General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD

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1
 AISC ASD and LRFD
• AISC = American Institute of Steel
Construction

• ASD = Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition

• LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
2
 ASD and LRFD
Major Differences
• Load Combinations and load factors
• ASD results are based on the stresses and
LRFD results are based on the forces and
moments capacity
• Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but
nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
• Beams and flexural members
• Cb computation
3
 ASD Load Combinations
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
• 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
4
 ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load

1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

• PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

• ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3
5
 LRFD Load Combinations
• 1.4D
• 1.2D + 1.6L
• 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
• 1.2D ± 1.0E + 0.5L
• 0.9D ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load

6
 Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load

7
 Forces and Stresses
• ASD = actual stress values are
compared to the AISC
allowable stress values

• LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments
capacity

8
 Slenderness Ratio
• Compression
KL/r ≤ 200

• Tension
L/r ≤ 300

9
 Tension Members
• Check L/r ratio
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Gross Area
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-
section’s Net Area

10
 Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag ≤ Ft Gross Area
ft = FX/Ae ≤ Ft Net Area

LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ag Fy ϕt = 0.9 for Gross Area

Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ae Fu ϕt = 0.75 for Net Area

11
 Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)

Gross Area Ft = 0.6Fy

Net Area Ft = 0.5Fu

LRFD (LRFD Section D1)

Gross Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fy Ag ϕt = 0.9

Net Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fu Ae ϕt = 0.75

12
 Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6L

0.6Fy (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

0.5Fu (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)

ASD × (1.5) = LRFD

13
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT

Z X o

-400.
14
 Tension Members
• Member is 15 feet long
• Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 400 kips tension force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

15
 Tension Members
ASD

W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

LRFD

W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

16
 Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989

LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989

17
 Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) × ASD

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

640.881 10
. 0.989
Area for LRFD  135
.     14.395
400.688 15
. 0.989

LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

18
 Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips Ratio = 0.928

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
640.881 10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD  0.928    0.989
400.734 15
.
LRFD W10x49 Ratio = 0.989

19
 Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Live Load = 200 kips
W14x43 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
W14x43 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 1.06

20
 Compression Members
• Check KL/r ratio
• Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
• Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)e
• Compute Qs and Qa based on the b/t and h/tw
ratios
• Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
21
 Compression Members
ASD

fa = FX/Ag ≤ Fa

LRFD

Pu = FX ≤ ϕc Pn = ϕc Ag Fcr
Where ϕc = 0.85
22
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

LRFD

b/t = 0.56 E / Fy h/tw = 149

. E / Fy

23
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

LRFD

b/t = 95.36 / Fy h/tw = 253.74 / Fy

24
 Compression Members
ASD KL/r ≤ C′c (ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)

  KL / r  2 
Q 1   Fy
 2Cc 
2
2 2 E
Fa  Where Cc 
5 3 KL / r   KL / r 
3
QFy
 
3 8Cc 8Cc
3

LRFD  c Q  15
. (LRFD A-E3-2)

 F
Q c
2 KL Fy
Fcr  Q 0.658 Where c 
y r E

25
 Compression Members
ASD KL/r > C′c (ASD E2-2)

12 2 E 2 2 E
Fa  Where Cc 
23 KL / r 
2
QFy

LRFD c Q  15
. (LRFD A-E3-3)

 0.877  KL Fy
Fcr   2  Fy Where c 
r
 c  E

26
 Compression Members
LRFD
 0.877  Fy
Fcr   2  Fy Where c 
KL
 c  r E
 
 
 
0.877
Fcr    Fy
  
2

  KL Fy  
  r E  
 


0.877 2 E . 2E
20171
Fcr  Fcr 
 KL / r  23 KL / r 
2 2

27
 Compression Members
ASD LRFD
12 2 E . 2E
20171
Fa  Fcr 
23 KL / r  23 KL / r 
2 2

Fcr / Fa = 1.681

LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa × 1.681

28
 Compression Members
ASD  K y LY K z Lz  KL  
KL / r   , ,  
 ry rz  r  e

 KL  E (ASD C-E2-2)
Where    
 r e Fe

LRFD

λc = Maximum of ( λcy , λcz , λe )

29
 Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
K y Ly Fy
 cy 
ry  E

K z Lz Fy
 cz 
rz  E

Fy
e 
Fe
30
 Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling

  2 EC  10 .
Fe   w
 GJ 
  K x Lx   I y  I z
2

31
 Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c  b / t  195 / Fy / k c
Qs  1293
.  0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
4.05
kc  if h / t  70, otherwise k c  10
.
h / t  0.46

