopping machine and used it for cutting recommended to adjust moisture contents at 5.5,
residues of rice, cotton and corn stalks. They 83 and 11% for the same previous residues,
found that the maximum required power and respectively.
consumed energy of, 11.77 kW and 12.99
kW.hr./Mg were found at rotor speeds of 2200 Solomon-Tekeste (2012) developed an
and 1600 rpm, respectively. The increasing of engine-driven chopper for chopping the crop
rotor speed from 1600 to 2000 rpm caused a and hay. The machine was design with the
decrease of consumed energy by 17.11%.While following main components: feed hopper,
the increasing of rotor speed from 2000 to 2200 rotating drum with swinging knives, casing with
rpm caused an increase of consumed energy by fixed knives welded on it, a screen and stands.
12.9%. Lotfy (2003) evaluated a machine The machine performance was conducted using
powered by electric motor for chopping three levels of drum speeds: 960, 1200 and 1400
agricultural residues. He found that the machine rpm, and three feed rates: 420, 540 and 660
output values were (1.822, 2.128 and 0.967 kg/hr. The test result showed that the optimum
Mg/hr), average cut length values were (2.8, 2.5 drum speed and feed rate values for both corn
and 2.6 cm), energy requirements values were stalk and grass were 1200 rpm 540 kg/hr,
(12.14, 11.45 and 11.03 kW.hr./Mg) and respectively. The average size reduction
operational costs were (8.13, 6.80 and 7.07 LE/ percentages using these optimum combinations
Mg) for cutting rice straw, cotton stalk and corn were 92.0% and 79.5% for corn stalk and grass,
stalks, respectively under 43.35 m/sec., cutting respectively. The machine performed well with
speed and 2 m/sec., feeding speed for feeding output rate ranging from 420 to 660 kg/hr.
animals. He added that the machine output
So, such care had to be taken to evaluate and
values were (2.037, 2.359 and 2.184 Mg/hr), cut
operate the chopping machine for cutting farm
length values were (4.8, 4.2 and 4.9 cm), energy
residues to be suitable for producing animal feed.
requirements values were (11.74, 10.95 and
Thus, the objectives of the present study are to:
10.52 kW.hr./Mg) and operating costs were
(6.80, 5.74 and 6.07 LE/Mg) for cutting the - Produce a low cost animal feed by processing
previously mentioned crop residues, respectively farm residues.
under the same conditions and 2.5 m/sec.,
- Optimize some operating parameters: (type of
feeding speed for composting. El-Khateeb
residues, cutting drum speed and feed rate)
(2007) mentioned that increasing the cutter head
affecting the performance of chopping
speed from 22.1 to 35.3 m/sec tends to increase
machine.
percentage of chopping length 0.5 to 2.0 cm,
from 50 to 60%, degree of destruction, from - Evaluate the chopping machine from the
28.7 to 38.2%, machine productivity from 1.32 economic stand point.
 Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering 1291

MATERIALS AND METHODS Frame

The experiments were conducted at The frame dimensions are 80 cm in length,

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty 80 cm in height, and 54 cm in width.
of Agriculture, Zagazig University to evaluate Methods
the performance of the chopping machine for
cutting rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and Experimental conditions
peanut vines so as to use the final product in
producing animal feed. The performance of the chopping machine
was experimentally measured under the
Materials following parameters:
The used crop residues - Three different types of farm residues (rice
Three crop residues were used in the study straw, sweet potatoes vines, peanut vines).
(rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and peanut
vines). Some physical properties of the used - Four different cutting drum speeds of 25.28,
residues were illustrated in Table 1. 29.19, 33.41 and 35.78 m/sec., corresponding
to (1150, 1328, 1520 and 1628 rpm), respectively.
The chopping machine
- Four different material feed rates of (159.49,
The chopping machine suitable for cutting 201.60, 283.15 and 336 kg/hr.), (322.39, 400,
rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and peanut 502.33 and 553.85 kg/hr.) and (165.52, 240,
vines consists of the following main parts as 320 and 389.19 kg/hr.) for rice straw, sweet
shown in Fig. 1. potatoes vines and peanut vines.
Feed inlet All experiments were conducted under
A small opening of 34 cm in width and 7 cm constant moisture contents of (10.23, 10.66 and
in height. The feed inlet has also three 11.24% w.b.) for the same farm residues.
inclination sides with total height of 48 cm. Measurements and determinations
Feeding drums Evaluation of the performance of the
The chopping machine was provided with chopping machine for cutting rice straw, sweet
two feeding drums having dimension 7 cm in potatoes vines and peanut vines were based on
diameter and 34 cm in length. the following indicators:
Chopping drum Machine productivity (MP)
The chopping drum is fixed at horizontal The machine productivity was calculated
shaft. The shaft is made of steel with 45 cm in from the following equation:
diameter and 43 cm in length. The shaft is laid
on two horizontal bearings. Three steel shears W (1)
MP=
were fixed on the shaft. Each one ends with a t
sharp blade having dimensions 35 cm in length,
6 cm in width and 3 mm in thickness. The sharp Where
blade was fixed on the steel shear using four MP = machine productivity, kg/hr.
Hex. The inclination chopping blades play as a
centrifugal fan to move the chopping materials W= mass of chopped residues, kg.
towards the outlet.
t= machine operating time, hr.
Opening outlet
Required power
The opening outlet dimensions are 38 cm in
width and 24 cm in height. The power required was calculated knowing
shaft speed (rpm), Ampere (I) and the voltage
Power source (v) values using the following formula (Ibrahim
The unit was powered by an electric motor 1983):
5.5 kW (7.48 hp) at a rated speed of 1450 rpm.
P = I ´ V ´ cosθ (2)
1292 Radwan, et al.

