MATHS

BY

DURGESH
SHARMA
Class – XII

ACHIEVER'S

VECTOR ALGEBRA

BOARDS PREVIOUS
YEAR QUESTIONS
 Vector Algebra

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QUICK RECAP
A
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VECTOR 8 Magnitude : The distance between the
points A and B is called the magnitude of the
8 A physical quantity having magnitude as well 
as direction is called a vector. A vector is directed line segment AB . It is denoted by


S A
represented by a line segment, denoted as | AB | .
 
AB or a . Here, point A is the initial point 8 Position Vector : Let P be any point in space,


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having coordinates (x, y, z) with respect to
and B is the terminal point of the vector AB .

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some fixed point O (0, 0, 0) as origin, then

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A H S
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E
R G
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D
  they have equal magnitudes and direction
the vector OP having O as its initial point
regardless of the positions of their initial
and P as its terminal point is called the
of the point P with respect
position vector points.
 to
O. The vector OP is usually denoted by r . 8 Coinitial Vectors : Vectors having same
initial point are called co-initial vectors.
8 Collinear Vectors : Two or more vectors are
called collinear if they have same or parallel

A
supports, irrespective of their magnitudes
and directions.

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8 Negative of a Vector : A vector having the

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  same magnitude as that of a given vector
Magnitude of OP is, OP = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 but directed in the opposite sense  is called


i.e., | r | = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . negative of the given vector i.e., BA = − AB .

S A
In general, the position vectors of points A, ADDITION OF VECTORS
B, C, etc. with
  respect
 to the origin O are
denoted by a, b, c , etc. respectively. 8 Triangle law : Let the

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

H
8 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios :  vectors be a and b
The angles a, b, g made by the vector r so positioned such

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with the positive directions of x, y and z-axes that initial point of
respectively are called its direction angles. one coincides with

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The cosine values of these angles, i.e., cosa, terminal point of the
   
cosb and cosg  are called direction cosines of other. If a = AB, b = BC. Then the vector
the vector r , and usually denoted by l, m and  
a + b is represented side of DABC

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n respectively.   bythe
 third
Direction cosines of r are given as i.e., AB + BC = AC
x y 8 Parallelogram law :

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l= ,m = ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 If the two vectors a
x + y +z x + y +z 
z and b are represented

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n= by the two adjacent
x2 + y2 + z2 sides OA and OB

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The numbers lr, mr and nr, proportional
 to of a parallelogram
the direction cosines of vector  r are called  
OACB, then their sum a + b is represented
direction ratios of the vector r and denoted

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in magnitude and direction by the diagonal
as a, b and c respectively.
i.e., a = lr, b = mr and c = nr OC of parallelogram 
OACB
 through
 their
Note : l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 and a2 + b2 + c2 ≠ 1, common point O i.e., OA + OB = OC

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(in general). Properties of Vector Addition
TYPES OF VECTORS X Vector   is commutative i.e.,
 addition
a + b = b + a.
8 Zero vector : A vector whose initial and
terminal points coincide is called a zero (or X Vector
 addition   i.e.,
  isassociative
null) vector. It cannot be assigned a definite a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c.
direction as it has
 zero magnitude and it is X Existence of additive identity : The zero
denoted by the 0 . vector
 acts   identity i.e., 
 as additive
8 Unit Vector : A vector whose magnitude is a + 0 = a = 0 + a for any vector a .
unity i.e., | a | = 1 . It is denoted by a . X Existence
 of additive inverse : The negative
  of a i.e., − a acts as additive inverse i.e.,
8 Equal Vectors : Two vectors a and  b      
a + (−a) = 0 = (−a) + a for any vector a.
are said to be equal, written as a = b , iff
MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A = ( x2 i + y2 j + z2 k ) − ( x1 i + y1 j + z1 k )
SCALAR
 = ( x2 − x1 )i + ( y2 − y1 ) j + ( z2 − z1 )k
8 Let a be a given vector andl be a given 
scalar (a real number), then λ a is defined as ∴| P1P2 |= ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
the multiplication of vector a by the scalar l. SECTION FORMULA
Its
 magnitude
 is  λ times the modulus of
8 Let A, B be two points such that
a i.e., λ a = λ a .    

A
  OA = a and OB = b. 
Direction of λa is same as that of a if λ > 0 X The position vector r of the point P which

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and opposite to that of a if λ < 0. divides the line segment AB internally in the


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1   mb + na
Note : If l =  , provided that a ≠ 0, then
|a | ratio m : n is given by r = .
  m+n
λa represents the unit vector in the direction
 X The position vector r of the point P which
 a
of a i.e. a =  divides the line segment AB externally in the

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|a|  
 mb − na
ratio m : n is given by r = .
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR m−n

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

H
X The position vector r of the mid-point
  of the
8 Let O be the origin and P(x, y, z) be any point  a+b

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in space. Let iˆ , jˆ , kˆ be unit vectors along line segment AB is given by r = .

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the X-axis,
 Y-axis and Z-axis respectively. 2
Then OP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , which is called the PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

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component form of OP .  Here x, y and z are 8 Scalar (or dot) product : The scalar (or dot)
   
scalar components of OP  and xi , y j , zk are product of two (non-zero) vectors a and b ,
 
vector components of OP .

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 denoted by a ⋅ b (read as a dot b ) , is defined
    
8 If a and b are two given vectors as as a ⋅ b = a b cos θ = ab cos θ,
   

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a = a iˆ + a jˆ + a kˆ and b = b iˆ + b jˆ + b kˆ where, a = a , b = b and
1 2 3 1 2 3  q(0 ≤ q ≤ p) is the
and l be any scalar, then angle between a and b.
 
a + b = (a1 + b1 )i + (a2 + b2 ) j + (a3 + b3 )k Properties of Scalar Product :

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X X
     
X a − b = (a1 − b1 )i + (a2 − b2 ) j + (a3 − b3 )k (i) Scalar product is commutative : a ⋅b = b ⋅ a
  

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X λa = ( λa1 )i + ( λa2 ) j + ( λa3 )k (ii) a ⋅ 0 = 0
 
X a =b ⇔
  a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 and a3 = b3 (iii) Scalar product is distributive over

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X a and b are collinear iff addition :
      
b1 b2 b3
= = = λ. • a ⋅ (b + c ) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c
 )     

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a1 a2 a3 • ( a + b ⋅c = a ⋅c + b ⋅c

VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS      
(iv) λ(a ⋅ b ) = (λ a ) ⋅ b = a ⋅ (λ b ), λ be any
8 If P1(x1, y1, z1) and scalar.
P2 (x2, y2, z2) are (v) If i, j, k are three unit vectors along
any two points in three mutually perpendicular lines, then
the space then the i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k =1 and i ⋅ j = j ⋅ k = k ⋅ i = 0
vector joining P1 (vi) Angle between two non-zero vectors
and P2 is the  
  a ⋅b
vector P1P2 . a and b is given by cosθ =  
a b
Applying  law in DOP1P2, we get
 triangle    
a ⋅b
OP1 + P1P2 = OP2
   i.e., q = cos −1    
⇒ P1P2 = OP2 − OP1  | a || b | 
  C
(vii) Two non-zero vectors a and b are 
mutually perpendicular if and only if a
 
a ⋅b = 0 A
  B
   
D b
(viii)If q = 0, then a ⋅ b = a b 1
Area of triangle ABC = AB ⋅ CD
    2
If q = p, then a ⋅ b = − a b
1   1  
8 Projection of a vector on B = | b || a | sin θ = | a × b |
2 2

A
a
line 
 : Let the vector (viii) If a and b represent D C
AB makes an angle q A 

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 the adjacent sides of a
with directed line  .  C

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p
  a parallelogram as 

Projection of AB on  = AB cos θ = AC = p. given in the figure. A E b B

The vector p is called the projection vector. Then, area of parallelogram ABCD = AB⋅DE
    
Its magnitude is p,which is known as = | b | | a | sinθ =| a × b |

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 
projection of vector AB . (ix) If a = a1iˆ + a2 jˆ + a3 kˆ , b = b iˆ + b jˆ + b kˆ ,
1 2 3
 

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Projection of a vector a on b , is given as iˆ jˆ kˆ

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 1    
a ⋅ b i.e.,  (a ⋅ b ) . a × b = a1 a2 a3

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|b |

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b1
b2 b3
8 Vector (or Cross) Product : The vector (or
= (a2b3 − a3b2 )i + (a3b1 − a1b3 ) j

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cross)
 product of two (non-zero) vectors
+ (a1b2 − a2b1 )k
a and  b (in an assigned order), denoted 
by a × b (read as a cross b ), is defined as 
(x) Angle between two vectors a and b is

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     
a × b = a b sin θ n where q(0 ≤ q ≤ p) is |a ×b |
  given by sinq =  
the angle between a and b and 
 n is a unit | a || b |

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vector perpendicular to both a and b .  
|a × b |
X Properties of Vector Product : i.e., q = sin    
–1

     | a || b | 

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(i) Non-commutative : a × b = −b × a
8 Scalar Triple Product : The scalar  triple

(ii) Vector product is distributive over
product of any three vectors a , b and c is

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addition :    
       written as a ⋅ (b × c ) or a b c  .
a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c Coplanarity
 of Three Vectors  : Three
  vectors

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X
       
(iii) λ(a × b ) = (λa ) × b = a × (λb ) , l be a, b and c are coplanar iff a ⋅ (b × c) = 0.
any scalar.

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    X Volume of parallelopiped formed by
(iv) (λ1a) × (λ 2b ) = λ1λ 2(a × b ) adjacent sides given by the three vectors

a = (a1iˆ + a2 jˆ + a3 kˆ ) , b = (b1iˆ + b2 jˆ + b3 kˆ ) ,

(v) i × j = k , j × k = i, k × i = j
    
and c = (c1iˆ + c2 jˆ + c3 kˆ ) , is a ⋅ (b × c ) .