LRFD
When 0.56 E / Fy  b / t  103
. E / Fy

Qs  1415
.  0.74(b / t ) Fy / E

32
 Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c  b / t  195 / Fy / k c

Qs  1293
.  0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c

LRFD
When 95.36 / Fy  b / t  175.4 / Fy

Qs  1415
.  0.004345(b / t ) Fy

33
 Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t  195 / Fy / k c


Qs  26200k c / Fy b / t 
2

LRFD
When b / t  103
. E / Fy


Qs  0.69 E / Fy b / t 
2

34
 Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD When b / t  195 / Fy / k c


Qs  26200k c / Fy b / t 
2

LRFD When b / t  175.4 / Fy


Qs  20010 / Fy b / t 
2

35
 Qa Computation
ASD
253t  44.3 
be  1    b
f  (b / t ) f 

LRFD
E 0.34 E
be  191
. t 1    b
f  (b / t ) f 

325.26t  57.9 
Assume E  29000 ksi, be  1  
f  (b / t ) f 

36
Compression Members
o -100.

Z X FIXED JOINT
37
 Compression Members
• Member is 15 feet long
• Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 100 kips compression force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

38
 Compression Members
ASD

W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

LRFD

W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944

39
 Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941

LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944

40
 Compression Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) × ASD Fa

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

160.967 10. 10. 0.941
Area for LRFD  14.4      16.05
100.734 1681
. 0.85 0.944

LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch

41
 Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
160.967 10. 10.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD  0.845     0.944
100.806 1681
. 0.85

LRFD W10x54 Ratio = 0.944

42
 Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.921
Code check W10x49 based on the ASD9
W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

43
 Flexural Members
• Based on the b/t and h/tw ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
• Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or
Slender
• When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
• When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB,
and WLB are checked
• LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange

44
 Flexural Members
ASD

fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb

LRFD

Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
45
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD

b / t  65 / Fy d / t w  640 / Fy

LRFD
b / t  0.38 E / Fy h / t w  3.76 E / Fy

Assume E = 29000 ksi

b / t  64.7 / Fy h / t w  640.3 / Fy
46
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)

Fb = 0.66Fy

LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)

ϕb Mn = ϕb Mp = ϕb Fy ZZ ≤ 1.5Fy SZ
Where ϕb = 0.9
47
 Flexural Members
-15.00
Compact Section
o

FIXED JOINT

Z X

-15.00

Braced at 1/3 Points

o

FIXED JOINT 48
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

49
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

LRFD

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982

50
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 Sz = 68.4 in.3
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959

LRFD
W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3
MZ = 3462.933 inch-kips Ratio = 0.982

51
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.66Sz)(1.5989) / (0.9Zz) × ASD

3462.933 0.66 0.959

Zz for LRFD  68.4     78.3
2165.777 0.9 0.982

LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

52
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
3462.933 0.66 68.4
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD  0.959     0.981
2165.777 0.9 78.4

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.982

53
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.859
Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

54
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
• Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
• Compute Cb
• Compute Qs
• Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
• Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section

55
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb

LRFD

Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
56
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
65 Fy  b t  95 Fy

d t w  640 Fy h t w  760 Fb

LRFD
0.38 E Fy  b / t  0.83 E FL

3.76 E Fy  h t w  5.7 E Fy
57
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
65 Fy  b t  95 Fy

d t w  640 Fy h t w  760 Fb

LRFD
64.7 / Fy  b / t  1413
. / FL

640.3 / Fy  h t w  970.7 / Fy
58
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
 bf 
Fb  Fy 0.79  0.002 Fy  (ASD F1-3)
 2t f 

 76b f 20000 
If Lb  Lc  minimum or
 F
 y  
d A f Fy 
(ASD F1-2)

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

59
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
102  10 3 Cb l 510  10 3 Cb
When  
Fy rT Fy

2 Fy l / rT  
2

Fb     Fy  0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-6)

 3 1530  10 Cb 
3
 

60
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

l 510  10 3 Cb
When 
rT Fy

170  10 3 Cb
Fb   0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-7)
l / rT  2

61
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

For any value of l/rT

12  10 3 Cb
Fb   0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f

62
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD

1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

2. FLB, Flange Local Buckling
3. WLB, Web Local Buckling

63
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
– LTB
• Compute Cb
• Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
λ = Lb/ry
• Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
– FLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, λ = b/t
– WLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio
of the web, λ = h/tw

