AA SPECIFICATION 114001

ISSUE 13
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

1 SCOPE 2
2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED 3
3 DEFINITIONS 3
4 REQUIREMENTS 4
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS 4
4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY 4
4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS 4
4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS 4
4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS 8
4.7 REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS 8
4.8 MATERIALS 9
4.9 LOADS 9
4.10 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 13
4.11 FOUNDATION LOADS 13
4.12 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES 13
4.13 DEFLECTIONS 13
4.14 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 14
APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS 18
APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS 19
APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS 20
APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 21
APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD
COMBINATIONS FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS 22
APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 23

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
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1 SCOPE
This specification details the requirements for the design of steel structures, and of steel
components in structures framed in other materials, for underground and surface
applications in mine shafts and plants.

It is intended for use in the design of steel structures, provided all specific requirements,
as set out in the relevant national structural design and construction standards, and
legislation, are taken into account.

Structures covered unconditionally by this specification include:

• Shaft winding structures, e.g. headgears, collars and winder houses.
• Shaft system structures, e.g. shaft and station structures but excluding shaft guide
and bunton steelwork.
• Industrial structures and buildings, e.g. plant structures, stores and workshops.
• Material handling structures, e.g. conveyor structures and crane gantries.
• Material containing structures, e.g. silos, bunkers and bins.
• Non-pressurised liquid containing structures, e.g. tanks.
• Dynamically loaded structures, e.g. screen and crusher support structures.
• Chimneys, stacks and towers.

Structures covered conditionally (1) by this specification include:

• Structures floating on inland ponds.
• Mobile equipment, e.g. stackers, reclaimers, draglines, crushers and cranes.

The use of this specification, together with appropriate qualifications, variations and
additions, or supplementary rules, shall be specified on the relevant design drawings, or in
the project specification, or in another Anglo American specification.

Structures not covered by this specification include:

• Shaft guide and bunton steelwork - refer to AA Specification 114008.
• Shaft conveyances, e.g. skips and cages - refer to AA Specification 282003.
• Offshore structures.
• Road and rail bridges.

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 AA SPECIFICATION 114001
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

2 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS TO BE SPECIFIED

The following requirements shall be specified in all tenders, contracts or orders for design,
or for design and construct, of steel structures:
• Design shall comply with the requirements of the latest issue of AA Specification
114001: Design of steel structures.
• No deviations from AA Specification 114001 will be allowed without the written
approval of a competent person within Anglo American.

3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this specification the following definitions shall apply:

APPROVED : Approved by the Engineer in writing

BS : British Standard

BS EN : British Standard European Norm

CLIENT : The company appointing the Engineer to carry out the structural design.
The Client can also be the Owner

DESIGN : Fully dimensioned drawings prepared by the Engineer, showing all

DRAWINGS members with their size, material grade, special connections,
combination of forces to be developed in member connections, any
cambers and eccentricities, and any other information required by the
Steelwork Contractor for the design of the connections and completion
of the Fabrication Drawings

DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung

ENGINEER : The company responsible for the structural design, for preparation of
the Design Drawings (or approval of Design Drawings prepared by
others), for accepting the Fabrication Drawings and erection method
statement and, where applicable, inspection of construction for
conformity with the design

Normally the Engineer is the employer of the Registered Person

referred to in Clause 4.2

ISO : International Standards Organization

OWNER : Legal owner of structure, or company benefiting from the use of the
structure

REGISTERED : Person registered with a recognized engineering council (or similar) as

PERSON a Professional Engineer as defined by local legislation

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 AA SPECIFICATION 114001
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

4 REQUIREMENTS
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS
All designs must adhere to the national normative codes. The design standards,
specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A form part of this specification
and all structural design shall comply with the relevant requirements of these documents.
It should be noted that only limit-states design is allowed, with the exception where
national normative codes (for example the earth quake code in Chile) refer to allowable
stress design.

4.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY

The design of steel structures shall be performed by, or under the direction, control and
supervision of a competent registered person, who shall accept legal responsibility for the
design. Such registered person shall have appropriate knowledge of, and appropriate
experience in, the analysis and design of steel structures in the particular application, and
shall comply with all the requirements of the registration body’s rules of conduct for
registered persons.

