ENS 205 Notes Week 2 SL & loternationa| Syetent MESA Aeter, kilogram, Second , Ampere Units SL units : HSL Gase Lathes Base Quantity = Name Symbol, + Leegth eneter m » Moss Wilograrn. 9 + Time Secark 8 « Flectsic Curredt ampere. A #Thermodynome kelvin K temparatue * Amount of subst mole mel s dumincus Wtersity candela, ed HST. Derived Units Derived Quontity - Nome _Syenbo| Fqunalert St er herta Ha 7 x a Newton N ae Ege $7 » Preseure: pascal i N/on* oule Nem a ia w Wis *Blecirte Chonge coulomb Cc seA «Electric Potemtiol volt ¥ w/a o Flectric ResiStaxe ohe fe V/A ecolsius tempoatwe — degree °C A CelsiusSr Prefixes Factor Nome Symbol Nuwerical Valve. 407 tera - 40? giga S 40° mega MM 4o3 Hilo kK 40? hectO h 40+ deta da 40-7! deci A 4072 cent Cc 1073 milli m 107¢ micro ~_ 4o7? NAN a 1o-> pico 7 % Noterrals Sciece Maderials Enginesring + Understordig the Scere fe Usig What we EnNdw Gbout thre of Materials scventtfic properties of +he oterial «Materials acieve is the [MA tre scimbfic principles behind Subject which is conmerned. Madera erginesig designs with basic Mowlegde ap} * Materials egies 1s the sukject she internal structwe, | WNCh 1S congerned’ with. the use of properties ond processing furdameral and apphed Knowl ef marenals, SH materials so that materials con b conveted into the Cducts necessary 4o_orol_ desired b Society a WH Whet are the main classes fe engineering materiale 2 A. Hetals a 2. @ramics or Glasses 3+ Polymers 4» Composites ae Semicorductorse Aluminum (Al) Aluminun oxide (Aig2) «rai © Crane s would be oxtcltaedd * chemically Moe stable + melting Point —» 660°C * higher mrelticg pot —= 100% * ductile (refractory) oe “brite * Ductile. Beittle eductile materials con be * Brittle rater oreo. Grown IMO wires by os ro OEE Stretching err eels * Shows deformation edoes not Show eforration . obfected by temperate _ affected! by Pessue (or Stress) e ekamples —s metale ° examples — ceramics ard glosses (retatic eo (covalent boraiirg) solid State Materials Crystals Jon - crutals eee ~ (crystalline) (Won Crystalltine ) 2 quid « Crystal ig QA sdid | A solid that lacks +he 09 * Gos “troveral whose fatge order that 1S “choracter > Plasing ~ consttuents (such as Aa crystal. SyMeymoaus of On A atonS, molesies or ian) ou 2 : Jat ra hignis 6928", "glassy sold” o¢ are OrOered mMIcreScopic SHructud , |" 2Morphous Solid”, forming a crystal lattice that Polymers exteds inatt directions. Woods Gels Glass 3: Crystals (Crystalline) SS Non-metattic Crystals Pe Metallic Crystals — LOni Gystol: Sitehalie bows |_| bode Covlent_crysials > High electrical ne Ff ipo Cole Rane arch | (electron ronsferieg) (electcon Shoring) Condluctivity — aw electrical and [low electrical and low > Hove free low +hermal COrdluctivity| therrral conductivity Electrons (nsuledor , poor corduciy (insulotor) (electron Clouds) |, High melticg point | Ao meHirg point — High melting |_, Mostly brittle > Mostly ductile point examples: exomples: examples i Nac Corbon ss nc Silicon ie Gerrroniusn Bimorad ay 4No 4ree electrons to conduct ‘he. electricity %® Hove only Orbital electrons -K Chenicod bordicg determines the word gop = se Energy cequires! tO remove a valence eleciron aoe reely vonduct ence es senmiconductors Insulators een betes > Srrall pehuen|—> Lage gop between Valence bord ord condudh ya, ond “CB ve fae Boe SE © up to 4ev| —* Fgop ~Oev gop7 0 up to 4 es Ps Sanrcon. ($i) Egope4-te Piamord — Egop= 5.5eV ei uer gerrraniam Cine Silicon doped! wiin Phosphorous the Phcphorus atom will comribute and odditioral electron to the Silicon givig it ar excess negetive chorge. (donor'sP) * Point defects interstitial impurity Su bstitetion Impurity atom Artimeny , BiSrewcth, Vaconc K Pair defects (property of ionic crystals ) a) Setottey defect @B © equal tumnber of cations on! anions ove missicg from the lattice jp dersity of solids decrease. : e \eores the noo! site od occipres 9 intestitia stte , devsity of solids perrains some,% Polymers Composition af H,C,N,0,F,Si atoms geealty ¥ Colombic Attraction Ca et G4. Fattractive= —Ficpuis: Poe org, ee ee me ie O*— 9=¢-7).o,toxte Goulart 5 derivative of energy BU /ole 5 3 oe Da\ | we Be gs ft a, =bod legin 4E Polo ity Kepolor molecule Kpolar molecule g=c=0 ot COo u No net dipole monent Ne+ dipole Mament ex: HCl NHe ex: BZ, CCl, “me Secondar or Y% de Wals ond The key differere between privary ond! secondary borols ynat Secondary bonds cecur without electron transfer or Sharing, They ore weoker +en prirrery Pords dipsle - dipole Gipole- indusal olpole| Dispersion forces polor — polar polar ~unpolar between all moles polor —\on jon -unpolo~ (polar or unpotor)Und Cells A subdhoisien of the lattice that still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice. (Smallest sepebtis volume wihiery COmtains tre complete latice pattern oh a Crystal) Primitive oa aN wl (basis for ctystol) ? See ‘Sa yapah CRYSTAL SYSTEM 7 Wecrtant ones = ° — cubic asbee 1 @B = Y= 90° volume =O = = tetr agora! asb#c amb of a0 volure saeBrayais Lattian —* Crystal system ty bypes! Importont ones Clystal siucture of cubic f= se ves im Simple cubte body centered Cubic Face - certetd Cubic (se) (@ce) (Fe) * Lvergy and Packyy Derse ordered fpacted stuctures ted to rave laxer eregies > Packing IN 4 dimension C00B@COO Ly numer af the Co-ordination (neighbor) = 2 ——> clase packing of spheres in 2 dimecin K square close packicg (AAA type sf arrangerent) the coordination Aunber = 4 vere empty spaces K Nexagoral Close packing (ABA type of arrergewent) A eae. the ordination Auber «6 Bi less empty Spores Mere voids —slesS a@fMicient packing af the ccymtoal. —> 3 ditension “K AAA ye ABAB : the Cacrdiretion Aumber =42 & ABCABC—s Simple whic $ xe =4 Number of atoms ot corners Toto te —> wody - centered cubic RX + =4 —> fumber of atoms at corners A —=+ number ab atoms In Center total Bee = 2. toe? —» face -centered cubic 8 Seat — number at atoms at comer toto} 6x4 2% —> number of atoms % foces 4 ati =4 Atomic Packaging Factor (APF) Noctomg =Oumber of atoms in crys Vatom = Volume ef iindivical Gtom Vetystal= Volume af crystal Ae Noatoms Vatom 2 Verustol Be oGt Bcc — 0,68 Fao 0.74 2 3 % Peel -4..1n-(0.5a] spre 2 Ap + T-(Bofy) ape = 4° gon. (\Zo/y ) a 5 peaeniec sy Ey < a} a? E s ee Q=2r a “F a atome per cell: atoms per cell: atoms per cell: ee = 4 erdirahon qumber; | Co WM: Co fum: 6 8 12Theorehcal Desity Density =p = Mass of Atoms in Unie Cet © Teta) Valone oh Ont Gy N= Qumber Of atons /unt ©!) As atone weight (amu) + g/mol Ve