COMSATS University Islamabad

Electric Machines
EEE-371

LAB REPORT # 01

Name: LEIZA HAROON

Reg# FA20-BEE-091
Session: 6B

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Kamran Hafeez

DATE: 27thFebruary, 2023

 Lab # 2
Familiarization with single-
phasetransformer and transformer
polarity

Objectives
 To understand the principles of transformeroperation
 To understand the effect of load on transformer operation
 To learn how to establish the polarity of a transformerswindings

Pre-Lab

Single phase transformer

Introduction

Before we start our study of the transformer in detail, it will be useful to look at
what a transformer is and how it works. The simplest practical transformer consists
of two coils placed together and linked by a closed magnetic core which passes
through the centre of the coils (see Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Single phase transformer

Each coil consists of insulated copper wire wound round a bobbin and protected by
an insulating outer cover. The coils may have many turns of fine wire for low
current work or fewer turns of large diameter wire or copper strip capable of
passing heavy currents. In power transformers, one coil or winding will be
designated the primary and this will be connected to the ac mains supply.
There will be one or more secondary windings, each supplying power to its load at
a chosen voltage.

The core of a power transformer is constructed from insulated steel laminations

bonded and clamped together. This laminated structure is used to reduce internal
heating in the core. When current flows through the turns of a coil, lines of flux are
set up which pass through the center of the coil and form closed loops outside the
coil. Constant current will produce a steady flux, alternating current will produce
an alternating flux. If the coil is wound round a close steel core, the flux level will
be increased many times and the lines of flux will be confined to the core path.
Iron and many of its alloys are ferromagnetic materials and have the valuable
property of raising the value of flux produced by a current-carrying coil, and in
reducing flux leakage.

As in the simple transformer of Figure 2.1, a second coil may be fitted over the
core so that the flux links both coils. A steady flux will produce no voltage in the
secondary coil but any change of flux will cause a voltage to be induced in it.

The effect of the magnetic steel core is to increase the flux produced by current in
the primary and keep it within the core path which links the two windings. In
Figure 2.2(a), two identical coils of a transformer are shown fitted to their core.
When one coil is energized from an AC supply, the second coil will produce a
voltage equal to the energizingvoltage.

If the core is removed as in Figure 2.2(b), the flux linking the two windings will be
much reduced and the secondary voltage will fall to a low value. Separating the
coils as in Figure 2.2(c) will further reduce the flux linkage and cause the
secondary voltage to bereduced.
Voltage ratio of the transformer

As previously discussed, the current drawn by the primary winding from the ac
supply produces an alternating flux which links all the coils which embrace the
core. The voltage induced in the secondary can be measured directly but a voltage
will also be induced in the primary winding since its turns are linked by the same
flux.
The induced voltage in the primary is referred to as the back EMF. It is almost
equal in value to the ac supply voltage and will always act in opposition to it, so
tending to reduce the current taken from the supply.

The voltage in each turn of both the primary and secondary windings will be the
same; consequently, the value of the voltage induced in the secondary will depend
on the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to those in the primary. When
there are more secondary than primary turns, the transformer is said to be a 'step-
up' and the secondary voltage is higher than that of the primary. With fewer
secondary than primary turns, the transformer is a 'step-down' and output voltage is
lower than the supply. For the same number of turns in each winding, the
transformer is a'one-to-one'.

Turns ratio without load is given by Eq. 1 and that on load is given by Eq. 2.

Combining equations 1 and 2, we get:

For ideal transformer:

Establishing polarity of transformer windings

A simple transformer with two separate windings is shown in Figure 2.3(a). To

illustrate the principals involved, the same transformer is re-drawn in Figure 2.3(c)
with the primary and secondary coils wound in the same direction on a common
core, and with the 'start' and 'finish' wires of each coil labelled.

Figure 2.3

If an alternating voltage is now connected to coil A–C, the resulting current flow
will set up an alternating flux in the magnetic core. This causes an induced voltage
to be produced in coil A–C which acts to reduce the flow of current through that
coil. This induced voltage is called the 'back EMF' or ‘counterEMF’.

The relationship between the supply voltage and the back EMF in the primary can
be likened to that of two cells connected positive to positive, negative to negative,
as shown in Figure2.3(b). They have the same polarity, but it should be noted that
their terminal voltages are in opposition to one another and as a result no current
flows between them. In the transformer, we can say that the polarity of the back
EMF in the primary winding is the same as that of the supply voltage, again the
two voltages oppose one another. The effect of the back EMF is to reduce the flow
of current into the transformer.

