Smart Car Parking System using Arduino UNO

Department of Information & Communication Technology

Microprocessor & Microcontroller Project Report

Submitted By Submitted To
Alimul Rajee
Team Members- Lecturer
Sohag Mia (11909011) Dept. of ICT
Israt Jahan Maria (11909013) Comilla University
Jebin Akter (11909021)
Ishtieyak Ahmed (11909040)
Mohammad Forhad Hossain (11909043)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
Abstract 5

1. Introduction 6
1.1 Background of study and motivation 6
1.2 Project objective 7
1.3 Report outlines 7-8
2. Literature review 9-16
3. Methodology and modeling 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Block diagram of the proposed project 18

3.3 Construction and working principle 19-20

3.3.1 Process of work 21-22

3.4 Hardware Design 22

3.5 Description of the component 18-31

3.5.1 Arduino Board 23-25

3.5.2 LED green 25-26

3.5.3 16*2 LCD display 26-27

3.5.4 Servo motor 28

3.5.5 Pot variable resistor 29

3.5.6 IR sensor 30-32

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 3.5.7 Others component 32

3.6 Flow Chart of the system 33

3.7 Implementation 34-36

3.8 Test/Experimental setup 36-40

3.9 Cost Analysis 41

3.10 Problem statement 41-42

4. Result and discussion 43

4.1 Hardware connecting 43

4.2 Simulation/Numerical Analysis 45

4.3 Measured response/Experimental result 45

4.4 Comparison between numerical and experimental result 45

4.5 Advantage of smart car parking system 46

4.6 Disadvantage of smart car parking system 46

4.7 Benefit analysis of smart car parking system 47

5. Conclusion and future work 48-49

5.1 Conclusion 48

5.2 Future work 49

References 50-52

Appendix 53-56

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE
1 Block diagram of parking system 18
2 Entry part of parking system 20
3 Exit part of parking system 20
4 Graphical representation of parking system (a) 21
5 Graphical representation of parking system (b) 22
6 Arduino Uno board 23
7 LED-GREEN 25
8 16*2 LCD display 26
9 Servo motor 28
10 Pot variable resistor 29
11 IR sensor 30
12 Board and connecting wires 32
13 Flowchart of parking system 33
14 The design of smart parking system using Arduino Uno 34
15 The code window on Arduino Uno 35
16 Hex file in Arduino Uno 36
17 The program file location for Arduino 37
18 After simulation successfully 38
19 Running simulation 39
20 Running simulation 40
21 Working model of parking system 43
22 Actual working model 44

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 ABSTRACT

This project is to set up a smart parking system. According to primary investigation, nowadays
maximum people want a smart parking system for hassle free parking with digital assistant. The
Ultrasonic Range Detection Sensor is utilized with Arduino to indicate the empty slot. By
measuring the distance using ultrasonic sensor drivers are able to find the empty slot in parking
to park the car and help the driver to find the slot easily and reduce the searching time. As the
parking place is found to be empty it is detected using ultrasonic sensors. We achieved this by
programming the sensors and Arduino. This sensor and Arduino Microcontroller based
technological solution can prevent inadequate parking, take payment digitally and save time and
manpower. This can be a sustainable solution in a cheaper cost. The discussed systems will be
able to reduce the problems which are arising due to unavailability of a reliable, efficient and
modern parking system, while the economic analysis technique will help in analyzing the
projects' feasibility.

Smart car parking project aims at providing a confusion free and easy parking. This project helps
the drivers of the cars to park their vehicles with minimum wastage of time with accurate
information of the availability of the space to park It includes an Arduino Uno as the
microcontroller unit to which the servo motors, LCD display ultrasonic sensors (HC-05) are
interfaced. The LCD displays the availability of the space, the ultrasonic sensors keep the check
of the number of cars entering and exiting the parking space. The ultrasonic sensors detect the
availability of the parking space.

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study and motivation:

Parking is a major problem in our country. Drivers in our country cannot properly park their
vehicle in the parking slot because of improper parking system. Sometimes when they do not
find any parking space, they park their vehicle in the roadside and as a result roads become
so narrow and occurs traffic jam.[1] Also, sometimes it seems that people start fighting for
parking slot in the parking lot. Because from outside people cannot understand weather there
is any parking slot is available or not. It also wastes our lot of time. Till now no smart
technology exists to solve this problem. This project will change and standardize the parking
system for a parking lot. [3]

An automated car parking system is a process through which car parking can be done more
efficiently and easily than manual method. The system will provide the user better services.

The system counts the number of cars in the garage and checks if there’s any vacancy. There’s an
entry and exit path. When vehicle enters, the display shows the number of cars inside. When any
vehicle leaves, the count decreases and shown on display.[2] If the garage is full. The display
will show a message regarding that. This whole process includes the use of Arduino, Display and
sensor. The sensor detects whether the vehicle is entering or leaving. The report then showed on
display. [5]

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1.2 Project Objectives:

The objectives to be achieved are:

➢ Providing safe and secure parking spots within a limited space.

➢ Developing a sophisticated automated parking system that lowers workforce, and traffic
congestion and save time.
➢ Automatically keeping count and monitoring total entered and exited vehicle and
calculate free available slots.
➢ Implementing a digital payment method for parking system.

1.3 Report outlines:

In this report, the background of study and motivation of Smart parking system were described.
under introduction section 1. The project objectives were briefly discussed.

To complete this report, 7 different literatures were reviewed to gather the knowledge of the
ongoing development of Smart parking system.

In the methodology and modeling section 3, the working principle of the proposed report of
Smart parking system was described. The process of work was explained. The important
components of the model were described. Then the implementation of the theory and
components were explained. After that, the test/experimental setup was performed and noted.
The total estimated cost of the project was explained including the individual component’s costs.

In section 4 results and discussion, the simulation / numerical analysis was described. Measured
responses and experimental results were analyzed and discussed. The comparison between
numerical and experimental data was not discussed as Due to the pandemic, the current mode of
education is completely online based.

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In the section 5 conclusion, the impact and benefit of the project in real life was explained. It was
also described how this smart system will be beneficial over the existing parking system.

