Art 5 Bardenas

Vol.
32 · July
IAMURE 2020
International Journal of Ecology and Conservation
Print ISSN 2244-1573 · Online ISSN 2244-1581
International Peer Reviewed Journal
Journal Metrics: H Index = 2 from Publish or Perish
This journal is included in Thomson Reuters Journal Masterlist
Published by IAMURE Multidisciplinary Research,
an ISO 9001:2008 certified by the AJA Registrars Inc.
Production and Commercialism Practices

of Two Different Rice Ecosystems in South
District of Antique, Philippines
ALF LORENZ BARDENAS
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-7029
[email protected]
University of Antique- Hamtic Campus
Guintas, Hamtic, Antique, Philippines
CECILIA BASTIAN
[email protected]
LEONIE CONSABO
[email protected]
CHRISTINE VIOLA GONZALES

[email protected]
68
Volume 32 · July 2020
CHEMARIE LAMPREA
[email protected]
ISAH LOU NOCAL

[email protected]
FELIX E. ARCILLA JR.

[email protected]
Saint Michael College of Caraga
Nasipit, Agusan del Norte Philippines
Gunning Fog Index: 8.15 Originality: 99% Grammar Check: 99%

Flesch Reading Ease: 68.36 Plagiarism: 1%
ABSTRACT
Crop farming is considered as the primary source of income of the farmers.

The main objective of the study is to determine the status of irrigated and rainfed
rice production, marketing, processing, and other management aspects in these
irrigated and rainfed rice industry in Antique, Philippines. The researchers used
a quantitative type of research in conducting the study. The study’s respondents
were the irrigated and rainfed rice producing farmers of the municipalities in
the South District of the Province of Antique. The findings revealed that the
use of both hand tractor and carabao is more current in land preparation such
as plowing, harrowing, and seedbed preparation. The application of commercial
fertilizer and inorganic pesticides was observed as a major practice in the
province. Also, a more significant part of the total palay produced in the province
was consumed (45.09%), and the remaining were sold as a source of income.
This indicates that a farmer’s production level was more than enough to meet its
69
IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation
subsistence and food availability in the family. Moreover, the Majority of rainfed
and irrigated growers were seriously affected by climate change during the entire
cropping season due to the unavailability of water supply for rice growing both
lowland and upland ecosystem. An infestation of rice bugs, rodents, stemborers,
leafhoppers, weeds, and birds are the most encountered biotic problem of palay
farmers in Antique. It was recommended that the Local Government Unit should
be active in promoting rice production and support the appropriate technology
needed by rural farmers to reduce cost and increase production level.
KEYWORDS
Climate change, commercialism, return of investment, rice ecosystem,

Quantitative, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
The province lies along the narrow coastal plain, foothills, and mountains
of the western part of Panay Island. It is a relatively undeveloped area and has
a significant rainfed lowland area, which has not previously been supported
by any intensive programs of research or development. The Antique Upland
Development Project has assisted upland areas of the province.
Lowland rice is grown on all soil associations on the coastal plain and in the
river valleys (Abe et al., 2010). In several of the larger valleys, crops are irrigated
from public irrigation schemes; numerous small rice areas are irrigated from
private pumps and wells (Totin et al., 2012). Rainfed rice is grown in all 18
municipalities of the province. Yields of lowland rice for the province from 1980-
1984 have been reported by the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2017).
The province’s 2017 rice production output increased by 6.6 percent or
291,098 metric tons compared to the 274,929 metric tons output recorded
for the year 2016. The press report of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
Antique office disclosed that the production accounted for 13.1 percent of
Western Visayas’ total production during the year of 2.2 million metric tons.
Of the total rice production during the year, 62.2 percent (182,215 MT) were
produced from irrigated farmlands, while 37.8 percent (110,883 MT) are from
rainfed farms. Data presented by several authors and agencies are concrete in
themselves. Yet, additional information is a must to authenticate or verify these
70
to further inform the researchers about the status of the two rice production
systems in the irrigated and rainfed areas of the province, hence this study is
pursued.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of the study is to determine the status of irrigated and
rainfed rice production, marketing, processing, and other management aspects
in these irrigated and rainfed rice industry in Antique, Philippines.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The researchers used quantitative research design in conducting the study.
Locale of the Study