(vi) Two non-zero vectors a , b are collinear
   a1 a2 a3
if and only if a × b = 0
       (  )
Similarly, a × a = 0 and a × (−a) = 0, since i.e., a ⋅ b × c = b1 b2 b3
in the first situation q = 0 and in the c1 c2 c3
second one, q = p, making the value of   
sin q to be 0. X For any three vectors a , b and c ,
         
 (i) [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b]
(vii) If a and b represent the adjacent sides       
of a triangle as given in the figure. Then, (ii) [a b c] = − [a c b] (iii) [a a b] = 0
 Previous Years’ CBSE
PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

10.2 Some Basic Concepts 9. If A, B and C are the vertices of a triangle ABC,
  
then what is the value of AB + BC + CA ?
VSA (1 mark)
 (Delhi 2011C)

A
1. Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2, making
π π 10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by

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an angle of with x-axis, with y-axis and
4 2 a Scalar

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an acute angle q with z-axis.  (AI 2014)
 VSA (1 mark)
2. If a unit vector a makes angles π with iˆ ,
3 10. The position vector of two points A and B
π
with ĵ and an acute angle q with k , then

S A
 
4 are OA = 2iˆ − jˆ − kˆ and OB = 2iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ ,
find the value of q. (Delhi 2013) respectively. The position vector of a point P

H
3. which divides the line segment joining A and

H
Find the magnitude of the vector
 B in the ratio 2 : 1 is . (2020)
a = 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ .  (AI 2011C)

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11. Find the position vector of a point which
10.3 Types of Vectors divides the join of points with position

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   
vectors a − 2b and 2a + b externally in the
VSA (1 mark) ratio 2 : 1. (Delhi 2016)

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4. The value of p for which p(iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ) is a unit 12. Write the position vector of the point which
vector is divides the join of points with position
1    
(a) 0 (b) vectors 3a − 2b and 2a + 3b in the ratio 2 : 1.

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3  (AI 2016)
(c) 1 (d) 3 (2020) 13. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum

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10.4 Addition of Vectors of the vectors 2iˆ + 3 jˆ − kˆ and 4iˆ − 3 jˆ + 2kˆ .
(Foreign 2015)

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VSA (1 mark) 
14. Find a vector in the direction of a = i − 2 j
5. ABCD is a rhombus, whose diagonals that has magnitude 7 units. (Delhi 2015C)

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intersect at E. Then EA + EB + EC + ED  
15. Write the direction ratios of the vector 3a + 2b
equals  
where a = i + j − 2k and b = 2i − 4 j + 5k .

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 
(a) 0 (b) AD
  (AI 2015C)
(c) 2BC (d) 2AD  (2020)
 16. Write a unit vector in the direction of the
6. Find the sum of the vectors a = i − 2 j + k , 
  sum of the vectors a = 2i + 2 j − 5k and
b = −2i + 4 j + 5k and c = i − 6 j − 7k . 
b = 2i + j − 7k .  (Delhi 2014)
(Delhi 2012)
17. Find the value of ′p′ for which the vectors
7. Find the sum of the following vectors : 3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 9kˆ and iˆ − 2 pjˆ + 3kˆ are parallel.
  
a = i − 3k , b = 2 j − k , c = 2i − 3 j + 2 k (AI 2014)
(Delhi 2012) 18. Find a vector in the direction of vector
8. Find the sum of the following vectors : 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 6kˆ which has magnitude 21 units.
  
a = i − 2 j, b = 2i − 3j, c = 2i + 3k  (Delhi 2012) (Foreign 2014)
19. Write a unit vector in the direction of vector 32. Find a unit vector in the direction of
 
PQ , where P and Q are the points(1, 3, 0) a = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 6kˆ .  (Delhi 2011C)
and (4, 5, 6) respectively. (Foreign 2014) 33. Find a unit vector in the direction of the

20. Write a vector in the direction of the vector vector a = 2i + 3j + 6k .  (AI 2011C)
iˆ − 2 jˆ + 2kˆ that has magnitude 9 units.
(Delhi 2014C) SA (2 marks)
 
34. X and Y are two points with position vectors

A
21. If a = xiˆ + 2 jˆ − zkˆ and b = 3iˆ − y jˆ + kˆ are two
   
equal vectors, then write the value of x + y + z. 3a + b and a − 3b respectively. Write the

Y
(Delhi 2013) position vector of a point Z which divides the

B RM
22. Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum line segment XY in the ratio 2 : 1 externally.
   (AI 2019)
of vectors a = 2iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ and b = − iˆ + jˆ + 3kˆ.
(Delhi 2013) LA 1 (4 marks)

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23. P and Q are two points with position vectors
    35. The two vectors j + k and 3i − j + 4k
3a − 2b and a + b respectively. Write the

H
represent the two sides AB and AC,
position vector of a point R which divides the

H
line segment PQ in the ratio 2 : 1 externally. respectively of a DABC. Find the length of

T
the median through A.

S
(AI 2013)
 (Delhi 2016, Foreign 2015)
24. A and B are two points with position vectors

A H
    36. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and
2a − 3b and 6b − a respectively. Write the
position vector of a point P which divides parallel to the resultant of the vectors
 
a = 2iˆ + 3 jˆ − kˆ and b = iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ .

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the line segment AB internally in the ratio
1 : 2. (AI 2013) (Delhi 2011)

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25. L and M are two points with position vectors
    10.6 Product of Two Vectors
2a − b and a + 2b respectively. Write the
position vector of a point N which divides the VSA (1 mark)

G
line segment LM in the ratio 2 : 1 externally. 
(AI 2013) 37. If the projection of a = iˆ − 2 jˆ + 3kˆ on

R

26. Find the scalar components of the vector b = 2iˆ + λkˆ is zero, then the value of l is
 (a) 0 (b) 1
AB with initial point A(2, 1) and terminal

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point B(–5, 7). (AI 2012) −2 −3
(c) (d)  (2020)
27. Find a unit vector parallel to the sum of the 3 2

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vectors iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 5kˆ . 38. The area of the parallelogram whose
(Delhi 2012C) diagonals are 2î and −3k̂ is square
units.
28. Find a unit vector in the direction of the
 39. 
The value of l for which the vectors
vector a = 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ .  (AI 2012C)
29. Write the direction cosines of the vector 2iˆ − λjˆ + kˆ and iˆ + 2 jˆ − kˆ are orthogonal is
. (2020)
−2iˆ + jˆ − 5kˆ .  (Delhi 2011)
30. For what value of ‘a’, the vectors 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 4kˆ 40. If iˆ , jˆ , kˆ are unit vectors along three mutually
and aiˆ + 6 jˆ − 8kˆ are collinear ? (Delhi 2011) perpendicular directions, then

31. Write a unit vector in the direction of the (a) iˆ ⋅ jˆ = 1 (b) iˆ × jˆ = 1


vector a = 2iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ .  (AI 2011) (c) î ⋅ k = 0 (d) î × k = 0 (2020)
41. Find the magnitude of each of the two  
 54. If a and b are perpendicular vectors,
    
vectors a and b , having the same magnitude a + b =13 and a =5, find the value of b .
such that the angle between them is 60° and (AI 2014)
9
their scalar product is . (2018) 55. Write the projection of the vector iˆ + jˆ + kˆ
2
42. Write the number of vectors of unit along the vector jˆ .  (Foreign 2014)
length perpendicular to both the vectors 56. Write the value of

A
 
a = 2i + j + 2k and b = j + k . (AI 2016) iˆ × ( jˆ + kˆ ) + jˆ × (kˆ + iˆ ) + kˆ × (iˆ + jˆ ).  (Foreign 2014)
  

Y
43. If a , b , c are unit vectors such that 57. Write the projection of the vector

B RM
     
a + b + c = 0, then write the value of a = 2iˆ − jˆ + kˆ on the vector b = iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ .
     
a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a.  (Foreign 2016)  (Delhi 2014C)
  2   2   
44. If a × b + a ⋅ b = 400 and a = 5 then 58. If a and b are unit vectors, then find the angle

S A
   
between a and b , given that ( 3 a − b ) is a

write the value of | b | . (Foreign 2016)
 unit vector. (Delhi 2014C)

H

45. If a = 7iˆ + jˆ − 4kˆ and b = 2iˆ + 6 jˆ + 3kˆ , then

H
  59. Write the value of cosine of the angle which
find the projection of a on b . 

T
the vector a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ makes with y-axis.

S
(Delhi 2015, 2013C)
(Delhi 2014C)
46. If aˆ , b̂ and ĉ are mutually perpendicular unit

A H
   
vectors, then find the value of | 2a + b + c | . 60. If a = 8, b = 3 and a × b =12, find the
 
(AI 2015) angle between a and b .  (AI 2014C)

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47. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the 1. Find the angle between x-axis and the vector
 
vectors a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and b = iˆ + jˆ .  (AI 2015) iˆ + jˆ + kˆ .  (AI 2014C)

E
48. Find the area of a parallelogram whose  
62. Find x , if for a unit vector a ,
adjacent sides are represented by the    
( x − a ) ⋅ ( x + a ) =15 

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vectors 2iˆ − 3kˆ and 4 jˆ + 2kˆ .  (Foreign 2015) (AI 2013)
 
49. If a and b are unit vectors, then what is the 63. Write the value of l so that the vectors

R
  
   a = 2iˆ + λjˆ + kˆ and b = iˆ − 2 jˆ + 3kˆ are
angle between a and b so that 2 a − b is
a unit vector ? (Delhi 2015C) perpendicular to each other.

U
50. Find the projection of the vector (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012C)
 
a = 2iˆ + 3 jˆ + 2kˆ on the vector b = 2iˆ + 2 jˆ + kˆ . 64. For what value of l are the vectors iˆ + 2λjˆ + kˆ

D
 (AI 2015C)
and 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ are perpendicular?
51. Find the projection of vector i + 3j + 7k (AI 2013C, 2011C, Delhi 2012C)
on the vector 2i − 3j + 6k . (Delhi 2014)   
  65. Write the projection of b + c on a , where
52. If a and b are two unit vectors such that   
  a = 2iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ ,b = iˆ + 2 jˆ − 2kˆ and c = 2iˆ − jˆ + 4kˆ .
a + b is also a unit vector, then find the angle  (AI 2013C)
 
between a and b .  (Delhi 2014)
66. Find ‘l’ when the projection of
    2  
53. If vectors a and b are such that, a = 3, b = a = λiˆ + jˆ + 4kˆ on b = 2iˆ + 6 jˆ + 3kˆ is 4 units.
3
  (Delhi 2012)
and a × b is a unit vector, then write the
 
angle between a and b .  (Delhi 2014) 67. Write the value of (iˆ × jˆ )⋅ kˆ + iˆ ⋅ jˆ .  (AI 2012)
68. Write the value of (kˆ × jˆ ) ⋅ iˆ + jˆ ⋅ kˆ .  (AI 2012) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
81. If i + j + k , 2 i + 5 j, 3 i + 2 j − 3 k and i − 6 j − k
69. Write the value of (kˆ × iˆ ) ⋅ jˆ + iˆ ⋅ kˆ .  (AI 2012) respectively are the position vectors of points
  A, B, C and D, then find the angle between
70. Write the angle between two vectors a and b the straight lines AB and CD. Find whether
with magnitudes 3 and 2 respectively  
  AB and CD are collinear or not.(Delhi 2019)
having a ⋅ b = 6.  (AI 2011)  
82. Let a = 4i + 5j − k , b = i − 4 j + 5k and

A
71. Write the projection of the vector iˆ − jˆ on  
c = 3i + j − k . Find a vector d which is
the vector iˆ + jˆ .  (AI 2011)    

Y
perpendicular to both c and b and d ⋅ a = 21 .
   