The project's introduction, operating principle, operation, specific components, circuit setup and
simulation, discussion of simulated data, budgeting, conclusion, and documentation are all
included in this report.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

In 2012, research was conducted on Automatic Parking Management System and Parking Fee
Collection Based on Number Plate Recognition by M. M. Rashid and at all. The research
objective was electronic fee collection by detecting car numberplates. For the functioning of the
parking and paying system, the system employed image processing to recognize number plates.
The algorithm-based approach for extracting license plates from automobile photos, followed by
character segmentation and rearrangement.[16]

Ultrasonic sensor is an electronic component which can detect presence of any obstacle with the
help of ultrasound wave. Taiwan researcher Ter-Feng Wu and at all in 2016 published a paper
named Research and implementation of auto parking system based on ultrasonic sensors. The
researchers were able to detect the parking place surroundings, duplicate the driver's parking
method, and perform roadside and reverse parking using a smart wheeled mobile robot (SWMR).
The SWMR can autonomously regulate the servomotors of two wheels to turn around, travel
straight, go backward, and stop once the ultrasonic sensors detect enough parking space. [17]

In 2020, a group of researchers from Indonesia developed a parking system based on Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) which was based on microcontroller AT89C51 control system.
This was an automatically and flexibly served a parking lot as a subscription parking system.
RFID contains data that may be used to verify a user's identification while entering a parking lot.
Simulating a small portal door system to enter and leave automobiles on campus utilizing RFID
cards/tags as subscriber IDs was used to design and construct a parking system in that study. [18]

In 2020, research on Ultrasonic based easy parking system based on Microcontroller was
published by Mohapatra and at all. The research was focused to avoid collision and reliable
vehicle parking system. Slot Fill level is computed by measuring distance information, an
ultrasonic sensor is critical in grain level filling in a slot. While parking, parking sensor systems

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employ either electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors to inform the driver of any obstructions in
the route. In a nutshell, the sensor identifies adjacent things. It will be beneficial in terms of
unanticipated parking, as well as one type of time and fuel waste. As a result, in a short period of
time, a parking spot with minimal fuel use might be easily found. Drivers become irritated when
they have to wait for a long period for a parking spot. As a result, the ultrasonic sensor was used
to complete the task. [19]

Not so before, A research named Design and Development of a Smart Parking System was
conducted by Saudi Arabian researchers Mohammed Omar Ba Sabean and at all. The
management of car parking is one of the primary difficulties in cities. In the past, research on
how to structure parking systems were done. Smart parking systems, on the other hand, are still
in demand and are attracting researcher's interest as a potential upgrade to meet current needs
and requirements. It is critical to monitor and manage vehicle access in government and private
sector parking lots in order to improve the world's security system. As a result, the goal of this
study is to create and construct a smart parking system employing mobile application technology.
The created system can control allowed vehicle admission into parking areas while blocking
illegal cars. In addition, a parking charge payment system was built. This project was also talked
about SMS confirmation to the user. [20]

Indian researcher D.J. Bonde and at all published research titled Automated car parking system
commanded by Android application in 2018. The goal of this article was to automate both the
automobile and parking. It featured a project that features a small model of an automated
automobile parking system that can control and manage the number of cars that may be parked in
a particular location at any given moment based on parking space availability. Automated
parking is a technique for parking and exiting vehicles that makes use of sensors. An Android
based application controls the entrance and exit from the parking lot. Their goal was to make
their system as human-independent as possible by automating both the automobiles and the
parking lot; most existing systems, on the other hand, need human staff (or the car owner) to park
the car manually. [21]

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In 2019, D. Yashwant, and at all published research named "Automated car parking system". The
goal of this article was to automate both the automobile and parking. It featured a project that
features a small model of an automated automobile parking system that can control and manage
the number of cars that may be parked in a particular location at any given moment based on
parking space availability. Automated parking is a technique for parking and exiting vehicles that
makes use of sensors. An Android-based application controls the entrance and exit from the
parking lot. Their goal was to make their system as human-independent as possible by
automating both the automobiles and the parking lot; most existing systems, on the other hand,
need human staff (or the car owner) to park the car manually.[22]

Mr. Basavaraj S R-2015 has proposed A carmates Smart Parking System using Internet of
Things (IOT)-------Internet of Things (IOT) plays a vital role in connecting the surrounding
environmental things to the network and made easy to access those un-internet things from any
remote location. It’s inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology. And
generally, people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slots in a city. In this
study we design a Smart Parking System (SPS) which enables the user to find the nearest
parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area. And it
mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking lots and also it avoids the unnecessary
travelling through filled parking lots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption
which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. [1]

Deepthi. S, Anil A R has proposed A Survey on Smart Parking System Based on Internet of
Things------ In today life people don’t depend on public vehicles. They use their own vehicles to
travel. So, traffic increases. When people travel through a city the most difficult problem is to
park the vehicle. It causes not only a waste of time and fuel for drivers looking for parking but it
also leads to additional waste of time and fuel for other drivers as a result of traffic congestion.
At first, we use PGI (Parking Guidance Information) for better parking management. Parking
information may be displayed on VMS (Variable Message Sign) at major roads or streets or it
may be disseminated through the internet. In PGI systems e-parking is an innovative platform

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which allows drivers to obtain parking information before or during a trip and reserve a parking
spot. [2]

Abhirup Khanna-2016 has worked on IOT based smart parking system-----Recent times the
concept of smart cities has gained grate popularity. Thanks to the evolution of Internet of things
the idea of smart city now seems to be achievable. Consistent efforts are being made in the field
of IoT in order to maximize the productivity and reliability of urban infrastructure. Problems
such as, traffic congestion, limited car parking facilities and road safety are being addressed by
IoT. In this paper, we present an IoT based cloud integrated smart parking system. The proposed
Smart Parking system consists of an on-site deployment of an IoT module that is used to
monitor and signalize the state of availability of each single parking space. [3]

R. Yusnita, Fariza Nirbhaya and at all has proposed “Intelligent Parking Space Detection System
Based on Image Processing” ------This paper aims to present an intelligent system for parking
space detection based on image processing technique that capture and process the brown rounded
image drawn at parking lot and produce the information of the empty car parking spaces. It will
be display at the display unit that consists of seven segments in real time. The seven segments
display shows the number of current available parking lots in the parking area. This proposed
system, has been developed in software and hardware platform. [4]