The research was conducted on the irrigated and rainfed municipalities in
the South District of Antique. The irrigated municipalities were San Jose de
Buenavista, Sibalom and Belison while the rainfed areas were Anini-y, Tobias
Fornier, Hamtic, Valderamma, and San Remigio.
Respondents of the Study

The respondents were the irrigated and rainfed rice producing farmers of the
municipalities in the South District of the Province of Antique.
Sample Size and Sampling Technique
Table 1. Sample size of respondents from each municipality based on the farmers’
population.
Irrigated Rice Farm
Municipalities Farmers Population Percentage Sample Size Found By
Belison 835 11.256 11 100 x .11256
San Jose 1,504 20.275 20 100 x .20275
Sibalom 5,079 68.468 69 100 x .68468
Total 7,418 100 100
71
Rainfed Rice Farm
Municipalities Farmers Population Percentage Sample Size Found By

Anini-y 1 128 8.613 8 100 x .08613
Hamtic 2,839 21.678 22 100 x .21678
San Remigio 3,400 25.962 26 100 x .25962
Tobias Fornier 2,889 22.060 22 100 x .22060
Valderrama 2,840 21.686 22 100 x .21686
Total 13,096 100 100
The researchers targeted 200 sample respondents for the study. There were
100 respondents in irrigated and 100 respondents in rainfed rice producing areas.
From each of the identified municipalities, the number of respondents varied
based on their farmers’ population.
Data Analysis Procedure

All data collected were analyzed and interpreted using frequency and
percentage, mean, range, and standard deviation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2. Socio-economic profile of farmers
72
Table 2 shows the Socio-economic profile of farmers. The farmers in Antique

were generally in the ‘50s, with an average age of 52.70 years old. The age profile
of farmers in all research areas was similar to that of farmers in irrigated and
rainfed growers. Rice growers in Antique are heterogeneous, which composed
two-thirds of the farmers in the province were males 67.50, and 32.50% were
female. Most of the rice farmers were married at 83.50%.
Table 3. Average Yield tons/ha and tons/farm

Yield tons/ha Yield tons/farm
Municipalities 1st
2nd 3rd 1 st
2nd 3rd
Belison 3.95 2.49 0.89 4.21 2.41 0.68
Sibalom 4.28 2.85 0.60 7.71 5.24 0.60
San Jose 4.23 3.57 0.59 4.98 4.16 0.68

Irrigated 4.15 2.97 0.69 5.63 3.93 0.65
Anini-y 3.00 0.83 0.00 1.79 0.21 0.00
Hamtic 2.95 2.01 0.00 3.91 2.80 0.00
San Remigio 2.49 1.49 0.65 2.21 1.09 0.39
Tobias Fornier 2.86 0.44 0.00 2.56 0.40 0.00
Valderrama 2.75 1.39 0.12 2.13 1.17 0.06
Rainfed 2.81 1.23 0.15 2.52 1.13 0.09
Total 3.31 1.88 0.35 3.68 2.18 0.30
Table 3 shows the Yield per tons in hectare and farm as reflected averaged
3.31 tons per hectare during the first cropping, and it lowers during the second
cropping at 1.88 tons per hectare. In terms of per farm basis, this is equivalent to
3.68 tons per farm during the first cropping and 2.18 tons per farm during the
second cropping.
73
Table 4. Percent Consumed and Sold

Percent of Product
Consumed Sold
Municipalities Mini- Maxi-
Mean Minimum Maximum SD Mean SD
mum mum
Belison 56.64 20 100 27.90 38.00 0 78 25.53
San Jose 38.75 0 100 36.49 42.45 0 80 35.18
Sibalom 37.20 0 100 29.25 45.28 0 100 28.37
Anini-y 78.75 40 90 21.00 10.00 0 40 18.52
Hamtic 35.86 0 100 31.55 44.47 0 95 28.72
San Remigio 26.15 1 80 25.01 22.00 0 70 24.14
Tobias Fornier 66.95 1 98 29.94 17.64 0 60 22.78
Valderrama 67.36 0 90 30.80 18.09 0 6 26,82
Total 45.09 0 100 33.09 34.04 0 100 29.88
Table 4 shows a greater part of the total palay produced in the province was
consumed, and the remaining was sold as a source of income, and other produced
were stock for another cropping season. This indicates that a farmer’s level of
production was more than enough to meet its subsistence and food availability in
the family (Anderman, 2010).
74
Table 5. Time of selling rice product.