Table 1. Some physical properties of the experimental crop residues

Physical property Rice straw Sweet potatoes vines Peanut vines
Stem diameter, mm 2.83 3.90 2.79
Stem length, cm 120 124.37 57.26
Mass of 20 stalk, g 58.6 483.4 54
Number of branches 0 0 19
Density of chopped resides, kg/m3 67.05 157.95 76.14

Elevation

Plan

Fig. 1. Elevation and plan of the chopping machine

 Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering 1293

Where: results show that increasing drum speed

P= Required power, kW increased machine productivity up to 1520 rpm;
any further increase in drum speed up to 1628
I=current strength, Ampere rpm machine productivity will decrease.
V= voltage, Volt (220 v) Concerning rice straw, obtained results show
Cos ɵ= power factor, Being equal to 0.96 that increasing drum speed from 1150 to 1520
rpm measured at different feed rates of 159.49,
ɵ =phase angle between Vand I 201.60, 283.15 and 336 kg/hr., increased
Specific energy machine productivity from 131.93 to 140.20,
from 168.75 to 188.72, from 239.28 to 258.26
Specific energy was estimated using the
and from 279.92 to 315 kg/hr. The further
following formula:
increase in drum speed more than 1520 up to
P 1628 rpm measured at the same previous feed
SE = (3)
rates, decreased machine productivity from
MP
140.20 to 129.02, from 188.72 to 168.47, from
Where: 258.26 to 221.11 and from 315 to 267.22 kg/hr.
SE = specific energy, kW.hr/Mg Respecting sweet potatoes vines, obtained
Operational cost LE/Mg results show that increasing drum speed from
MC 1150 to 1520 rpm measured at different feed
OC = (4)
rates of 322.39, 400, 502.33 and 553.85 kg/hr,
MP
increased machine productivity from 198 to
Where: 257.14, from 258.93 to 339.16, from 313.04 to
OC = operational cost, LE/Mg 422.61 and from 352.29 to 454.29 kg/hr. The
MC= machine cost LE/hr. further increase in drum speed more than 1520
up to 1628 rpm measured at the same previous
The machine cost analysis was performed feed rates, decreased machine productivity from
considering the conventional method of 257.14 to 241.72, from 339.16 to 317.06, from
estimation both fixed and variable costs (Hunt,
422.61 to 393.46 and from 454.29 to 422.16
1983).
kg/hr.
Criterion cost, LE/Mg
Considering peanut vines, obtained results
The criterion cost required for the chopping show that increasing drum speed from 1150 to
operation was estimated using the following 1520 rpm measured at different feed rates of
equation (Awady, 1982) 165.52, 240, 320 and 389.19 kg/hr, increased
Criterion cost = operationa l cost + losses cost (5) machine productivity from 105.40 to 131.60,
from 165.71 to 195.43, from 232.50 to 282.38
and from 250.65 to 315 kg/hr. The further
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
increase in drum speed more than 1520 up to
The obtained results will be discussed under 1628 rpm measured at the same previous feed
the following items: rates, decreased machine productivity from
131.60 to 118.40, from 195.43 to 178.86, from
Influence of Cutting Drum Speed on the 282.38 to 226 and from 315 to 264.60 kg/hr.
Machine Productivity at Different Feed
Lower or higher values of cutting drum
Rates
speed less or more than the optimum value tend
Representative values of machine to decrease machine productivity because the
productivity versus cutting drum speed at residues drop through the hold at the bottom of
different feed rates for rice straw, sweet potatoes the feed drum that represents losses which
vines and peanut vines are given in Fig. 2. The decrease productivity.
1294 Radwan, et al.