D.B.L. Bong, K.C. Ting and K.C. Lai- 2007 has worked on Integrated approach in the design of
car park occupancy information system (coins)----- In large parking areas such as those at mega
shopping malls or stadiums, drivers always have difficulty to find vacant car park lots especially
during peak periods or when the parking lots are almost full. A solution to reduce the drivers’
searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly save time, reduce cost and improve the traffic
flow in the car park areas. In this paper, a research project which was developed to acquire car-
park occupancy information using integrated approach of image processing algorithms is
presented. Security surveillance cameras which are readily available in most car parks can be
used to acquire the images of the car park. This project is called as Car-Park Occupancy

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Information System (COINS), and it was tested using simulation model and also in real-case
scenarios. [7]

Ivan Guanche and Mairtin O’ Dorma has proposed et.at [6] “A cloud based intelligent car
parking services for smart cities” ------ In this the IOT sub system includes sensor layer,
communication layer and application layer. The primary goal of the intelligent car parking
system is to find, allocate and reserve the best available car parking lot for a user who is driving
a car in a particular area and to provide instructions for reaching this lot. Sensor layer detecting
the car lot occupancy. A car parking lot detection method is proposed based on carmates
threshold algorithm. An infestation based multi-agent system facilitating a car parking locator
service is proposed. An access control system for reducing the waiting time proposed. At the
application layer, an information center provides cloud-based service. An IOT management
center administrates the smart city via an IOT integrated service portal. A number of business
services explore interfaces to the sensor layer. These includes a car parking locator service, car
parking supervision service, car parking information service, GIS and GPS services, vehicle
license patrolling, vehicle tracking service. [6]

A Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things Technologies--- This paper

provides a unique algorithm which increases the capability of the current cloud based smart
parking system [5] and it also develops a network architecture based on the Internet of Things
technology. This system helps the users to find a free parking space with minimal cost based on
new performance metrics which is carmates. This metrics will calculate the user spaces in each
car park. To enhance the parking management, an intelligent parking system was developed
which reduced the purpose of hiring people to maintain the parking system [1]. In this paper it
proposes an effective cloud-based Smart parking system based on the Internet of Things. The
data that includes the vehicle GPS location and distance between car parks and number of free
parking space in car parks will be sent to the data center. Here the data center is presented as a
cloud server which calculates the costs of a user parking request and this information is regularly
updated and is made available to the vehicles in the network at any time. In this proposed system,
each car park is an IoT network and it operates independently as a regular car park. This paper
implements a system model with wireless access in an open-source physical computing platform

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based on Arduino with RFID technology. It uses smartphone that acts as a user interface between
the cloud and the vehicles to check the feasibility of the proposed system [4].

A New “Smart Parking” System Based on Optimal Resource Allocation and Reservations----- In
this system a new smart parking system is implemented for cities. This system assigns and
reserves a parking space for a user (driver) based on the user’s distance from the parking area
and parking cost and also ensures that the overall parking capacity is effectively utilized. Their
approach solves a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) problem at each decision point in a
time-driven sequence [3]. For each MILP there is a solution which gives an optimal allocation
based on user’s current state information and also supports random events such as new user
requests and parking space availability. The allocation is updated at the next decision point which
ensures that there is no parking slot reservation conflict and that no user is ever assigned a
parking slot with higher than the current cost function value. This mechanism ensures a better
response from the system along with assured reservations. [3]

Faiz Shaikh1 and at all 2015 has proposed A Survey on “Smart Parking” System-----People
owning vehicles face parking problems in most metropolitan area, especially during peak
hours. The difficulty roots from not knowing where the parking spaces are available at the
given time, even if this is known; many vehicles may pursue a small number of parking spaces
which in turn leads to serious traffic congestion. This paper focuses on different smart parking
techniques developed to overcome said problem using various wireless sensor network and
providing real-time data analysis from the sensors, some papers include system based on
resource allocation and reservation of parking lot which have various problems in efficiently
achieving the goals. The given paper would be useful for new researchers for study of various
guided parking and information techniques and algorithms which are covered in this paper.
[10]

Prof. Yashomati R and at all 2016 has proposed Android Based Smart Car Parking System-----
The purpose of this system is to computerize the parking space reservation. Its talk about
undertaking which introduces a miniature model of car parking that can direct and manage the
number of cars that can be parked in given space at any given time based on availability of

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parking space after doing the registration by user using android application on his smart phone.
car mated parking is a strategy for parking and leaving cars utilizing detecting device i.e.,
sensors. The entering to or leaving from parking lot is also commanded by an android-based
application. This provides users to book parking spaces online in advance for given location and
then park the vehicle with minimal fees. We have concentrated on some current systems and it
shows that the current systems are not totally car mated and require a certain level of human
interference and communication with the system. [12]

Vishwanath Y1 and at all -2016 has proposed A survey paper on smart parking system based on
internet of things a Smart Parking system---- It provides an optimal solution for parking problem
in metropolitan cities. Due to rapid increase in vehicle density especially during the peak hours
of the day, it is a difficult task for the drivers to find a parking space to park their vehicles. The
aim of the paper is to resolve the above-mentioned issue which provides the Smart Parking
system. This system uses cloud computing and Internet of Things (IOT) technology. A suitable
shortest path algorithm is used to find the minimum distance between the user and each car park
in the system. Thus, the waiting time of the user is minimized. The paper also introduces the
usage of android application using smart phone for the interaction between the Smart Parking
system and the user. RFID technology is used in this system to avoid the human intervention
which minimizes the cost. [11]

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 Methodology and Modeling

3.1 Introduction:
This chapter will cover the details explanation of methodology that is being used to make this
project complete and working well. Many methodologies or findings from this field mainly
generated into journal for others to take advantages and improve as upcoming research on
projects. The methodology refers to the overall approach that our project requires. We need to
explain our project briefly, demonstrating that we comprehend the meaning of our approaches.
The methods are the tools of data collection, the procedure of our project. The procedures or
strategies used to find, select, process, and analyze information about a topic are referred to as
methodology. [14]

Shrewd Car Parking System Using Arduino UNO Designing, creating and delivering a main
edge stopping innovation is called as Smart stopping.[12] It is a vehicle stopping framework that
helps drivers locate an empty spot. Utilizing the Ultrasonic sensors in each stopping space, it
identifies the nearness or nonattendance of a vehicle. Brilliant Parking framework is
demonstrated as a correct, strong and cost-effective approach to guarantee that street clients
know precisely where empty car parking spots are.

