Computer Grapics Basics : crt,raster scan , random scan , display devices , I/P&o/p

devices
Differentiate between video controller and Graphics controller.
What do you understand by vertical retrace and horizontal retrace of the electron beam?
Define persistence, resolution and aspect ratio.
Define Random scan/Raster scan displays.
List out the merits and demerits of Penetration techniques.
List out the merits and demerits of DVST.
What do you mean by emissive and non-emissive displays?
List out the merits and demerits of Plasma panel display
Differentiate between bitmap and pixmap.
What do you mean by scan conversion?

Explain direct view storage tubes and liquid crystal displays.

Write short notes on Raster scan systems.
What is interlacing? What is its advantage?
Find out the aspect ratio of the raster system using 8 x 10 inches screen and 100 pixel/inch.
Write an algorithm to produce a line segment of 3 pixel width using DDA algorithm.
What do you mean by retracing? Define horizontal as well as vertical retracing.
Define aspect ratio and resolution of a display device.
Explain the raster scan display architecture.
What is the advantage of using homogeneous co-ordinates?
How much time is spent scanning across each row of pixels during screen refresh on a
raster system with a resolution of 1280 by 1024 and a refresh rate of 60 frames per
second?
List two basic techniques for producing color displays with a CRT
A RGB raster system is to be designed using an 8 inch by 10 inch screen with a resolution of 100
pixels per inch in each direction.If we want to store 6 bits per pixel in the frame buffer , how
much storage (in bytes) do we need for the frame buffer.
What do you mean by following
i) Aspect ratio of 8/10
ii) Refresh rate of 80 Hz
iii) Resolution of 1028 by 1024
Suppose we have a video monitor with a display area that measures 12 inches across and 9.6
inches high. If the resolution is 1280 by 1024 and the aspect ratio is 1:1, what is the
diameter of each screen point?
Define aspect ratio? If an image has a height of 2 inches and an aspect ratio of 1.5. What is
its width?
List any three logical input-device classifications used by the graphics systems, giving one example
of each.
Does Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) fall under the category of non emissive displays? Does
it support raster scan display? Explain its working with a diagram.
line,circle,ellipse,clipping,scan line poly fill
Define coherence properties.
What is an active edge list in the scan line algorithm?
Indicate the next raster positions which will be chosen by Bresenham’s line algorithm when
scan converting a line from screen co-ordinate (1, 1) to (3, 2).
Explain in detail about Bresenham‟s line generating algorithm. Give example.
Describe in detail about the DDA scan conversion algorithm?
Write down and explain the midpoint circle drawing algorithm. Assume 10 cm as the radius
and co-ordinate origin as the centre of the circle.
What is the condition to switch from region1 to region2 of the first quadrant of an ellipse
in mid point ellipse drawing algorithm?
Explain Ellipse generating Algorithm.
Explain with an example the Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm.
What is polygon mesh? Name any two polygon mesh representations.
What is the condition to switch from region1 to region2 of the first quadrant of an ellipse
in mid point ellipse drawing algorithm?
Derive the required decision variables to scan convert the first octant of a circle.
Illustrate the cases of trivial acceptance and trivial rejection in Cohen and Sutherland line clipping
algorithm.
Draw the four stages of the Sutherland-Hodgeman clipping algorithm as the polygon shown below
is clipped by the right, top, left, and bottom clip rectangle edges.

Consider a polygon with vertices A(2,3),B(5,5),C(8,3) and D(5,12). Apply scan line fill algorithm and
trace the contents of Active Edge table and global Edge table upto scan line 6.

What are the drawbacks of DDA line Drawing Algorithm.

List and explain the data structures used in Scan line polygon filling algorithm.
Scan convert the first octant of circle centered at (0, 0) and having radius of 5 units?
Explain the working of Sutherland –Hodgman Polygon Clipping Algorithm with the help of
an example.
Give the steps to clip the lines PQ and RS( having co-ordinates P(5,12) ,Q(20,25), R(11, 8)
and S(25, 16)) against the clip rectangle ABCD( having co-ordinates A (10,20) , B( 20,20) ,
C(10,10) , D(20,10)) using Cohen Sutherland line clipping Algorithm.
Find the pixels to be plotted along the line path with endpoints (30,20) and (40,28) having
slope of .8 using line drawing primitive.

