AMRITA VIDYALAYAM SENIOR

SECONDARY SCHOOL,ETTIMDAI –
641105

PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC : MULTIVERSE
 PHYSICS PROJECT

DONE BY : LAKSHMI PRIYA.J

CLASS : XI A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My sincere gratitude to our Principal Shri Nedumaran
S, for coordination in extending every possible support
for completion of the project.
I am extremely grateful to Selvi Indira
Priyadharshini.T, teacher of Physics department for her
able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped me
in completing project work on time
I would also thank all the teaching and non teaching
staff of Physics department who helped me directly or
indirectly in the completion of the project.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my
heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents for their
blessings, my friends and classmates for their help and
wish for the successful completion of this project

VERSE
MULTIVERSE

MULTIPLE UNIVERSES

In a broader aspect, you can term a multiverse as an infinite multiverse too. As

per literature, these can be called parallel universes. These consist of all the
abstract terms that define existence like time, space, energy, matter, and
information.
Multiverses have been discussed in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion,
transpersonal psychology, and literature (mainly in science fiction and the
fiction genre). The Multiverse has also been called “parallel universes,”
“alternate dimensions,” “quantum universes,” or “parallel worlds.”
Some Physicist says that the Multiverse Theory is not a legit theory and claims
that this theory is pseudo and should not be discussed in the science community.
Prominent physicists, such as Neil deGrasse Tyson
Each parallel universe also has constants and physical laws by which they can
be defined mathematically. Many scientists have so far worked on the quantum
multiverse and searched for clear evidence of its presence. The most recent
example can be of 2010 when Stephen N Feeny analyzed the data of the WMAP
(Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) and claimed that in the distant past,
our universe might have collided with another universe. However, the theory of
the bubble universe collision was turned down by the findings of the Planck
Satellite. Most scientists believed in that because the clarity of the satellite was
three times better than the WMAP.
The NASA multiverse research, however, is still on where the ANITA setup
had come up with the claim in 2016, to have found a parallel universe where the
time runs in a reverse direction. Before 2016, most scientists did not believe in
the multiverse theory as they could not detect any gravitational pull from other
TYPES OF MULTIVERSE

As many scientists have been working on the concept of the multiverse, they
have come up with a few types. Here are some details related to it. Generally, it
depends on the degree to which the coexistence of a specific universe
concerning one can be framed scientifically.

The Common Origin Model: In the case of the common origin model, multiple
universes have a single origin. Moreover, they are considered to be interacting
with each other.
The Disconnected Model: The disconnected model of the multiverse is
proposed by some scientists which shows that the parallel universes have
independent origins but they cop-exist easily with similar reality. This
hypothesis fully stands with the support of the modal realism theory.
The Quantum Gravity Model: The quantum gravity model is yet another
approach to prove the existence of a multiverse that is more connected to one
another. This approach mainly stands on the general relativity theory of Albert
Einstein and verses of quantum mechanics.

While giving a base to the multiverse concept, this approach shows that a big
bang that leads to the creation of the universe can be the reason for its
expansion too. These expansions can lead a baby universe to take the shape of a
tree where one universe might not be able to interact with the other.
 As per almost all scientists, the big bang occurs mostly in the interiors of the
black holes and that is where a new universe can form (literally from the ashes
of a pre-existing universe).

Types
Max Tegmark and Brian Greene have devised classification schemes for the
various theoretical types of multiverses and universes that they might comprise.
Max Tegmark's four levels
Cosmologist Max Tegmark has provided a taxonomy of universes beyond the
familiar observable universe. The four levels of Tegmark's classification are
arranged such that subsequent levels can be understood to encompass and
expand upon previous levels. They are briefly described below.
Level I: An extension of our universe

A prediction of cosmic inflation is the existence of an infinite ergodic universe,

which, being infinite, must contain Hubble volumes realizing all initial
conditions.
Accordingly, an infinite universe will contain an infinite number of Hubble
volumes, all having the same physical laws and physical constants. In regard to
configurations such as the distribution of matter, almost all will differ from our
Hubble volume. However, because there are infinitely many, far beyond the
cosmological horizon, there will eventually be Hubble volumes with similar,
and even identical, configurations. Tegmark estimates that an identical volume
to ours should be about 1010115 meters away from us
Given infinite space, there would, in fact, be an infinite number of Hubble
volumes identical to ours in the universe.[4] This follows directly from the
cosmological principle, wherein it is assumed that our Hubble volume is not
special or unique.