A particular procedure or set of procedures demonstrating the issue is massive revision of

teaching methodology. In a report or article, the methodology section allows the reader to
critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. So, this methodology chapter explains
what we did and how we did it.

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3.2 Block Diagram of the proposed project
Block Diagram of our proposed system is given below:

Figure-1: Block diagram of car parking system

The circuit shown in Fig. 1 an Arduino microcontroller (MCU) requires only 5V. As Arduino
Uno has an inbuilt 5V voltage regulator, a common 5V supply can be used for the whole system.

The brain of the circuit is Arduino Uno MCU board (BOARD1). It is based on Arduino UNO R3
V1.0 and has 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins, six analogue inputs, servo motor, a USB
connection, IR sensor with 12 C module among others. It can be programmed using Arduino IDE

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software IR sensor are connected to Arduino digital pins 2 and 3 and servo motor are connected
to Arduino pins 13, which are used for serial communication.

The LCD display (LCD1) is used to display messages during action. Here, a 16×2 display is
used; each character is made of 5×7 dot-matrix. Pins 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the LCD are the control
lines connected to preset (PR1) output, pin 12 (Arduino), GND and pin 11 (Arduino). Pins 11,
12, 13 and 14 are data pins of the LCD that are connected to pins 7, 6, 5 and 4 of Arduino,
respectively. Preset PR1 is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD display.

3.3 Construction and working principle:

The construction and working of the project are divided into two parts: -

1) Entry Part:

The project is a sensor based automatic system. The Entry Part of the project consists of Arduino
Mega microcontroller to which a servo motor, IR sensor, LCD and ultrasonic sensor are
interfaced. The servo motor acts as a gate at the entrance and it opens and closes when the IR
sensor detects presence of car. The input IR sensors reads presence of any car and sends to the
controller Arduino UNO board. While entry IR sensor detect car, it opens the door in condition
of having available slot. After entering the car, the gate gets closed with the help of servo motor.
The motor gets instruction from the board. The LCD displays the parking slots which are empty
for the car drivers. While A car gets into a slot, the corresponding slot status in the LCD display
shows "Have space". At the time of exiting a slot, the status of the slot changed to "Vacant".
When all the slots are booked, the system doesn't allow the fourth car to enter, and shows "Sorry
parking full". The ultrasonic sensors detect the presence and absence of car in each parking slot.

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 Figure-2: Entry part of car parking system

2) Exit Part

The Exit Part of the project consists of Arduino Uno to which a servo motor, IR sensor and
the object counter are interfaced. The servo motor acts as a gate at the entrance and it opens
and closes when the IR sensor detects presence of car. When a car exits from a slot, the exit
IR sensor detects the car and opens the gate with the servo motor. Then total available free
slot count increase by 1 in the screen.

Figure-3: Exit part of car parking system

The system will be very reliable and understandable to the users.

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3.3.1 Process of Work:

The project is a difficult technological problem that requires a certain method or working
procedure to obtain the required outcomes. Users' cultural, religious, language, morality, and
socioeconomic characteristics, such as education level, money, and gender, have no influence on
how the process is developed, as explained in this research.

As a result, there is no such conflict in our system. Our technology is cost-effective and simple to
deploy, and it will not cause any linguistic difficulties. The religious beliefs of people will be
unaffected by this method. In addition, our method will not obstruct gender equity.

Our method will not affect other department without parking. It hasn't any issue with public
security and people will be benefitted. Traffic Jam, a major problem of the country will be
solved. That is to say, this approach will have a favorable influence on smart parking and may
also be useful to all drivers. As a result, our system will not have any religious, economic, or
moral disagreements because it is clarified that the device will save time and labor cost.

We prepared a poll based on our working method to learn about people's perceptions of whether
our project would truly cause conflict due to language, religion, or culture. The following are
excerpts from the survey:

Does the system have any impact on Religion?

Yes May be
2% 13%

No
85%

Yes May be No

Figure-4:(a)

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 Can the project create any cultural conflict?

Yes Not
2% Concerned
27%

No
71%

Yes Not Concerned No

(b)Z

Figure-5: Graphical Representation of car parking system

3.4 Hardware Design

Hardware equipment that we need in order to build the project are given below:

1. Arduino UNO
2. Ultrasonic Sensor
3. LCD Screen
4. Bread Board
5. Power Supply
6. Connecting Wires
7. 12 C module

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3.5 Description of the important component:
First of all, we use Proteus software to complete the simulation. in this simulation, we've used
some important components to build the whole parking system, which are Arduino UNO R3
V1.0, LEDGREEN, LM044L 20x4 Alphanumeric Display, MOTOR-PWMSERVO, POT
variable resistor, IR sensor with module.

3.5.1 Arduino Board:

Arduino is a project made by the largest technical community of engineers, developers and
hobbyists whose goal is to develop ideas and interactive control projects around the world,
based on different types of electronic panels but programmed in a language Single programming
and free.

Figure 6: Arduino UNO Board.

Sure, Arduino is not the only electronic controller in the market, but there are many micro-
controllers available in the market such as Parallax, Basic Stamp and the most powerful

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competitor, Raspberry Pi, all with powerful capabilities and the ability to work. Full projects, of
course depending on the needs of your project, but what distinguishes the following Arduino
Open-source platform Open-Source Hardware and Software.[23]

Arduino is made primarily of ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 controllers, and all its designs are
licensed under the Creative Commons license. This is the most important feature for electronic
circuit designers because it makes it easier for them to design anything they want. The software
is written in C ++, and is available to everyone to download and programmers can modify it
according to their needs.

It is the most widely used and widely used one of the many Arduinos. It is the first choice for
beginners. It is easy to learn. It operates with an ATmega328 controller. This type has 14 digital
ports (I / O), 6 of which can be used as ports to control the " PWM Outputs ", the most important
feature of this type is that the control chip" ATmega328 "is not fixed in the board, but installed
on the holder of the integrated circuit" IC ". This feature makes it the best option for beginners so
that if burned the slide while working on your project by mistake, you can Restore your work on
the board as soon as you change the slide The ATmega328 controller is similar to the same
model.