4.3 QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN PROCESS

The quality management of the design process shall comply with the requirements of the
Anglo American prescribed design and engineering management plan.

4.4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

4.4.1 General

Formal calculations shall be prepared for all steel structures. Calculations shall be
recorded on calculation sheets and shall be neat, logically set out, short and descriptive,
and easy to follow. Calculations shall be documented in such a way that they can be
easily audited. An index shall be provided for each set of calculations applicable to a
particular structure.

Calculations shall be retained by the engineer for a minimum period of 10 years from the
date of commissioning of the particular structure. A copy of the calculations shall be
provided to the client and the owner, who shall retain them for as long as the structure is
in use.

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

4.4.2 Calculation sheet format

The following information shall be shown on each calculation sheet:

• Name and address of engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• Name of client or owner.
• Project title.
• Title of structure or area under consideration.
• Name of person who carried out the calculations and date when calculations were
carried out.
• Name of person who reviewed the calculations and date when calculations were
reviewed.
• Project number or calculation file number.
• Calculation sheet number and revision number.

4.4.3 References

The following references shall be provided in the calculations:

• Reference numbers of all relevant drawings (e.g. supplier’s equipment drawings,
mechanical layout drawings or structural design drawings).
• Design criteria adopted.
• Design codes and specifications adopted.
• All assumptions made.

4.4.4 Headings

A logical system of main headings and sub-headings shall be used to define, on each
calculation sheet, the particular area of the structure and the particular structural
component(s) under consideration. All headings shall be underlined.
Example : Main heading : FLOOR BEAMS LEVEL 10.0
Sub-heading : BEAM B1

4.4.5 Information

For each structure or structural element, the following information shall be shown on the
relevant calculation sheet(s):
• Identification: Each structure or structural element shall be identified with an
individual component number. These component numbers shall correspond with the
component numbers shown on a drawing or sketch, included in the calculations,
defining the general arrangement of the structure.

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Examples : Beam B1 Trestle T4 Gantry G11 Frame F5

• Geometry: The geometry of each structure or structural element shall be clearly
defined by way of a sketch or drawing, included in the calculations. This also applies
to simply supported beams.
• Loading: Each load and each load combination adopted in the design shall be
defined in an unambiguous manner by way of clear descriptions or sketches. All
loading calculations shall be shown, and assumed loads shall be fully justified. It
shall be clearly stated whether the indicated loads are nominal loads (un-factored
loads) or whether they are design loads (factored loads).
• Analysis: For manual analysis, all analysis calculations shall be shown together
with the results of the analysis, e.g. bending moment, shear force or axial load
diagrams, or values.

For computer analysis, the following information shall be shown:

▪ Software name and version, data file name and location.
▪ Sketch defining structural computer model, e.g. node numbers, element
numbers, member releases, etc.
▪ Summary of all computer input, e.g. load cases and load combinations
considered.
▪ Summary of computer output providing all relevant analysis results, e.g.
bending moment, shear force or axial load diagrams, or values.

When diagrams or values are shown, it must always be stated whether these values
are nominal values (un-factored) or whether they are design values (factored).
• Design calculations: If the design is done manually, all relevant manual
calculations shall be shown. If computer software is used for the design, the relevant
computer calculations, proving the adequacy of the selected section, shall be pasted
onto calculation sheets, or printed out on electronic calculation sheets. Most of the
commercially available computer design software does not perform all the required
code checks, and computer calculations thus need to be supplemented with manual
calculations (in most instances) in order to complete the design. Computer design
software shall only be used where it can be shown that the software has been
verified by manual calculation, or by comparison with different software.

All relevant load effects, e.g. bending, shear, web bearing, web crippling, axial load,
deflection, etc. shall be considered in the calculations and the adequacy of the
selected section to sustain all the relevant load effects, shall be proven.
• Conclusion: For each structural element under consideration, a conclusion shall
always be stated in the calculations, for example:
▪ USE 203 x 133 x 25 UB
▪ 203 x 133 x 25 UB ADEQUATE

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

4.4.6 Units

The following units shall be used:

• Loads, load effects and forces : kN, kN/m or kN/m²
• Moments : kNm
• Stresses : MPa
• Section properties : mm
• Deflections : mm
• Linear dimensions : Mm

4.4.7 Symbols

All symbols used in the calculations shall be consistent with the symbols used in the
particular code of practice or standard being used.