B RM
72. If | a |= 3 , | b |= 2 and angle between a and b (2018)
    
is 60°, find a ⋅ b . (Delhi 2011C) 83. If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular
vectors of equal magnitudes, show that
SA (2 marks)   

S A
the vector a + b + c is equally inclined
73. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the   
 to a , b and c . Also, find the angle which
       

H
vectors a and b and where a = 5iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ a + b + c makes with a or b or c .

H

and b = 7iˆ + 6 jˆ + 2kˆ .  (2020)  (Delhi 2017)

T S
74. Show that for any two non-zero vectors 84. Show that the points A, B, C with position
       
vectors 2i − j + k , i − 3j − 5k and 3i − 4 j − 4k

A H
a and b , a + b = a − b iff a and b are
(2020) respectively, are the vertices of a right-angled
perpendicular vectors.
triangle. Hence find the area of the triangle.
75. Show that the vectors 2iˆ − jˆ + kˆ , 3iˆ + 7 jˆ + kˆ

M S
(AI 2017)
and 5iˆ + 6 jˆ + 2kˆ form the sides of a right- 85. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
angled triangle. (2020)
2i − 4 j − 5k and 2i + 2 j + 3k . Find the two

E
76. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,
prove that the magnitude of their difference
unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using
the diagonal vectors, find the area of the

G
is3. (Delhi 2019) parallelogram. (AI 2016)
        

R
 86. If a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d , show
77. Let a = iˆ + 2 jˆ − 3kˆ and b = 3iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ be      
  that a − d is parallel to b − c , where a ≠ d
two vectors. Show that the vectors (a + b )  

U
  and b ≠ c .  (Foreign 2016)
and (a − b ) are perpendicular to each other.
  
 (AI 2019) 87. If r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , find (r × iˆ ) ⋅(r × jˆ ) + xy .

D
78. If q is the angle between two vectors (Delhi 2015)
i − 2 j + 3k and 3i − 2 j + k , find sin q. (2018)  ˆ ˆ ˆ  
88. If a = i + 2 j + k, b = 2iˆ + jˆ and c = 3iˆ − 4 jˆ − 5kˆ ,
then find a unit vector perpendicular to both
LA 1 (4 marks)    
 of the vectors (a − b ) and (c − b ) . (AI 2015)

79. If a = iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ and b = 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ       
89. Vectors a , b and c are such that a + b + c = 0
represent two adjacent sides of a   
and a = 3, b = 5 and c = 7 . Find the
parallelogram, find unit vectors parallel to  
the diagonals of the parallelogram. (2020) angle between a and b .  (Delhi 2014)

80. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle 90. The scalar product of the vector a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ
ABC with vertices A(1, 2, 3), B(2, –1, 4) and with a unit vector along the sum of vectors
 
C(4, 5, –1) (2020, Delhi 2013, AI 2013) b = 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ and c = λiˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ is
 equal to one. Find the value of l and hence  
  101. If a = 3iˆ − jˆ and b = 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ then express
find the unit vector along b + c .  (AI 2014)        
b in the form b = b1 + b2 where b1 || a and b2 ⊥ a .
   
91. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both b1 || a and b2 ⊥ a .  (AI 2013C)
   
of the vectors a + b and a − b where   
 ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ ˆ ˆ 102. If a , b , c are three vectors such that
a = i + j + k ,b = i + 2 j + 3k .  (Foreign 2014)       
 | a | = 5, | b | = 12 and | c | = 13 and a + b + c = 0,
       
92. If a = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + kˆ , b = −iˆ + kˆ , c = 2 jˆ − kˆ are find the value of a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a .

A
three vectors, find the area of the parallelogram  (Delhi 2012)
   
having diagonals (a + b ) and (b + c ) .  

Y

103. Let a = iˆ + 4 jˆ + 2kˆ ,b = 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 7kˆ and c = 2i − j + 4k .


B RM
(Delhi 2014C) Find a vector p which is perpendicular to
   
 both a and b and p ⋅ c = 18.  (AI 2012)
93. Find the vector p which is perpendicular to
 
both α = 4iˆ + 5 jˆ − kˆ and β = iˆ − 4 jˆ + 5kˆ and 104. If the sum of two unit vectors aˆ and bˆ is a
  

S A
p ⋅q = 21, where q = 3iˆ + jˆ − kˆ .  (AI 2014C) unit vector, show that the magnitude of their
  difference is 3 .  (Delhi 2012C)
94. If a and b are two vectors such that

H
     105. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each

H
a + b = a , then prove that vector 2a + b    
 of the vectors a + b and a − b , where


T
is perpendicular to vector b .  (Delhi 2013) 
a = 3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 2kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 jˆ − 2kˆ .

S
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ (Delhi 2011)
95. If a = i + j + k and b = j − k, find a

A H
 
      106. If two vectors a and b are such that
vector c, such that a × c = b and a ⋅ c = 3.    
(Delhi 2013) | a | = 2, | b | = 1and a ⋅ b = 1, then find the
   

M S
  value of (3a − 5b ) ⋅ (2a + 7b ).  (Delhi 2011)
96. 
If a = i − j + 7k and b = 5i − j + λk , then  
    107. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle
find the value of l, so that a + b and a − b

E
with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5).
are perpendicular vectors. (AI 2013) (AI 2011)
    

G
97. If a ,b ,c are three mutually perpendicular 108. If a , b and c are three mutually perpendicular
vectors of the same magnitude, prove that vectors of equal magnitude, show that
        

R
a + b + c is equally inclined with the vectors a + b + c is equally inclined to a ,b and c .
  
a ,b and c .  (Delhi 2013C) Also find the angle. (Delhi 2011C)
  

U
98. Dot product of a vector with vectors 109. If a , b and c are three vectors such that
  
ˆi − jˆ + kˆ , 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ ˆ
and i + j + k areˆ ˆ a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5 and each one

D
respectively 4, 0 and 2. Find the vector. of them is perpendicular to the sum of the
  
(Delhi 2013C) other two, then find | a + b + c |.  (AI 2011C)
99. Find the values of l for which the angle

between the vectors a = 2 λ2 iˆ + 4 λjˆ + kˆ and
10.7 Scalar Triple Product

b = 7iˆ − 2 jˆ + λkˆ is obtuse. (AI 2013C) VSA (1 mark)
   
100. If a ,b and c are three vectors such that 110. Find l, if the vectors a = i + 3j + k ,
 
each one is perpendicular to the vector b = 2i − j − k and c = λjˆ + 3kˆ are coplanar.
obtained by sum of the other two and (Delhi 2015)
  
a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5, then prove that     
111. Find a ⋅ (b × c ), if a = 2i + j + 3k , b = − i + 2 j + k
   (AI 2013C)  ˆ ˆ
a + b + c = 5 2 . and c = 3i + j + 2kˆ .  (AI 2014)
 SA (2 marks)   
117. Show that the vectors a , b and c are coplanar
     
112. Find the volume of the parallelepiped if a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar.
whose adjacent edges are represented by (Delhi 2016)
  
2a , − b and 3c , where 118. Find the value of l so that the four points A,
 
a = iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ , b = 3iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ and B, C and D with position vectors 4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ ,
  (2020)
c = 2iˆ − jˆ + 3kˆ .
− jˆ − kˆ , 3iˆ + λjˆ + 4k and − 4iˆ + 4 jˆ + 4kˆ

A
 
113. If a = 2 ^i + 3 ^j + k^, b = ^i − 2 ^j + k^ and respectively are coplanar. (Delhi 2015C)
    

Y
 ^ ^ ^
c = −3 i + j + 2 k, find [a b c ].  (Delhi 2019) 119. Prove that : [a, b + c, d] = [a, b, d] + [a, c, d].

B RM
(AI 2015C)
LA 1 (4 marks)   
120. Prove that, for any three vectors a , b , c
114. Find the value of x, for which the four        
[a + b b + c c + a] = 2[a b c ]  (Delhi 2014)

S A
points A(x, –1, –1), B(4, 5, 1), C(3, 9, 4) and
D(–4, 4, 4) are coplanar. (AI 2019) 121. Show that the four points A, B, C and D
      
115. Let a = i + j + k, b = i and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k ,

H
with position vectors 4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ , − jˆ − kˆ ,

H
then 3iˆ + 9 jˆ + 4kˆ and 4 ( −iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ) respectively

T
(a) Let c1 = 1 and c2 = 2, find c3 which makes

S
   are coplanar. (AI 2014)
a , b and c coplanar.   
122. Show that the vectors a ,b ,c are coplanar if

A H
(b) If c2 = –1 and c3 = 1, show that no value
        
of c1 can make a , b and c coplanar. and only if a + b ,b + c and c + a are coplanar.
(Delhi 2017) (Foreign 2014)

M S
  
116. Find the value of l, if four points with position 123. If the three vectors a ,b and c are coplanar,
vectors 3i + 6 j + 9k , i + 2 j + 3k , 2 i + 3j + k      
prove that the vectors a + b ,b + c and c + a

E
and 4i + 6 j + λk are coplanar. (AI 2017) are also coplanar. (Delhi 2014C, 2013C)

G
Detailed Solutions

R
π 1 π 2 2 2
1. Here, l = cos = , m = cos = 0, Now, l + m + n = 1
4 2 2

U
n = cosq 2 2
1  1 
Since, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 ⇒   + + n2 = 1
 2   2 