1294
Sweet potatoes vines Peanut vines
Rice straw
165.52 Kg/h
hr. 240 Kg/h
hr.
hr. hr.
322.39 Kg/h
hr. 400 Kg/h
hr. 320 Kg/h
hr. hr.
389.19 Kg/h
159.49 Kg/h 201.6 Kg/h 502.33 Kg/h
hr. 553.85 Kg/h
hr.
hr.
283.15 Kg/h hr.
336 Kg/h 350
400 500

300
o d u c tiv ity (kg/hr.)

p ro d u ctiv ity(kg/hr.)
, k g /h
350
, k g /h

450

Machine productivity (kg/hr.)

M a c h in e p r o d u c tiv ity , k g /h
300 250
400
c h in e p rproductivity

ach in e productivity
250 200
350

Radwan, et al.
200
150
300
M aMachine

Machine
150
250 100
100

M
200 50
50

0 150 0
1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712 1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712 1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712
Cuttingdrum
Cutting drumspeed
speed,(rpm)
rpm Cutting
Cuttingdrum
drumspeed
speed,(rpm)
rpm Cuttingdrum
Cutting drumspeed
speed,(rpm)
rpm

Fig.2. Effect of cutting drum speed on machine productivity at different feed rates for different crop residues
 Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering 1295

Influence of Cutting Drum Speed on the with the low increase in the machine
Required Power and Specific Energy at productivity.
Different Feed Rates Influence of Cutting Drum Speed on
Representative values of both required power Operational and Criterion Costs at
and specific energy versus cutting drum speed at Different Feed Rates
different feed rates for rice straw, sweet potatoes
vines and peanut vines are given in Fig. 3. Representative values of both operational
Results obtained show that increasing drum and criterion costs versus cutting drum speed at
speed increased required power and specific different feed rates for rice straw, sweet potatoes
energy. vines and peanut vines are given in Fig. 4.
In relation to rice straw, obtained results Concerning rice straw, results show that
show that increasing drum speed from 1150 to increasing drum speed from 1150 to 1520 rpm
1628 rpm measured at different feed rates of measured at different feed rates of 159.49,
159.49, 201.60, 283.15 and 336 kg/hr increased 201.60, 283.15 and 336 kg/hr., decreased
required power from 1.74 to 3.27, from 1.92 to operational cost from 179.87 to 169.26, from
3.37, from 2.15 to 3.47 and from 2.35 to 3.84 140.62 to 125.74, from 99.17 to 91.88 and from
kW, also increased specific energy from 13.19 84.77 to 75.33 LE/Mg, also decreased criterion
to 25.34, from 11.38 to 20.00, from 8.99 to cost from 185.69 to 174.39, from 143.69 to 128,
15.69 and from 8.40 to 14.37 kW.hr./Mg,
from 111.22 to 102.38 and from 116.84 to
respectively.
105.77 LE/Mg, respectively. The further
In connection with sweet potatoes vines, increase in drum speed more than 1520 up to
obtained results show that increasing drum 1628 rpm measured at the same previous feed
speed from 1150 to 1628 rpm measured at rates increased operational cost from 169.26 to
different feed rates of 322.39, 400, 502.33 and
183.92, from 125.74 to 140.86, from 91.88 to
553.85 kg/hr., increased required power from
1.57 to 2.41, from 2.02 to 2.95, from 2.15 to 107.32 and from 75.33 to 88.80 LE/Mg, also
3.40 and from 2.25 to 3.58 kW, also increased increased criterion cost from 174.39 to 189.88,
specific energy from 7.93 to 9.97, from 7.80 to from 128 to 144.19, from 102.38 to 119.5 and
9.30, from 6.87 to 8.64 and from 6.39 to 8.48 from 105.77 to 122.08 LE/Mg respectively.
kW.hr./Mg, respectively.
With respect to sweet potatoes vines, results
Relating to peanut vines, obtained results show that increasing drum speed from 1150 to
show that increasing drum speed from 1150 to 1520 rpm measured at different feed rates of
1628 rpm measured at different feed rates of 322.39, 400, 502.33 and 553.85 kg/hr.,
165.52, 240, 320 and 389.19 kg/hr., increased
decreased operational cost from 119.85 to 92.28,
required power from 1.55 to 2.20, from 2.00 to
2.76, from 2.15 to 3.02 and from 2.23 to 3.20 from 91.65 to 69.97, from 75.81 to 56.15 and
kW, also increased specific energy from 14.71 from 67.36 to 52.24 LE/Mg, also decreased
to 18.58, from 12.07 to 15.43, from 9.25 to criterion cost from 148.81 to 115.08, from
13.36 and from 8.90 to 12.09 kW.hr./Mg, 109.41 to 81.49, from 128.74 to 97.78 and from
respectively. 159.30 to 134.59 LE/Mg, respectively. The
The increase in required power and specific further increase in drum speed more than 1520
energy by increasing cutting drum speed at the up to 1628 rpm measured at the same previous
same feeding drum speed is attributed to the feed rates increased operational cost from 92.28
increase of cutting blades knocking number in to 98.17, from 69.97 to 74.84, from 56.15 to
time unit on the residues, that tends to increase 60.31 and from 52.24 to 56.21 LE/Mg, also
electric consumption and as a result required increased criterion cost from 115.08 to 121.92,
power. Specific energy increase could be due to from 81.49 to 87.83, from 97.78 to 106.36 and
the high increase in required power comparing from 134.59 to 143.17 LE/Mg, respectively.
1296 Radwan, et al.