For example:
M, V, C and T : Nominal (un-factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force and tensile force.

Mu, Vu, Cu and Tu : Design (factored) bending moment, shear force, compressive
force or tensile force.

Mr, Vr, Cr and Tr : Design (factored) moment resistance, shear resistance,

compressive resistance or tensile resistance.

4.4.8 Terminology

Terminology used shall be consistent with the relevant code of practice or standard used.
The terms permanent load and imposed load shall be used, rather than dead load and live
load.

4.4.9 Member forces required for connection design

All member forces, which are required for the design of end connections of steel
components shall be defined in a format suitable for issuing to the steelwork contractor.
Generally, the following minimum information will be required:
• Floor layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) beam end shears
(and axial loads and moments, where applicable) indicated at the beam ends.
• Bracing layouts with the maximum combination of design (factored) axial forces
indicated.
• A column schedule defining the maximum design (factored) axial force in each
segment of each column.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

4.4.10 Checking and reviewing of calculations

All structural calculations shall be thoroughly checked by the person conducting the
design. In addition, all structural calculations shall be reviewed for accuracy by the
responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2.

4.5 DESIGN DRAWINGS

Design drawings shall comply with the requirements of national normative codes of
practice. In addition, the following information shall be shown on the drawings:
• Specified steel grade.
• Specified bolt property class.
• Specified corrosion protection requirements.
• Specified surface condition for faying surfaces in HSFG bolt connections.
• Steel construction specification: AA Specification 114002.
• Specified imposed floor loads and equipment loads - see Clauses 4.9.2 and 4.9.3.

4.6 APPROVAL OF DESIGNS AND DESIGN DRAWINGS

All designs and design drawings of steel structures shall be approved by the responsible
registered person referred to in Clause 4.2 by way of a full signature, affixed to the
relevant design drawings.

In addition, the following information shall be shown on the design drawings:

• Name and registration number of the responsible registered person.
• Name and address of the engineer (company responsible for structural design).
• The following statement: Designed and approved in accordance with AA
Specification 114001.

Approval of a design means that the design is complete, that the design constitutes an
appropriately engineered solution, that the design complies with this specification in terms
of structural strength, stability and serviceability, and that the design is fit for the intended
service. Approval of a design drawing means that the drawing is complete, that the
drawing conforms to the design and that the structural content of the drawing is correct. A
signature on a design drawing confirms that both the design and the design drawing are
approved.

4.7 REVIEW OF CONNECTION DESIGN DETAILS AND FABRICATION DRAWINGS

All connection design details and fabrication drawings prepared by the steelwork
contractor shall be reviewed by the responsible registered person referred to in Clause 4.2
to ensure that the design has been interpreted correctly and that the intent of the design is
met. For detailed requirements in this regard refer to AA Specification 114002.
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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

4.8 MATERIALS
The specified steel grade for structural steel elements shall be as follows:

• Hot-rolled sections and plates - Minimum 355 MPa yield stress to

national normative code of practice

• Hot- or cold-formed hollow sections - Minimum 300 MPa yield stress to

national normative code of practice

• Cold-formed open sections - Minimum 300 MPa yield stress to

national normative code of practice

When designing modifications to existing structures, due cognisance shall be taken of the
actual steel grade used in the original construction.

The specified bolt property class for fasteners shall be as per Clause 4.14.5.

The steel grade and bolt property classes adopted in the design shall be specified on the
relevant design drawings and calculations.

4.9 LOADS
4.9.1 Nominal loads

Nominal permanent and imposed loads shall be determined in accordance with national
normative codes of practice and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the
provisions of Clauses 4.9.2 to 4.9.12 shall apply.

4.9.2 Imposed floor loads

Imposed floor loads shall be assessed with due regard to the intended use or occupancy
of the structure. Imposed floor loads shall be approved by the client and the owner prior to
commencement of design. The loads adopted in the design shall be noted on the design
drawings. The minimum uniformly distributed floor load adopted shall be as follows:
• Floors supporting electrical switchgear : 7,5 kN/m2
• Other floors and platforms (excluding office floors) : 5,0 kN/m2
• Office floors : 3,0 kN/m2
• Stairs, landings and access walkways : 3,0 kN/m2

• Conveyor gantry floors and walkways : 2,5 kN/m2

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DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
COPYRIGHT

Notes:

Elevated conveyor gantries, the floor area shall be taken as the solid plan area of the
gantry, including that part of the gantry below the conveyor belt

Floor members in plant buildings shall be designed to resist a minimum concentrated load
of 10 kN, placed in the centre of the span. This point load need not be considered as
cumulative with the uniformly distributed load.