When the rice is sold after Harvest
Municipalities f/% 1 week after
Immediately 2 weeks others
harvest
F 7 1 1 2
Belison
% 63.64 9.09 9.09 18.18
F 17 0 0 3
San Jose
% 85.00 0.00 0.00 15.00
F 58 2 1 8
Sibalom
% 84.06 2.90 1.44 11.60
Irrigated % 82.00 3.00 2.00 13.00
F 2 0 0 6
Anini-y
% 25.00 0.00 0.00 75.00
F 18 0 0 4
Hamtic
% 81.82 0.00 0.00 18.18
F 16 1 0 9
San Remigio
% 61.52 3.85 0.00 34.62
F 9 0 2 11
Tobias Fornier
% 40.90 0.00 9.10 50
F 7 1 2 12
Valderrama
% 31.82 4.55 9.10 54.55
Rainfed % 52.00 2.00 4.00 42.00
Total % 67.00 2.50 3.00 27.50
Table 5 shows the rainfed and irrigated rice growers sold their palay
immediately to local buyers. The produce was picked up at a farmer’s place by
truck or motorcycle vehicle in a cash payment. Those who delivered their produce
to the trader’s buying station spent an average cost of Php 6.28 in irrigated areas
and Php 11.83 in rainfed area per Cavan of palay, as presented in Table 6.
75
Table 6. Transportation cost of rice produce.