1296
Required power ‫ـــــــــــــــــــ‬ Specific energy -------------

Rice straw Sweet potatoes vines Peanut vines

165.52 Kg/hhr. 240 Kg/hhr.

159.49 Kg/hhr. 201.6 Kg/h
hr. 322.39 Kg/hhr. 400 Kg/hhr.
502.33 Kg/hhr. hr.
553.85 Kg/h
320 Kg/hhr. 389.19 Kg/hhr.
283.15 Kg/hhr. 336 Kg/hhr.
4 30 17 28
4

hr./Mg)
3.6 28 3.2 26

kW(kW)
hr./Mg)
hr./Mg)
3.6

kW.h/Mg
15

(kW)
(kW)

g
3.2 26 2.8 24

g
power kW

.h/M
3.2

kW .h/M

power

(kW.
kW
24
2.8 22

power
2.4

energy (kW.
energy,(kW.
power,

2.8 13

kW
power,
22

power,

Radwan, et al.
2.4

energy
2.4 20

Required
20 2

Specific energy,
Specific energy

energy,
Required
Required

2 2 11 18
18
Required

Required
1.6

Required

Specific
1.6 1.6
16 16
Specific

Specific
9 1.2

Specific
1.2 1.2
14 14
0.8 12 0.8 0.8
7 12
0.4 10 0.4
0.4 10
0 8 0 5
1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712 1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712 0 8
1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712
Cutting drum
Cutting drum speed (rpm)
speed, rpm Cutting
Cutting drumspeed
drum speed,(rpm)
rpm
Cuttingdrum
Cutting drum speed
speed, (rpm)
rpm

Fig. 3. Effect of cutting drum speed on required power and specific energy at different feed rates for different crop residues
 Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering 1297

Operational cost ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــ‬ Criterion cost -----------------

Peanut vines
Rice straw Sweet potatoes vines
hr.
159.49 Kg/h hr.
201.6 Kg/h 165.52 Kg/hhr. hr.
240 Kg/h
hr.
322.39 Kg/h 400 Kg/hhr.
hr.
283.15 Kg/h hr.
336 Kg/h 320 Kg/hhr. 389.19 Kg/hhr.

Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering

502.33 Kg/hhr. 553.85 Kg/hhr.
290 200 420 250
250 175
390 225
260 175
(LE/Mg)

L.E/Mg
360
cost L.E/Mg

220

L.E/Mg
150

L.E/Mg
200

L.E/Mg
cost (LE/Mg)
(LE/Mg)
L.E/Mg
230 150 330

(LE/Mg)
(LE/Mg)

cost,(LE/Mg)
175
190 125 300
200 125

cost,
150
Operationalcost,

270

cost,

Criterioncost,
cost,

Operational cost
160 100

Operational cost
170 100 240 125
Criterioncost

Criterion cost

Operational
Operational

Criterion
Operational
210 100
130 75
Criterion

Criterion
140 75
180
75
110 50 100 50 150
50
120
80 25 70 25 25
90
50 0 60 0
40 0
1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712 1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712
1040 1136 1232 1328 1424 1520 1616 1712

Cuttingdrum
Cutting drum speed
speed,(rpm)
rpm Cutting drum speed,
Cutting speed rpm
(rpm)
Cutting
Cuttingdrum
drumspeed,
speed rpm
(rpm)

Fig.4. Effect of cutting drum speed on operational cost and criterion cost at different feed rates for different crop residues

1297
1298 Radwan, et al.