D
1 1 1
⇒ + 0 + cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ cos2 θ = 1 − = 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 ⇒ + + n2 = 1 ⇒ n2 = ⇒ n=±
4 2 4 2
1 π π 1 1
⇒ cos θ = ⇒θ= ∴ n = cos = ⇒ cos θ = ±
2 4 4 2 2
\ The vector of magnitude 5 2 is But q is an acute angle (given).
 1 π
a = 5 2(li + mj + nk ) ∴ θ = cos −1   =
2 3
 1 1 ˆ 
= 5 2  iˆ + 0 jˆ + k  = 5(iˆ + kˆ )
 2 2  3. Here, a = 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ

π 1 π 1 \ Its magnitude = a
2. l = cos = , m = cos = and n = cos θ
3 2 4 2 = 32 + (−2)2 + 62 = 9 + 4 + 36 = 49 = 7.
4. (b) : Let a = (iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ) 13. Let a = 2iˆ + 3 jˆ − kˆ and b = 4iˆ − 3 jˆ + 2kˆ .
 iˆ + jˆ + kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ Then, the sum of the given vectors is
So, unit vector of a = = (i + j + k )
1+1+1 3   
c = a + b = (2 + 4)i + (3 − 3) j + ( −1 + 2)k = 6i + k
1
\ The value of p is .   
3 and | c |=| a + b |= 62 + 12 = 36 + 1 = 37
    
5. (a) : EA + EB + EC + ED  c 6i + k 6  1 
\ Unit vector, c =  = = i+ k

A
   
= EA + EB − EA − EB |c | 37 37 37


Y
[As diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other] 14. A unit vector in the direction of a = iˆ − 2 jˆ


B RM
=0 a iˆ − 2 jˆ 1 ˆ
is aˆ =  = = (i − 2 jˆ )
6. The given vectors are |a| 2
1 + ( −2) 2 5
  
a = i − 2 j + k , b = −2i + 4 j + 5k , c = iˆ − 6 jˆ − 7kˆ \ The required vector of magnitude 7 in the


S A
  7 ˆ
\ Their sum = a + b + c 
direction of a = 7 ⋅ aˆ = (i − 2 jˆ ).
= (i − 2 j + k ) + ( −2i + 4 j + 5k ) + (i − 6 j − 7k ) 
5

H

= −4 jˆ − kˆ . 15. a = iˆ + jˆ − 2kˆ ; b = 2iˆ − 4 jˆ + 5kˆ

H
    
∴ 3a + 2b = 3(i + j − 2k ) + 2(2i − 4 j + 5k )

T
7. Required sum = a + b + c

S
= (i − 3k ) + (2 j − k ) + (2i − 3j + 2k ) = (3i + 3j − 6k ) + (4i − 8 j + 10k ) = 7i − 5j + 4k

A H
= 3i − j − 2k . \ The direction ratios of the vector
    
8. Required sum = a + b + c 3a + 2b are 7, −5, 4.

M S
= (i − 2 j ) + (2i − 3j ) + (2i + 3k ) = 5iˆ − 5 jˆ + 3kˆ . 16. Refer to answer 13.
 
9. Let ABC be the given 17. Let a = 3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 9kˆ and b = iˆ − 2 pjˆ + 3kˆ

E
triangle.    
   For a and b to be parallel, b = λa.
Now AB + BC = AC
⇒ iˆ − 2 pjˆ + 3kˆ = λ(3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 9kˆ ) = 3λiˆ + 2 λjˆ + 9 λkˆ

G
(By Triangle law)
      ⇒ 1 = 3λ; −2 p = 2 λ, 3 = 9 λ
⇒ AB + BC + CA = AC + CA = 0

R
1 1
⇒ λ = and p = − λ = −
10. Required position vector of point P 3 3

1(2iˆ − jˆ − kˆ ) + 2(2iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ )

U
18. Let a = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 6k . ˆ
= 
2 +1 The vector in the direction of a with a magnitude
2i − j − k + 4iˆ − 2 jˆ + 4kˆ
ˆ of 21 = 21 × â

D
ˆ ˆ
=
3 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 6kˆ
1 ˆ ∴ Required vector = 21 ×
= (6i − 3 jˆ + 3kˆ ) = 2iˆ − jˆ + kˆ
3 22 + ( −3)2 + 62
11. Required position vector
2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 6kˆ
        = 21 × = 6iˆ − 9 jˆ + 18kˆ
2 ⋅ (2a + b ) − 1(a − 2b ) 4a + 2b − a + 2b 7
= =
2 −1 1   
  19. We have PQ = OQ − OP
= 3a + 4b
= ( 4i + 5j + 6k ) − (i + 3j ) = 3i + 2 j + 6k
12. Required position vector
      3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 6kˆ 3iˆ + 2 jˆ + 6kˆ
2 (2a + 3b ) + 1(3a − 2b ) 7a + 4b 7  4  Required unit vector = =
= = = a+ b 7
2 +1 3 3 3 32 + 22 + 62
20. Refer to answer 18. 30. We have, 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 4kˆ and aiˆ + 6 jˆ − 8kˆ
 
21. Given, a = b Two vectors are collinear if and only if,
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ x i + 2 j − zk = 3i − y j + k 2 −3 4 −1
a1 b1 c1
\ x = 3, y = –2, z = –1 = = =λ ⇒ = = = =λ
a2 b2 c2 a 6 −8 2
Hence, the value of x + y + z = 0
2 −1
22. Refer to answer 13. ⇒ = ⇒ a = −4
a 2

A
23. Refer to answer 11. 
31. a = 2iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ
24. Refer to answer 12.

Y

25. Refer to answer 11. a = (2)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9 = 3.

B RM
   
26. Vector AB = OB − OA a 2iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ
Required unit vector is aˆ =  =
a 3
= ( −5i + 7 j ) − (2i + j ) = − 7iˆ + 6 jˆ 2 1 2
= iˆ + jˆ + kˆ

S A
So, its scalar components are (–7, 6). 3 3 3
 
27. Let a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and b = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + 5kˆ 32. Refer to answer 31.
 

H
∴ a + b = (i + j + k ) + (2i − 3j + 5k ) 33. Refer to answer 31.

H
= 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ 34. Position vector which divides the line

T
segment joining points with position vectors

S
     
Any vector parallel to a + b 3a + b and a − 3b in the ratio 2 : 1 externally is
 

A H
= λ(a + b ) = λ(3i − 2 j + 6k ) given by
       
\ The unit vector in this direction 2(a − 3b ) − 1(3a + b ) 2a − 6b − 3a − b
=
λ(3i − 2 j + 6k ) 2 −1 1

M S
=  
= −a − 7b
(3λ)2 + ( −2 λ)2 + (6 λ)2

E
35. Take A to be as origin (0, 0, 0).
λ(3i − 2 j + 6k ) 1
= = ± (3i − 2 j + 6k ) \ Coordinates of B are (0, 1, 1) and coordinates
λ ⋅7 7 of C are (3, –1, 4).

G

28. The given vector is a = 3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ

R

⇒ a = 32 + ( −2)2 + 62 = 7

\ A unit vector in the direction of vector a is


U
a 1
aˆ =  = (3iˆ − 2 jˆ + 6kˆ )
a 7

D
 Let D be the mid point of BC and AD is a median
29. We have, a = −2iˆ + jˆ − 5kˆ
Direction cosines of the given vector are of DABC.
 −2 1 3 5
, , \ Coordinates of D are  , 0, 
 2 2 2
2 2
 (−2) + (1) + (−5) (−2) + (1)2 + (−5)2
2
2 2
−5  3  2 5 
So, length of AD =  − 0  + (0) +  − 0 
 2 2
(−2)2 + (1)2 + (−5)2 
 −2 1 −5  9 25 34 units
= , , = + =
 4 + 1 + 25  4 4 2
4 + 1 + 25 4 + 1 + 25  

 −2 1 −5  36. a = 2iˆ + 3 jˆ − kˆ , b = iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ
∴ Direction cosines are  , ,  
 30 30

30  ∴ a + b = (2iˆ + 3 jˆ − kˆ ) + (iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ ) = 3iˆ + jˆ
   i j k
a + b = 32 + 12 = 10
 
\ A vector of magnitude 5 in the direction of Now, a × b = 2 1 2 = − i − 2 j + 2k
 
  5(a + b ) 5(3i + j ) 0 1 1

a + b is   = 
a +b 10 \ Unit vectors perpendicular to a and b are
  (− i − 2 j + 2k )
37. (c) : Here, a = iˆ − 2 jˆ + 3kˆ , b = 2iˆ + λkˆ  1 2 2 
± = ±  − i − j + k 
 2 2 2  3 3 3 

A
 (−1) + (−2) + (2)
Since, projection of a on b = 0
  So, there are two unit vectors perpendicular to the

Y
a ⋅b (iˆ − 2 jˆ + 3kˆ ) ⋅ (2iˆ + λkˆ ) given vectors.
⇒  =0 ⇒ =0

B RM
b 22 + λ 2   
43. We have a , b , c are unit vectors.
2 + 3λ 2   
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 2 + 3λ = 0 ⇒ l = − Therefore, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 1
4+λ 2 3    
  Also, a + b + c = 0 (given)

S A
38. Given, two diagonals d1 and d2 are   2
⇒ a +b +c = 0
2i and − 3k respectively.
2 2 2      

H
⇒ a + b + c + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0

H
iˆ jˆ kˆ
       
0 0 = iˆ (0) − jˆ ( − 6 − 0) + kˆ (0) = 6 jˆ ⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0

T
∴ d1 × d2 = 2
     

S
0 0 −3 ⇒ 3 + 2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = 0
     

A H
1   3
So, area of the parallelogram = d1 × d2 ⇒ (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) = −
2 2
1  
44. a × b + a ⋅ b = 400
2 2
= × 6 = 3 sq. units

M S
2
    
⇒ { a b sin θ} + { a b cos θ} = 400
2 2

39. Let a = 2iˆ − λjˆ + kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 jˆ − kˆ
   

E
We know, a and b are orthogonal iff a ⋅ b = 0 2 2 2 2
⇒ a b sin2 θ + a b cos2 θ = 400
⇒ (2iˆ − λjˆ + kˆ ) ⋅ (iˆ + 2 jˆ − kˆ ) = 0
2 2 2 
⇒ a b = 400 ⇒ 25 × b = 400  [∵ | a |= 5]