Level II: Universes with different physical constants

In the eternal inflation theory, which is a variant of the cosmic inflation theory,
the multiverse or space as a whole is stretching and will continue doing so
forever,[1] but some regions of space stop stretching and form distinct bubbles
(like gas pockets in a loaf of rising bread). Such bubbles are embryonic level I
multiverses.

Different bubbles may experience different spontaneous symmetry breaking,

which results in different properties, such as different physical constants.[2]

Level II also includes John Archibald Wheeler's oscillatory universe theory and
Lee Smolin's fecund universes theory.

Level III: Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics

Hugh Everett III's many-worlds interpretation (MWI) is one of several

mainstream interpretations of quantum mechanics.
In brief, one aspect of quantum mechanics is that certain observations cannot be
predicted absolutely. Instead, there is a range of possible observations, each
with a different probability. According to the MWI, each of these possible
observations corresponds to a different universe, with some or many of the
interpretation's proponents suggesting that these universes are as real as ours.
Suppose a six-sided die is thrown and that the result of the throw corresponds to
quantum mechanics observable.
All six possible ways the dice can fall correspond to six different universes. In
the case of the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment, both outcomes would be
"real" in at least one "world".
Tegmark argues that a Level III multiverse does not contain more possibilities
in the Hubble volume than a Level I or Level II multiverse. In effect, all the
different "worlds" created by "splits" in a Level III multiverse with the same
physical constants can be found in some Hubble volume in a Level I multiverse.
Tegmark writes that, "The only difference between Level I and Level III is
where your doppelgängers reside. In Level I they live elsewhere in good old
three-dimensional space. In Level III they live on another quantum branch in
infinite-dimensional Hilbert space."
Similarly, all Level II bubble universes with different physical constants can, in
effect, be found as "worlds" created by "splits" at the moment of spontaneous
symmetry breaking in a Level III multiverse. According to Yasunori Nomura,
[3] Raphael Bousso, and Leonard Susskind] this is because global spacetime
appearing in the (eternally) inflating multiverse is a redundant concept. This
implies that the multiverses of Levels I, II, and III are, in fact, the same thing

. This hypothesis is referred to as "Multiverse = Quantum Many Worlds".

According to Yasunori Nomura, this quantum multiverse is static, and time is a
simple illusion.

Level IV: Ultimate ensemble

The ultimate mathematical universe hypothesis is Tegmark's own hypothesis.[1]
This level considers all universes to be equally real which can be described by
different mathematical structures.
Tegmark writes:
Abstract mathematics is so general that any Theory Of Everything (TOE) which
is definable in purely formal terms (independent of vague human terminology)
is also a mathematical structure. For instance, a TOE involving a set of different
types of entities (denoted by words, say) and relations between them (denoted
by additional words) is nothing but what mathematicians call a set-theoretical
model, and one can generally find a formal system that it is a model of.
He argues that this "implies that any conceivable parallel universe theory can be
described at Level IV" and "subsumes all other ensembles, therefore brings
closure to the hierarchy of multiverses, and there cannot be, say, a Level V.
Jürgen Schmidhuber, however, says that the set of mathematical structures is
not even well-defined and that it admits only universe representations
describable by constructive mathematics—that is, computer programs.
Schmidhuber explicitly includes universe representations describable by non-
halting programs whose output bits converge after a finite time, although the
convergence time itself may not be predictable by a halting program, due to the
undecidability of the halting problem.[3][4][5] He also explicitly discusses the
more restricted ensemble of quickly computable universes.
Brian Greene's nine types