4.9.3 Equipment loads

Equipment loads shall be obtained from certified equipment drawings, provided by the
supplier of the equipment. Such drawings shall form part of the design calculations. The
loads adopted in the design shall be indicated on the design drawings. Where certified
loading information is unavailable, equipment loads shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by, the client and the owner prior to the commencement of design, and
shall be verified once certified information becomes available.

4.9.4 Dynamic loads

See Appendix F.

4.9.5 Conveyor belt tension loads

4.9.5.1 Applied loads: Loads induced by belt tension shall be resisted by support steelwork at
the point of load application, e.g. at the head end, tail end or take-up pulleys. This
requirement may be relaxed for short conveyors (20 metres or less), belt feeders and
cantilevered conveyors, which may be designed so that the belt tension loads are resisted
by the conveyor sub-structure between points of load application.

4.9.5.2 Start-up loads: Loads induced during start-up conditions shall be accurately assessed
and in no case shall be taken as less than 1.4 times the normal operating loads. The start-
up loads shall be used for both structural steelwork and foundation design.

4.9.6 Conveyor belt tensioning loads

For the assessment of loads induced by belt tensioning devices, other than gravity
devices, an impact factor of 2.0 shall apply. This impact factor need not be combined with
the factor of 1.4 referred to in Clause 4.9.5.2.

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4.9.7 Wind loads

4.9.7.1 Terrain category: The relevant terrain category shall be assessed in consultation with,
and approved by the client and the owner. The terrain category adopted for inland terrains
shall not be less severe than a category that falls midway between areas with low
vegetation and areas with regular obstacles, as defined hereunder:
Area with low vegetation: Separations of at least 20 obstacle heights (for example grass
lands).
Area with regular obstacles: Cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacles
with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain, and
permanent forest).

4.9.7.2 Conveyor and pipe gantries: For the assessment of wind loads on conveyor and pipe
gantries, the force coefficient Cf shall be taken as 1.6 and the effective area Ae shall be
taken as the solid projected area of the gantry, whether the gantry has open or closed
sides.

4.9.8 Loads imposed by stored bulk materials

Loads imposed by stored bulk materials on walls of bunkers, silos and bins shall be
assessed in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 6.

Material coefficients for stored bulk materials, required by DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be
determined by testing. Due regard shall be given to variations in the characteristics of bulk
materials resulting from process modifications, moisture content variations, compaction,
etc. All material coefficients used in the design must be confirmed by the client and the
owner. Stored bulk materials shall be clearly identified on the design drawings.

In the absence of test results, the values given in Appendix C may be used for preliminary
design purposes.

In the calculation of material pressures, the material coefficients for pressure ratio λ and
wall friction μ shall be adjusted 10 % upwards and 10 % downwards and the pressures
shall be obtained as follows:

• Horizontal pressures : use higher value of λ and lower value of μ

• Vertical pressures : use lower value of λ and lower value of μ
• Wall friction : use higher value of λ and higher value of μ

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4.9.9 Loads applied to box fronts

The loads applied to box fronts shall always be based on hydrostatic pressure – see ISO
10208 or SANS 10208 Part 4. In addition to the density prescriptions in Appendix C, the
minimum ore pass contents shall be taken as a minimum density of 2000 kg/m3. Loads
applied to box fronts shall be considered as operational loads, and not as emergency
loads.

4.9.10 Temperature load effects

Provision shall be made in the design of structures and structural elements for expansion
and contraction resulting from elevated temperatures, temperature changes and
temperature differentials. For the assessment of the effects of climatic temperature
changes on exposed structures or structural elements, a temperature variation of plus or
minus 20 C shall be considered.

