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Data Science Interview Question

The document contains 15 questions and answers about machine learning topics such as supervised vs unsupervised learning, handling missing data, regularization, the curse of dimensionality, cross validation, bagging vs boosting, feature selection techniques, gradient descent, overfitting vs underfitting, A/B testing, the bias-variance tradeoff, handling large data, steps to build a predictive model, dimensionality reduction with PCA, and handling imbalanced datasets.

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18 views

Data Science Interview Question

The document contains 15 questions and answers about machine learning topics such as supervised vs unsupervised learning, handling missing data, regularization, the curse of dimensionality, cross validation, bagging vs boosting, feature selection techniques, gradient descent, overfitting vs underfitting, A/B testing, the bias-variance tradeoff, handling large data, steps to build a predictive model, dimensionality reduction with PCA, and handling imbalanced datasets.

Uploaded by

saidaback
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

Q1: What is the difference between


supervised and unsupervised learning?
Data structures are containers used to store and
organize data efficiently. Examples include lists,
arrays, dictionaries, and sets.

Q2: How do you handle missing data in


a dataset?
Missing data can be handled by techniques such as
imputation (filling in missing values based on existing data),
deletion of incomplete rows or columns, or using advanced
methods like multiple imputation or regression imputation.

Q3: Explain regularization in machine


learning and why it is important.
Regularization is a technique that introduces a penalty
term to the loss function to prevent overfitting in models. It
helps to control model complexity and generalizes well to
unseen data by reducing the impact of noisy or irrelevant
features.

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

Q4: What is the curse of dimensionality?


The curse of dimensionality refers to the challenges that
arise when working with high-dimensional data. As the
number of dimensions increases, the data becomes more
sparse, making it difficult to find meaningful patterns and
relationships.

Q5: What is the purpose of cross-


validation in machine learning?
Cross-validation is used to assess the performance of a model by
dividing the data into multiple subsets or folds. It helps in
estimating how well the model will generalize to new data and
provides insights into model stability and variance.

Q6: Describe the difference between


bagging and boosting.
Bagging is an ensemble method that involves training multiple
independent models on random subsets of the data and averaging
their predictions. Boosting, on the other hand, trains models
sequentially, where each subsequent model focuses on correcting
the errors made by the previous models.

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

Q7: What are some popular techniques for


feature selection in machine learning?
Feature selection techniques include filter methods (e.g., correlation,
mutual information), wrapper methods (e.g., recursive feature
elimination), and embedded methods (e.g., LASSO regularization).
Each method has its strengths and weaknesses depending on the
problem and data.

Q8: How does gradient descent work in


the context of machine learning?
Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm used to minimize the
loss function of a model by iteratively adjusting the model
parameters in the direction of steepest descent. It calculates the
gradient of the loss with respect to the parameters and updates them
until convergence.

Q9: What is the difference between


overfitting and underfitting?
Overfitting occurs when a model is excessively complex and
performs well on the training data but poorly on unseen data.
Underfitting, on the other hand, happens when a model is too simple
and fails to capture the underlying patterns in the data.

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

Q10: What is the purpose of A/B testing


in the context of data analysis?
A/B testing is used to compare two or more variants of a process or
feature by randomly assigning users to different groups. It helps in
determining the impact of changes and making data-driven
decisions by measuring the statistical significance of differences
between groups.

Q11: Explain the concept of bias-variance


tradeoff.
The bias-variance tradeoff refers to the relationship between model
complexity and the errors caused by bias (underfitting) and
variance (overfitting). As the complexity increases, bias decreases
but variance increases, and finding the right balance is crucial for
optimal model performance.

Q12: How would you handle a situation


where the data doesn't fit into memory?
When data doesn't fit into memory, techniques like out-of-core
processing or distributed computing can be employed. These
methods involve processing the data in smaller batches or using
distributed systems like Apache Spark to handle large-scale
computations.

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@LEARNEVERYTHINGAI

Q13: Describe the steps you would take


to build a predictive model.
The steps typically involve data exploration and preprocessing,
feature engineering, model selection, model training and evaluation,
hyperparameter tuning, and finally, deploying the model into
production.

Q14: What is the purpose of dimensionality


reduction techniques like PCA (Principal
Component Analysis)?
Dimensionality reduction techniques like PCA are used to reduce
the number of features in a dataset while preserving the most
important information. It helps in visualizing high-dimensional data,
removing redundant information, and improving computational
efficiency.

Q15: How do you handle imbalanced


datasets in machine learning?
Techniques to handle imbalanced datasets include oversampling the
minority class (e.g., SMOTE), undersampling the majority class,
generating synthetic samples, using appropriate evaluation metrics
(e.g., AUC-ROC), and employing ensemble methods designed for
imbalanced data (e.g., XGBoost).

SHIVAM MODI
@learneverythingai
@learneverythingai

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@learneverythingai

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