The secondary winding is wound around the same core as the primary and
consequently an induced voltage will also be set up within its windings. This is the
output voltage of the transformer- its frequency is the same as the supply voltage
frequency and its magnitude will depend on the number of turns in its winding.
Referring to Figure2.3(c), the polarity of the induced secondary voltage across
terminals D–E will be the same as the polarity of the primary voltage across
terminals A–C.

The polarity of the secondary coil can be reversed by reversing the connections to
its terminals. During manufacture, it is probable that all coils in the transformer
will be wound in the same direction of rotation, clockwise or anticlockwise. If this
is so then the start of winding leads will always have the same polarity.

If the transformer winding details are not given, we can carry out a test to establish
their polarity. In this test, one of the primary coil terminals is made common with
one of the secondary coil terminals. A low ac voltage is applied to the primary and
the voltage difference between the two
non-common terminals is measured. We can then work out the relative polarity of
the two windings.

The connection that gives minimum voltage across the windings is that which
gives equivalent polarity. If the voltage ratio of the two windings is one-to-one, the
voltage across the windings is zero when their polarities are the same. For other
ratios, the voltage across the windings is the difference between the individual
winding voltages (same polarity) or the sum of the individual voltages (opposite
polarity). Where a transformer has more than one secondary, the same test can be
extended to identify the polarity of all the windings.

The circuits used for ac polarity tests are given in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4
 In most transformer applications, it is not necessary to know the polarity of the
windings. However, when two transformers are required to be connected in
parallel, it is essential to establish correct polarity, otherwise destructively large
currents would circulate in the secondary windings. This is particularly important
in power distribution systems.

In most transformers supplying industrial loads, e.g. motors, heaters etc., two or
more secondary may be connected in series or in parallel to provide a range of
voltage and current levels. Again, the polarity of the secondary winding must be
known.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is polarity and how we can check polarity of atransformer?

Polarity test in transformer:

Polarity test is must for transformers when parallel operation is done. Because while doing parallel
operation, if you connect terminals of opposite polarity, it will result in a dead short - circuit. So, to
connect the same polarity windings together both in primary and secondary, polarity test is done.

2. Why is polarity testdone?

Polarity test is must for transformers when parallel operation is done. Because while doing paralleloperation,
if you connect terminals of opposite polarity, it will result in a dead short - circuit. So, to connect the
same polarity windings together both in primary and secondary, polarity test is done.

3. What is the no-load turn ratio of a single-phase transformer whose

primary is rated at 230V and secondary is rated at115V?
V 1 N1
As we know the formula which is given as: =
V 2 N2
V 1=230 V
V 2=115 V
230 N 1
=
115 N 2
N1
=2
N2
4. What is the no-load turn ratio of a single-phase transformer whose
primary is rated at 230V and secondary is rated at230V?
V 1 N1
As we know the formula which is given as: =
V 2 N2
V 1=230 V
V 2=230 V
230 N 1
=
230 N 2
N1
=1
N2

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make the connections shown in Figure2.5.

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for
the V1 and V2 channels to ‘500 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This
allows up to 50 V to be monitored when the ’50 V’ sockets areconnected.

3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’
control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the onposition.

4. Set the primary voltage to 40 V by use of the ‘variable output voltage’ control
(as read by virtual or conventionalinstrumentation).

5. Record the secondary voltmeter reading V2, on a copy of the appropriate

Practical 2.1 Results Table, in the ‘Voltmeter 2’ reading column for‘Sec1’.

6. Return the knob on universal power supply module to 0% (most anti-clockwise

position) and switch off universal power supply using “3 phase circuit breaker
with no voltrelease”.
Figure 2.5
 Practical 2.1 Results Table

Voltmeter 1 Voltmeter 2 Voltmeter Ratio on

No-Load (Primary
reading/Secondar
y reading)

Primary Reading Secondary Reading

Connections Connections

400 V, 0 V 40 (A) 115 V, 0 V 13 1

(Sec 1)

400 V, 0 V 40 (B) 115 V, 0 V 13 1

(Sec 2)

400 V, 0 V 40 (C) 115 V (Sec 25 1

1), 0 V (Sec 2)
Linked

230 V, 0 V 40 (D) 115 V (Sec 44 1

1), 0 V (Sec 2)
Linked

Lab Task 2
1. Ensure that the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 is set to zero and
that the supply power is switchedoff.