The coefficient of linear expansion shall be taken as follows:

Steel : 12 x 10-6 / oC

Concrete : 10 x 10-6 / oC

4.9.11 Abnormal loads or conditions

A formal risk assessment shall be carried out to establish whether abnormal loads or
conditions should be considered in the design. Should the risk assessment indicate that
there is an unacceptable risk of an abnormal loading event or condition occurring, the
effects of such an abnormal loading event or condition shall be taken into account in the
design. Abnormal loading events or conditions may be caused by any of the following:
• Impact from vehicles and other moving objects.
• Equipment failure.
• Explosion.
• Fire.
• Extraordinary climatic conditions: hurricane winds, floods, rain, hail, snow, etc.
• Riot and panic in crowds.

4.9.12 Erection rigging loads

For the assessment of nominal loads acting on structures or structural elements

specifically designed for erection rigging (e.g. lifting lugs, lifting points and anchoring
points), an impact factor of 3.5 shall apply.

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4.10 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

Load factors and load combinations shall be determined in accordance with national
normative codes of practice and, where required, in accordance with the relevant design
standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the
following provisions shall apply:

4.10.1 Load factors and load combinations for general structures and buildings

The minimum load factors and load combinations referenced in normative codes shall be
interpreted as a minimum as shown in Appendix D for ultimate limit states and in
Appendix E for serviceability limit states.

4.11 FOUNDATION LOADS

Foundation loads shall be based on nominal loads. A foundation loading schedule, clearly
indicating the magnitude and direction of all foundation loads, for each specific nominal
load case, shall be prepared for all structures.

4.12 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

4.12.1 General

The provisions of national normative codes of practice and the provisions of the relevant
design standards, specifications and related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply.
In addition, the provisions of Clauses 4.12.2 and 4.12.3 shall apply.

4.12.2 Fatigue

All structural members subject to fluctuating load cycles shall be assessed for fatigue
damage in accordance with BS 7608 or BS 5400 Part 10. Except for slender or flexible
structures such as towers, masts and stacks, wind loads shall not be considered as
fluctuating loads.

4.12.3 Dynamic effects of rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment

See Appendix F.

4.13 DEFLECTIONS
Deflection shall be considered as a serviceability limit state. Deflections under the action
of imposed loads shall not exceed the smaller of the limits specified in the national
normative codes of practice, Annex D, or in the relevant design standards, specifications
and related publications listed in Appendix A. In addition, the maximum vertical deflection
under the action of combined permanent and imposed loads shall not exceed the
deflection limits shown in TABLE 1 in this specification.

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TABLE 1

DEFLECTION
MEMBERS SUPPORTING: COMMENTS
LIMIT
L is the length or width of the tank and
the deflection is the relative deflection
Pressed steel panel tanks L/750
between the tank centre and tank
corners
Vehicular or rail traffic L/500 Not applicable to bridges (see BS 5400)
Overhead Vertical L/800 Based on max wheel load
cranes (or Horizontal L/800 Crane lateral load
OEM spec) Horizontal H/400 Crane lateral load or wind load
Conveyor trippers L/500
Brick or block walls L/400 Maximum deflection is 20 mm
Not cantilevered L/300
Conveyors
Cantilevered L/200
Monorail travelling carriages L/300

Unless more stringent requirements are

Mechanical plant and equipment L/300
specified by the supplier

Not cantilevered L/300 Maximum deflection is 30 mm

Floors
Cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 20 mm
Roofs Not cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 40 mm
(excluding
purlins) Cantilevered L/250 Maximum deflection is 20 mm

Unless otherwise specified, L is the span of a simply supported member, any span of a
continuous member, or the free length of a cantilevered member.

4.14 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

4.14.1 General

The provisions and recommendations of the relevant design standards, specifications and
related publications listed in Appendix A shall apply.

4.14.2 Minimum metal thickness

Regardless of the applied corrosion protection system, the minimum metal thickness of
steelwork shall be in accordance with TABLE 2.

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TABLE 2
COLD-
WEBS OF I-, SEALED
FORMED ALL OTHER
EXPOSURE H- AND [- HOLLOW PLATES
PURLINS SECTIONS
SECTIONS SECTIONS
AND GIRTS
Steel exposed to
severe corrosive
environments
6,5 mm 6,0 mm Not allowed 8,0 mm 8,0 mm
Steel in
underground
construction
Steel exposed to
5,5 mm 5,0 mm Not allowed 6,0 mm 7,0 mm
the weather
Steel not exposed
to severe 3,0 mm
corrosive [use only if
environments 5,0 mm 4,5 mm specifically 5,0 mm 6,0 mm
agreed to by
Steel not exposed
the owner]
to the weather

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4.14.3 Back-to-back construction

Back-to-back channels or angles are not permitted for steel in underground construction,
steel exposed to the weather or steel exposed to severe corrosive environments.