Municipalities Average Transportation Cost (Php)
Belison 8.91
San Jose 4.75
Sibalom 5.20
Irrigated 6.28
Anini-y 1.25
Hamtic 11.36
San Remigio 12.69
Tobias Fornier 8.41
Valderrama 25.45
Rainfed 11.83
Total 9.44
Table 7. Cost and return analysis of rice production per hectare (first cropping).
Valderrama
Irrigated
Remigio
Rainfed
San Jose
Sibalom
Hamtic
Anini-y
Item
Belison
Fornier
Tobias
San
n=11 n=20 n=69 n=100 n=8 n=22 n=26 n=22 n=22 n=100
Income 216,400 1,262,380 2,639,632 4,118,412 24,400 614,232 199,520 95,340 104,650 1,038,142
Expenses
Labor Cost
Land
44,700 84,399.95 272,800 133,966.65 22,800 82,600 117,650 65,250 58,520 69,364
Preparation
Planting 2,800 65,150 80,290 49,413.33 9,200 7,300 8,300 3,150 3,950 6,380
Subtotal 47,500 149,549.95 353,090 183,379.98 32,000 89,900 125,950 68,400 62,470 75,744
Farm Inputs
Seeds 8,449 138,560 231,260 126,089.67 560 60,330 41,950 32,985 26,700 32,505
Fertilizer 89,217 205,532 421,205 238,651.33 32,020 81,330 101,930 88,890 77,998 76,433.60
Chemicals 32,126.25 68787.50 184,112 95,008.58 6,965 58,198.5 61,055.50 38,700 26,026.25 38,189.25
Subtotal 129,792.25 412,879.50 836,577 459,749.58 39,545 199,858 204,935.50 160,485 130,724.25 147,127
Total
177,292.25 562,429.45 1,189,647 643,129.56 71,545 289,758 330,885.50 228,885 193,194.25 222,871
Expenses
Net Income 17,341.82 58,495 38,255.54 114,092.36 3,050 25,701 7,674 5,788.18 4,756.82 46,970.45
ROI (%) 9.78 10.40 3.22 17.72 4.26 8.87 2.32 2.53 2.46 21.08
Table 7 shows the Gross income from rice production for the irrigated areas
was Php4,118,412 while Php1,038,142 in rainfed rice farm during the first
cropping. The highest net income was in San Jose de Buenavista at Php58,495,
and lowest in Belison at Php17, 341.82, for irrigated areas. Hamtic was noted to
76
be the highest net income in rainfed areas, and Anini-y was the lowest net income
for the first cropping season.
Labor expenses per hectare were Php183, 379.98 in irrigated rice farm,
while Php75 was 744 only in rainfed farms, but all of these expenses were more
than one half went to land preparation.
During the first cropping, Farm inputs were revealed at Php459, 749.58 in
irrigated rice ecosystem while Php147, 127 in rainfed areas. A little over one-
half of this went to inorganic fertilizers and the cost of seeds. Total expenses per
cavans both labor and farm inputs in irrigated and rainfed averaged at Php643,
129.56 and Php222, 871, respectively.
Net income was found to be 17.72% return of investment (ROI) of total
expenses per Cavan of palay, and lowest was in Sibalom at 3.22%, and San
Jose got the highest ROI 10.40%. Likewise, 21.08% ROI in rainfed areas, San
Remigio were noted as the lowest percentage, and Hamtic farms were the highest
ROI percentage.
Table 8. Cost and return analysis of rice production per hectare (second cropping).
Irrigated
Remigio
Rainfed
San Jose
Sibalom
Hamtic
Anini-y
Belison
Fornier
Valder-
Item
Tobias
rama
San
n=11 n=20 n=69 n=100 n=8 n=22 n=26 n=22 n=22 n=100
Income 149,900 1,006,940 2,400,800 3,557,640 0 397,850 118,300 7,300 55,000 578,450
Expenses
Labor Cost
Land Prepa-
33,750 83,799.95 250,450 201,033.28 5,600 81,350 51,900 13,650 50,970 40,694
ration
Planting 2,500 62,700 62,290 42,496.67 600 6,950 4,250 5,700 3,950 4,290
Subtotal 36,250 146,499.95 312,740 243,529.95 11,600 88,300 56,150 19,350 54,920 44,984
Farm Inputs
Seeds 8,840 126,069 169,197 101,377.67 0 57,350 17,900 10,990 2,500 17,748
Fertilizer 87502 150682 435785 224,656.33 20740 83130 104030 86270 75218 73,877.60
Chemicals 26226.25 51877.50 182492 86,865.25 475 47588.75 57390 24177 18576.25 29,641.40
Subtotal 122,568.25 331,628.50 787,474 412,899.25 21,215 188,068.75 179,320 121,437 96,294.25 121,267
Total
158,818.25 478,128.45 1,100,214 656,429.20 32,815 276,368.75 235,470 140,787 151,214.25 166,251
Expenses
Net
12,809.09 50,347 34,130.72 97,286.81 0 18,084.09 4,427 331.82 2,500 25,342.91
Income
ROI (%) 8.07 10.53 3.10 14.82 0 6.54 1.88 0.24 1.65 15.24
77
Table 8 shows during the second cropping, cost, and return values were
observed to be lower than the previous cropping season. These were primarily
due to lower production and brought about the non-availability of water supply
in rainfed areas. Gross income averaged revealed that 3,557,640 in irrigated areas
compared to 578,450 in the rainfed ecosystem.
Irrigated farms have total expenses averaged at Php656, 429.20 with labor
cost constituting at Php243, 529.95 while Php166, 251 in rainfed communities
having 44,984 total labor cost. Farm inputs of Php412, 899.25 and Php121,
267 in irrigated and rainfed farms respectively. Return of investment was closely
noted in both rice ecosystems, but the net income was highly comparable because
of inputs and other expenses (Ly et al., 2012).
Table 9: Problems of farmers related to rice production and marketing.

Problem
Municipalities f/% Climate Change Pest and Diseases Financial/ Capital Price
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