As regard peanut vines, results show that El-Iraqi, M. and S. El-Khawaga (2002). Design
increasing drum speed from 1150 to 1520 rpm and test performance of cutting machine for
measured at different feed rates of 165.52, 240, some crop residues. Special Issue for
320 and 389.19 kg/hr., decreased operational symposium Misr Soc. Agric. Eng., 108-124.
cost from 225.14 to 180.32, from 143.20 to
121.42, from 102.06 to 84.04 and from 94.67 to El-Khateeb, H.A. (2007). Effect of engineering
75.33 LE/Mg, also decreased criterion cost from parameters of residues chopper on chopper
243.08 to 195.95, from 163.98 to 138.84, from quality. J. Agric. Res., Kafr El-Sheikh Univ.,
117.74 to 93.32 and from 145.34 to 120.55 33 (1): 1-15.
LE/Mg respectively. The further increase in
drum speed more than 1520 up to 1628 rpm Hunt, D.R. (1983). Farm Power and Machinery
measured at the same previous feed rates Management, Iowa State Univ., Press, 8th Ed.
increased operational cost from 180.32 to Ibrahim, D. R. (1983). Wet milling wheat grain.
200.42, from 121.42 to 132.67, from 84.04 to M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ.,
105.00 and from 75.33 to 89.68 LE/Mg, also Egypt.
increased criterion cost from 195.95 to 217.63,
from 138.84 to 152.40, from 93.32 to 117.48 Lotfy, A. (2003). Development and performance
and from 120.55 to 138.83 LE/Mg, respectively. evaluation a machine for cut and throw
Both higher and lower values of cutting drum agricultural. Misr J. Agric. Eng., 20(3):724-736.
speed more or less than the optimum value tend
Mohamed, T.H., S.M. Younis, M.I. Ghohimy
to increase operational cost due to the decrease
in machine productivity concerning the optimum and M.A. Biomy (2001). Development of
value. rice straw chopper. 1st Int. Conf. for
manufacturing Agric. Equipment and
Conclusion Machinery 9th Con. Misr Soc. Agric. Eng.,
The chopping machine was evaluated during 18 (4): 173-200.
cutting rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and Morad, M.M., M.A. Arnaout, O.A. Omar and
peanut vines so as to use the final product to
I.A. Heba (2007). Effect of mechanical
produce animal feed. The experimental results
recommended to operate the chopping machine chopping and adding different farm residues
under the following conditions: cutting drum on soil physical properties and wheat yield.
speed of about 1520 rpm corresponding to Zagazig. J. Agric. Res., 34 (4): 781-804.
(33.41 m/sec.) for different residues with Solomon-Tekeste (2012): A design study of a
adjusting feed rates at 283.15, 400 and 320
motor-driven chopper for chopping crop
kg/hr., for rice straw, sweet potatoes vines and
peanut vines respectively. residue and hay. The IUP J. Mech. Eng., 3 :
68-75.
REFERRENCES Younis S. M; M. I. Ghoning, M. A. Boyomi and
T. H. Mohamed (2002): Techno-Economic
Awady, M.N., E.Y. Ghoniem and A.I. Hashish
Evaluation of a developed field crop residues
(1982). Agriculture comparison between
wheat combines harvesters under Egyptian chopper. The 10th Annual Conf. Misr Soc.
conditions. Res. Bul. Ain- Shams Univ., 13. Agric. Eng., 16-17 October, 63-80.
 ‫‪Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Engineering‬‬ ‫‪1299‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﯿﯿـــﻢ أداء آﻟـــــﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿـــــﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔــﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿـــﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻰ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺎن رﺿﻮان ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺮاد ﺣﺴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﻧﯿﺲ اﻟﺸﺮﺑﺎﺻﻰ ‪ -‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺪر‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺰﻗﺎزﯾﻖ‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮاﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﻤﺼﺮي ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺎد‪ ،‬ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت ﺳﻨﻮﯾﺎ ً ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻣﻠﯿﻮن طﻦ إذا ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﻐﻼل ھﺬه اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﻀﯿﻒ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻰ ‪٦٫٤‬ﻣﻠﯿﺎر‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ ً ﺳﻨﻮﯾﺎ ً‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮا ً ﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﮭﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﯾﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﻤﺰارع اﻟﻤﺼﺮي ﻟﺤﺮق ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺎد‬