syolume of unit cell Com) 23 Na=avogosro's Sumber (6.022 x10%*) S/em adernty F 1210, A Angstroms (A) Coastructive \Mtergerence destructive interfeerce MONE PRAE Somes LPH Love peak MEE ROL Corer Opa OE the hl Onn — etHinet on K Gragg “s tak nAzadene Aller — lrdlices cubic: duew = Te CRystallagropine Planes Pina : c 5 9) x eee eae | ahr BE te: 1. lntercepts ae 4 00 | 4. Intercepts 422 4 &% 2» Reciprocals d/4 4/4 tho 2. Reciprocals 4/42 aft 4/m ee) ry + 4h 3, Reduction aapir ds) 9 3. Reduction 6 3 4 4- Miller (edices (440) 4eMiller trctteas (634) 40week 5 berding + crystal Structure + defects —_, Properties sk material. DeRects In Crystal | | | Point Defect dine Defect | Surface Defect | Volume Pefect > Vacancy | Edge dislaatio—s Grain Boulary | Void — Interstitial ‘Stew dislocation |> win Boundary | Crack —Subshtuttora| — Inclusion — Precipitate = Seholtty, P > Frente} XK Suvetturowl Sond Solukon loterstitia! Solid Solution Porent Atom EER... Atom All Interst Substiide Atom aoa sy * Itrinsic Point Dekects Extrinsic Point Detects > | 38 SER | eae Vocancy Self ~\aterstitia| Sub stituioral Interstiti | FOMIQA acto an Foreign atom, Nv — numbe- ot debects N —Oumber of potential Sefect Sites Qu = activation erergy k —+ Boltamonn 5 constant T — temperocture (peivin) C4232 atAS Requirements for 900d substitutional solid solution HUME-Rotaeky RULES The two metals must be quite Similar, {tess tron about 15% difference In atomic radi 2.The same Crystal Structure 3. Sim) lar electronegptivities (the abil ty Of the cthom +9 ott ract 4- The some valance On electron) atomic Coli di ference % —> ae Xx 199 4 K At interstitial soli Solid Solution » the atonny ag Eeaite fa, J omic radii differece *& E£rample SubsttuHore| solid solution —_, Gy Interstitial solid solut * Linear defects; in Nr 109 —» ¢ In Fe — Stee| a crystal —2 No Net vector in perfect cystol mccated cystal — distortion 1 buiger vector Burger vector: displacement vector necessary +O Close a Stepwise (oop crows a dislocation £dge dislacation > Linear depect with the Burgers vector perpedicular +0 dislocation Une . EX4fO half -plone of atone inserted 19 o crysto Struchoe Screw disiacation: Hireor defect with the Burgers vector povallel +0 dislocation line. Spiral placer ramp resulting from shear efor maton* Plonor Defects Twin Boundosy —> sqerotes +WO crystalline regions that oe structurally , mirror wMoges QQ each other Grain Boundary —> sepe rates regions Q ahffeet cwystalline onenietion (i.e gras) within a Polyerstaling Sond. The atoms 19 the grain boudary Witt Not ve wn perfest CuStolline arrangement. Grain boundaries ore Usually she result Sf uneven growth wher the solid Is erystallising. FA Cry Stalline Polycrystalline Solid State Biffusron POs defects increases: “Exponentally win temperature . — + Flow 8 atoms in ergineey Motertals acurs bY meres oh pont deQects. KiNter oli ffFusion —y atoms OR me vera) Diffuse +0 another RYOSOr. Affuson —, Counterflows a2 atems aro Voda Kinteshitiol diffusn MOHon Of atom SS 6S ROR MONON Ob vocercy vacancy Mechanism Imeroatiat aveaihantan asThermally Activated frocese 4 Arthetus Equaston The ‘ote of chemical feaction 1s given by Arrhenius equation Rate of reaction = C.c Q/FT Q = activation egy J/mol R= Molor eas