The American theoretical physicist and string theorist Brian Greene discussed
nine types of multiverses:
Quilted
The quilted multiverse works only in an infinite universe. With an infinite
amount of space, every possible event will occur an infinite number of times.
However, the speed of light prevents us from being aware of these other
identical areas.
Inflationary
The inflationary multiverse is composed of various pockets in which inflation
fields collapse and form new universes.
Brane
The brane multiverse version postulates that our entire universe exists on a
membrane (brane) which floats in a higher dimension or "bulk". In this bulk,
there are other membranes with their own universes. These universes can
interact with one another, and when they collide, the violence and energy
produced is more than enough to give rise to a big bang. The branes float or
drift near each other in the bulk, and every few trillion years, attracted by
gravity or some other force we do not understand, collide and bang into each
other. This repeated contact gives rise to multiple or "cyclic" big bangs. This
particular hypothesis falls under the string theory umbrella as it requires extra
spatial dimensions.
Cyclic
The cyclic multiverse has multiple branes that have collided, causing Big
Bangs. The universes bounce back and pass through time until they are pulled
back together and again collide, destroying the old contents and creating them
anew.
Landscape
The landscape multiverse relies on string theory's Calabi–Yau spaces. Quantum
fluctuations drop the shapes to a lower energy level, creating a pocket with a set
of laws different from that of the surroundin the real-worlds variant of
the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Holographic
The holographic multiverse is derived from the theory that the surface area of a
space can encode the contents of the volume of the region.
Simulated
The simulated multiverse exists on complex computer systems that simulate
entire universes. A related hypothesis, as put forward as a possibility by
astronomer Avi Loeb, is that universes may be creatable in laboratories of
advanced technological civilizations who have a theory of everythingOther
related hypotheses type scenarios where the perceived universe is either
simulated in a low-resource way or not perceived directly by the
virtual/simulated inhabitant species
Ultimate
 The ultimate multiverse contains every mathematically possible universe
under different laws of physics.
Twin-world models

How many different parallel universes are there?

As strange as this may sound,The above figure illustrates that this exact same
situation occurs even in the Level I multiverse, the only difference being where
her copies reside (elsewhere in good old three-dimensional space as opposed to
elsewhere in infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, in other quantum branches). In
this sense, Level III is no stranger than Level I.
Indeed, if physics is unitary, then the quantum fluctuations during inflation did
not generate unique initial conditions through a random process, but rather
generated a quantum superposition of all possible initial conditions
simultaneously, after which decoherence caused these fluctuations to behave
essentially classically in separate quantum branches. The ergodic nature of these
quantum fluctuations implies that the distribution of outcomes in a given
Hubble volume at Level III is identical to the distribution that you get by
sampling different Hubble volumes within a single quantum branch (Level I). If
physical constants, spacetime dimensionality etc. can vary as in Level II, then
they too will vary between parallel quantum branches at Level III.
The reason for this is that if physics is unitary, then the process of spontaneous
symmetry breaking will not produce a unique (albeit random) outcome, but
rather a superposition of all outcomes that rapidly decoheres into for all
practical purposes separate Level III branches. In short, the Level III multiverse,
if it exists, adds nothing new beyond Level I and Level II — just more
indistinguishable copies of the same universes, the same old storylines playing
out again and again in other quantum branches.
The passionate debate about Everett’s parallel universes that has raged on for
decades therefore seems to be ending in a grand anticlimax, with the discovery
of a less controversial multiverse that is just as large. This is reminiscent of the
famous Shapley-Curtis debate of the 1920s about whether there were really a
multitude of galaxies (parallel universes by the standards of the time) or just
one, a storm in a teacup now that research has moved on to other galaxy
clusters, superclusters and even Hubble volumes. In hindsight, both the
Shapley-Curtis and Everett controversies seem positively quaint, reflecting our
instinctive reluctance to expand our horizons.
A common objection is that repeated branching would exponentially increase
the number of universes over time. However, the number of universes N may
well stay constant. By the number of “universes” N, we mean the number that
are indistinguishable from the frog perspective (from the bird perspective, there
is of course just one) at a given instant, i.e., the number of macroscop10 ically
different Hubble volumes. Although there is obviously a vast number of them
(imagine moving planets to random new locations, imagine having married
someone else, etc.), the number N is clearly finite — even if we pedantically
distinguish Hubble volumes at the quantum level to be overly conservative,
there are “only” about 1010115 with temperature below 108K as detailed
above ..

PARALELL UNIVERSE

A parallel universe, also known as an alternate universe, parallel

world, parallel dimension, or alternate reality, is a hypothetical self-
contained plane of existence, co-existing with one's own. The sum of all
potential parallel universes that constitute reality is often called a "multiverse".
While the six terms are generally synonymous and can be used interchangeably
in most cases, there is sometimes an additional connotation implied with the
term "alternate universe/reality" that implies that the reality is a variant of our
own, with some overlap with the similarly named alternate history.
Fiction has long borrowed an idea of "another world"
from myth, legend and religion. Heaven, Hell, Olympus, and Valhalla are all
"alternative universes" different from the familiar material realm. Plato reflected
deeply on the parallel realities, resulting in Platonism, in which the upper reality
is perfect while the lower earthly reality is an imperfect shadow of the heavenly.
The concept is also found in ancient Hindu mythology, in texts such as
the Puranas, which expressed an infinite number of universes, each with its own
gods. Similarly in Persian literature, "The Adventures of Bulukiya," a tale in
the One Thousand and One Nights, describes the protagonist Bulukiya learning
of alternative worlds/universes that are similar to but still distinct from his own.
[1]