4.14.4 Beam end connections

For simply supported beams, i.e. beams which are designed to have vertical shear
reactions only and which are not subject to fixing moments or axial forces, end
connections shall be in accordance with AA Specification 114002.

4.14.5 Fasteners

All fasteners to comply with national normative codes of practice.

4.14.5.1 Ordinary bolts: Unless HSFG bolts or special fasteners are required, ordinary bolts of the
following property class and minimum diameter shall be used in all bolted connections:
Main structural connections (beams, plate girders, lattice girders, trusses, rafters,
columns, posts, hangers, bracing systems, etc.): M20 Class 8.8 bolts with Class 8 nuts.
Secondary structural connections (purlins, girts, sag bars, handrail standards, stair treads,
ladders, etc.): M16 Class 4.8 bolts with Class 4 nuts.

Bolt shear resistances shall always be calculated on the assumption that the bolt threads
will be in the shear plane.

Ordinary bolts in structures supporting vibrating equipment shall be provided with lock
nuts or other means of preventing loosening of the nuts.

4.14.5.2 High strength friction grip (HSFG) bolts: The minimum bolt property class shall be
Class 8.8S.

4.14.5.3 Special fasteners: Fasteners of special types (e.g. swage-lock bolts, fitted bolts, high
strength bolts with lock nuts or patented self-locking nuts) may be used, where
appropriate. The minimum bolt property class shall be Class 8.8.

4.14.6 Steel sections and products not allowed

The following steel sections and products may only be available in commercial quality
steel (also referred to as mild steel or steel with unknown yields tress) and shall not be
used unless it is clearly demonstrated in the design that commercial quality steel is
acceptable, using the reduced material strength for unidentified steel specified in national
normative codes of practice.
• Flat bar sections with a width smaller than 100 mm.
• Round sections with a diameter smaller than 45 mm.
• Equal angle sections with a leg length smaller than 60 mm.

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• Unequal angles with a leg length smaller than 50 mm.

• Solid plate flooring.
• Expanded metal flooring.
• Open grid flooring panels.

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APPENDIX A: RELATED DOCUMENTS

The latest editions of the following documents are deemed to form part of this specification:
AA Specification 114002 : Construction of structural steelwork
BS EN 10025 : Hot-rolled products for non-alloy structural steels
BS EN 12285 : Workshop fabricated steel tanks
Part 2: Horizontal cylindrical single skin and double skin tanks for
the aboveground storage of flammable and non-flammable water
polluting liquids
BS EN 14015 : Specification for the design and manufacture of site built, vertical,
cylindrical, flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel tanks for
the storage of liquids at ambient temperature and above
BS 2853 : Specification for the design and testing of steel overhead runway
beams
BS 4076 : Specification for steel chimneys
BS 5400 : Steel, concrete and composite bridges
Part 10: Code of practice for fatigue
BS 7608 : Code of practice for fatigue design and assessment of steel
structures
BS 7854 : Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-
rotating parts
DIN 1055 : Design loads for buildings
Part 6: Loads in silo bins
ISO 2631 - 1978 : Guide for the evaluation of human exposure to whole-body
vibration
(NB: Do not use SABS ISO 2631-1:1997)

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APPENDIX B: RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Issue 12 : Globalised version, based upon AAC Specification 114001 (Issue 11) – December
2017, Kurt Waelbers & De Wet Strydom.
Issue 13 : Removed ambiguity relative to bin design in Appendix ## - November 2019, Kurt
Waelbers.

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APPENDIX C: MATERIAL COEFFICIENTS FOR STORED BULK SOLIDS

• Material coefficients for stored bulk solids, as defined in DIN 1055 Part 6, shall be
determined by testing.

