This is CS50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 A B C D E F

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
0123456789ABCDEF
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
base-16
hexadecimal
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

11111111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111
 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111
128 × 1 + 64 × 1 + 32 × 1 + 16 × 1 + 8 × 1 + 4 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 1 × 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111
255
102 101 100

255
100 10 1

255
161 160

##
16 1

##
16 1

00
16 1

01
16 1

02
16 1

03
16 1

04
16 1

05
16 1

06
16 1

07
16 1

08
16 1

09
16 1

0A
16 1

0B
16 1

0C
16 1

0D
16 1

0E
16 1

0F
16 1

10
16 1
16 1

FF
 16 1

FF
16 × F + 1×F
 16 1

FF
16 × 15 + 1 × 15
 16 1

FF
240 + 15
16 1

FF
255
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

11111111
255
11111111
1111 1111
F F
RGB
72 73 33
48 49 21
0x48 0x49 0x21
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 A B C D E F

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 A B C D E F

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F
0x0 0x1 0x2 0x3 0x4 0x5 0x6 0x7

0x8 0x9 0xA 0xB 0xC 0xD 0xE 0xF

0x10 0x11 0x12 0x13 0x14 0x15 0x16 0x17

0x18 0x19 0x1A 0x1B 0x1C 0x1D 0x1E 0x1F

*
pointers
int n = 50;

int *p = &n;
50
n
50
0x123
0x123
p

50
0x123
0x123
p

50
0x123
p

50
0x123
string
string s = "HI!";
H I ! \0
H I ! \0
s[0] s[1] s[2] s[3]
H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
0x123
s

H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 s

H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x127
 s

E M M \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x127
 s

E M A 00000000
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x127
string s = "HI!";
char *s = "HI!";
char *s = "HI!";
typedef struct
{
string name;
string number;
}
person;
typedef struct
{
string name;
string number;
}
person;
typedef char *string;
pointer arithmetic
string
char *
s
 s

H I ! \0
 s

H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s

H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s t

H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s t

H I ! \0 H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s t

H I ! \0 H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x498 0x459
 0x123 0x456
s t

H I ! \0 H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x498 0x459
 s t

H I ! \0 H I ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x498 0x459
char *
s
 s

h i ! \0
 s

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123
s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 0x123 0x123
s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 s t

H i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
malloc

free

…
 s

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126
 s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0 h
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0 h i
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0 h i !
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0 h i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
 s t

h i ! \0 H i ! \0
0x123 0x124 0x125 0x126 0x456 0x457 0x458 0x459
valgrind
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
int main(void)
{
int *x;
int *y;

x = malloc(sizeof(int));

*x = 42;
*y = 13;

y = x;

*y = 13;
}
garbage values
void swap(int a, int b)
{

}
void swap(int a, int b)
{
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
void swap(int a, int b)
{
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
 ↑
stack
machine code

↑
stack
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
 ↑
stack
void swap(int a, int b)
{
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
main
swap

main
main
x y
1 2
x y
 swap

1 2
x y
a b tmp

1 2
x y
1 2
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;

1 2
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;

1 2 1
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;

2 2 1
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;

2 1 1
a b tmp

1 2
x y
2 1 1
a b tmp

1 2
x y
1 2
x y
void swap(int a, int b)
{
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;
}
1 2
x y
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;

a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;

1
a b tmp

1 2
x y
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;

1
a b tmp

2 2
x y
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;

1
a b tmp

2 1
x y
 1
a b tmp

2 1
x y
2 1
x y
void swap(int a, int b)
{
int tmp = a;
a = b;
b = tmp;
}
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;
}
machine code

globals

heap
↓

↑
stack
heap
↓

↑
stack
heap overflow

stack overflow
buffer overflow
get_char

get_double

get_float

get_int

get_long

get_string

...
scanf

...
file I/O
JPEG
BMP
This is CS50