The first-ever type of Arduino's motherboard is the ATmega32u4 controller, which has a unique
feature that contains a built-in USB connection, eliminating the need to use a secondary
processor. The feature allows the panel as soon as it is connected to your device to appear as a
keyboard and mouse, which makes it ideally suited to build various applications that enable you
to control your PC. [23]

Advantages of Arduino:

Simplicity

Arduino's paintings are designed to suit the needs of all engineers, designers, professors,
students, and interactive electronics enthusiasts around the world.

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The price

The Arduino Plate is less expensive than any competitor of the same type. The most expensive
painting is not more than 600.

Self-Assembly

Easy to deal with and easy to connect circuits, as we mentioned in our first article that it was an
easy solution to the problem of microcontrollers and complex connections.

Multi-platform

The Arduino program has the ability to work with all the different operating systems of
Windows, Mac and Linux, while most other boards running on Windows only

Easy and simple software environment

The "Environment" programming environment is designed to be easy for beginners and powerful
professionals and its programming language "Arduino C" is easy to learn.[23]

3.5.2 LED-GREEN:

Proteus contains LEDs of different colors and types that are being used in real

Figure 7: LED-GREEN

time applications. LEDs are found in Proteus software under Library Category Optoelectronics.

24
At LED Green Light International, we understand that LED lighting is the foundation of energy
efficient, environmentally responsible and sustainable lighting technology.

That’s why we design and market the most innovative and advanced LED lighting solutions for
our customers – encouraging them to “go green” using advanced LED and Controls Products for
every possible lighting application. [28]

3.5.3 16x2 Alphanumeric Display

16x2 Alphanumeric Display means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.

Figure 8: 16x2 Alphanumeric Display

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module used
in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones,
calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment
light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module are
inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for displaying
custom characters, special and even animations etc.[24]

LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.

25
  Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the
supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1
= command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write
Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process,
and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only
four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-
pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Features of LCD 16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8-pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters [24]

26
3.5.4 SERVO MOTOR:
A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to specific
angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the
input line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft.

Figure 9: SERVO MOTOR

The servo engine is a motor that comes with a Gear gearbox and a Shaft transmission that gives
motion greater torque and greater precision. This engine can rotate 180 degrees and in some types
360 degrees. The servomotor is internally made up of a "mostly microcontroller" control circuit.
When the engine gives pulses at a certain time constant, the engine rotates to the angle according to
that time constant. Edited with the trial version of To remove this notice, visit www.pdfpro.co 14 In
each type, the time constant varies from one engine to another according to the manufacturer and the
technical bullet in that comes with the servo engine. In the Arduino, programming environment there
is a library called Servo Library installed in the program. This library gives us the ability to control
most of the 180-degree Cervo drives. At the end of this post, you will have the ability to use the
library's commands through practical examples.[25]

27
3.5.4.1 Servo Motor Working Mechanism

It consists of three parts:

1. Controlled device

2. Output sensor

3. Feedback system

It is a closed-loop system where it uses a positive feedback system to control motion and the
final position of the shaft. Here the device is controlled by a feedback signal generated by
comparing output signal and reference input signal.

Here reference input signal is compared to the reference output signal and the third signal is
produced by the feedback system. And this third signal acts as an input signal to the control the
device. This signal is present as long as the feedback signal is generated or there is a difference
between the reference input signal and reference output signal. So, the main task of
servomechanism is to maintain the output of a system at the desired value at presence of noises.
[25]

3.5.5 POT variable resistor:

The potentiometer (POT) is the most common variable resistor. It functions as a resistive divider
and is typically used to generate a voltage signal depending on the position of the potentiometer.

Figure 10: POT variable resistor

28
 A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two of the
terminals are connected to the opposite ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal
connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. The
potentiometer essentially functions as a variable resistance divider. The resistive element
can be seen as two resistors in series (the total potentiometer resistance), where the wiper
position determines the resistance ratio of the first resistor to the second resistor. If a
reference voltage is applied across the end terminals, the position of the wiper determines
the output voltage of the potentiometer.[26]

3.5.6 IR Sensor:

An infrared (IR) sensor is a type of electrical gadget that detects and measures infrared
radiation in its surroundings. In the year 1800, an astronomer named William Herchel made an
unintentional discovery of infrared radiation. He found that the temperature just beyond the red
light was the highest when measuring the temperature of each hue of light (separated by a
prism). Because the wavelength of IR is longer than that of visible light, it is invisible to the
human eye (though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum). Infrared radiation is
emitted by everything that emits heat (anything with a temperature over roughly five degrees
Kelvin).[27]

Figure 11: Obstacle Infrared Sensor module MOD56

29
 The IR sensor module includes five essential parts like IR Tx, Rx, Operational amplifier,
trimmer pot (variable resistor) & output LED. The pin configuration of the IR sensor module is
discussed below.

 VCC Pin is power supply input

 GND Pin is power supply ground
 OUT is an active-high o/p

The main specifications and features of the IR sensor module include the following.

 The operating voltage is 5VDC

 I/O pins – 3.3V & 5V
 Mounting hole
 The range is up to 20 centimeters
 The supply current is 20mA
 The range of sensing is adjustable
 Fixed ambient light sensor

Types of IR Sensor

The classification of IR sensors can be done based on the application which includes the
following.

 Active Infrared Sensors

 Passive Infrared Sensors

30
Active IR Sensor

This type of sensor includes both the emitter & the receiver which are also known as transmitter
& receiver. In most situations, a laser diode or LED is used as a source. For non-imaging infrared
sensors, LED is used whereas laser diode is used for imaging infrared sensors.