G
1
⇒ 2 – 2l – 1 = 0 ⇒ 1 – 2l = 0 ⇒ l = 2 
2
⇒ b = 16 ⇒ b = 4

R
ˆ ˆ ˆ
40. (c) : Since, i , j, k are mutually perpendicular. 
  a ⋅ b
\ î ⋅ k = 0 45. Projection of a on b = 

U
 |b |
  
41. Given, | a | = | b |, θ = 60° and a ⋅ b = 9
2 (7i + j − 4k ) ⋅ (2i + 6 j + 3k ) 14 + 6 − 12 8
  = = =

D
a ⋅b 2
(2) + (6) + (3) 2 2 7 7
Now, cos θ =  
| a || b |
46. Here aˆ ,bˆ and cˆ are mutually perpendicular
9/2 1 9/2 unit vectors.
⇒ cos 60° =  ⇒ =
|a |2 2 | a |2 ⇒ | a |=| b |=| c |= 1 and a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = 0 ...(1)
   
⇒ | a |2 = 9 ⇒ | a | = 3 ∴ | a | = | b | = 3 ∴ | 2a + b + c |2 = (2a + b + c ).(2a + b + c )
  = 4aˆ ⋅ aˆ + 2aˆ ⋅ bˆ + 2aˆ ⋅ cˆ + 2bˆ ⋅ aˆ + bˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ cˆ + 2cˆ ⋅ aˆ
42. Given, a = 2i + j + 2k and b = j + k
  +cˆ ⋅ bˆ + cˆ ⋅ cˆ
Unit vectors perpendicular to a and b are
  = 4 | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 + 4a ⋅ b + 2b ⋅ c + 4a ⋅ c
 a ×b 
±   .
 | a × b | ( b ⋅ a = a ⋅ b,c ⋅ a = a ⋅ c ,c ⋅ b = b ⋅ c )
= 4⋅12 + 12 + 12  [Using (1)]    
⇒ 2 a ⋅ b = −1 ⇒ 2 a ⋅ b cos θ = −1
=6
⇒ 2⋅1⋅1 cos q = –1
∴ | 2a + b + c |= 6 .
 1
 ⇒ cos θ = − ⇒ θ = 120°
47. Here, a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and b = iˆ + jˆ 2
    2  
Vector perpendicular to both a and b is 53. Given, | a |= 3, | b |= , | a × b |= 1
3
iˆ jˆ kˆ   2
  ⇒ a b sin θ = 1 ⇒ 3. sin θ = 1

A
a × b = 1 1 1 = −iˆ + jˆ + 0kˆ = −iˆ + jˆ 3
1 1 0 1 π

Y
 ⇒ sin θ = ⇒ θ =
 2 6

B RM
\ Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b
     
a ×b −i + j 1   54. Given: a ⊥ b ⇒ a ⋅ b = 0
=   = = (−i + j ).   
|a ×b | ( −1)2 + 12 2 Also, a = 5 and a + b = 13
    

S A
  2
48. Let a = 2i − 3k and b = 4 j + 2k ⇒ a + b = 132 ⇒ (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) = 169
 
The area of a parallelogram with a and b as its        
  ⇒ a ⋅ a + a ⋅ b + b ⋅ a + b ⋅ b = 169

H
adjacent sides is given by | a × b |. 2

H
2
i j k ⇒ a + 0 + 0 + b = 169

T
  2 2

S
⇒ b = 169 − a = 169 − 52 = 144
Now, a × b = 2 0 −3 = 12i − 4 j + 8k 

A H
0 4 2 ⇒ b = 12

\
  55. The projection of the vector (i + j + k ) along
| a × b |= (12)2 + (−4)2 + (8)2 = 144 + 16 + 64

M S
 j 
= 224 = 4 14 sq. units. the vector ĵ is (i + j + k ) ⋅   =1
  2 2 2 
49. Let q be the angle between the unit vectors a  0 +1 + 0 

E
 56. We have,
and b.
 
a ⋅b     iˆ × ( jˆ + kˆ ) + jˆ × ( kˆ + iˆ ) + kˆ × (iˆ + jˆ )
∴ cos θ =   = a ⋅ b  (∵ | a |= 1 =| b |) ...(1)

G
| a || b | = iˆ × jˆ + iˆ × kˆ + jˆ × kˆ + jˆ × iˆ + kˆ × iˆ + kˆ × jˆ

  = kˆ − jˆ + iˆ − kˆ + jˆ − iˆ = 0 .
Now 1 = 2 a − b

R
 2    
(
⇒ 1= 2a −b = 2a −b ⋅ 2a −b )( ) 57. Refer to answer 45.
       58. Refer to answer 49.

U

= 2 | a |2 − 2 a ⋅b − b ⋅ 2 a + | b |2 = 2 − 2 2 a ⋅b + 1
    59. Let q be the angle between the vector
 
∵
( a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a)
  a = i + j + k and y -axis i.e., b = j

D
= 3 − 2 2 a ⋅b
 
  1 1  a ⋅ b (i + j + k ) .j
⇒ a ⋅b = ⇒ cosθ = [By using (1)] ∴ cos θ =   =
2 2 ab i + j + k j
\ q = p/4 1 1
= =
50. Refer to answer 45. 2
1 +1 +1 2 2
12 3
51. Refer to answer 45.  
60. Let angle between the vectors a and b be q.
    
52. Given a = 1 = b , a + b = 1   
Given : a = 8, b = 3 and a × b = 12
 2      
⇒ a + b = 1 ⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ (a + b ) = 1 ⇒ a ⋅ b ⋅ sin θ = 12 ⇒ 8 × 3 sinθ = 12
       
⇒ a ⋅ a + a ⋅b + b ⋅ a + b ⋅b = 1 12 1 π
2   2   ⇒ sin θ = = ⇒ θ = .
⇒ a + 2a ⋅b + b = 1 ⇒ 1 + 2a ⋅b + 1 = 1 24 2 6
 
61. Here, a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and vector along x-axis is iˆ .

68. (kˆ × jˆ ) ⋅ iˆ + jˆ ⋅ kˆ = −iˆ ⋅ iˆ + jˆ ⋅ kˆ = −1 + 0 = −1
\ Angle between a and iˆ is given by
 69. (kˆ × iˆ ) ⋅ jˆ + iˆ ⋅ kˆ = jˆ ⋅ jˆ + 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
cos θ =
a .i
=
(iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ) ⋅ iˆ = 1  
70. Let q be the angle between a and b , then
3 ⋅1 3  
12 + 12 + 12 . 12 a⋅b 6 3
cos θ =   = ×
 1  |a | | b | 3 ⋅2 3
⇒ θ = cos −1  
 3

A
18 3 2 2 1
     = = = =
62. Here ( x − a ) ⋅ ( x + a ) = 15, where a is unit 3×2 3×2 2 2

Y
vector. − 1 1 π
\ θ = cos ⇒θ= .

B RM
       
⇒ x ⋅ x + x ⋅ a − a ⋅ x − a ⋅ a = 15 2 4
2 2        
⇒ x − a = 15 (∵ x ⋅ a = a ⋅ x ) 71. Let a = i − j and b = i + j
2 
⇒ x − 1 = 15 (∵ a = 1) | b |= 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2

S A
2   
⇒ x = 16 = 42 ⇒ x = 4 Also, a ⋅ b = (i − j) ⋅ (i + j) = i ⋅ i + i ⋅ j − j ⋅ i − j ⋅ j = 1 − 1 = 0
   
63. Here, a = 2i + λ j + k and b = i − 2 j + 3k

H
     a ⋅b 0

H
 \ Projection of a on b =  = =0
For a is perpendicular to b , a ⋅ b = 0 |b | 2
 

T
⇒ (2iˆ + λjˆ + kˆ ) ⋅ (iˆ − 2 jˆ + 3kˆ ) = 0 72.

S
 Here,
 | a | = 3 , | b | = 2 and angle between
⇒ 2 × 1 + l (–2) + 1 × 3 = 0 a and b is 60°.

A H
⇒2–2l+3=0     1
Now a ⋅ b =| a | ⋅ | b | ⋅ cos60° = 3 × 2 × = 3.
5 2
⇒λ =  
2 73. Here, a = 5iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ and b = 7iˆ + 6 jˆ + 2kˆ

M S
 
64. Refer to answer 63. Vector perpendicular to both a and b is

65. Here, a = 2iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ iˆ jˆ kˆ

E
   
b = iˆ + 2 jˆ − 2kˆ and c = 2iˆ − jˆ + 4kˆ a ×b = 5 6 −2
  7 6 2

G
⇒ b + c = 3iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ
   = iˆ (12 + 12) − jˆ (10 + 14) + kˆ (30 − 42)
∴ Projection of b + c on a

R
 = 24iˆ − 24 jˆ − 12kˆ = 12(2iˆ − 2 jˆ − kˆ )
(b + c ) .a (3iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ ) . (2iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ )  
=  = \ Unit vector perpendicular to both a and b
a 2iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ  

U
a ×b 24iˆ − 24 jˆ − 12kˆ 12(2iˆ − 2 jˆ − kˆ )
3 × 2 + 1 × ( −2) + 2 × 1 6 =   = =
= = =2 a ×b 576 + 576 + 144 1296
3

D
2 2 2 ˆ ˆ
2 + ( −2) + 1 ˆ
12(2i − 2 j − k ) 1 ˆ
 
= = (2i − 2 jˆ − kˆ )
36 3
66. Here, a = λiˆ + jˆ + 4kˆ , b = 2iˆ + 6 jˆ + 3kˆ  
  74. For any two non-zero vectors a and b , we
Given : Projection of a on b = 4 have
       2  2
a ⋅b (λi + j + 4k ) ⋅ (2i + 6j + 3k ) a +b = a −b ⇒ a +b = a −b
⇒  =4⇒ =4        
|b| | 2iˆ + 6 jˆ + 3kˆ | ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + 2a ⋅ b = a 2 + b 2 − 2a ⋅ b
   
2 λ + 6 + 12 ⇒ 4a ⋅ b = 0 ⇒ a ⋅ b = 0
⇒ =4  
2
2 +6 +3 2 2 So, a and b are perpendicular vectors.
⇒ 2l + 18 = 4 × 7 75. Let A(2iˆ − jˆ + kˆ ), B(3iˆ + 7 jˆ + kˆ ) and C(5iˆ + 6 jˆ + 2kˆ )
⇒ 2l = 28 – 18 =10 A⇒ (2l iˆ −= jˆ5.+ kˆ ), B(3iˆ + 7 jˆ + kˆ ) and C(5iˆ + 6 jˆ + 2kˆ )