64
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
    p 

M n  Cb  M p  M p  M r     M p (LRFD A-F1-2)
   r   p  
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = Lb/ry

λp = 176
. E Fyf

65
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)

Where:

X1
λr = 1  1  X 2 FL2
FL

 EGJA
X1 =
Sz 2
2
C S 
X2 = 4 w z
I y  GJ 
66
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
    p 

M n   M p  M p  M r    
  r   p  
 (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = b/t
λp = 0.38 E Fy
λr = 083
. E FL

67
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
    p 

M n   M p  M p  M r    
  r   p  
 (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = Re Fy Sz
Re = 1.0 for non-hybrid girder

68
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)

λ = h/tw

λp = 3.76 E Fy

λr = 5.7 E Fy

69
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
.  M 1 M 2   0.3 M 1 M 2   2.3
2
Cb  175
.  105
M1  M 2
If M max between M 1 and M 2 , Cb  10
.

LRFD
12.5 M max
Cb 
2.5 M max  3M A  4 M B  3MC
M A  absolute value of moment at quarter point
M B  absolute value of moment at centerline
M C  absolute value of moment at three  quarter point
70
 Flexural Members
-12.00
Noncompact Section
o

Pin

Z X

-12.00

Roller 71
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Pin at the start of the member
• Roller at the end of the member
• Cross-section is W12x65
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 12 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes

72
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 Cb = 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 Cb = 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
73
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
Live Load = 6 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.85
Code check W12x65 based on the ASD9
W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988

74
 Design for Shear
ASD h / t w  380 Fy

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w  2.45 E / Fyw

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where ϕv = 0.9

75
 Design for Shear
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD h / t w  380 Fy

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w  417.2 / Fyw

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where ϕv = 0.9

76
 Design for Shear
ASD h / t w  380 Fy

Fy
fv = FY/Ay ≤ Fv   Cv   0.4 Fy (ASD F4-2)
2.89

LRFD 2.45 E / Fyw  h / t w  3.07 E / Fyw

 2.45 E / Fyw 
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6 Fyw Aw   (LRFD F2-2)
 h / tw 
 
Where ϕv = 0.9

77
 Design for Shear
LRFD 3.07 E / Fyw  h / t w  260

 4.52 E 
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕvAw   (LRFD F2-3)
 h / t w  
2

Where ϕv = 0.9

78
 -15.00 Design for Shear
o

FIXED JOINT

Z X

-15.00

Braced at 1/3 Points

o

FIXED JOINT 79
 Design for Shear
• Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural
member with compact section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

80
 Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “F4-1 Y”)

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “A-F2-1 Y”)

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948

81
 Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8

LRFD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948

82
 Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) × ASD

144.289 0.4 10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD  0.8     0.948
90.241 0.6 0.9

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.948

83
 Design for Shear
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.83
Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

84
 Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa > 0.15
fa Cmy f by Cmz f bz
   10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa  fa   fa 
1   Fby  1  
   Fez 
 Fey 
fa f by f
  bz  10
. (ASD H1-2)
0.6 Fy Fby Fbz

LRFD Pu /ϕPn ≥ 0.2

Pu 8  M uy M uz  (LRFD H1-1a)
     10
.
Pn 9   b M ny  b M nz 
85
 Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa ≤ 0.15

fa f by f bz
   10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa Fby Fbz

LRFD Pu /ϕPn < 0.2

Pu  M uy M uz 
     10
. (LRFD H1-1a)
2Pn   b M ny  b M nz 

86
 Combined Forces

Z X
87
 Combined Forces
• 3D Simple Frame
• 3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
• 2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
• 2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
• Loadings
• Self weight of the Steel
• Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
• Other dead loads 15.0 psf
• Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
• Live load on roof 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf

88
 Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

89
 Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.3874E+01 VOLUME = 1.1957E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

90
 Combined Forces
ASD

WEIGHT = 46.566 kips

LRFD

WEIGHT = 33.874 kips

91
 Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6933E+01 VOLUME = 1.6566E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

92
 Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.8345E+01 VOLUME = 1.3535E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

93
 Deflection Design
ASD

WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

LRFD

WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

94
 Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

95
 Design same example based on
Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0

ASD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips

LRFD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
96
 Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×5
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips

Difference = 3.041 kips

97
 Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×10
• Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips

Difference = 1.971 kips

98