The working of an infrared sensor can be done through radiating energy, detected and received
through the detector. Further, it is processed through a signal processor to fetch the required data.
The best examples of active infrared sensors are reflectance & break beam sensors.[27]

Passive Infrared Sensor

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) includes detectors only and this kind of sensor uses targets like
infrared transmitters or sources. Here, the object will radiate the energy & detects it through
infrared receivers. After that, a signal processor is used to understand the signal to obtain the
required data. The best examples of PIR sensors are bolometer, Pyro-Electric Detector,
Thermocouple-Thermopile, etc. PIR sensors are available in two types like thermal IR sensor
and quantum IR sensor.[27]

3.5.7 Other Components:

The project uses some other electronic components like:

- Board:

- Connecting wires:

31
 (b)

Figure -12: Other Components.

3.6 Flow Chart

The flow chart includes how the system works. The program flow chart is given below:

32
 Figure-13: Flow chart of Smart Car Parking System

3.7 Implementation:

33
To implement the Smart Parking System, we have used Proteus professional 8.12 simulating
software and Arduino IDE. Figure 9 shows the simulation implementation of the project.

Firstly, A new project created without any firmware in proteus. After creating the blank new
project, there will be a schematic diagram window. In this schematic window, the simulation
circuit is constructed. All of the devices used here, were found under pick device option. Arduino
UNO R3 V1.0 was chosen as microcontroller board for Smart Parking System. This system
works on the basis of some major components such as Arduino UNO R3, POT variable resistor,
LED-GREEN, IR-SENSOR, MOTOR-PWMSERVO, LM044L 16x2 Alphanumeric Display

Figure 14: The design of Smart Parking System using Arduino UNO

34
had used in this project. The display was connected to the board through the expander. So
basically, we have used the LM044L 16x2 Alphanumeric Display to print the slot list, each slot
payment status of the parking lot. For the connection of the Display, we used Remote 8-bit I/O
expander to reduce the connection with the Arduino pin. As it is a simulation-based project, here
IR sensor use was not too easy. The logic states used to show the functionalities of the IR
sensors. Every logic states connected to individual digital I/O pin of the Arduino UNO. The
servo motor was

Figure15: The code window on Arduino IDE

35
also connected with a digital pin for get instruction and it get external power to run. Two IR
sensor set at the gate of the parking spot for detect entry and exit of car. Each slot also has IR
sensor to identify slot is empty or not. The servo motor rotates 180 degrees to open the gate and
90 degrees to close the gate. The green LED lights while the whole system is turned on. Pot
variable resistor ensures different power supply to the LCD display. After setting up the
components as figure 9, we went to Arduino IDE and installed all the necessary libraries to run
the project successfully. Then the codes/commands were written and uploaded to the Arduino
Board. After upload finely, the code worked without any errors.

3.8 Test/Experimental setup:

While doing the setup, the project was evaluated that every functionality is accomplished or not.
The code was edited as proposed requirements.

Figure-16: Hex File in Arduino IDE

36
After running the instruction code finely, there will be a .HEX file found under IDE's compiler
console and this file location should be copied. In proteus, double click in the Arduino board and
in the program file section, paste the link without any change. Click ok and run the simulation.
The system will run expectedly. All the output was observed while running the simulation as like
following.

Figure-17: The program file location for Arduino

37
Figure-18: After Simulation Run Successfully

38
Figure-19: Running Simulation

39
Figure-20: Running Simulation

40
3.9 Cost analysis:
The costs of each individual components are listed here.

Item Quantity Price (Taka)

Arduino UNO Board 1 600/=

16x2 LCD 1 300/=

LED Indicator 3 10/=

Servo Motor (PWM) 1 350/=

PCF8574 Remote 8bit I/O Expander 1 250/=

IR Sensor 5 450/=

Variable Resistor 1 30/=

Connection Wire 4 yards 40/=

Total 2030/=

Here, the total cost is BDT 2030/=. Here we tried to keep the cost minimal and used better
components to implement the circuit. This budget will not so over for such a sustainable system
with good components. We used less wire and other unnecessary components to complete the
project.

3.10 Problem Statement:

Parking Lot Problems

Difficulty in Finding Vacant Spaces Quickly finding a vacant space in a multilevel

parking lot is difficult if not impossible, especially on weekends or public holidays.
Finding spaces during weekends or public holidays can take more than 10 minutes
for about 66% of visitors. Stadiums or shopping malls are crowded at peak periods,
and difficulty in finding vacant slots at these places is a major problem for

41
customers. Insufficient car park spaces \ lead to traffic congestion and driver
frustration.

Improper Parking

If a car is parked in such a way that it occupies two parking slots rather than one,
this is called improper parking. Improper parking can happen when a driver is not
careful about another driver’s rights. This is tackled by the development of
automated smart car parking system.

42
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. It guarantees snappy and computerized parking and simple recovery of vehicles.

2. Up to 3 cars can be effectively and securely parked in the outlined model.
3. The surface space required is identical to the parking spot of two cars as it were.
4. Most reasonable for parking in workplaces, shopping centers and comparable spots.
5. Low support levels are required by the framework.
6. Sensors utilized have high affectability and are anything but difficult to deal with.
7. Minimal effort framework, giving most extreme computerization.
8. It doesn't require observable pathway operation.
9. Cordial reorientation of cars for driving in and out.
10. Security of vehicle.

4.1 Hardware Connections:

Figure 21: Working model of Smart Car Parking System

• Connect the Vcc stick to the positive rail on your breadboard.

• Connect the Gnd stick to the negative rail on your breadboard.
• Connect the Trig stick to any advanced stick on the Arduino.

43
• Connect the Echo stick to any computerized stick on the Arduino.
• Finally, interface the positive rail of the breadboard to 5V stick on the Arduino and the
negative rail of the breadboard to the Gnd stick on the Arduino.

Figure-22: Actual Working Model

44
4.2 Simulation/Numerical analysis:
During test run, all the simulation data were stored. At the initial point of running the circuit, a
welcome message is seen in the LCD screen for 1500 milliseconds. After that, the display shows
total available free slots at the 1st line. Then all the slot status are updated consecutively as well
as the payment status of each slot. There were not so unexpected occurrences but the operation
was performing a little bit slower and the servo motor movement was delayed a little though it
was not so longer. Sometimes, LCD texts was fluctuating and rendering with delay. But each
operation was running finely.

4.3 Measured response/Experimental results:

Though it is a simulation-based project, physical observation was not possible to perform. Thats
why here we are not adding any data now. The experiment will be implemented in lab and this
section will be updated then.