What is the condition for trivial rejection of a line segment PQ with P(0,5) & Q(1,5) in
Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm using rectangular window defined by vertices
A(0,0) , B(1,0) , C(1,1) , and D(0,1).
What is anti-aliasing? Give any two techniques to avoid alising in a line.
Consider a rectangle ABCD with A(5,5) , B(10,5) , C(10,10) and D(5,10). Using Odd parity
rule, discuss whether the following horizontal lines of the rectangle will be drawn or not?
i) AB
ii) CD
Using Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm, clip the triangle ABC with the
vertices as A(10,17), B(13,12), and C(3,8), against a rectangular window P(5,5), Q(15,5),
R(15,15), and S(5,15).Give the co-ordinates of the clipped polygons.
What is the condition for trivial acceptance of a line segment PQ with P(0,2) & Q(4,2) in
Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm using rectangular window defined by vertices
A(0,0) , B(4,0) , C(4,4) , and
Consider a polygon with vertices ABCD with co-ordinates A(1,2) , B(5,5) , C(8 ,3) and
D(5,10) . Trace the contents of Active Edge Table according to scan line fill algorithm.
Given an ellipse with major axis = 16 units and minor axis = 12 units. Determine first 6
raster positions along the ellipse path , considering the initial raster position at (0,6).
2d and 3d transformations , projections
Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling
What is fixed point scaling?
Differentiate between cavalier projection and cabinet projection.
What is vanishing point? What do you understand by principal vanishing point.
Differentiate betweenDDA and mid point Line drawing algorithm.
Explain the basic concept of midpoint ellipse drawing algorithm. Derive the decision
parameter for the algorithm and write down the algorithm steps
What are the basic transformations?
Obtain a transformation matrix for shearing an object about a specified pivot point
Obtain a transformation matrix for rotating an object about a specified pivot point
Show that the two successive rotations is additive that is R(Ѳ1).R(Ѳ2)= R(Ѳ1+Ѳ2).
What are the different types of parallel projections?
What are axonometric projections? Define the three types of axonometric projections.
Differentiate between parallel and perspective projection.
Write the following 3D transformation matrices in homogeneous co-ordinates
i) Rotation about x-axis by 90
ii) Orthographic projection on y=0 plane
iii) Single point perspective projection on z=0 plane with centre of projection at z c=1.0
iv) Uniform scaling by a factor of 3
Perform a 45o rotation of a triangle A(0,0, B(1,1), C(5,2)
i) About the origin.
ii) About the point p(-1,-1)
(Use Homogenous coordinates)
Consider any 3D object, Write the transformations matrices to rotate it about y-axis by θ=
-30, about x-axis by =45 and projected onto z=0 plane from center of projection at z=zc=2.5.
What will be the value of vanishing point?
What are axonometric projections? Define the three types of axonometric projections.
Prove that parallel lines remain parallel after generalized 2D transformation.
Prove that mid point of a line remain invariant before and after transformation.
Reflect the diamond shaped polygon whose vertices are A(-1,0) , B(0,-2) , C(1,0) and D(0,2)
about the line y= 2x+4 using homogeneous co-ordinates.
Obtain the composite 3D transformation matrix to successively rotate an object by - 90⁰
about the y axis , reflect through xz plane and shrink the object to half of its original size.
What is foreshortening factor ? Obtain the trimetric projection formed by a 45 degree
rotation about the y axis followed by a 60 degree rotation about the x axis and projection
on z=0 plane.
Consider a line segment AB parallel to the Z axis with end points A [3 2 2 1] and B [ 3 2 4
1]. Perform a perspective projection onto the z=0 plane from center of projection at z = -
10.
Write the following 3D transformation matrices in homogeneous co-ordinates
i) Rotation about z-axis by 45
ii) Reflection about XZ plane
iii) Uniform scaling(down) by a factor of 2
Using homogeneous co-ordinates, write the transformation matrix in order to double the size
of an object. Use overall scaling.
Show that a 2D reflection through x axis, followed by a 2D reflection through the line y=x,
is equivalent to a pure rotation about the origin.
Using the mid-point circle drawing algorithm, scan convert the first quadrant of a thick
circle with centre at (0, 0), radius of 5 units and thickness of 2 units. Give first four raster
positions.
Consider a triangle ABC with vertices A(1,0), B(0,1), and C(-1,0). Reflect it about the line
y=x followed by counter clockwise rotation of 90º, keeping point B fixed.Give the new co-
ordinates of the triangle after transformation.
A unit square is transformed by 2X2 transformation matrix. The resulting position vectors
are as shown below. Give the transformation matrix applied to the unit square?