constont | /mol.k T= temperature ln Kelvin c=rate constont Crdepedet of temperate) * wate st reacton depeds upon dumber of reacting moleuules In (rate) = Inc — Q A iia Arrhenus Plot ome wee —— TK) gee Rdspects 6g tate er sites ap ee a. =p * 1000 Ce") week 6 x Mechomed| Properties of Metals —sHow do metals cespod +o externol loods? © Stress and Strain Tension —> Compression —s Sheor —>Torsien *Elostic deformation * Plastic (uneloctic) deforrro*on Yield strength —Tersile strength Ductitts: —STouanness 4 BN aok Types ob looditg, lS a i torsite Compraive Eazy Seal torsion SOmpression . torsiond C a “= HK Blastic deformation Is temporory deforration. His fully reo Whe the load 18 eMoved. The elastic region af Stress - Strain Come & the loital bneor porto, Plastic deformation is Permarers deformation, It ig not Cecoveed Wher the lood is removed. The plastic region is the Mnlineor portion. Yielol Strength (y.5.) 1s the itesecttion of +he dePormation curve with a@ straight tine parallel to elaste portion and offset 0.2% On strain eis . ee ceomrsast duct rae stergt slow HET se Ye Srogreese Ce all Wigh (ex . eretals)Ceramics ore relatively weak in tens Lat relatively strong iN compression fostnt en Se Stein Strain A ve Hl oe CA\LQ,] rattle Wigher melting pel Strain A Fundamental mechanism of elastic deformation is the streching of atomic words. The frackorml deformation Ff the Material in the jnitiol elastic PeB!O IS Small se that, on the atomic scale, We are dealing only with the portion of the force ~aton ae a eee wcrmete vicinity of the equilib Sur OF n ais! . 46Postic we sow teat atomic diffusion in ctystal-line solids te extremely difficult without tre presece of point defects, Similarly, +he plostic (permoret) deformation of crystalline schde ic difficult without dislocations , the lineor detects, week F Thermal Seranoe Heat COpncit! a tae heot required to raise Ifs temperature hy 4K o 1c eS Q QQ aomeunt of heot AT Aaa temperature chonge C —+ heat copasity (\/mol-k) Specific Heot Copocity The heot capacity per unit Mass | qa eeoreae 9 — Oss m. AT * TWO unys to Measuc heot copocity - oe feat copauity ot constont pressust. Cy! fest Copocity ot corstont volume, Solids —5 co acy goses —> ceo cv ‘te (abe OD) . % Dulorg - Petit —sa4 high temperate @{ Cv =3R) £25 S/mol-k oe 2=gas5 constant = 8.34 y/mol-k # Firwtein- Pehye at low tempera e Dev =AT*)\ A tempootuse indepedert constant | 2eD 4? IgFW Dependowe of teat copay on Tamperaive sHeot copocity —lnsreases With tempeatwe for sslids Th moctes @ Limiting value OR se mI: — Cy scarstont ny R=B.3 role ° as Tle) ® Durona - Pest #) Dulom,—Pett abserved trat the mobr heat Copoctty for mony Sehds at bempembies neor coom temperotue (300k) is Approximately \ndepedert of the Material & of the +emperoture Ris Spproximately j. Cv =28 a | * Dulong~ Petit Low” & Einstein Model of a Vilroting Solid @) When. rreosuiements, Clearly showea tirat the heat Sore of Solids depert on What -the material is & Are_also ston deperdent oo the temperate. In -foct 2 I eraagh sryaatu the Weat Cofacities op mony solide were AbSer to depert on ternperoture OS CyeAT? This means thot bulom-Pett result (cv=3.8) is only valot at high _tempeccurc., KEinstein “s vade\ has ast fully Succeeol