AA SPEC 114010 Concrete Structures
AA SPEC 114010 Concrete Structures
AA SPEC 114010 Concrete Structures
Issue 13
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Copyright
1 SCOPE 2
2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED 3
3 DEFINITIONS 4
4 REQUIREMENTS 5
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 5
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY 5
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS 5
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 5
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.7 MATERIALS 9
4.8 LOADS 10
4.9 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 14
4.10 FOUNDATION LOADS 14
4.11 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 14
4.12 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 15
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS 18
APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS 19
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS 20
APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 21
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 22
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 23
1 SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of mass concrete, reinforced
concrete, precast concrete and prestressed concrete structures for underground and
surface applications in mine shafts and plants.
It is intended for use in the design of steel structures, provided all specific requirements,
as set out in the relevant national structural design and construction standards, and
legislation, are taken into account.
The use of this specification, together with appropriate qualifications, variations and
additions, or supplementary rules, shall be specified on the relevant design drawings, or in
the project specification, or in another Anglo American specification.
• Offshore structures.
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:
BS : British Standard
CLIENT : The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural
design. The Client can also be the Owner
ENGINEER : The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation
of the Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared
by others) and, where applicable, inspection of construction for
conformity with the design.
OWNER : Legal owner of structure or company benefiting from the use of the
structure
4 REQUIREMENTS
The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of the
Anglo American prescribed design and engineering management plan.
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
4.4.1 General
Formal calculations shall be prepared for all concrete structures. Calculations shall be
recorded on calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive,
and easy to follow. Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be
easily audited. An index shall be provided for each set of calculations applicable to a
particular structure.
Calculations shall be retained by the engineer for a minimum period of 10 years from the
date of commissioning of the particular structure. A copy of the calculations shall be
provided to the client and the owner, who shall retain them for as long as the structure is
in use.
• Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were
reviewed.
• Project number or calculation file number.
4.4.3 References
4.4.4 Headings
A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each
calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural
component(s) under consideration. All headings shall be underlined.
Example : Main heading : Foundations
: Sub-heading : Column foundation F5
4.4.5 Information
For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the
relevant calculation sheet(s):
• Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an
individual component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the
component numbers shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations,
defining the general arrangement of the structure.
Examples: Foundation F1, Column C3, Beam B2.
• Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly
defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies
to simply supported beams.
• Loading: Each load case and each load combination adopted in the design shall be
defined in an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All
loading calculations shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It
shall be clearly stated whether the indicated loads are nominal loads (unfactored
loads) or whether they are design loads (factored loads).
• Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together
with the results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load
diagrams, or values.
When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values
are nominal values (unfactored) or whether they are design values (factored).
• Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual
calculations shall be shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant
computer calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted
onto calculation sheets, or printed out on electronic calculation sheets. Most of the
commercially available computer design software does not perform all the required
code checks, and computer calculations thus need to be supplemented with manual
calculations (in most instances) in order to complete the design. Computer design
software shall only be used where it can be shown that the software has been
verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software.
• All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, web bearing, web crippling, axial load,
deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the adequacy of the
selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects, shall be proven.
4.4.6 Units
4.4.7 Symbols
All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the
particular code of practice or standard being used.
For example:
Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu : Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force or torsion.
Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance,
compressive resistance or tensile resistance.
4.4.8 Terminology
Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used.
The terms permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live
load.
All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the
design. In addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the
responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2.
Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an
appropriately engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms
of structural strength, stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended
service. Approval of a design drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the
drawing conforms to the design and that the structural content of the drawing is correct. A
signature on a design drawing confirms that both the design and the drawing are
approved.
4.7 MATERIALS
4.7.1 Concrete
The minimum concrete grade shall be in accordance with Table 1. Examples of exposure
categories are as follows:
TABLE 1
MINIMUM CONCRETE GRADE FOR VARIOUS
EXPOSURES
ELEMENT
VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE EXTREME
SEVERE
Mass concrete and blinding 10 15
Foundations, ground
beams, piles and pile caps 25 30
Floor beams and slabs
Surface beds
Material containing and 30
retaining structures 35 40
All underground elements
30
Columns and walls
Under no circumstances shall concrete of grade 50 (50 MPa) and higher be used without
prior approval from the client.
4.7.2 Reinforcement
Mild steel reinforcement shall only be used for chairs, stools, links, stirrups and pull-out
bars.
4.8 LOADS
Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with national
normative codes of practice and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the
provisions of Clauses 4.8.2 to 4.8.13 shall apply:
Imposed floor and roof loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or
occupancy of the structure. Imposed loads shall be approved by the client and the owner
prior to commencement of design. The loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the
design drawings. The minimum uniformly distributed load adopted shall be as follows:
Notes:
Elevated conveyor gantries, the floor area shall be taken as the solid plan area of the
gantry, including that part of the gantry below the conveyor belt
Equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the
supplier of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The
loads adopted in the design shall be indicated on the design drawings. Where certified
loading information is unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by, the client and the owner prior to commencement of design, and shall be
verified once certified information becomes available.