0 2 8 6
[ ]
0 3 4 1

Consider a triangle ABC with A(0,0), B(5,0) and C(0,5). Apply single point perspective
projection onto y=0 plane from centre of projection at yc = -2. Also, state the co-ordinates of
the vanishing points.
Differentiate between trimetric and isometric axonometric projections.
Consider the triangle ABC with A(0,0), B(5,0), and C(0,5). Give transformation matrix after
shearing triangle ABC by 3 units along Y-axis and 4 units along X-axis , using
homogeneous coordinates.
Give the transformation matrix for perspective projection onto the z =0 plane from center of
projection at z = -5.
Consider a rectangle A(-1,0), B(1,0), C(1,2) and D(-1,2) , rotate the rectangle about the line
y=0 by an angle α = 450 using homogeneous co-ordinates. Give the new co-ordinates of the
rectangle after transformation
Develop cavalier and cabinet oblique projection on a unit cube. Assuming one of the
parameters α = 300
Ambient light , diffuse light , halftoning , diethering, phong shading , gourald shading
Write any two Drawbacks of Phong Shading
Write two types of smooth shading
What are the types of reflection of incident light?
Define rendering
Define shading .Differentiate flat and smooth shading
What is Ambient light?
Differentiate between Gouraud shading with Phong shading methods?
What do understand by halftoning? Draw the 3x3 halftone grid patterns to display 10
intensities on a bilevel system.
What do you understand by diffuse reflections? Briefly explain the significance of diffuse
reflection coefficient and ambient-reflection coefficient in computation of intensity of a
point.
Briefly explain the Phong shading model.
What is Dithering ? Obtain D4 dither matrix using lower order matrices in the recurrence
relation for obtaining Dither matrix Dn.
What is dithering? What is its advantage over half toning?
Derive the specular reflection equation at a surface point using Phong specular reflection
model.

Color models
What is purity of light?
How is the color of an object determined?
Explain why a RGB color model is a additive color model? How YIQ can be obtained from
RGB?
What is a color model?
Briefly explain RGB color model.
Define hue , intensity , saturation and purity of light.
State the use of chromaticity diagram.
Explain the terms Hue , Saturation and luminance in color model
Briefly explain HSV color model.(btech)
Explain why a CMY color model is a subtractive color model. What does C, Y and M in
this color model represent?
In a chromacity diagram of a RGB color model , define complementary colors and pure
colors.
Curves : hermite and Bezier

What is called a convex hull?

What are the important properties of Bezier Curve?.
What is the condition for joining two Hermite curves smoothly.
Differentiate between Geometric continuity and parametric continuity.
Given a Bezier curve represented by two end points as A(30,0) and B(0,0) and two control
points that control endpoints tangent vectors as C(50, –10) and D(50, -40). Find any other
two points on this curve.
How do control points form the Bezier curve.
Derive the basis matrix of Hermite curve.
List any two properties of Bezier curve.
Consider a Bezier Curve with end point P1 and P4 in x direction as 3 and 7 respectively.
The two intermediate control points P2 being 5 and P3 being 6 in x direction. What will be
the magnitude of starting tangent vector R1 and magnitude of ending tangent vector R4 in x
direction?
What is the advantage of convex hull property in Bezeir curve?
Animation
What is the normal speed of a visual animation?
List the Characteristics of keyframe animation.
What are Key Frame Systems?
What should be the pattern of frame spacing in order to simulate
i) Negative acceleration in an animation scene?
ii) Positive acceleration in an animation scene?
Constant acceleration ina an animation scene?
Specify the rules to equalize the set of edges in key frames ‘k’ and ‘k+1’ in an animation
scene. Using these rules, transform a triangle into a pentagon.
How do we specify animation sequence using kinematic and inverse kinematic description?
Visible surface detection : z buffer , depth sort , warner’s algo
Explain Warnock’s Area Sub Division algorithm for visible surface determination. Does it
use edge coherence or area coherence?
Explain in detail about depth sort method and Z-buffer method for visible surface
detection.
Explain briefly an area subdivision algorithm for visible surface determination.
List the various ambiguities that may arise in the Depth Sort algorithm of Hidden surface
removal when the polygons z-extent overlap.
Given two keyframes for an object transformation, First keyframe contains a triangle and
the second keyframe contains a quadrilateral, Discuss any one technique to linearly expand
a triangle into a quadrilateral.
Briefly explain the working of Z buffer algorithm.
Explain in detail an area subdivision algorithm for hidden surface removal
How can you compute the depth value Z(x,y) in z-buffer algorithm. Using incremental
calculations find out the depth value Z(x+1, y) and Z (x, y+1).
Give two reasons why Z buffer algorithm for visible surface determination is a fast
algorithm.
15) Consider any 3D object, Write the transformations matrices to rotate it about y-axis by θ=-30 , about
x-axis by =45 and projected onto z=0 plane from center of projection at z=zc=2.5. What will be the
value of vanishing point?

3D TRANSFORMATION

16)What are axonometric projections? Define the three types of axonometric projections.

3D TRANSFORMATION
17)Prove that parallel lines remain parallel after generalized 2D transformation.
18)Prove that mid point of a line remain invariant before and after transformation.
19)Reflect the diamond shaped polygon whose vertices are A(-1,0) , B(0,-2) , C(1,0) and D(0,2) about the
line y= 2x+4 using homogeneous co-ordinates.

20)Obtain the composite 3D transformation matrix to successively rotate an object by - 90⁰ about the y
axis , reflect through xz plane and shrink the object to half of its original size.

