ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

ISLAMABAD

Name:

Semester: Autumn 2023

User Id:

Assignment no: 02

Program: Bs ismiyat
 Course Code: 5403

Assignment-02

Q. 1 (a) What is meant by computer software? List down key functions

performed by system software.
(b) How to make a chart/graph in MS Excel? Also write down the names of
different types of graphs, available in MS Excel.

Answer: (a) What is meant by computer software? List down key functions
performed by system software:

Computer Software:

Computer software refers to a set of instructions, programs, or data used to

operate and control a computer system. It includes both application software,
which serves specific user tasks, and system software, which manages and
supports computer hardware.
Key Functions of System Software:
1. Operating System (OS):

- Function: Manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and

facilitates the execution of application programs.
- Key Tasks:
- Process management: Allocating resources to running programs.
- File system management: Organizing and accessing files.
- Memory management: Allocating and deallocating memory space. - Device
management:
Controlling peripheral devices.

2. Device Drivers:

- Function: Enable communication between the operating system and

hardware devices.
- Key Tasks:
- Translation: Convert high-level OS commands into instructions understood
by specific hardware.
- Interface: Allow applications to interact with hardware without needing
low-level details.
3. Utilities:

- Function: Provide additional functionalities and tools to assist in system

management.
- Key Tasks:
- Disk cleanup and optimization tools.
- Security utilities (firewall, antivirus). - Backup and recovery tools.

4. Language Translators:

- Function: Convert high-level programming languages into machine code

that the computer's CPU can execute.
- Key Tasks:
- Compiler: Translates entire programs before execution. - Interpreter:
Translates and executes code line by line.

5. System Libraries:

- Function: Collections of pre-written code that provide common

functionalities for software development.
- Key Tasks:
- Code reuse: Developers can utilize existing code for standard operations. -
Efficiency:
Optimized and tested code for various tasks.
System software plays a crucial role in managing hardware resources, facilitating
communication between software and hardware, and providing a platform for
application software to run.
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(b) How to make a chart/graph in MS Excel? Also, write down the names of
different types of graphs available in MS Excel:

Creating a Chart/Graph in MS Excel:

1. Enter Data:

- Open Microsoft Excel.

- Enter the data you want to represent graphically into the cells.

2. Select Data:

- Highlight the data range you want to include in the chart.

3. Insert Chart:
- Go to the "Insert" tab on the Ribbon.
- Click on the desired chart type in the "Charts" group (e.g., Bar, Line, Pie).
4. Customize Chart:

- Excel will insert a default chart. Customize it by adding titles, labels, and
formatting.

5. Chart Tools:

- Utilize the "Chart Tools" on the Ribbon to further customize the chart's
appearance and layout.

6. Chart Styles:

- Explore different chart styles available in the "Design" tab to change the visual
representation of the chart.

Types of Graphs/Charts in MS Excel:

1. Column Chart:
- Types: Clustered Column, Stacked Column, 3D Column.
2. Bar Chart:
- Types: Clustered Bar, Stacked Bar, 3D Bar.
3. Line Chart:
- Useful for showing trends over time.
4. Pie Chart:
- Useful for showing parts of a whole.
5. Area Chart:
- Useful for displaying cumulative data.
6. Scatter Plot:
- Useful for showing relationships between two variables.
7. Bubble Chart:
- Useful for visualizing three sets of data.
8. Radar Chart:
- Useful for comparing multiple variables.
9. Doughnut Chart:
- Useful for displaying proportions.
10. Stock Chart:

- Useful for financial analysis.

These are just a few examples of the chart types available in MS Excel. The choice
of chart depends on the nature of your data and the insights you want to convey.
Q. 2 (a) What operating system is compulsory in computer? Write down the
facilities available in windows operating system.
(b) Enlist different types of computer operating systems with the help of
internet.

Answer: (a) What operating system is compulsory in a computer? Write down

the facilities available in Windows operating system:

Compulsory Operating System:

The choice of an operating system depends on user preferences, but Windows,
macOS, and Linux are three major operating systems. For personal computers,
Windows is a popular choice.
Facilities available in Windows Operating System:

1. User Interface:

- Graphical User Interface (GUI): Windows provides an intuitive GUI with icons,
menus, and windows, making it user-friendly.

2. File Management:
- Explorer: Windows Explorer allows users to navigate and manage files and
folders efficiently.
3. Multitasking:

- Taskbar and Switching: Users can run multiple applications simultaneously and
switch between them using the taskbar.

4. Software Compatibility:

- Extensive Software Support: Windows supports a vast array of software

applications and games, making it versatile for various tasks.

5. Security Features:

- Windows Defender: Built-in antivirus and security features help protect the
system from malware and threats.

6. Networking Capabilities:
- HomeGroup and Network Sharing: Windows facilitates easy file sharing and
network connectivity.
7. Device Compatibility:

- Plug and Play: Windows supports a wide range of hardware devices, and many
devices are automatically recognized and configured.