f 11 0 10 1 7 4 10 1
Belison
% 100.00 0.00 90.91 9.09 63.64 36.36 90.91 9.09
f 18 2 20 0 17 3 15 5
San Jose
% 90 10 100 0 5 15 75 25
f 68.00 1.00 68.00 1.00 45.00 24.00 43.00 26.00
Sibalom
% 98.55 1.45 98.55 1.45 65.22 34.78 62.32 37.68
Irrigated % 97.00 3.00 98.00 2.00 69.00 31.00 68.00 32.00
f 8 0 6 2 5 3 3 5
Anini-y
% 100.00 0.00 75.00 25.00 62.50 37.50 37.5 62.50
f 22 0 18 4 15 7 10 12
Hamtic
% 100.00 0.00 81.82 18.18 68.18 31.82 45.45 54.55
f 23 3 25 1 20 6 16 10
San Remigio
% 88.46 11.54 96.15 3.85 76.92 23.08 61.54 38.46
f 22 0 21 1 13 9 13 9
Tobias Fornier
% 100.00 .00 95.45 4.55 59.09 40.91 59.09 40.91
f 17 5 20 2 16 6 16 6
Valderrama
% 77.27 22.73 90.91 9.09 72.73 27.27 72.73 27.27
Rainfed % 92.00 8.00 90.00 10.00 69.00 31.00 58.00 42.00
Total % 94.50 5.50 94.00 6.00 69.00 31 63.00 37.00
78
Table 9 shows that Provincially, there were 94.50 % of rice farmers who cited
primarily affected by climate change on their farming practices because of the
scarcity of water supply for rice growing both irrigated and rainfed areas during
the dry season planting and unavailability of irrigation system. The occurrence
of pests and diseases was also a production problem encountered by 94% of rice
farmers. The high cost of inputs, financial support also affect the production with
69%. Also, the price of palay with 63% affects the income of farmers. On the
perceived effect of climate change, a decrease in yield was the leading effect, as
shown on the average yield per hectare and cavans of palay in cropping seasons.
CONCLUSIONS
The average farm size in Antique was generally small at 1.04 hectares in
irrigated farms at 1.48 hectares. Provincially, farmers at different rainfed and
irrigated areas practiced two cropping seasons. The use of both hand tractor
and carabao is more current in land preparation such as plowing, harrowing,
and seedbed preparation, and the absolute majority experienced direct seeding
method. The application of commercial fertilizer and inorganic pesticides was
observed as a major practice in the province.
Ecologically, rainfed farms in Antique were just a little over one hectare
in area, and an average of 1.04 hectares while irrigated farms posted at 1. 48
hectares. The average distance of farms from barangay road was .59 kilometers. A
greater part of the total palay produced in the province was consumed (45.09%),
and the remaining were sold as a source of income. This indicates that a farmer’s
production level was more than enough to meet its subsistence and food
availability in the family.
Wet palay sold right after harvest was almost priced in Php 554.00 per sack
during the first cropping and more or less Php 300.00 during second cropping
in Antique. In both the first and second croppings highest price of wet palay was
noted in Sibalom at Php 930 and Php 639 per sack, respectively.
Generally, rainfed and irrigated growers sold their palay immediately to
local buyers, and this was picked up at farmer’s place by truck or motorcycle
vehicle in a cash payment. Those who delivered their produce to the trader’s
buying station spent an average of Php 6.28 in irrigated areas and Php11 in the
rainfed area per Cavan of palay.
The majority of rainfed and irrigated growers were seriously affected by
climate change during the entire cropping season due to the unavailability of
79
water supply for rice growing both lowland and upland ecosystem. An infestation
of rice bugs, rodents, stemborers, leafhoppers, weeds, and birds are the most
encountered biotic problem of palay farmers in Antique. The high cost of inputs,
financial support, and the low price of palay in the province has constraints in
production.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following were the suggested recommendations based on the findings

of the study.
1. Farmers need to follow appropriate technology to increase the level of
production.
2. The farmer should plant some sequential crops like legumes for extra
income and green manure.
3. The National Food Authority (NFA) and other government
stakeholders should support the price of palay to increase farmer’s
production.
4. Farmers should involve and participate in agricultural training,
seminars, or symposium to update their literacy and methodological
practices in rice crop management.
5. Through the Municipal Agriculturist Office or Farm Technician, the
Local Government Unit should be active in promoting rice production
and support the appropriate technology needed by rural farmers to
reduce cost and increase production level. The government and other
agencies should focus or undergo research on drought-tolerant and
early maturing rice varieties to support the rainfed rice industry and
actively promote their distribution in rainfed rice farms.
6. The cooperatives or any lending sector make credit easier for farmers
with low-interest rates and minimum collateral requirements to
increase credit availments.
7. Since the RA 11023 (Rice Tarrification Act) was enacted, the
Department of Agriculture and concerned government agencies such
as National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), National
Food Authority (NFA), Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR),
National Irrigation Administration (NIA), Philippine Crop Insurance
Corporation (PCIC), National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC),
and Farmer Sectoral Council Representatives shall formulate and
80
adopt rice roadmap to restructure the government’s delivery of support