21)What is foreshortening factor ? Obtain the trimetric projection formed by a 45 degree rotation
about the y axis followed by a 60 degree rotation about the x axis and projection on z=0 plane.

3D TRANSFORMATION
Q Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling

• Uniform Scaling: Uniform scaling involves scaling an object uniformly in all

dimensions by the same factor. This means that the object grows or shrinks
while maintaining its original proportions.
• Differential Scaling: Differential scaling involves scaling an object by
different factors along different axes. This can result in the object being
stretched or compressed in one or more directions independently of the
others.

Q) What is fixed point?

Q) Differentiate between cavalier projection and cabinet projection.

Q) what is vanishing point and its principle?

Vanishing Point and Principal Vanishing Point:

• Vanishing Point: In perspective drawing, the vanishing point is a point on the
horizon line to which parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the
distance.
• Principal Vanishing Point: The principal vanishing point is the vanishing
point towards which lines parallel to one of the primary axes (usually the z-
axis) converge. In scenes with rectangular objects, the principal vanishing
point corresponds to the direction in which the sides of the objects appear to
converge.

Q) DDA vs Mid point line drawing algorithm

Q) mid point ellipse drawing algorithm
Q) What are the basic transformations?

Basic transformations in computer graphics refer to fundamental

operations used to manipulate the position, orientation, size, and shape of
graphical objects. These transformations are essential for creating various
visual effects and for rendering complex scenes. The basic transformations
include:

1. Translation:
 • Translation involves moving an object from one position to
another in a coordinate system.
• It is performed by adding or subtracting constant values to the
coordinates of each point comprising the object.
• Translation can be applied along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis
independently or in combination to achieve movement in any
direction.
2. Rotation:
• Rotation involves changing the orientation of an object around
a specified axis.
• It can be performed in 2D or 3D space, with rotation angles
specified in degrees or radians.
• Rotation transformations are typically represented by rotation
matrices or quaternion rotations, which describe the
transformation's effects on the object's vertices.
3. Scaling:
• Scaling involves resizing an object by multiplying or dividing its
dimensions by scaling factors.
• It can be uniform, where all dimensions are scaled by the same
factor, or non-uniform, where each dimension is scaled
independently.
• Scaling transformations can make an object larger
(enlargement) or smaller (reduction) in size.
4. Shearing:
• Shearing involves skewing an object along one or more axes,
causing its shape to distort.
• Shearing transformations are commonly used in 2D and 3D
graphics to create slanted or tilted effects.
5. Reflection:
• Reflection involves flipping an object across a specified axis,
such as the x-axis, y-axis, or an arbitrary line.
• It results in a mirror image of the original object with reversed
coordinates along the chosen axis.
6. Projection:
• Projection involves mapping 3D objects onto a 2D plane for
display on a screen or output device.
 • Common projection techniques include orthographic
projection, perspective projection, and various specialized
projections used in computer graphics applications.

These basic transformations serve as building blocks for more complex

graphics operations, allowing developers to create dynamic and visually
appealing scenes in computer-generated imagery (CGI), video games,
simulations, and other graphical applications.
2
Let's denote the reflection through the xaxis as Rs and the reflection through the line
yxas Ry. Then, the matrix representations of these transformations are:

Now, let's compute the composition of thesetwo reflections, which is equivalentto

applying first Ry-s and then Re.

fo1+1-0 1-0*0.R
1·1+0-0
-

This resulting matrix is a rotation matrix Specifically, it represents a counterclockwise

rotation by 90 degrees about the origin.

Therefore, we have shown that the composition of a refiection through the >xais
followed bya reflection through theliney-xis equivalent to apure rotation about the
origin.
 at

ly)
Al,0)A'(o, 1)

cl -l,0) ’clo, -1)

Ro-toe
sin tos
-Sin0
Cox0

Rotatinp AO,1)
 loint cCo,-1)

Nuo oodinado A-lo)

 Question 7-14

Q. Obtain a transformation matrix for shearing an object about a specified pivot point

Q. Obtain a transformation matrix for rotating an object about a specified pivot point
Q. Show that the two successive rotations is additive that is R(Ѳ1).R(Ѳ2)= R(Ѳ1+Ѳ2).
Q. What are the different types of parallel projections?
Q. What are axonometric projections? Define the three types of axonometric projections.

Q. Differentiate between parallel and perspective projection.

Q. Write the following 3D transformation matrices in homogeneous co-ordinates
i) Rotation about x-axis by 90°
ii) Orthographic projection on y=0 plane
iii) Single point perspective projection on z=0 plane with centre of projection at zc=1.0
Uniform scaling by a factor of 3.

Q. Perform a 45o rotation of a triangle A(0,0, B(1,1), C(5,2)

i) About the origin.
ii) About the point p(-1,-1)
(Use Homogenous coordinates)