‫ﻟﺘﺘﯿﺢ ﻟﮫ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﮭﯿﺰ اﻷرض ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ أو ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل أو اﻟﻤﺰارع وھﺬه اﻟﻌﺎدات اﻟﺴﯿﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺤﻞ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﻊ ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻟﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺪاوﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﯿﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻌﻠﻒ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻲ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪى ﻗﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻰ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ھﻮﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ أداء آﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻒ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻰ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺰﻗﺎزﯾﻖ ﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ أداء ھﺬه اﻵﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻰ اﻷھﺪاف اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ :‬إﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻒ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﻰ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ أداء آﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ درﻓﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻠﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﻠﻒ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ أﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﯿﯿﻢ آﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدى‪ ،‬وﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أداء اﻵﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ‬
‫أﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‪ :‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت )ﻗﺶ اﻷرز‪ ،‬ﻋﺮش اﻟﺒﻄﺎطﺎ وﻋﺮش اﻟﻔﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻲ(‪ ،‬أرﺑﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺪرﻓﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ )‪ ١٦٢٨-١٥٢٠-١٣٢٨ -١١٥٠‬ﻟﻔﺔ‪/‬د( )‪-٣٣٫٤١ -٢٩٫١٩ -٢٥٫٢٨‬‬
‫‪ ٣٥٫٧٨‬م‪/‬ث(‪ ،‬أرﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )‪ ٣٣٦ -٢٨٣٫١٥ -٢٠١٫٦٠ -١٥٩٫٤٩‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‪-٤٠٠ -٣٢٢٫٣٩) ،‬‬
‫‪ ٥٥٣٫٨٥ -٥٠٢٫٣٣‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ٣٨٩٫١٩ -٣٢٠ -٢٤٠ -١٦٥٫٥٢ ) ،‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺶ اﻷرز‪ ،‬ﻋﺮش اﻟﺒﻄﺎطﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺮش اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﻘﯿﯿﻢ أداء اﻵﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺪرة واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ( وﻗﺪ أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪ :‬أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺶ اﻷرز ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪ :‬اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ‪ ٢٥٨٫٢٦‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ٣٫١٧‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ وات‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ ‪ ١٢٫٢٧‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪١٥٢٠‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ‪١٠٢٫٣٨‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫وات‪.‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ‪٩١٫٨٨‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺔ‪/‬د وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻢ ‪ ٢٨٣٫١٥‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺮش اﻟﺒﻄﺎطﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ‪ ٣٣٩٫١٦‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام‬
‫ً‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ٢٫٨٥‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ وات‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ ‪ ٨٫٤٠‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ وات‪.‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ‪٦٩٫٩٧‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ‪ ١٥٢٠‬ﻟﻔﺔ‪/‬د وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻢ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ‪٨١٫٤٩‬‬
‫ﻟﻌﺮش اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ‪ ٢٨٢٫٣٨‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ٢٫٩٠‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮ وات‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ ‪١٠٫٢٧‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺟﻨﯿﮭﺎ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ‪٩٣٫٣٢‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ وات‪.‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪/‬ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺟﺮام‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ ‪٨٤٫٠٤‬‬
‫‪ ١٥٢٠‬ﻟﻔﺔ‪/‬د وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻢ ‪ ٣٢٠‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻰ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام آﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﯿﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﻊ ‪ ١٥٢٠‬ﻟﻔﺔ‪/‬د )‪ ٣٣٫٤١‬م‪/‬ث( و ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻠﻘﯿﻢ ) ‪ ٣٢٠ -٤٠٠ -٢٨٣٫١٥‬ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺟﺮام‪/‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺶ اﻷرز‪ -‬ﻋﺮش اﻟﺒﻄﺎطﺎ‪ -‬ﻋﺮش اﻟﻔﻮل اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﯿﺐ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤــــــﻮن‪:‬‬
‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ورﺋﯿﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ – ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻋﻤـــــﺎد اﻟــــﺪﯾﻦ أﻣـــــﯿﻦ‬
‫أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ – ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺰﻗﺎزﯾﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ‬