because he wt wrong at “Foch vibrotional made 78 an Seneca oscillate" bean, advanced Finstein ‘s Model and shoved + “Foch Vibrational mode is a Olepeden oscillator,” — GPa Sa classical theory (pulerg= Rei) / reality 12“Thermal Exporsion —>Metorials expord when heated ard contact when cooled. This relationship is reflected by the tear coefficiett of thermo! expansion , x, giren bY x = ob Lear —> Thermal ~ expansion Coefficierts of ceramics ard glasses ore. geeraiily smatie +han those for metals, whch ae, in tum, smaller +ran those for to the OSymmetrical lymers. The diftereces are related od glosses generally Shape of the enegy . The ceramics have deeper wells (higher bering energies AsSOciated with reir IONIC and covalent ~type bondi ie tk “Thermal Conduchvity a The Ea of heat 1a engineering rroterials Involves two pricrory mechanism : 1) Atomic Vibrations for ceramics polyerers 2) Corduction of free electrons y Non-Netal: lattice vibration or metals In Metals: electron cloud FO conductivity of heat Therma) Shock The froctue of tre Moterial as a result of a sudden temperate change, 19week & Binary (Two A lous aphCUS Susstery Three prose. regions; diquid ie cee Aiquidt Solid —» x 4). SOND —s Oo 2© 4 60 to 100 peer Utes 100 €0 G Yo 10 O e— wtyA Comprsition (wt 7) Locus Point! A partionar position or place where something OUTS oF 1S situated =A liquidus. is the locus of points iN & phase Gliagrom Tepresening the emperatres ot which alleys OP the vorious Compositions of the System beain to AG 12 Freese M cooling or finish melting on heat — A Solidus is the locus of points representirg, the temperortures Ot which the Various ailloys finish, freesing 20 _olirg oF ia meltirg on heating, Mic eee | A out ~ni - 70 uty. Cu ord liquick B— 20 wt /Ni-FOwEZCy arch uss: liquid + solid ; wey. liquid = L= Lay 3530 = 337 y Ca~C, 35-20 6 axe Cort, . J0-8B co, 2 £2 Solid = « ae ec , ~ e Anes} C— fully solid i 40 % 0 Yo S0 6 8090 foo Nickel (wt 7 L 400 ust YL Cr y 100 wt Ni, © uALNi 20AR Prose Oiggfon — >The three porometess that will offect phose structure, Seren one * Pressusé Degrees of Freedom: The degrees af at freedony or the Number af indepedert vOriables available to the system. Gibbs’ Prose ule The Phase Rule describes the possible Aumber of degrees of freedom 19 a (closed) systen at equilibrium. Be = F +P oe um ber Sumbber op varie, Number of Gesjees co (PT, cote) cone Peed 2—> when tempeatre ond presswe beth con vory 1+C=B+P 4 —ouhern aly temperatre er preéssue fan vary CumNi Phase diogram C=2 , vorioble 24 G) Mi Point Ay at4 sF+4 pois A—> 14 2=Fr4 Fe2 Fe2 Pont @—s atyerye point BW — 44a ar +2 Fe4 Fe4 point ¥ —>» 94+4 =F +3 F=0 Zieee od Se mh Blots teoreferito ame Solid 4 + Liquid — Solid, Eutectic : liquid tansforms to two Solid phases. Liquid <—> Solid, + Solids —> Eutectoid: One solid phase tronsforme te two other solidl phos Solid, <— Solid, + Solids Tera Biagram mee | ee Time Transfornation Oral ae Siagtom ; KT shows what structwes CON be expected ofter various rates of cooling. KH grophicallly describes the cooling rate required for the transfor Mrasion af austenite +9 peorltt, baimte or martensite. K I+ also gives te temperatae ot Which Such transformations tore ploce Ferrous Metals Nonferrous Netals