4.4 Comparison between numerical and experimental results:

The thing observed from the experiment are as follows:

Total Parking Slot = 03

Car at Entry-IR 1 1 0
Car at Exit-IR 1 0 1
Servo_Motor 90 180 180
Free Slot X X+1 X-1

All the simulated data combination are noted here. While any car wants to enter, the IR-Entry is
turned to 0 and the servo opens the gate. When a car exits, IR-Exit turned into 0 and the gate
opens. The slot number increases and decreases respectively. The system did not malfunction at
any test condition.

45
4.5 Advantage of smart car parking system

1. Reduced traffic

2. Reduced pollution

3. Enhanced User Experience

4. Integrated Payments and POS

5. Increased Safety

6. Real-Time Data and Trend Insight

7. Decreased Management Costs

8. Increased Service and Brand Image

9.Secutiry from theft and car damages

10. Simple structure, simple operation

4.6 Disadvantage of smart car parking system

1. It achieves wireless technology with limited options of connecting to particular device only

2. It does not know who the driver in the car is, checks only the key placed

3. Node-to-node implementation requires more time.

46
4.7 Benefit analysis of smart car parking system

1. Reduced traffic

2.Reduced pollution

3. Enhanced User Experience

4. Integrated Payments and POS

5.Increased Safety

6. Real-Time Data and Trend Insight

7. Decreased Management Costs

8. Increased Service and Brand Image

47
 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion
Our project detects the empty slots and helps the drivers to find parking space in unfamiliar city.
The average waiting time of users for parking their vehicles is effectively reduced in this system.
The optimal solution is provided by the proposed system, where most of the vehicles find a free
parking space successfully.[22] Our preliminary test results show that the performance of the
Arduino UNO based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing car
parking hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking lot and real time
information rendering. This smart parking system provides better performance, low cost and
efficient large scale parking system. When car enters the parking area, the driver will park the car
in the nearest empty slot when slot is occupied the LED light glows and when slot is empty LED
lights are turned off chromatically indicating that the parking slot is empty to be occupied. [21]It
also eliminates unnecessary travelling of vehicles across the filled parking slots in a city. Smart
Parking solutions are designed to provide drivers an ultimate solution on their journey from the
beginning to end without searching for parking, cost, travel time etc. This advantage comes by
paying marginal fees to the smart parking service providers. To change a culture which has been
existing for several centuries is a humongous task. Parking has always been an at the moment
affair with direct cash exchange. The inclusion of technology in this method is a change in
culture which will take the time to establish. Smart Parking is one of the most adopted and fastest
growing smart city solutions across the world. Airports, universities, shopping centers and city
garages are just a few entities that have begun to realize the significant benefits of automated
parking technology.[28]

In this study, the various types of smart parking system and has been presented. From the various
examples of the implementation of the smart parking system being presented, its efficiency in
alleviating the traffic problem that arises especially in the city area where traffic congestion and
the insufficient parking spaces are undeniable. It does so by directing patrons and optimizing the
use of parking spaces. With the study on all the sensor technologies used in detecting vehicles,
which are one of the most crucial parts of the smart parking system, the pros and cons of each
sensor technologies can be analyzed.[16] Although, there are certain disadvantages in the

48
implementation of visual based system in vehicle detection as described earlier, the advantages
far outweigh its disadvantages.

5.2 Future Work

In some of the parking areas are lacking such facilities and hence fail all the security norms
necessary to park a vehicle. By looking such a huge concern, it is highly required that each and
every parking area should be well equipped with high tech parking control systems, that
nevertheless lasts the best. These innovative parking control systems not only make a bright
choice but also allow you to pay the right price without getting any worry.[12] Parking control
system has been generated in such a way that it is filled with many secure devices such as
barricades, swing gates, slide gates, parking control gates, toll gates, time and attendance
machine, car counting system etc. These features are hereby very necessary nowadays to
secure your car and also to evaluate the fee structure for every vehicle’s entry and exit.
Nowadays parking is very important and hence it is necessary for every vehicle owner to park
his or her car in a secure designated parking slot available. To escalate this particular system
various parking owners have integrated themselves with sophisticated parking control systems,
which are high tech and offers full-fledged parking services.[6]

49
 REFERENCES

[1] Thanh Nam Pham1, Ming-Fong Tsai1, Duc Bing Nguyen1, Chyi-Ren Dow1 and Der-Jiunn
Deng2. “A Cloud- Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internetof-Things Technologies”.
IEEE Access, volume 3, pp. 1581 – 1591, September 2015.
[2] M. Fengsheng Yang, Android Application Development Revelation, China Machine Press,
2010.

[3] Yanfeng Geng and Christos G. Cassandras. “A New Smart Parking System Based on
Optimal Resource Allocation and Reservations”. IEEE Transaction on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, volume 14, pp. 1129 -1139, April 2013.

[4] Cui Shiyao, Wu Ming, Liu Chen, Rong Na. “The Research and Implement of the Intelligent
Parking Reservation Management System Based on ZigBee Technology”. Measuring
Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA) , pp. 741-744, January 2014.

[5] K.Ashokkumar a, Baron Sam , R.Arshadprabhu , Britto. "Cloud Based Intelligent Transport
System". Procedia Computer Science, volume 50, pp. 58-63, 2015.

[6] Z. Ji, I. Ganchev, M. O'Droma, and X. Zhang, ``A cloud-based intelligent car parking
services for smart cities,'' in Proc. 31st URSI General Assembly Sci. Symp. (URSI GASS), Aug.
2014.

[7] Hamada R.H.AI-Absi,Patrick Sebastian ,”Vision-Based Automated Parking System ”in

10th International Conference on Information science,2010

[8] Sarfraz nawaz, Christos Efstratiou, Celia Mascolo,“Parksense: A

smartphone based sensing
system foron street parking” in Cambridge university
[9] B. K. Konstantinos Domdouzis and C. Anuba., “An experimental study of the effects of
different medium on the performance of rfid system,” vol. 21. Advanced Engineering
Informatics, 2011.

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[10] K. Finkenzeller, Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and
Identification. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003.

[11] K. M. R. Sudeep Dogra, “Radio frequency identification(RFID) applications: A brief

Introduction, advanced engineering informatics.” The IUP journal of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, 2011, p. 3.