8. Updates and Support:

- Regular Updates: Microsoft releases regular updates to improve security

and functionality.
- Customer Support: Users can access support resources and assistance from
Microsoft.

9. Customization Options:

- Personalization Settings: Users can customize the desktop, theme, and

appearance according to their preferences.

10. Accessibility Features:

- Ease of Access Center: Windows includes features for individuals with

accessibility needs, such as screen readers and magnifiers.

11. Virtual Desktops:

- Task View: Users can create and manage multiple virtual desktops for
better organization.

12. Cortana (Virtual Assistant):

- Voice Commands: Windows includes a virtual assistant, Cortana, that

responds to voice commands and performs various tasks.
These features make Windows a comprehensive operating system suitable for a
wide range of users and purposes.
---
(b) Enlist different types of computer operating systems with the help of the
internet:
There are various types of computer operating systems, each designed for specific
purposes and platforms. Here is a list of some notable operating systems:
1. Windows:
- Vendor: Microsoft
- Usage: Personal computers, laptops, and servers - Versions: Windows 10,
Windows Server, etc.
2. macOS:
- Vendor: Apple
- Usage: Apple computers (Macintosh)
- Versions: macOS Big Sur, macOS Catalina, etc.
3. Linux:
- Vendor: Various distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora, CentOS) - Usage: Servers,
desktops, embedded systems - Versions: Ubuntu 20.04, Fedora 34, etc.
4. Unix:
- Vendor: Various versions (e.g., AIX, HP-UX, Solaris)
- Usage: Servers, workstations
- Versions: AIX 7.2, HP-UX 11i, Solaris 11, etc.
5. Android:
- Vendor: Google
- Usage: Mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) - Versions: Android 12,
Android 11, etc.
6. iOS:
- Vendor: Apple
- Usage: iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch - Versions: iOS 15, iOS 14, etc.
7. Chrome OS:
- Vendor: Google
- Usage: Chromebooks and Chromeboxes - Versions: Chrome OS 91,
Chrome OS 92, etc.
8. RTOS (Real-Time Operating System):
- Examples: FreeRTOS, VxWorks, QNX
- Usage: Embedded systems, IoT devices, robotics
9. BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution):
- Examples: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD - Usage: Servers, desktops, embedded
systems
10. Haiku OS: - Vendor:
Haiku, Inc.
- Usage: Personal computers
- Version: Haiku R1/beta3
These operating systems cater to diverse needs, ranging from personal computing
to specialized applications in embedded systems, mobile devices, and servers.
Q. 3 (a) What are the types of network? Differentiate 3-G and 4-G
technologies.
(b) Explain the difference between switching and routing with proper examples.

Answer: (a) What are the types of network? Differentiate 3G and 4G

technologies:

Types of Networks:

1. Local Area Network (LAN):

- Scope: Limited geographical area (e.g., within a building or campus). -

Connectivity: High-speed and often wired connections.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN):

- Scope: Spans a large geographical area (e.g., across cities or countries).

- Connectivity: Utilizes various technologies, including leased lines and public
networks.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

- Scope: Covers a larger area than LAN but smaller than WAN (typically a
city).
- Connectivity: Can use a combination of fiber optics and wireless
technologies.

4. Personal Area Network (PAN):

- Scope: Personal devices connected within an individual's workspace. -

Connectivity: Short-range wireless technologies like Bluetooth.

5. Global Area Network (GAN): - Scope: Spans the entire globe.

- Connectivity: Utilizes satellite communication or a combination of various WAN

technologies.
Differentiating 3G and 4G Technologies:
1. 3G (Third Generation):
- Data Speeds: Relatively slower data speeds compared to 4G.
- Key Features:
- Video Calling: Introduced video calling capabilities.
- Mobile Internet: Enabled better mobile internet access.
- Examples: 3G technologies include UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000.
2. 4G (Fourth Generation):
- Data Speeds: Provides significantly faster data speeds than 3G.
- Key Features:
- High-Speed Internet: Supports high-speed internet access.
- Mobile Broadband: Enables seamless streaming and faster downloads.
- Advanced Applications: Better support for advanced applications and
services. - Examples: LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) are examples of 4G technologies.
Differences:
- Data Speeds: 4G offers faster data speeds, providing a better experience
for internet access, streaming, and downloads.
- Capabilities: 4G is designed to support more advanced applications and
services compared to 3G.
- Technologies: While both 3G and 4G use different underlying technologies,
4G represents a significant improvement in terms of speed and capabilities.
---
(b) Explain the difference between switching and routing with proper examples:
Switching:

1. Definition: Switching involves the process of forwarding data frames from

one device to another within the same network.
2. Example: In a LAN environment, Ethernet switches operate at the data link
layer (Layer 2) and use MAC addresses to forward frames to the correct
destination device. A switch builds a MAC address table to learn the association
between MAC addresses and the corresponding switch ports.
Routing:
1. Definition: Routing involves the process of forwarding data packets from
one network to another, often between different IP networks.
2. Example: In a WAN environment, routers operate at the network layer
(Layer 3) and use IP addresses to determine the optimal path for forwarding
packets between networks. Routers make decisions based on routing tables,
which contain information about network paths.
Differences:

1. Layer of Operation:

- Switching: Operates at the data link layer (Layer 2). - Routing: Operates at the
network layer (Layer 3).