See Appendix F.
Loads induced by belt tension shall be resisted by support steelwork at the point of load
application, e.g. at the head end, tail end or take-up pulleys. This requirement may be
relaxed for short conveyors (20 metres or less), belt feeders and cantilevered conveyors,
which may be designed so that the belt tension loads are resisted by the conveyor sub-
structure between points of load application.
Loads induced during conveyor belt start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed and
in no case shall be taken as less than 1,4 times the normal operating loads. The start-up
loads shall be used for both structural framework and foundation design.
For the assessment of nominal loads induced by belt tensioning devices, other than
gravity devices, an impact factor of 2,0 shall apply. This impact factor need not be
combined with the factor of 1,4 referred to in Clause 4.8.6.
The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with, and approved by the
client and the owner. The terrain category adopted for inland terrains shall not be less
severe than a category that falls midway between Category 2 and Category 3.
Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be
assessed in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6.
Material coefficients for bulk materials not listed in DIN 1055 Part 6 shall be determined by
testing. Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk materials,
resulting from process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction, etc. All
material coefficients used in the design, must be confirmed by the client and the owner.
Stored bulk materials shall be clearly identified on the design drawings.
In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix C may be used for preliminary
design purposes.In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for
pressure ratio and wall friction shall be adjusted 10% upwards and 10% downwards
and the pressures shall be obtained as follows:
Horizontal pressures : use higher value of and lower value of
Vertical pressures : use lower value of and lower value of
Wall friction : use higher value of and higher value of
The loads applied to box fronts shall always be based on hydrostatic pressure - see SANS
10208 Part 4. The density of the ore pass contents shall be taken as 2800 kg/m3 for
platinum and chrome bearing rock, and as 2000 kg/m3 for all other rock types.
Loads applied to box fronts shall be considered as operational loads, and not as
emergency loads.
Loads imposed by retained soil shall be determined on the basis of a rational analysis.
The active horizontal pressure coefficient adopted shall not be less than 0,4 and the
passive horizontal pressure coefficient adopted shall not exceed 3,0.
Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion
and contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and
temperature differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature
changes on exposed structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or
minus 20 C shall be considered. The temperature load assessment shall be based on the
un-cracked section modulus of the various structural elements.
The coefficient of linear expansion of mass and reinforced concrete shall be taken as
10 x 10 -6 / º C .
A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or
conditions should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that
there is an unacceptable risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the
effects of such an abnormal loading event or condition shall be taken into account in the
design. Abnormal loading events or conditions to be considered may be caused by any of
the following:
• Impact from vehicles and other moving objects.
• Equipment failure.
• Explosion.
• Fire.
• Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc.
• Riot and panic in crowds.
4.9.1 Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings
The load factors and load combinations referenced in normative codes shall be
interpreted as shown in Appendix D for ultimate limit states and in Appendix E for
serviceability limit states.
4.11.1 General
The provisions of national normative codes and the provisions of the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply. In
addition, the following provisions shall apply:
See Appendix F.
4.11.3 Foundations
Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is
considered, and a safety factor of 1,2 when the effect of the soil cover is ignored.
Foundations shall have a stability safety factor of 1,5 when the effect of the soil cover is
considered, and a safety factor of 1,2 when the effect of 1 m of the soil cover is ignored.
Foundations for dynamically loaded equipment shall be designed in accordance with the
applicable national normative code and Appendix F.
Surface beds shall comply with the requirements of the C&CI publication: “Concrete
Industrial Floors on the Ground - Louis R Marais and Bryan D Perrie”.
4.12.1 Cover
The minimum cover shall be clearly indicated on the drawings. The minimum cover shall
be with due consideration of the conditions of exposure, required durability, fire risk,
aggregate size and fixing tolerances. The minimum cover shall not be less than that
shown in Table 2. Refer to Clause 4.7.1 for examples of exposure categories. Cover shall
not exceed 60 mm without prior approval from the client, except where concrete is cast
directly against excavated surfaces.
Expansion joints shall be provided in all concrete structures to such an extent that no point
within a structure is located more than 30 m from a free edge.
4.12.4 Blinding
Where the height of retained soil exceeds 2,0 m, retaining wall footings shall be provided
with a key, cast against undisturbed soil, to prevent sliding.