[12] J. Dongjiu Geng, Yue Suo, Yu Chen, Jun Wen, Yongqing Lu, Remote Access and Control
System Based on Android Mobil Phone, vol.2. Journal of Computer Applications, 2011, pp.
560-562
[13] M.A.R. Sarkar, A.A. Rokoni, M.O. Reza, M.F. Ismail, "Smart Parking system with image
processing facility", I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2012, vol. 3, pp. 41-47.

[14] Z. L. Wang, C. H. Yang, and T. Y. Guo, "The design of an autonomous parallel parking
neuro-fuzzy controller for a car-like mobile robot," in Proceedings of the SICE Annual
Conference, Taipei, 2010, pp. 2593-2599.

[15] J. Dongjiu Geng, Yue Suo, Yu Chen, Jun Wen, Yongqing Lu, Remote Access and Control
System Based on Android Mobil Phone, vol.2. Journal of Computer.

[16] Rashid MM, Musa A, Rahman MA, Farahana N, Farhana A. "Automatic parking
management system and parking fee collection based on number plate recognition". International
Journal of Machine Learning and Computing. 2012 Apr 1;2(2):94.

[17] T. Wu, P. Tsai, N. Hu and J. Chen, "Research and implementation of auto parking system
based on ultrasonic sensors" 2016 International Conference on Advanced Materials for Science
and Engineering (ICAMSE), 2016, pp. 643-645, doi: 10.1109/ICAMSE.2016.7840267.

[18] Rahmad Hidayat, Rushendra, Salamatul Afiyah, Rosyidin Sufyani and Farhan Adani
"Development of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in the Campus Parking System based
on Microcontroller" Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1783, Annual Conference on
Science and Technology Research (ACOSTER) 2020, 20-21 June 2020, Medan, Indonesia.

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[19] Mohapatra, B. N., Mohapatra, R. K., Mirpagar, M., & Quershi, A. (2020). Ultrasonic based
easy parking system based on Microcontroller. International Journal of Innovative Technology
and Interdisciplinary Sciences, 3(2), 429-434. https://doi.org/10.15157/IJITIS.2020.3.2.429-434

[20] Sabbea MO, Irfan M, ALtamimi SK, Saeed SM, Almawgani AH, Alghamdi H. Design and
development of a smart parking system. Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol.
2018 Dec; 6(2).

[21] D. J. Bonde, R. S. Shende, A. S. Kedari, K. S. Gaikwad and A. U. Bhokre, "Automated car

parking system commanded by Android application," 2014 International Conference on
Computer Communication and Informatics, 2014, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICCCI.2014.6921729.

[22] Azshwanth, D. & Koshy, Mithul & Balachander, Mr. T. (2019). Automated car parking
system. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1362. 012059. 10.1088/1742-
6596/1362/1/012059.

[23] Website link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardMega. Access date:25-5-22

[24] Website link: https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-

datasheet . Access date:24-5-22

[25] Website link: https://sticktech.wordpress.com/2012/01/16/servo-motor-basics/. .Access

date:23-5-22

[27] Website link: https://www.watelectronics.com/ir-sensor/. Access date:27-5-22. Access

date:27-5-22

[28] Website link: https://www.electrical4u.com/potentiometer/. Access date:27-5-22. Access

date:27-5-22

52
 Appendix A:

1. Arduino IDE: The Arduino IDE is an opensource program for writing and uploading code to
Arduino boards. The IDE program is compatible with a variety of operating systems,
including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. C and C++ are supported programming
languages. IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment in this case. Sketching refers
to the process of writing a program or code in the Arduino IDE. To upload the sketch written
in the Arduino IDE software, we must connect the Genuine and Arduino boards to the IDE.
The '.ino' extension is used to save the sketches.

2. Proteus Professional 8.12: Proteus Professional 8.12 is the simplest and most advanced
software for designing circuits. In which you will have to search for components, place them
in the workspace and connect these with wires. It is mostly used for designing and testing
circuits. It has different measuring devices like oscilloscope, voltmeter. Ammeter etc. Also
using this software, you can also model micro-controllers, microprocessors, and different
sensors for circuit designing. This is the complete package in which you can design any
circuit of your choice for free.

3. Servo-Motor: A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor
coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also requires a relatively sophisticated controller,
often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with servomotors.

4. Arduino Library: The Library is considered as the advanced feature, which extends the
capabilities of the Arduino IDE. It means that the libraries provide extra functionality to the
programming platform of Arduino. The libraries in Arduino are written in C or C++ (.cpp).
These libraries allow us to manipulate data and work with the hardware. To implement any
Library in the Arduino IDE, go to the Sketch -> Import Library. There are several libraries
available for download. We can also create our own library.

53
5. Schematic Capture: Schematic capture or schematic entry is a step in the design cycle of
electronic design automation (EDA) at which the electronic diagram, or electronic schematic
of the designed electronic circuit is created by a designer. This is done interactively with the
help of a schematic capture tool also known as schematic capture.

APPENDIX B

Arduino Part (Coding Summary)

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);
#include<Servo.h>
Servo s;
int ir1 = 7;
int ir2 = 9;
int light = 13;
int total = 2;
void setup()
{
s.attach(3);

pinMode(ir1, INPUT);

pinMode(ir2, INPUT);

pinMode(light, OUTPUT);
lcd.init();
// Print a message to the LCD.
54
 lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Total Space: "); lcd.print(total);
}
void loop() {
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Space Left: "); lcd.print(total);
s.write(0);
if (digitalRead(ir1) == LOW)
{
if (total > 0)
{
for (int i = 0; i <= 90; i++)
{
s.write(i);
delay(20);
if (i == 90)
{
while (digitalRead(ir2) != LOW);
}
}
for (int i = 90; i >= 0; i--)
{
s.write(i);
delay(20);
}
total = total - 1;
}
}
if (digitalRead(ir2) == LOW)
{
if (total < 2) {
for (int i = 0; i <= 90; i++)
{
s.write(i);
delay(20);
if (i == 90)

55
 {
while (digitalRead(ir1) != LOW);
}
}
for (int i = 90; i >= 0; i--)
{
s.write(i);
delay(20);
}
total = total + 1;
}
}
}

56