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    FINAL Exam Review 2024

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    FINAL Exam Review 2024

    Uploaded by

    dekais
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views42 pages

    FINAL Exam Review 2024

    Uploaded by

    dekais

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 42

    Science and Technology

    Secondary 1
    The Living World
    Chapters 3 and 4
    Characteristics of Living Organisms
    Living organisms must have all 7 of these characteristics. If
    even one of the 7 is not true for the organism, it is not living.

    M ade of cells
    Reproduces

    Grows and develops


    Adapts to its environment
    Responds to a stimulus (sound, smell, touch, etc.)
    Exchanges with the environment
    N eeds and uses energy
    Adaptations
    There are 2 kinds of adaptations: physical and behavioural.

    Physical Behavioural
    Adaptations Adaptations
    Adaptations about
    Adaptations about the way
    the animal or plant’s
    the animal or plant acts:
    body/structure:
    ‣ hunting
    ‣ feet ‣ reproduction
    ‣ teeth ‣ opening / closing
    ‣ leaves ‣ making fruit
    ‣ flower colours
    HAVE VERB
    Evolution
    A slow process that leads to changes in living organisms
    over many, many, many years.

    This is how evolution happens:

    1 There is a change in the environment.

    2 Some species were slightly different than the others.

    3 Those differences were an advantage (more food, etc).

    4 The different animals passed their genes to their


    offspring.

    5 More and more of the different animals are born.


    Animal Cells
    nuclear membrane
    nucleus

    cytoplasm
    mitochondria

    vacuole
    cell membrane
    Plant Cells
    nuclear mitochondria
    nucleus cytoplasm
    membrane

    vacuole

    cell
    membrane

    chloroplast cell wall

    Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, but animal cells do not.
    Organelle Functions
    Organelle Function

    Nucleus controls the cells activities

    Mitochondria makes energy for the cell

    controls what substances enter and exit


    Cell membrane
    the cell
    Cytoplams holds the organelles in place

    Vacuole holds water and waste


    Microscopes
    eyepiece
    To find the TOTAL
    10x
    MAGNIFICATION, multiply
    magnification of the the
    eyepiece x magnification of
    the objective lens.
    objective lenses:
    10x
    40x Example: eyepiece (10) x
    100x objective sense (40) =
    total magnification 400x
    Asexual and Sexual
    Reproduction
    Sexual Reproduction
    Asexual Reproduction
    (male and female gametes =
    ( 1 parent)
    sex cells)

    offspring are unique


    quick and easy
    Advantages greater chance of survival if
    no partner required
    their environment changes

    all offspring are clones complex: need to find a


    Disadvantages less chance of survival if their environment compatible partner, takes time,
    changes long gestation period

    Who? plants and a few animals plants and animals


    Sexual Reproduction
    (Plants)
    Plants can reproduce sexually using spores, cones, and
    flowers.
    anther stigma
    stamen
    filament style pistil
    male
    ovary
    reproductive
    structures female
    reproductive
    structures

    anther contains the ovary contains


    pollen, which is the the ovules,
    male sex cells which are the
    female sex cells
    The Earth & Space
    Chapters 5 and 6
    Earth’s Structure
    The Earth has 3 main layers:

    Crust
    ‣ outer layer, forming continents and the ocean floor
    SOLID
    Mantle
    ‣ upper mantle SOLID
    ‣ lower mantle THICK PASTE
    ‣ magma from lower mantle

    Core
    ‣ outer core LIQUID
    ‣ inner core SOLID
    Tectonic Plates
    The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper
    mantle.

    The tectonic plates move in 3 different ways:

    (separation) (collision) (rubbing)


    Orogenesis
    Orogenesis means the creation of mountains.

    Mountains form at a convergent boundary where the crust


    lifts and folds.
    Day and Night
    Day and night are caused by Earth’s rotation.
    Seasons
    Earth’s seasons are caused by:
    1. Earth’s revolution
    2. Earth’s angle of inclination (tilt)
    Properties of Light
    There are 7 properties of light:

    1. Light is a form of radiation that is visible to the eye.

    2. Light can come from a natural source (sun, stars,

    fireflies) or an artificial source (lamp, lightbulb, screen).