Ccontaynicg Iron) Ccontainigg No Icon) —> Tron — 2 Cenres pee eel > Alumiaium => Cost Tron — Leool — > Bc —Tn — Gold — > Brass —> Buralium —> Bronze 22Difference between Ferrous & Non Ferrous Metals 4. Combaine any, asnoutt of iron 10 1S basic form. 2. Thot's why they possesses Magnetic property ard trokes rer} Prone +0 corrosion mu ferrous Neiols Non Fees Mebale Does not contains oy amour of or In its bosic Loren. They donot possess Mrogretic ie but resist Corrosion c wetter thon ferrous retok 3. They have a high tensile strength sixe +ney Con Carcy a high omourr of strain, They howe veny low 4ensile sheng G.They rave the ability for oxdati, They nave typically lighter ue Enon as corrosion. Oxidation of ferrous metals forms as © rect brawn deposit On the surface Q is| oxide of iron, 5.1 ically used when the netic. attraction of ron Cray be a disodvey higher Melicg points & ore heed resistant eae Ideal for electronic Q electrica) Applications , tage. [used whee Strength Te the prinory focol point) 6-£9, IQ 190M, Steel coist iron ete, EQ.) Obolt , Aluminum ,2iNC, ee. llcweek 19 Polymers a iiskerahy Crow OE por Served from plants ord oninule — Hone been used por MOny centunes 5 nese materials ynclude wood, rubber, Cotton wool, silk ard leathe Other rotural polymers , Such aS proteins , n2ymes, ctaiches od cellunse are important in biolggical ond. Phusilogical process in plontrs art animals. 2- Mons of oF useful plastics, rubbers, fiber rotstals ore syothetic polymers. Polymeridotion in = in oF Polymeiacton, the process by which log cho network molecules OF mode from relatively Small organic Molecules, con tote place in two distinet ways. Chain growth of _addifion polymer dotion » invOVve® © ropid Chain, Teacton of chen cally activated. monomers - Se ee ee ee involves indi? Chemical woctions between pairs op reachve monomers ond ts a much slower process. pot, — 6 Gly), The process PEQins With a initiater hy f y : ‘ -a droxy! free rodical In +nisS cose. A free radical js a vec ee er 9f0u. actom: in’ g iP of S Containing an unpaired eee HoH et eet ect = (free radicel) 5 aii ey 6 é. Ini tiation aes af monomer (ethylene) et enn Hedda ts el ele alee! fee CK CH gB-c-c- 07 C* i el 7 ( Qrouta we oe Propagate! 3 oe Hone if +emipator conmects 2 then process terminatesof polyrneri2arion reaction either Sy Termination %) another -OH o crother chain witha free rodital »C-C-1, +i inyeragen abstraction +H WV) disproport iorahor ‘ gnenizarion aform of steP = groeth ct with each other & A condensation poly e releasing, smaller Small molecules Peo! poly merizot ion Be aia - fern pal eer as water of methane Molecules as % WP uch , oe et q i ean He A ; Aeeeal al gyrmelical 9 ¢ -G-G =-C- EC -C ~~ OST Nl eelpent (ie "| ieee mene see te Et ee ht eS a H W HH HH AHH Te eee | tn eee, Cm —C-C—-C —-6 -% v me ea yd s 4” RHRHEHEH 5 An HERR 4 H eee els) | i é | n~ SyNOiotatic eee ae & ee Ae) pt Peet WH eK eau Qey Ruan RH Atoc4; Me ale fe Leo ee e-e-c-< tere aier | HHHHWAR H Least srherme plastic P A e ‘olymnens Thermo Seti Polymers become soft ond deformable | are the oppose therrnop lastics Upon VeOHING - They become hard avd rigid u (Ductile) heat: Unlike ‘hermaplosties 5 his phenoM€non Ts ‘not lost upon Coolig - (BevHtle) 4 s