2. Make the connections shown in the circuit diagram Figure2.6.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250V/500V range switches for
the V1 and V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This
allows voltages of up to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500V/250V’ sockets
are connected. Additionally, set the 1A/10A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’.
This allows currents up to 1 A to be monitored when the 10A/1A socket is
connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the 200-mA socket is connected.

4. Set the switches on the load unit to give a resistance of 548Ω (R1, R2, R3 on,
rest are off) and check that the load switch on the Single-Phase Transformer
 Unit is switchedon.

5. Switch on the 60-105 power supply and then using the ‘variable output voltage’
control, set the primary voltage to 230V as read on virtual or conventional
instrumentation meterV1.

6. Using either virtual or conventional instrumentation, measure the primary and

secondary voltages and currents and record the results in a copy of Practical 2.2
Resultstable.

7. Return the knob on universal power supply module to 0% (most anti-clockwise

position) and switch off universal power supply using “3 phase circuit breaker
with no voltrelease”.
 Practical 2.2 Results Table
Primary Voltage (V1) Primary Current (I11) Secondary Voltage (V2) Secondary Current (I2 ) Load Resistance (Ohms)
40 V 0.103 Amp 41 V 0.075 Amp 545

Lab Task 3
1. Switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release’
on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 to the ‘off’position.
2. Make all connections as shown in Figure2.7.

Figure 2.7
 3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for
the V1 and V2 channels to ‘500 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This
allows up to 50 V to be monitored when the ‘50 V’ sockets are connected and
selected in thesoftware.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’
control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the onposition.
5. Set the primary voltage to 40 V by use of the ‘variable output voltage’ control.
This is the voltage applied to the primary connection 0-230V and is read on
virtual or conventional instrumentationV1.
6. Record the secondary voltmeter reading on a copy of the appropriate Practical
2.3 Results Table. The secondary voltmeter V2 connection and the link between
the primary and secondary shown in Figure 2.7 correspond with the first entry
in yourtable.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply
60-105 and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuitbreaker’.
8. Repeat the experiment for the other connections listed in Practical 2.3 Figure
2.7 Table (a) and record the values in the practical 2.3 resultstable.

Practical 2.3 Results Table

Primary Voltage (V) Link Between Windings Voltage (V) Polarity Same/
Opposite
Connection Reading Primary Secondary Connection Reading
230 V, 0 V 40 0V 0 V (Sec 1) 230 V, 115 V (Sec 1) 62 Opposite

230 V, 0 V 40 0V 115 V (Sec 1) 230 V, 0 V (Sec 1) 40 Same

230 V, 0 V 40 0V 0 V (Sec 2) 230 V, 115 V (Sec 2) 62 Opposite

230 V, 0 V 40 0V 115 V (Sec 2) 230 V, 0 V (Sec 1) 40 Same

Secondary Secondary

230 V, 0 V 40 0V 0 V (Sec 2) 115 V (Sec 1), 115 V (Sec 2) 0

230 V, 0 V 40 0V 115V (Sec 2) 115 V (Sec 1), 0 V (Sec 2) 40 Same

 Conclusion

In In this lab, I have learned about the principles of transformer operation, To understand the effect of
load on transformer operation. I also learned how to establish the polarity of a transformer’s windings.
.
In task 1 we set the connections according to the manual. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set
the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 and V2 channels to ‘500 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit
68-500. We Set the primary voltage to 40 V by use of the ‘variable output voltage’ control. Then we
recorded the secondary voltm-eter reading V2 and wrote it on the table.

In task 2 after doing the same work we additionally, set the 1A/10A range switch for I1 and I2 to

‘1 A’. This allows currents up to 1 A to be monitored when the 10A/1A socket is connected or

200 mA to be monitored when the 200-mA socket is connected. We Set the switches on the load unit

to give a resistance of 548 ohms. as the Single Phase.

In lab task 3 we Switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release’ on

the Unive-rsal Power Supply 60-105 to the ‘off’ position. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, we
ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on
position. Set the primary volt-age to 40V.We recorded the secondary voltmeter reading on a copy. At

the end We now have all the information needed to establish the polarity of the primary and two
secondary windings of the transformer.

Transformer Unit is switched on. We measured the primary and secondary voltages and currents and
record the results.

************************************
LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

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