• For preliminary design purposes only, the values given in the following table can be used:
BULK ANGLE OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
BULK OVERPRESSURE MATERIAL
DENSITY SLOPE RATIO OF WALL
MATERIAL COEFFICIENT COEFFICIENT
(kN/m3) (DEGREES) (Ph/Pv) FRICTION
   1 2 3 eh G

Anthracite 11,5 40 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5

Coal
11,0 40 0,45 0,60 0,45 0,40 1,4 0,5
(crushed)
Coal
17,5 35 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,5 0,5
(pulverised)

Chrome ore 26,0 35 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,45 1,3 0,5

Carbon 6,2 35 0,45 0,55 0,40 0,35 1,4 0,5

Copper ore 19,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5

Gold ore 18,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,50 0,40 1,3 0,5

Ilmenite 27,0 25 0.60 0,60 0,40 0,30 1,5 0,5

Iron ore 22,0 40 0,45 0,65 0,55 0,45 1,3 0,5

Kimberlite 16,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,55 0,40 1,4 0,5

Platinum ore
24,0 40 0,45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(Merensky)
Platinum ore
28,0 40 0.45 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5
(UG2)

Rutile 24,0 30 0,60 0,60 0,45 0,35 1,4 0,5

Zinc ore 21,0 45 0,35 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,3 0,5

Zircon 25,0 30 0,50 0,70 0,60 0,50 1,4 0,5

Note:

Where the effective coefficient of internal friction  has been established by testing, the pressure ratio 
may be calculated as follows:

 = 1,1 (1 – Sin )

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APPENDIX D: ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS

The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the ultimate limit state.

The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to ISO 10208 or SANS 10208.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,5
2 1,2 * 1,6 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
3 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
4 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
5 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 1,6 0 0,8 0,8 0,6
6 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 1,3 $ 0,8 0,8 0,6
7 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,6 1,2 0,6
8 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 1,2 1,6 0,6
9 1,2 * 0,5 + 1,6 1,3 0,5 # 0 0,8 0,8 1,2
10 0,9 1,3 $
Notes:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For un-sustained floor loads only. Use 1.0 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage and
parking).
4. $ Use 1.5 for chimneys, light masts and free-standing towers.
5. * For permanent loads which can be accurately assessed only. Use 1.4 if there is any doubt
about the accuracy of the load.
6. For other loads, e.g. seismic and settlement loads, refer to national normative codes of
practice
7. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
8. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents), plant load or equipment load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load

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APPENDIX E: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

FOR GENERAL STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS

The following table gives load factors to be applied to commonly encountered nominal loads when
determining design load combinations at the serviceability limit state.

The listed load factors are not applicable to headgear and collar structures, stages, conveyances
and shaft system structures. For these structures refer to ISO 10208 or SANS 10208.
LOAD
LOAD FACTORS TO BE APPLIED TO NOMINAL LOADS
COMBINATION
Gn Qn Qm n Qf n Qr n Wn Cv n Ch n Tn
1 1,1 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
2 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
3 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
4 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 1,0 0 0,5 0,5 0,5
5 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5
6 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 1,0 0,75 0,5
7 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,75 1,0 0,5
8 1,1 0,3 + 1,0 1,0 0,3 # 0 0,5 0,5 1,0
9 1,0 0,6
Notes:
1. Dominant imposed loads shown bold.
2. # For accessible roofs only. Use 0 for inaccessible roofs.
3. + For un-sustained floor loads only. Use 0.6 for sustained floor loads (e.g. filing, storage
and parking).
4. Throughout this Appendix, load can also be read as load effect.
5. Nominal loads:
Gn = Permanent load
Qn = Imposed floor load
Qm n = Imposed material load (e.g. bunker contents) and plant load or equipment
load
Qf n = Imposed load from fluids (e.g. tank or pipe contents)
Qr n = Imposed roof load
Wn = Wind load
Cv n = Vertical crane load
Ch n = Horizontal crane load
Tn = Temperature load

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APPENDIX F: DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATING, VIBRATING OR IMPACTING MACHINERY

AND EQUIPMENT

1. General: Suitable provision shall be made in the design for the dynamic effects of
rotating, vibrating or impacting machinery and equipment. Dynamic effects shall be
determined and interpreted in accordance with this Appendix.

2. Structural framing: In general, the transmission of dynamic loads from floor members to
columns and foundations shall be by the shortest and most direct route possible. Where
practical, the vibrating part(s) of the structure shall be isolated from the rest of the
structure.