services for the agricultural rice sector.
LITERATURE CITED
Abe, S. S., Buri, M. M., Issaka, R. N., Kiepe, P., & Wakatsuki, T. (2010). Soil
fertility potential for rice production in West African lowlands. Japan
Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ, 44(4), 343-355. Retrieved on April
10, 2020 from https://bit.ly/2NFCcka
Anderman, T. L., Remans, R., Wood, S. A., DeRosa, K., & DeFries, R. S. (2014).
Synergies and tradeoffs between cash crop production and food security: a
case study in rural Ghana. Food security, 6(4), 541-554. Retrieved on April
10, 2020 from https://bit.ly/2VredK0
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2017). (Panay News). Retrieved on April 10,

2020 from https://bit.ly/38aub05
Ly, P., Jensen, L. S., Bruun, T. B., Rutz, D., & de Neergaard, A. (2012). The
system of rice intensification: adapted practices, reported outcomes and
their relevance in Cambodia. Agricultural Systems, 113, 16-27. Retrieved
on April 10, 2020 from https://bit.ly/2ZhgCrH
Totin, E., Van Mierlo, B., Saïdou, A., Mongbo, R., Agbossou, E., Stroosnijder,
L., & Leeuwis, C. (2012). Barriers and opportunities for innovation in
rice production in the inland valleys of Benin. NJAS-Wageningen Journal
of Life Sciences, 60, 57-66. Retrieved on April 10, 2020 from https://bit.
ly/2NGB27W
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Vol.

Production and Commercialism Practices

CHRISTINE VIOLA GONZALES

ISAH LOU NOCAL

FELIX E. ARCILLA JR.

Gunning Fog Index: 8.15 Originality: 99% Grammar Check: 99%

Crop farming is considered as the primary source of income of the farmers.

Climate change, commercialism, return of investment, rice ecosystem,

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Locale of the Study

Respondents of the Study

Sample Size and Sampling Technique

Rainfed Rice Farm

Municipalities Farmers Population Percentage Sample Size Found By

Data Analysis Procedure

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. Socio-economic profile of farmers

Table 2 shows the Socio-economic profile of farmers. The farmers in Antique

Table 3. Average Yield tons/ha and tons/farm

San Jose 4.23 3.57 0.59 4.98 4.16 0.68

Hamtic 2.95 2.01 0.00 3.91 2.80 0.00

San Remigio 2.49 1.49 0.65 2.21 1.09 0.39

Tobias Fornier 2.86 0.44 0.00 2.56 0.40 0.00

Valderrama 2.75 1.39 0.12 2.13 1.17 0.06

Rainfed 2.81 1.23 0.15 2.52 1.13 0.09

Total 3.31 1.88 0.35 3.68 2.18 0.30

Table 4. Percent Consumed and Sold

San Jose 38.75 0 100 36.49 42.45 0 80 35.18

Sibalom 37.20 0 100 29.25 45.28 0 100 28.37

Anini-y 78.75 40 90 21.00 10.00 0 40 18.52

Hamtic 35.86 0 100 31.55 44.47 0 95 28.72

San Remigio 26.15 1 80 25.01 22.00 0 70 24.14

Tobias Fornier 66.95 1 98 29.94 17.64 0 60 22.78

Valderrama 67.36 0 90 30.80 18.09 0 6 26,82

Total 45.09 0 100 33.09 34.04 0 100 29.88

Table 5. Time of selling rice product.

Irrigated % 82.00 3.00 2.00 13.00

Rainfed % 52.00 2.00 4.00 42.00

Total % 67.00 2.50 3.00 27.50

Table 6. Transportation cost of rice produce.

Table 9: Problems of farmers related to rice production and marketing.

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

The following were the suggested recommendations based on the findings

adopt rice roadmap to restructure the government’s delivery of support

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2017). (Panay News). Retrieved on April 10,

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