TABLE 2
MINIMUM COVER FOR VARIOUS EXPOSURES
ELEMENT VERY
MILD MODERATE SEVERE EXTREME
SEVERE
Foundations, ground
beams and pile caps cast
75
directly against excavated
surfaces
Foundations, ground
beams, and pile caps not
50
cast directly against
excavated surfaces
Liquid containing
structures
TABLE 3
Piles 0,008 Ac
Columns 4Y16
Y 12 @ 300 EF vertical
Walls
Y 10 @ 300 EF horizontal
Notes
1. Ac : Gross concrete area
2. H : Height of foundation
3. EW : Each way
4. EF : Each face
Part 2: Horizontal cylindrical single skin and double skin tanks for the
aboveground storage of flammable and non-flammable water polluting liquids
BS 8007 : Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids
C&CI : Concrete industrial floors on the ground – Louis R Marais & Bryan D Perrie
DIN 1055 : Design loads for buildings - Part 6: Loads in silo bins
ISO 2631-1978 : Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration
(NB. Do not use SANS ISO 2631-1:1997)
Issue 12 : Globalised version, based upon AAC Specification 114010 (Issue 11) – December
2017, Kurt Waelbers & De Wet Strydom.
Issue 13 : Removed ambiguity relative to bin design in Appendix C - November 2019, Kurt
Waelbers.
• Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be
determined by testing.
• For preliminary design purposes only, the values given in the following table can be used:
Platinum ore
24,0 40 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(Merensky)
Platinum ore
28,0 40 0.45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(UG2)
Note:
Where the effective coefficient of internal friction has been established by testing, the pressure ratio
may be calculated as follows:
= 1,1 (1 – Sin )
APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS
The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state.
The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,5
2 1,2 * 1,6 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
3 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
4 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
5 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 1,6 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
6 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 1,3 $ 0,8 0,8 0,6
7 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,6 1,2 0,6
8 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,2 1,6 0,6
9 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 1,2
10 0,9 1,3 $
NOTES:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For unsustained floor loads only. Use 1,0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage
and parking).
4. $ Use 1,5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers.
5. * For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1,4 if there is any
doubt about the accuracy of the load.
6. For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to national normative design
codes.
7. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
8. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load
1. General: Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of rotating,
vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be determined and
interpreted in accordance with this Appendix.
2. Structural framing: In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to
columns and foundations shall be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where
practical, the vibrating part(s) of the structure shall be isolated from the rest of the structure.
3. Dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads
induced by machinery and equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and
crushers, shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the
dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or random impulse-type excitation, shall be clearly
established. Dynamic loads, obtained from manufacturers, shall be verified from dynamic
data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced masses, spring stiffness, screen
stroke and screen stroke angle.
Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any two
machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or
mechanically coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled, the
worst combination shall be based on a rational assessment.
4. Modal analysis: A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and natural
frequency of each significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a mode, which is
compatible with the displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s).
5. Dynamic response: The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic
locations on the structure:
6. Resonance: For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in which
the exciting frequency ( f e ) equals the natural frequency ( f n ) of any significant vibration
mode of the structure.
When f n1 1,4 f e the structure is considered high-tuned and when f n1 0,6 f e the structure is
considered low-tuned ( f n1 = fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).
High-tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high tuning is
unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are met.
• The client must approve the use of low tuning
2018 07 27 - AA SPEC 114010 Approved November 2019 Page 23 of 25
Anglo American accepts no liability for any damages whatsoever that may result from the use of this material or the
information contained therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof.
AA SPECIFICATION 114010
Issue 13
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Copyright
• The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to a frequency of at least 3fe
• The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.
7. Vibration limits
7.1. Machine sensitivity: Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from BS 7854,
or from the manufacturer.
7.2. Structural integrity: The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic
stresses shall be evaluated on the basis of a rational analysis.
7.3. Human response: For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from the
equations given in the following table:
EXCITING K-VALUE
FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
UNDETERMINED
(Hz) VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS
DIRECTION
1 to 2 28 ah 28 au
0,5
10 av fe
2 to 4
33,5 au fe 0,25
4 to 8 56 ah / fe 20 av
8 to 80 160 av / fe 160 au / fe
Where fe = exciting frequency (Hz)
2
ah = root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration ( m / s )
au = root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction
( m / s2 )
2
av = root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration ( m / s )
• The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:
Exposure time K-value
1 hour 16
4 hours 7.0
8 hours 4.2
12 hours 3.5
NOTES:
1. The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in
accordance with ISO 2631-1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the
fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary, as defined in ISO 2631.
2. Unless otherwise agreed by the client and the owner, an exposure time of 8 hours shall be
adopted.
3. For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a' / 2 where a' = amplitude of acceleration.
4. When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the range
1 to 80 Hz, each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference to the
appropriate limit at that frequency.
5. For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631-1978.
6. If vertical and horizontal vibrations occur at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall be
evaluated from the following equation:
K = ( K h + K v ) 0, 5
2 2