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Calculus II - Summary of Lecture #2

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20 views9 pages

Calculus II - Summary of Lecture #2

Uploaded by

khoanv.23bi14223
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Calculus II

Summary of Lecture #2

Calculus II 1/9
• Continuity

Let f (x, y ) : D ⊂ R2 → R, (a, b) ∈ D. The function f is


continuous at (a, b) if

lim f (x, y ) = f (a, b).


(x,y )→(a,b)

Equivalently, the following 3 conditions must hold:


1 f is defined at (a, b), i.e. (a, b) ∈ D,
2 There exists a limit lim f (x, y ) = L,
(x,y )→(a,b)
3 L = f (a, b).

Calculus II 2/9
• Polynomials & Rational Functions

Polynomials are continuous on R2 .


Rational functions are continuous on their domains of
definition.

Calculus II 3/9
• Partial derivatives: For a function of two variables f (x, y ),

partial derivative of f w.r.t. x is

f (t, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = lim ,
t→x t −x
(keeping y as a constant).
partial derivative of f w.r.t. y is

f (x, t) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = lim ,
t→y t −y

(keeping x as a constant).

Calculus II 4/9
• An equivalent definition: Letting t = x + h, we can also
define the partial derivatives as follows:

f (x + h, y ) − f (x, y )
fx (x, y ) = lim .
h→0 h

f (x, y + h) − f (x, y )
fy (x, y ) = lim .
h→0 h

Calculus II 5/9
• Partial derivatives of functions of n variables: More
generally, For a function f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) of n variables,

partial derivative w.r.t. to the variable xi is defined by

fxi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
f (x1 , . . . , xi + h, . . . , xn ) − f (x1 , . . . , xi , . . . , xn )
= lim .
h→0 h
∂f
other notations: , or simply, fi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
∂xi

Calculus II 6/9
• Second partial derivatives: For f (x, y ) we have four:

∂ 2f
 
∂ ∂f
(fx )x = fxx = = ,
∂x ∂x ∂x 2
∂ 2f
 
∂ ∂f
(fx )y = fxy = = ,
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
∂ 2f
 
∂ ∂f
(fy )x = fyx = = ,
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y
∂ 2f
 
∂ ∂f
(fy )y = fyy = = .
∂y ∂y ∂y 2

• Similarly: For f (x, y , z), we have nine (second-order partial


derivatives).

Calculus II 7/9
• Equality of mixed derivatives: Is it true that fxy = fyx ?

Clairaut’s Theorem
If f (x, y ) and its partial derivatives fx , fy , fxy , and fyx are defined
throughout an open region containing a point (a, b) and all are
continuous at (a, b), then

fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b).

Calculus II 8/9
• Gradient Vector: ∇f - a vector formed by partial derivatives of
f.

 ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y ) = fx , fy = i+ j
∂x ∂y
 ∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x, y , z) = fx , fy , fz = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
... ... ... ... ... ...
 
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = , , ..., .
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn

Calculus II 9/9

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