67. (iˆ × jˆ ) ⋅ kˆ + iˆ ⋅ jˆ = kˆ ⋅ kˆ + iˆ ⋅ jˆ = 1 + 0 = 1 Then, AB = (3 − 2)iˆ + (7 + 1)jˆ + (1 − 1)kˆ = iˆ + 8 jˆ
  
AC = (5 − 2)i + (6 + 1)j + (2 − 1)k = 3i + 7 j + k 79. Let a = iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ and b = 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ


BC = (5 − 3)i + (6 − 7)j + (2 − 1)k = 2i − j + k Then diagonal AC of the parallelogram is
     
b
Now, angle between AC and BC is given by p = a +b B C
 
AC ⋅ BC
⇒ cos q =   =
6 − 7 +1 = iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ + 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ a 
a
AC BC 9 + 49 + 1 4 + 1 + 1 = 3iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ A  D
b
⇒ cos q = 0 ⇒ AC ⊥ BC Therefore unit vector parallel to it is

A
So, A, B, C are the vertices of right angled triangle. 
p 3iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ 1 ˆ
 = = (3i + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ )

Y
76. Given, aˆ + bˆ = cˆ p 9 + 36 + 4 7

⇒ (aˆ + bˆ ) ⋅ (aˆ + bˆ ) = cˆ ⋅ cˆ

B RM
Now, diagonal BD of the parallelogram is
  
⇒ aˆ ⋅ aˆ + aˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ bˆ + bˆ ⋅ aˆ = cˆ ⋅ cˆ  p′ = b − a = 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ − iˆ − 2 jˆ − 3kˆ = iˆ + 2 jˆ − 8kˆ
Therefore unit vector parallel to it is
⇒ 1 + aˆ ⋅ bˆ + 1 + aˆ ⋅ bˆ = 1 
p′ iˆ + 2 jˆ − 8kˆ 1 ˆ

S A
⇒ 2 aˆ ⋅ bˆ = − 1 ...(i)  = = (i + 2 jˆ − 8kˆ )
p′ 1 + 4 + 64 69
Now (aˆ − bˆ ) = (aˆ − bˆ ) ⋅ (aˆ − bˆ )
2
80. Given, DABC with vertices

H
= aˆ ⋅ aˆ − aˆ ⋅ bˆ − bˆ ⋅ aˆ + bˆ ⋅ bˆ = 1 − aˆ ⋅ bˆ − aˆ ⋅ bˆ + 1

H
A(1, 2, 3) ≡ i + 2 j + 3k , B(2, −1, 4) ≡ 2i − j + 4k ,
[ Using(i)]

T
= 2 − 2aˆ ⋅ bˆ = 2 − ( −1) C ( 4, 5, −1) ≡ 4i + 5j − k

S
  
=3 Now AB = OB − OA = (2iˆ − jˆ + 4kˆ ) − (iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ )

A H
∴ aˆ − bˆ = 3 = iˆ − 3 jˆ + kˆ .
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ ^   
77. Given, a = i + 2 j − 3 k and b = 3 i − j + 2 k AC = OC − OA = ( 4iˆ + 5 jˆ − kˆ ) − (iˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ )
 

M S
^ ^ ^
Now, a + b = 4 i + j − k = 3iˆ + 3 jˆ − 4kˆ .
  ^ ^ ^
iˆ jˆ kˆ
Also, a − b = −2 i + 3 j − 5 k  

E
    ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ \ ( AB × AC ) = 1 −3 1 = 9iˆ + 7 jˆ + 12kˆ
Now, (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b ) = (4 i + j − k ) ⋅ (−2 i + 3 j − 5 k) 3 3 −4

G
= (4)(–2) + (1)(3) + (–1)(–5) = –8 + 3 + 5 = 0 Hence, area of DABC
   
Hence, (a + b ) and (a − b ) are perpendicular to 1   1

R
= AB × AC = 9iˆ + 7 jˆ + 12kˆ
each other. 2 2
  1 2 1
78. Let a = i − 2 j + 3k , b = 3i − 2 j + k 9 + 72 + 122 =

U
= 81 + 49 + 144
    2 2
Now, a ⋅ b = | a || b | cos θ 1
= 274 sq. units

D
2
⇒ (i − 2 j + 3k )⋅(3i − 2 j + k ) = (1)2 + (−2)2 + (3)2 ^ ^ ^
81. Given, position vector of A = i + j + k
^ ^
× (3)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2 cos θ Position vector of B = 2 i + 5 j

^ ^ ^
⇒ 3 + 4 + 3 = 14 × 14 cosθ Position vector of C = 3 i + 2 j − 3 k
^ ^ ^
10 Position vector of D = i − 6 j − k
⇒ cosθ =
14  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
∴ AB = (2 i + 5 j) − ( i + j + k) = i + 4 j − k and
100 96
∴ sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − =  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
196 196 CD = ( i − 6 j − k ) − (3 i + 2 j − 3 k ) = − 2 i − 8 j + 2 k
4 6 2 6 
⇒ sinθ = = Now AB = (1)2 + (4)2 + (1)2 = 18
14 7
 
CD = (−2)2 + (−8)2 + (2)2 = 4 + 64 + 4 b
Similarly, cosβ =    ...(iv)
= 72 = 2 18  a +b +c
 
Let q be the angle between AB and CD. c
  and cos γ =    ...(v)
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a +b +c
AB ⋅ CD ( i + 4 j − k) ⋅ (−2 i − 8 j + 2 k)
∴ cos θ = 
 
 =
| AB || CD | ( 18 )(2 18 ) From (i), (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
cos a = cos b = cos g ⇒ a = b = g

A
−2 − 32 − 2 −36   
= = = −1 Hence, the vector a + b + c is equally inclined to
  

Y
36 36
the vector a , b and c .

B RM
⇒ cosq = –1 ⇒ q= p  Also the angle between them is given as
Since,
angle between AB and CD is 180°.  
  −1  |a |   | b | 
\ AB and CD are collinear. α = cos      ,, β = cos      ,
−1

 |a + b + c | | a + b + c |
82. Let d = xi + y j + zk

S A

 |c | 
 γ = cos −1     
Now, it is given that, d is perpendicular to | a + b + c |

H
 
b = i − 4 j + 5k and c = 3i + j − k

H
84. We have, A(2i − j + k ) , B (i − 3j − 5k ) and
    C (3 i − 4 j − 4k )

T
∴ d ⋅ b = 0 and d ⋅ c = 0

S

⇒ x – 4y + 5z = 0 ...(i) Then, AB = (1 − 2) i + (−3 + 1)j + (−5 − 1)k

A H
 
and 3x + y – z = 0 
 
...(ii) = − i − 2 j − 6k
 ˆ ˆ ˆ 
Also, d ⋅ a = 21, where a = 4i + 5 j − k AC = (3 − 2) i + (− 4 + 1) j + (−4 − 1)k = i − 3j − 5k
⇒ 4x + 5y – z = 21 ...(iii)

M S

Eliminating z from (i) and (ii), we get and BC = (3 − 1) i + (−4 + 3)j + (−4 + 5)k = 2i − j + k
16x + y = 0 ...(iv)  
Now angle between AC and BC is given by

E
Eliminating z from (ii) and (iii), we get  
x + 4y = 21 ...(v) ( AC )(BC ) 2+3−5
cos θ =   =
Solving (iv) and (v), we get | AC || BC | 1 + 9 + 25 . 4 + 1 + 1

G
−1 16 ⇒ cosq = 0 ⇒ BC ^ AC
x= ,y=
3 3 So, A, B, C are vertices of right angled triangle.

R
13
Putting the values of x and y in (i), we get z = 1  
3 Now area of DABC = | AC × BC |
 −1 16 13 2
∴ d = i + j + k is the required vector.

U
3 3 3 i j k
 1 1
  = 1 −3 −5 = | (−3 − 5) i − (1 + 10)j + (−1 + 6)k |
83. a = b = c (Given) ...(i) 2 2

D
2 −1 1
     
and a ⋅ b = 0 , b ⋅ c = 0 , c ⋅ a = 0 ...(ii)
1
      = | − 8i − 11j + 5k |
Let (a + b + c ) be inclined to vectors a , b , c by 2
angles a, b and g respectively. Then 1 210
 = 64 + 121 + 25 = sq . units.
(a + b + c ) ⋅a a ⋅ a + b ⋅ a + c ⋅ a 2 2
cos α =     =      
a +b +c a a+b +c a 85. Let a = 2i − 4 j − 5k and b = 2i + 2 j + 3k
2
a +0+0
=     [Using (ii)]
a +b +c a

a
=    ...(iii)
a+b +c
 
Then diagonal AC of the parallelogram is iˆ jˆ kˆ
      
p=a+b (a − b ) × (c − b ) = −1 1 1
= 2i − 4 j − 5k + 2i + 2 j + 3k = 4i − 2 j − 2k 1 −5 −5
Therefore, unit vector parallel to it is = ( −5 + 5)i − (5 − 1) j + (5 − 1)k = −4 j + 4k
 
  
p 4i − 2 j − 2k 2i − j − k \ Unit vector perpendicular to both a − b and
 = =  
| p| 16 + 4 + 4 6 c −b

A
 −4 jˆ + 4kˆ −4 jˆ + 4kˆ −4 jˆ + 4kˆ 1
Now, diagonal BD of the parallelogram is = = = = ( − jˆ + kˆ ).
   −4 jˆ + 4kˆ

Y
( −4)2 + 42 4 2 2
p′ = b − a = 2i + 2 j + 3k − 2i + 4 j + 5k = 6 j + 8k
   

B RM
 
Therefore, unit vector parallel to it is 89. Given a + b + c = 0 and a = 3, b = 5, c = 7
   
p′ 6 j + 8k 6 j + 8k 3j + 4k We have a + b + c = 0
 = = =
| p′ | 36 + 64 10 5     2 2
⇒ a + b = −c ⇒ a + b = −c

