Eukaryotic cell

components
ARGUITXU DE LA RIVA CABALLERO
COLEGIO EL VALLE ALICANTE 2021
 Cell Component (cellimagelibrary.org)
Cell
mem
brane
Cell membrane
Source:
https://socratic.org/que
stions/what-are-the-
main-functions-of-the-
cell-membrane

✓ Composed by lipids, which make a bilayer. The lipids are mainly phospholipids, which confer
great fluidity.
✓ Cholesterol (another type of lipid) will control the excess of fluidity.
✓ There are also proteins that act as molecules channels and glycoproteins (protein +
carbohydrate), which are membrane receptors.
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Depending on the size of the molecules, the exchange of substance
between the inside and the outside of the cell can be:
 Diffusion – like gases – just pass through the membrane.
 Osmosis – pass of water from the less concentrated side to the more
concentrated.

DIFFUSION. Source:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school- OSMOSIS. Source: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-
biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-passive-and-active- between-simple-diffusion-and-osmosis
transport/v/diffusion-video
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 When substances are bigger then the process is different:
 Exocytosis – exo means outside and cyto means cell. It consists in the
fusion of a vesicle with the membrane towards the outside of the cell,
containing insoluble or large molecules.

http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-
level/topic-1-cell-biology/14-membrane-
transport/bulk-transport.html
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Endocytosis – endo means inside and cyto means cell. It is the process
in which the cell captures large substances. It will form an inward
invagination of the cell membrane towards the cytoplasm.
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-
is-endocytosis-4163670
Exchange of substances through
the cell membrane
 Permeasas – there are proteins that transport substances across the cell
membrane against concentration gradient, therefore consuming
energy.
https://www.digopaul.com/english-
word/permeases.html
Cell wall
 In animal and plant tissues there is an extracellular matrix occupying
the space between cells. One type of this extracellular matrix is the
cell wall, which is composed by proteins and carbohydrates.
Only in plant cells

https://slideplayer.info/slid
e/4101642/
Cytoplasm

 It is the content between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It is

divided in two parts: cytoskeleton and cytosol.
 CYTOSKELETON – cyto means cell and skeleton means skeleton
allows movements of the cell (like the amaeboid movement),
transport of substances within the cell, transport of organelles within
the cell.
 Organised as a complex net of protein filaments: microtubules,
microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
 Connections between the different filaments are weak – to assemble
and disassemble easily.
 CYTOSOL: is the fluid within the cell
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton

 Microtubles – made out of

tubuline, protein which forms
hollow and rigid structures.
 Microfilaments – made out of
the protein actine. They are
overall in the cell, but more
concentrated close to the
cellular membrane. They
break easily.
 Intermediate filaments –
made out of proteins joined
like ropes. Easy to build,
difficult to break.
Cytoskeleton
Centrosome

 Only in animal cells.

 Close to the nucleus usually
 Divides and separates to
opposite poles when cell
division
 Functions:
 Forms the mitotic spindle
 Involved in formation and
organisation of cytoskeleton
 Movements of cells, cilia and
flagella https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles-ii-cytoskeleton-cilia-and-flagella-
centrosome-centrioles/
Centrosome

 Composition:
 Two perpendicular structures
called centrioles
 Each centriole is made up of
nine groups of microtubules
 During cell division around the
centrosome develops the
aster, which is made up of
microtubules in all directions.

https://byjus.com/biology/cell-organelles-ii-cytoskeleton-cilia-and-flagella-
centrosome-centrioles/
Ribosomes
 Found in the cytosol – attached
to the membranes of different
organelles such as RER or
nuclear membrane or inside
some organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
 Larger in eukaryotic than in
prokaryotic
 Made out of proteins and RNA
 FUNCTION – make proteins using
the information contained in the
DNA

https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/ribosomes-structure-and-functions/
Ribosomes
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Membranous system which forms a system
of interconnected sacs and sacs-like
structures.