    3. Light also carries energy as heat.

    4. Light travels very fast.

    5. Light travels in a straight line.

    6. Light can be reflected and absorbed.

    7. White light is made up of all colours of the rainbow.


    Water Cycle
    Condensation

    Precipitation

    Evaporation
    Transpiration

    Surface Runoff

    Infiltration
    Groundwater Flow
    The Technological World
    Chapters 7 and 8
    Motion
    Unidirectional Bidirectional

    Translation
    Translation

    Rotation
    Rotation

    Helical

    Helical
    Forces
    Effect of a Force Symbol Example

    tension (pulling) tug-of-war

    compression (crushing) crumpled paper

    bending (flexion) heavy bookshelf

    torsion (twisting) wringing out a wet


    towel
    tearing a piece of
    shearing (cutting)
    paper
    Links
    A removable link can be A non-removable link cannot
    removed without damaging the be removed without damaging
    parts: lids, screws. the parts: glue or nails.

    A partial link allows movement A complete link doesn’t allow


    between the parts (ex: scissors). movement between the parts
    Guiding Controls
    translational allows parts
    guiding to slide back
    control and forth
    rotational
    allows parts
    guiding
    to rotate
    control

    helical allows parts to


    guiding move in a
    control helical motion
    Design Plan
    Shows how an object WORKS

    simple drawing
    shows forces
    shows motions
    each PIECE is a different
    colour
    names all the parts
    Technical Diagram
    Shows how an object is
    MADE

    drawn to scale
    shows guiding controls
    shows complete links
    with an X
    each material is a
    different colour
    legend showing materials
    names all the parts
    Lab Reports
    HYPOTHESIS: Educated guess as to what will happen.

    PURPOSE: The reason why you are doing the lab.

    MATERIALS: What will you need to do the lab?

    PROCEDURE: Step-by-step instructions telling you how to


    do the lab. *** present tense + NO pronouns

    RESULTS: Write down the results of your experiment.

    CONCLUSION: What did you learn?


    Tools

    screw
    screwdriver
    drill

    hammer
    nail
    C-clamp
    The Material World
    Chapters 1 and 2
    Lab Equipment

    beaker test tube Erlenmeyer


    flask
    graduated cylinder

    triple-beam-balance hot plate funnel


    States of Matter
    liquid gas
    solid

    least movement most movement


    Phase Changes
    Temperature
    • Temperature is a measure of the
    degree of agitation (movement) of
    the particles in a solid, liquid, or
    gas.
    • When substances are heated, the
    particles gain energy and move
    faster.
    Mass
    • Mass is a measurement of how much matter is in a
    substance.

    • Two objects can be different


    sizes but have the same mass.

    • Two objects can be the same size


    but have the different masses.

    • Mass is measured in units such as milligrams, grams, and


    kilograms.
    Mass
    • In our lab, we use a triple-beam-balance to measure the
    mass of objects in grams.

    • 500 + 30 + 6.8 =
    536.8 g
    Volume
    • Volume is a measurement of how much space an object
    takes up. It is measured in cm3 (if it’s a solid) or millilitres
    and litres (if it’s a liquid).

    Liquid Prism Irregular Solid

    Place in a Use a ruler. Measure Pour water into a


    graduated the length, width, graduated cylinder.
    cylinder. and height. Multiply Record volume. Place
    Read the all 3 numbers. object into
    volume graduated cylinder.
    under the Volume in cm3. Record volume.
    meniscus. Subtract the 2
    numbers.
    Volume in ml.
    Volume in cm3.
    Acids and Bases
    Mixtures
    Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixture

    2 or more phases are visible only 1 phase is visible


    Solutions
    • A solution is made up of 2 parts: the solvent (biggest %)
    and the solute (smaller %).

    + =

    solvent solute solution

    • A solution could be a solid, liquid, or gas. Two solids


    mixed together is called an alloy (ex: bronze = copper +
    tin)
    Separation of Mixtures
    Technique How? Example

    Sedimentation Salad dressing.


    Let the mixture sit
    and and it will separate
    Natural peanut
    Decantation by itself.
    butter.

    Gold mining.
    Pass the mixture
    Sieving through a sieve.
    Draining pasta.
    Separation of Mixtures
    Technique How? Example

    Pass the mixture Making coffee using


    Filtration through filter paper a coffee filter.

    Blood sample.
    Spin the mixture
    Centifugation in a centrifuge.
    Water treatment
    plant.
    Separation of Mixtures
    Technique How? Example

    Heat the mixture so


    Collecting salt from
    Evaporation that the liquid part
    a saltwater solution.
    turns into steam

    Boil the mixture and Separating a


    Distillation collect one of the mixture of two
    liquids. liquids.

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