One of the first science fiction examples is Murray Leinster's short

story Sidewise in Time, published in 1934, in which portions of alternative
universes replace corresponding geographical regions in this universe. Sidewise
in Time analogizes time to the geographic coordinate system, with travel
along latitude corresponding to time travel moving through past, present and
future, and travel along longitude corresponding to travel perpendicular to time
and to other realities, hence the name of the story. Thus, another common term
for a parallel universe is "another dimension," stemming from the idea that if
the 4th dimension is time, the 5th dimension—a direction at a right angle to the
fourth—is an alternate reality.
Since by definition all dimensions, including time, are perpendicular to each
other, the term parallel dimension is really an oxymoron. So technically a
fourth dimension of space isn't an alternate reality, but would allow alternate
three-dimensional realities along that dimensional line.
stories with elements that would ordinarily violate the laws of nature; and to
serve as a starting point for speculative fiction, asking oneself "What if
[event] turned out differently?". Examples of the former include Terry
Pratchett's Discworld and C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, while
examples of the latter include Harry Turtledove's Worldwar In modern
literature, parallel universes can serve two main purposes: to allow series.
A parallel universe—or more specifically, continued interaction between the
parallel universe and our own—may serve as a central plot point, or it may
simply be mentioned and quickly dismissed,having served its purpose of
establishing a realm unconstrained by realism] The aforementioned Discworld,
for example, only very rarely mentions our world or any other worlds, as
Pratchett set the books in a parallel universe instead of "our" reality to allow
for magic on the Disc. The Chronicles of Narnia also utilizes to a lesser extent
the idea of parallel universes; this is brought up but only briefly mentioned in
the introduction and ending, its main purpose to bring the protagonist from
"our" reality to the setting of the books.

Two world views

Twin Earth is a thought experiment proposed by philosopher Hilary Putnam in

his papers "Meaning and Reference" (1973) and "The Meaning of 'Meaning'"
(1975). It is meant to serve as an illustration of his argument for semantic
externalism, or the view that the meanings of words are not purely
psychological. The Twin Earth thought experiment was one of three examples
that Putnam offered in support of semantic externalism, the other two being
what he called the Aluminum-Molybdenum case and the Beech-Elm case. Since
the publication of these cases, numerous variations on the thought experiment
have been proposed by philosophers.
 The debate over how classical mechanics emerges from quantum mechanics
continues, and the decoherence discovery has shown that there is a lot more to it
than just letting Planck’s constant h¯ shrink to zero. This is just a small piece of
a larger puzzle. Indeed, the endless debate over the interpretation of quantum
mechanics — and even the broader issue of parallel universes — is in a sense
the tip of an iceberg.

Arguments

Against the Multiverse TheoryThere are a lot of arguments against the

multiverse theories from experts belonging to different fields like physics and
philosophy. In most cases, philosophists do not count the multiverses that are of
the disconnected type, and given the subject, it is legitimate.
In the case of science, most scientists fail to frame the real multiverse meaning
as they are still unaware of the reality of life and how it can be framed under the
context of the multiverse. Moreover, the basic theory of the cosmological
constant falls short when it comes to proving the presence of multiverse.
. The outcomes of the Planck Satellite also show that there are no attractions
from other bubble universes. The scientists believe that it should have occurred
in case of the presence of a multiverse near our solar system.

Falsifiability
There is no way for us to ever test theories of the multiverse. We will never see
beyond the observable universe, so if there is no way to disprove the theories,
should they even be given credence?
Occam's razor
Sometimes, the simplest ideas are the best. Some physicists argue that we don't
need the multiverse theory at all. It doesn't solve any paradoxes, and only
creates complications.
No evidence
Not only can we not disprove any multiverse theory, we can't prove them either.
We currently have no evidence that multiverses exists, and everything we can
see suggests there is just one universe — our own.
BIBILIOGRAPHY

 https://en.wikipedia.org/
 https://space.mit.edu/
 https://www.vedantu.com/