 Connected also to the Golgi body and

the nuclear membrane

 FUNCTIONS:

 RER – synthesis of proteins for the

reticulum, cellular membrane and
other organelles

 SEM – lipids that will also form part of

cellular membranes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Golgi body
 Group of disc-shaped membranous sacs close to the ER.

 Connect to the ER through vesicles that go from the ER to the cis-face of the Golgi
apparatus.

 Connect to the cell membrane through vesicles that go from the trans-face of the Golgi
body to the cell membrane.

 FUNCTION:

 Produces most of polysaccharides of the cell.

 Sorts and maduration of lipids and proteins from the ER.

 Maduration takes place on the way from the cis- to the trans-face

 Mature lipids and proteins will be packed in vesicles for excretion or distribution within the cell.
Receiving side of
Golgi Body

Shipping side of Golgi

Body
Golgi
body
Golgi body Image: https://scienceover.com/science/biology/cell-
structure-golgi-complex/
 Lysosomes and vacuoles
 Lysosomes – vesicles from the Golgi body filled with digestive enzymes

 Digest nutrients from outside the cell, own waste or phagocytised microorganisms

 Protects from digesting own structures.

 Through the transport proteins of the lysosome membrane – digestion end products are
released in the cytoplasm to be reused or excreted by the cell.

 Vacuoles – present in all types of cells, bigger in plants.

 Similar to lysosomes (in animals) but carry out more functions. One cell might have
different vacuoles, each with a different function.

 In plants – store water and mineral salts, occupies most of the cytoplasm, exerting pressure
over the cell membrane and maintaining cell turgidity. Its membrane is called tonoplast.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
and vacuoles

Image right:
https://www.shutterstock.com/es/image-
illustration/anatomy-lysosome-hydrolytic-enzymes-
membrane-transport-
781949383?src=zZbfJ1XK9dT42Q4yT688sA-1-8

Image: left: https://sites.google.com/a/asu.edu/the-

almighty-cell/the-source/animal-cell/vacuole
Mitochondria
 Mitochondria
 In cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

 Surrounded by doubled membrane

 Able to duplicate themselves- new

mitochondria from pre-existing mitochondria

 FUNCTIONS:

 Provide E to the cell – enzymes in crest and

matrix involved in cellular respiration.

Image: https://demedbook.com/was-sind-mitochondrien/
Mitochondria and cell respiration
 Cellular metabolism – set of chemical reactions that allow the cell to survive, develop and
reproduce. Divided in two independent phases:

 Catabolism – complex molecules are broken in simpler ones, releasing E in the process.

 Anabolism – simple molecules are joined together forming more complex molecules, consuming E in
the process.

 Cellular respiration – important catabolic process.

 Using O2 (aerobic process) organic matter is broken to CO2 and H2O, summarized in a chemical
equation would be:

C6H6 + 15/2 O2 → 6CO2 + 3H2O + E

 It is an exothermic reaction
Chloro
plast
Chloroplast

 Only in plant cells

 Surrounded by a double
membrane
 Have DNA (circular) – can
duplicate by themselves

 FUNCTION:
 CARRY OUT PHTOSYNTHESIS

Image: https://bilimfili.com/hiperfizik/hbase/biology/imgbio/
Chloroplast and photosynthesis
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS – process that converts inorganic matter into simple
organic matter using the E of light. It has two stages:
 LIGHT REACTION – the energy of the SUN (light) will be transformed into chemical E.
H2O molecules are broken down releasing O2 to the atmosphere, process also known
as hydrolysis.

 DARK REACTION – glucose (organic material) will be synthesized from CO2 and the H
from the hydrolysis of H2O, consuming part of the chemical E produced during the
light reaction.

 Chemical reaction can be summarized as:

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

 It is an ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
The nucleus

 It contains the majority of an

eukaryotic cell genetic material

 FUNCTIONS:
 Controls cell functions.
 Related to transfer of traits
from one cell to the
daughters.
 Place where most of the DNA
and RNA synthesis takes place.

Image: https://kidsbiology.com/biology-basics/nucleus/
Nucleus