S A
i j k 2 2   2
  ⇒ a + b + 2(a ⋅ b ) = c
Now, p × p ′ = 4 −2 −2  

H
⇒ 9 + 25 + 2 a b cos θ = 49

H
0 6 8
⇒ 2 × 3 × 5 × cosq = 49 – 34 = 15

T S
= i (−16 + 12) − j (32 − 0) + k (24 − 0) ⇒ cos θ =
15 1
= ⇒ θ=
π
= 60°
30 2 3

A H
= − 4i − 32 j + 24k  
 
| p × p′ | 90. Here, a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ ; b = 2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ and
\ Area of parallelogram = 
2 c = λiˆ + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ
 

M S
16 + 1024 + 576 ⇒ b + c = (2 + λ ) iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ
= = 2 101 sq . units.  
2    b+c
The unit vector along b + c is p =  

E
86. Two non zero vectors are parallel if and only b+c
if their cross product is zero vector. ( 2 + λ ) i + 6 j − 2k
ˆ ˆ ˆ
  (2 + λ ) iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ
= =

G
So, we have to prove that cross product of a − d
  2
(2 + λ ) + 62 + ( −2 ) 2
λ2 + 4 λ + 44
and b − c is zero vector.  
      Also, a . p = 1 (Given)
(a − d ) × (b − c ) = (a × b ) − (a × c ) − (d × b ) + (d × c )

R
        (2 + λ ) + 6 − 2
Since, it is given that a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d ⇒ =1
        λ2 + 4 λ + 44

U
And, d × b = − b × d , d × c = − c × d
Therefore, ⇒ λ2 + 4 λ + 44 = λ + 6
            

D
(a − d ) × (b − c ) = (c × d ) − (b × d ) + (b × d ) − (c × d ) = 0 ⇒ l2 + 4l + 44 = l2 + 12l +36
   
⇒ 8l = 8 ⇒ l = 1
Hence, a − d is parallel to b − c , where
    \ The required unit vector
a ≠ d and b ≠ c .
(2 + 1) iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ 1
= (3iˆ + 6 jˆ − 2kˆ ) .
  
87. (r × i ) ⋅ (r × j ) + xy p=
1 + 4 + 44 7
= [( xi + y j + zk ) × i] .[( xi + y j + zk ) × j )] + xy  ˆ ˆ ˆ  ˆ
91. We have a = i + j + k , b = i + 2 jˆ + 3kˆ
= ( − yk + z j ) ⋅ ( xk − zi) + xy = –xy + xy = 0   
 Let r = a + b = 2iˆ + 3 jˆ + 4kˆ
88. Here, a = iˆ + 2 jˆ + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + jˆ , c = 3iˆ − 4 jˆ − 5kˆ   
and p = a − b = − jˆ − 2kˆ
   
∴ a − b = (i + 2 j + k ) − (2i + j ) = −i + j + k A unit vector perpendicular to both r and p is
   
c − b = (3i − 4 j − 5k ) − (2i + j) = i − 5j − 5k r ×p
given as ±   .
    r ×p
Vector perpendicular to both a − b and c − b is
 ˆ ˆ
iˆ j k ⇒ 3x – 2 = 3 ⇒ x =
5
,y= ,z=
2 2
  ˆ ˆ
Now, r × p = 2 3 4 = −2iˆ + 4 j − 2k 3 3 3
 5ˆ 2 ˆ 2 ˆ
0 −1 −2 Hence, c = i + j + k
3 3 3
So, the required unit vector is  ˆ ˆ 
96. Here a = i − j + 7kˆ ; b = 5iˆ − jˆ + λkˆ
=±
(−2iˆ + 4 jˆ − 2kˆ ) = + (iˆ − 2 jˆ + kˆ ) .  
∴ a + b = 6iˆ − 2 jˆ + (7 + λ ) kˆ
( −2)2 + 42 + ( −2)2 6  
a − b = −4iˆ + (7 − λ ) kˆ

A
     
92. Here, a = 2iˆ − 3 jˆ + kˆ ; bˆ = −iˆ + kˆ ; c = 2 jˆ − kˆ For a + b and a − b to be perpendicular,

Y
  
\ a + b = (2iˆ − 3 jˆ + kˆ ) + ( −iˆ + kˆ ) = iˆ − 3 jˆ + 2kˆ , (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b ) = 0

B RM
  ⇒  6iˆ − 2 jˆ + (7 + λ)kˆ  ⋅  −4iˆ + (7 − λ)kˆ  = 0
b + c = ( −iˆ + kˆ ) + (2 jˆ − kˆ ) = −iˆ + 2 jˆ
⇒ 6 ×(–4) + (7 + l) × (7 – l) = 0
iˆ jˆ kˆ ⇒ –24 + 49 – l2 = 0 ⇒ l2 = 25 ⇒ l = + 5
   
∴ (a + b ) × (b + c ) = 1 −3 2 = −4iˆ − 2 jˆ − kˆ

S A
97. Refer to answer 83.
−1 2 0 
\ Area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are 98. Let the required vector be r = x iˆ + y jˆ + zkˆ .

H
   

H
a + b and b + c Also let, 
 
a = iˆ − jˆ + kˆ , b = 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ and c = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ

T
  

S
1 1
=
2
(a + b ) × (b + c ) = −4iˆ − 2 jˆ − kˆ
2
    
r ⋅ a = 4, r ⋅ b = 0, r ⋅ c = 2 (Given)

A H
⇒ x – y + z = 4 ...(i)
1
= ( −4 )2 + ( −2 )2 + ( −1)2 = 21 sq.units. 2x + y – 3z = 0 ...(ii)
2 2 x + y + z = 2 ...(iii)

M S
93. Refer to answer 82. Now (iii) – (i) ⇒ 2y = –2 ⇒ y = –1
   From (ii) and (iii)
94. Here a + b = a
 2       2x – 3z – 1 = 0, x + z – 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, z = 1
⇒ a + b = a ⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ (a + b ) = a ⋅ a
 2

E

          \ The required vector is r = 2iˆ − jˆ + kˆ .
⇒ a ⋅a + a ⋅b + b ⋅a + b ⋅b = a ⋅a 
      99. Here, a = 2 λ2iˆ + 4 λjˆ + kˆ and

G
⇒ 2a ⋅ b + b ⋅ b = 0 ∵ b ⋅ a = a ⋅ b  
      b = 7iˆ − 2 jˆ + λkˆ
⇒ (2a + b ) ⋅ b = 0 ⇒ (2a + b ) ⊥ b  

R
If q is the angle between the vectors a and b ,
   
95. Given a = iˆ + jˆ + kˆ and b = jˆ − kˆ a ⋅b
then cosθ =  

U
 a b
Let c = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
    
Now we have, a × c = b For q to be obtuse, cosθ < 0 ⇒ a ⋅b < 0

D
⇒ (i + j + k ) × ( xi + y j + zk ) = j − k ⇒ (2 λ2iˆ + 4 λjˆ + kˆ ) ⋅ (7iˆ − 2 jˆ + λkˆ ) < 0
⇒ 2 λ2 ⋅ 7 + 4 λ ⋅ ( −2 ) + 1 ⋅ λ < 0
iˆ jˆ kˆ
⇒ 14 λ2 − 7 λ < 0 ⇒ λ(2 λ − 1) < 0
⇒ 1 1 1 = jˆ − kˆ
⇒ Either l < 0, 2l –1 > 0 or l > 0, 2l –1 < 0
x y z
1 1
⇒ iˆ ( z − y ) − jˆ ( z − x ) + kˆ ( y − x ) = jˆ − kˆ ⇒ Either λ < 0, λ > or λ > 0, λ <
2 2
⇒ z – y = 0, x – z = 1 and y – x = –1 First alternative is impossible.
⇒ y = z, x – z = 1, x – y = 1 .....(i) 1 1  1
  ∴ λ > 0, λ < i.e., 0 < λ < i.e., λ ∈  0, 
Also, we have a ⋅ c = 3 2 2  2
⇒ (i + j + k ) ⋅ ( xi + y j + zk ) = 3   
⇒ x+y+z=3 100. Given, a = 3, b = 4, c = 5 ...(i)
        
⇒ x + x – 1 + x – 1 = 3 [Using (i)] and a ⋅ (b + c ) = 0 , b ⋅ (c + a ) = 0 , c ⋅ (a + b ) = 0
             103. Refer to answer 82.
\ a ⋅b + a ⋅c + b ⋅c + b ⋅a + c ⋅a + c ⋅b
=0+0+0=0 104. Refer to answer 76.
     
⇒ 2 (a ⋅ b ) + 2 (b ⋅ c ) + 2 ( c ⋅ a ) = 0 ...(ii)
  2       105. Refer to answer 91.
Now a + b + c = (a + b + c ) ⋅ (a + b + c ) 
  
            106. We have a = 2, b = 1 and a ⋅ b = 1
= (a + b + c ) ⋅ a + (a + b + c ) ⋅ b + (a + b + c ) ⋅ c    
                Now, (3a − 5b ) ⋅ (2a + 7b )
= a ⋅a + b ⋅a + c ⋅a + a ⋅b + b ⋅b + c ⋅b + a ⋅c + b ⋅ c 2     2

A
  = 6 a + 21 a ⋅ b − 10a ⋅ b − 35 b
+ c ⋅c    
 2  2  2       = 6 | a |2 + 11a ⋅ b − 35 | b |2

Y
= a + b + c + 2 ( a ⋅ b ) + 2 (b ⋅ c ) + 2 ( c ⋅ a )
= 6(2)2 + 11(1) – 35(1)2 = 24 + 11 – 35 = 0

B RM
= 32 + 42+ 52 + 0 [Using (i) and (ii)]
107. Refer to answer 80.
= 50
   108. Refer to answer 97.
∴ a + b + c = 5 2.

