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kuchhal014
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Ex No:

Date :
1. VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW

AIM: To verify Ohm’s law (V=IR) where current through a resistor is proportional to the
voltage across it.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity


.
1 Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 1
2 Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 1
3 Regulated power supply (0-30) V Dual 1
4 Multimeter --------- Digital 1
5 Bread Board --------- --------- 1
6 Resistors 1kΩ,1.2kΩ, 4.7kΩ Fixed Each one
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

The most fundamental law in electricity is ohm's law or V=IR. Where V is voltage,
which means the potential difference between two terminals. Electrical
resistance, measured in ohms, is the measure of the amount of current repulsion in
a circuit.

According to the Ohm's law, "The current flowing through a conductor is


directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends provided the physical
conditions (temperature, dimensions, pressure) of the conductor remains the
same." If I be the current flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference
across its ends, then according to Ohm's Law,

I𝛼 V

V 𝛼 I or V=IR

Where, R is the constant of proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor.


R depends upon the material, temperature and dimensions of the conductor. In S.I.
units, the potential difference V is measured in volt and the current I in ampere, the
resistance R is measured in ohm.
How do we establish the current-voltage relationship?
Ans: To establish the current-voltage relationship, it is to be shown that the ratio V / I
remains constant for a given resistance, therefore a graph between the potential
difference(V) and the current (I) must be a straight line.
For a wire of uniform cross-section, the resistance depends on the length l and the
area of cross-section A. It also depends on the temperature of the conductor. At a given
temperature the resistance,
l
R

Where ρ is the specific resistance or resistivity and is characteristic of the


material of wire.
Hence, the specific resistance or resistivity of the material of the wire,
RA

If 'r' is the radius of the wire, then the cross sectional area, A = πr². Then the
specific resistance or resistivity of the material of the wire is,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit shown in above Fig.


2. Measure the actual value of each resistor and record in Table 1.
3. Beginning at 0 V, increase the power supply so that the voltage across R3 in steps
of 1V until 6 V. Measure and record the resulting current in Table 1for each
increment of voltage.
4. Plot the graphs of I verses V for results in Table 1(Assign I to the vertical axis and
V to the horizontal axis).
5. Construct a right angle triangle on the graph and from this, re-determinethe
slope and hence evaluate the conductance, G.
6. From this information, evaluate the resistance, R. Record G and R for the
graph in the appropriate column in Table 2.
7. Compare these experimentally obtained values with those measured values
recorded in the respective tables

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:
Voltage across a resistor = I XR

OBSERVATION TABLE: Table-1


R = 4.7kΩ Measured Resistance, R =

R = 1.2 kΩ Measured Resistance, R =

R = 1 kΩ Measured Resistance, R =

Voltage Across R3 (V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Current
(mA)
(Measured values)

Current

(Theoreticalvalues) (mA)

Table-2

Slope (G) R (1/G)


Measured Values

Theoretical Values
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.


2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:

1. A resistor is used to control the rate of current flowing through these


components.
2. The Ohm's law is used to calculate the rating of current which should be
used in the typical circuit.

QUESTIONS:
1. Has Ohm’s law been verified?

2. State the factors affecting resistance of a material with a uniform cross-


sectional area?.

3. What is meant by the term electric potential difference?


4. What is an ohmic resistance? What is the shape of V v/s I graph for an ohmic
conductor?
5. How is the resistance of a conductor affected by rise in temperature
6. What is meant by the term electric potential difference?
7. State Ohm's law. State the factors on which the resistance of a
conductor depends.
8. Define the term resistivity. Give its SI unit. What is an ohmic
resistance?
9. Give example of a material whose resistance
decreases with rise in temperature.
10. How ammeter and voltmeter are connected in a circuit?
11. What do you mean by e.m.f. of a cell?

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