3. Dynamic loads: The magnitude, direction and exciting frequency of all dynamic loads
induced by machinery and equipment such as feeders, screens, shaking tables and
crushers, shall be obtained from the manufacturers of the equipment. The nature of the
dynamic excitation i.e. harmonic, periodic or random impulse-type excitation shall be
clearly established. Dynamic loads, obtained from manufacturers, shall be verified from
dynamic data such as motor torque, eccentricity of unbalanced masses, spring stiffness,
screen stroke and screen stroke angle.

Where a single structure supports multiple machinery units, the worst combination of any
two machines acting in phase shall be considered, unless machines are electrically or
mechanically coupled. Where multiple machines are electrically or mechanically coupled,
the worst combination shall be based on a rational assessment.

4. Modal analysis: A modal analysis shall be conducted to obtain the mode shape and
natural frequency of each significant vibration mode. A significant vibration mode is a
mode which is compatible with the displacement(s) produced by the dynamic load(s).

5. Dynamic response: The following dynamic responses shall be obtained at all strategic
locations on the structure:
• amplitude of acceleration and displacement
• amplitude of dynamic stress

6. Resonance: For the purposes of this Clause, resonance is defined as the condition in
which the exciting frequency (fe) equals the natural frequency (fn) of any significant
vibration mode of the structure.

To avoid resonance or near-resonance, the following conditions shall be satisfied:

fn ≥1,4 fe or fn ≤ 0,6 fe where fn = natural frequency of any significant vibration mode.

When fn1 ≥ 1,4 fe the structure is considered high-tuned and when fn1 ≤ 0,6 fe the structure
is considered low-tuned (fn1 = fundamental [lowest] natural frequency of the structure).

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High tuning is generally preferred. However, where it can be demonstrated that high
tuning is unrealistic, low tuning may be accepted provided the following conditions are
met:
• The client must approve the use of low tuning.
• The dynamic analysis must include all vibration modes up to at least a frequency of
3 fe.
• The dynamic analysis must consider start-up and shutdown conditions.

7. Vibration limits

7.1. Machine sensitivity: Vibration limits for rotating machinery shall be obtained from
BS 7854, or from the manufacturer.

7.2. Structural integrity: The integrity of all structural components subject to cyclic dynamic
stresses shall be evaluated on the basis of a fatigue assessment - see Clause 4.12.2.

7.3. Human response: For the assessment of vibrations, K-values shall be calculated from
the equations given in the following table.
EXCITING K-VALUE
FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
UNDETERMINED
(Hz) VIBRATIONS VIBRATIONS
DIRECTION
1 to 2 28 ah 28 au
0,5
10 av fe
2 to 4
33,5 au fe 0,25
4 to 8 56 ah / fe 20 av
8 to 80 160 av / fe 160 au / fe
Where fe = exciting frequency (Hz)
ah = root-mean-square (rms) value of horizontal acceleration( m / s2 )
au = root-mean-square (rms) value of acceleration of undetermined direction
( m / s2 )
av = root-mean-square (rms) value of vertical acceleration ( m / s2 )

The calculated K-values shall not exceed the following values:

Exposure time K-value

1 hour 16

4 hours 7,0

8 hours 4,2

12 hours 3,5

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NOTES:

1.0 The K-value procedure followed above is equivalent to the assessment of vibrations in
accordance with ISO 2631 - 1978, using two thirds of the vibration limits obtained from the
fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary.

2.0 Unless otherwise agreed by the client and the owner, an exposure time of 8 hours shall be
adopted.

3.0 For harmonic loads, a (rms value) = a’ /  2 where a’ = amplitude of acceleration.

4.0 When vibration occurs simultaneously at more than one discrete frequency within the
range 1 to 80 Hz, each frequency component shall be evaluated separately with reference
to the appropriate limit at that frequency.

5.0 For the evaluation of narrow-band and broad-band vibrations, refer to ISO 2631- 1978.

6.0 If vibrations occur in more than one direction simultaneously, the corresponding limits
apply separately in each direction.

7.0 If vertical and horizontal vibrations occur at the same location, an equivalent K-value shall
be evaluated from the following equation:

K = (Kh2 + Kv2 ) 0,5

Where Kh = the K-value evaluated for horizontal vibration
Kv = the K-value evaluated for vertical vibration

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