S A
  Also the angle between them is given as

101. Here a = 3iˆ − jˆ , b = 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ −1  |a | 
   α = cos      ,
We have to express : b = b1 + b2 , where |a + b + c |

H
   

H
b1 || a and b2 ⊥ a 
   −1  |b | 
Let b1 = λ a = λ (3iˆ − jˆ ) and b2 = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ

T
β = cos      ,

S
  | a + b + c |
Now b2 ⊥ a ⇒ b2 ⋅ a = 0

⇒ ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) ⋅ (3iˆ − jˆ ) = 0

A H
 |c | 
γ = cos −1     
⇒ 3x – y = 0 ...(i) | a + b + c |
  
Now, b = b1 + b2

M S
109. Refer to answer 100.
⇒ 2iˆ + jˆ − 3kˆ = λ (3iˆ − jˆ ) + ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) 110. Since the vectors are coplanar.
On comparing, we get 1 3 1

E
2 = 3λ + x  ∴ 2 −1 −1 = 0
⇒ x + 3 y = 5 ...(ii)
1 = − λ + y  0 λ 3

G
and –3 = z ⇒ z = –3 ⇒ 1(–3 + l)–3 (6 – 0) + 1(2l – 0) = 0
1 3 ⇒ –3 + l – 18 + 2l = 0

R
Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = , y = ⇒ 3l – 21 = 0 ⇒ l = 7
2 2
3 1  
∴ 1 = −λ + y = −λ + ⇒ λ = 111. Here a = 2iˆ + jˆ + 3kˆ , b = −iˆ + 2 jˆ + kˆ ,

U
2 2 
c = 3iˆ + jˆ + 2kˆ
 3 1
Hence, b1 = λ (3i − j ) = i − j iˆ jˆ kˆ

D
2 2  
 1 3 Now, b × c = −1 2 1 = 3iˆ + 5 jˆ − 7kˆ
and b2 = iˆ + jˆ − 3k
2 2 3 1 2
  
102. We have, ∴ a ⋅ (b × c ) = (2i + j + 3k ) ⋅ (3i + 5j − 7k )
      
| a | = 5, | b | = 12, | c | = 13 and a + b + c = 0 = 2 × 3 + 1 × 5 + 3 × (–7)
    = 6 + 5 – 21 = –10
⇒ (a + b + c )2 = | 0 |2 (Squaring on both sides)  
         112. Given, a = iˆ − jˆ + 2kˆ , b = 3iˆ + 4 jˆ − 5kˆ and
⇒ | a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 + 2 [a ⋅ b +
 b⋅ c +c ⋅a ] = 0

 c = 2iˆ − jˆ + 3kˆ
⇒ 25 + 144 + 169 + 2 [a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ] = 0 
      \ 2a = 2iˆ − 2 jˆ + 4kˆ
⇒ 2 [a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ] = − 338 
−b = −3iˆ − 4 jˆ + 5kˆ
      − 338
⇒ a ⋅b + b ⋅c + c ⋅a = = −169 
2 3c = 6iˆ − 3 jˆ + 9kˆ
   
2 −2 4 115. We have, a = i + j + k , b = i, c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k
  

Now, 2a ⋅ ( − b × 3c ) = −3 −4 5 (a) c1 = 1, c2 = 2 \ c = i + 2 j + c3 k
6 −3 9   
Given that a , b and c are coplanar
= 2(–36 + 15) + 2(–27 – 30) + 4(9 + 24)
= 2(–21) – 2(57) + 4(33) 1 1 1
= –42 – 114 + 132 = – 24 \ 1 0 0 =0
\ Volume of parallelepiped

A
   1 2 c3
| 2a .(−b × 3c ) | = |–24| = 24 cubic units
⇒ –1(c3) + 1(2) = 0 ⇒ c3 = 2

Y
 ^ ^ ^  ^ ^ ^ 
113. Given, a = 2 i + 3 j + k, b = i − 2 j + k and (b) c2 = –1, c3 = 1 \ c = c1 i − j + k

B RM
 ^ ^ ^   
c = −3 i + j + 2 k Let a , b and c are coplanar.

^ ^ ^
1 1 1

S A
i j k \ 1 0 0 =0
 
Now, b × c = 1 −2 1 c1 −1 1

H
−3 1 2

H
⇒ –1(1) + 1(–1) = 0 ⇒ –2 = 0, which is false.
 
So, no value of c1 can make a , b and c coplanar.

T
^ ^ ^
= i (−4 − 1) − j (2 + 3) + k (1 − 6)

S
^ ^ ^ 116. Let A, B, C, D be the given points. The given
= −5 i − 5 j − 5 k

A H
points will be coplanar iff any one of the following
   ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ triads of vectors are coplanar.
∴ a ⋅ (b × c ) = (2 i + 3 j + k) ⋅ (−5 i − 5 j − 5 k)      
= –10 – 15 – 5 = –30 AB, AC , AD ; BC , BA, BD etc.

M S
  
114. Given points are A(x, –1, –1), B(4, 5, 1), If AB, AC , AD are coplanar, then their scalar triple
  
C(3, 9, 4) and D(–4, 4, 4). product [ AB AC AD] = 0 where, A(3i + 6 j + 9k ),

E
 ^ ^ ^
AB = (4 − x ) i + (5 + 1) j + (1 + 1) k B(i + 2 j + 3k ), C(2i + 3j + k ) and D(4i + 6 j + λk ).
^ ^ ^ 

G
= (4 − x ) i + 6 j + 2 k
 Now, AB = (i + 2 j + 3k ) − (3i + 6 j + 9k )
^ ^ ^
AC = (3 − x ) i + (9 + 1) j + (4 + 1) k
= − 2i − 4 j − 6k

R

^ ^ ^ 
= (3 − x ) i + 10 j + 5 k AC = (2i + 3j + k ) − (3i + 6 j + 9k ) = − i − 3j − 8k


U
^ ^ ^ 
AD = (−4 − x ) i + (4 + 1) j + (4 + 1) k AD = (4i + 6 j + λ k ) − (3i + 6 j + 9k ) = i + (λ − 9) k
^ ^ ^
= −(4 + x ) i + 5 j + 5 k −2 −4 −6

D
  
The given points will be coplanar iff ∴ [ AB AC AD] = −1 −3 −8 = 0
  
[ AB AC AD] = 0 1 0 λ−9
4−x 6 2 ⇒ –2(–3l + 27) + 4(–l + 9 + 8) – 6(0 + 3) = 0
  
Now, [ AB AC AD] = 0 ⇒ 3− x 10 5 = 0 ⇒ 2(3l – 27) – 4(l – 17) – 6(3) = 0
−(4 + x ) 5 5 ⇒ 6l – 54 – 4l + 68 – 18 = 0
⇒ 2λ – 4 = 0 ⇒ l = 2
⇒ (4 – x)(50 – 25) – 6(15 – 5x + 20 + 5x)
     
+ 2(15 – 5x + 40 + 10x) = 0 117. Since, a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar.
⇒ (4 – x)(25) – 6(35) + 2(55 + 5x) = 0      
\ (a + b ) ⋅ (b + c ) × (c + a ) = 0
⇒ 100 – 25x – 210 + 110 + 10x = 0   
⇒ ⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ [b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a ] = 0
–15x = 0     
⇒ x=0 ⇒ (a + b ) ⋅ (b × c + b × a + c × a) = 0 ∵ c × c = 0 
                 
⇒ a ⋅ (b × c ) + a ⋅ (b × a ) + a ⋅ (c × a ) + b ⋅ (b × c ) 120. We have, [a + b b + c c + a]
           
+ b ⋅ (b × a ) + b ⋅ (c × a ) = 0 = (a + b ) ⋅ {(b + c ) × (c + a )}
         
      = (a + b ) ⋅ {(b × c ) + (b × a ) + (c × c ) + (c × a )}
⇒ 2 a ⋅ (b × c ) = 0 ⇒ a ⋅ (b × c ) = 0          
= (a + b ) ⋅ {(b × c ) + (b × a ) + (c × a )} [∵ c × c = 0]
           
⇒ a , b and c are coplanar. = a ⋅ (b × c ) + a ⋅ (b × a ) + a ⋅ (c × a ) +
        
118. Here position vectors of A, B, C and D are      ⋅ (b × c ) + b ⋅ (b × a ) + b ⋅ (c × a )
b
= [a b c ] + [b c a]

A
4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ , − jˆ − kˆ , 3iˆ + λjˆ + 4kˆ and − 4iˆ + 4 jˆ + 4kˆ
respectively. [Q Scalar triple product with two equal vectors is 0]
      

Y
 = [a b c ] + [a b c ]  (∵ [b c a] = [a b c ])
⇒ AB = − jˆ − kˆ − ( 4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ ) = −4iˆ − 6 jˆ − 2kˆ 

B RM
 = 2[a b c ]
AC = (3iˆ + λjˆ + 4kˆ ) − ( 4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ ) = − iˆ + ( λ − 5 ) jˆ + 3kˆ
 121. Refer to answer 118.
AD = ( −4iˆ + 4 jˆ + 4kˆ ) − ( 4iˆ + 5 jˆ + kˆ ) = −8iˆ − jˆ + 3kˆ      
122. If the vectors a + b , b + c and c + a

S A
\ For points A, B, C, D to be coplanar      
are coplanar, then  a + b b + c c + a  = 0
        
⇔ Vectors AB, AC , AD will be coplanar ⇔ (a + b ) ⋅  (b + c ) × (c + a ) = 0

H H
            
⇔ [ AB AC AD] = 0 ⇔ (a + b ) ⋅ [b × c + b × a + c × c + c × a ] = 0
        

T
⇔ (a + b ) ⋅ [b × c + b × a + 0 + c × a ] = 0

S
−4 −6 −2         
⇔ a ⋅ (b × c ) + a ⋅ (b × a ) + a ⋅ ( c × a )

A H
⇒ −1 λ − 5 3 = 0         
−8 −1 3 + b ⋅ (b × c ) + b ⋅ (b × a ) + b ⋅ ( c × a ) = 0
        
⇔  a b c  +  a b a  + [ a c a ] +
⇒ –4(3l – 15 + 3) + 6 (–3 + 24) – 2(1 + 8l – 40) = 0

M S
    
⇒ –12l + 48 + 126 + 78 – 16l = 0 b b c  + b b a  + b c a  = 0
⇒ 28l = 252 ⇒ l = 9.      
⇔  a b c  + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +  a b c  = 0

E
        
119. We know that [a, b, c] = a ⋅(b × c)   
⇔ 2  a b c  = 0 ⇔  a b c  = 0
        

G
\ L.H.S. = [a, b + c, d] = a ⋅[(b + c) × d] ∴ The vectors a , b , c are coplanar.
  
           Hence the vectors a , b , c are coplanar if and only
= a ⋅[b × d + c × d] = a ⋅(b × d ) + a ⋅(c × d )      

R
  if a + b , b + c and c + a are coplanar.
= [a, b, d] + [a, c, d] = R.H.S. 123. Refer to answer 122.

U
D