2. Address Used:
- Switching: Uses MAC addresses to forward frames within the same
network.
- Routing: Uses IP addresses to forward packets between different networks.

3. Scope:

- Switching: Typically used within a local network (LAN).

- Routing: Used for communication between different networks, including
wide area networks (WANs).

4. Decision-Making:
- Switching: Decision-making is based on MAC addresses and switch tables. -
Routing: Decision-making is based on IP addresses and routing tables.
5. Example:

- Switching: Ethernet switch within a LAN.

- Routing: Internet routers forwarding data between different IP networks.

In summary, switching is concerned with forwarding data frames within a local

network, using MAC addresses, while routing involves forwarding data packets
between different networks, using IP addresses and making decisions based on
network layer information.
Q. 4 (a) Explain the basic concept of multimedia. Also identify at least
ten different examples of multimedia and also describe five of them.
(b) Write some examples of multimedia applications in basic education and
entertainment.

Answer: (a) Explain the basic concept of multimedia. Also, identify at least ten
different examples of multimedia and describe five of them:

Basic Concept of Multimedia:

Multimedia refers to the integration of various forms of media, such as text,

graphics, audio, video, and animations, to create a richer and more engaging user
experience. It involves the seamless combination of different media elements to
convey information, entertain, or educate. Multimedia is widely used in various
fields, including entertainment, education, business, and communication.
Ten Different Examples of Multimedia:
1. Interactive Websites:

- Description: Websites that combine text, images, audio, and video to provide
an interactive and engaging user experience. Users can click, navigate, and
interact with multimedia elements. ‘
2. E-learning Courses:

- Description: Educational courses that integrate text, images, audio lectures,

video demonstrations, and interactive quizzes to enhance the learning
experience.

3. Video Games:

- Description: Interactive digital games that combine graphics, sound effects,

music, and sometimes voice acting to provide an immersive gaming experience.

4. Digital Presentations:

- Description: Slideshow presentations that include text, images, animations, and

sometimes audio or video elements to convey information in a visual and dynamic
manner.

5. Augmented Reality (AR) Applications:

- Description: Applications that overlay digital information, such as graphics or

animations, onto the real-world environment when viewed through a device like
a smartphone or AR glasses.
Descriptions of Five Examples:

1. Interactive Websites:
- Example: A news website that includes articles, images, embedded videos, and
interactive features like polls or quizzes. Users can engage with multimedia
content while staying informed.
2. E-learning Courses:
- Example: An online language learning platform that combines written lessons,
interactive exercises, audio pronunciation guides, and video conversations with
native speakers.
3. Video Games:
- Example: A role-playing game (RPG) that features a rich narrative, high-quality
graphics, orchestrated music, voice acting, and interactive gameplay elements.
4. Digital Presentations:
- Example: A business presentation that incorporates visually appealing slides
with images, charts, animations, and embedded videos to effectively
communicate key points.
5. Augmented Reality (AR) Applications:
- Example: An AR museum app that uses the device's camera to overlay
additional information, 3D models, or interactive elements on exhibits, enhancing
the visitor's experience.
(b) Write some examples of multimedia applications in basic education and
entertainment:

Multimedia Applications in Basic Education:

1. Educational Software:
- Example: Educational software for mathematics that includes interactive
lessons, animations to illustrate concepts, and quizzes to assess learning.
2. Interactive Whiteboards:
- Example: Classroom whiteboards equipped with multimedia capabilities,
allowing teachers to display educational videos, interactive diagrams, and
collaborative activities.
3. Digital Storybooks:
- Example: Interactive digital storybooks for young learners that combine text,
narration, animations, and sound effects to enhance storytelling.
4. Virtual Laboratories:
- Example: Virtual science laboratories that simulate experiments using
multimedia elements, providing a safe and interactive learning environment.
5. Online Tutorials:
- Example: Video tutorials for subjects like coding, where instructors use screen
recordings, graphics, and narration to guide learners through programming
concepts. Multimedia Applications in Entertainment:
1. Streaming Services:
- Example: Video streaming platforms like Netflix or Hulu that deliver a diverse
range of multimedia content, including movies, TV shows, documentaries, and
more.
2. Music Apps:
- Example: Music streaming apps like Spotify that offer a multimedia experience
by combining audio streaming, artist information, album covers, and personalized
playlists.
3. Virtual Reality (VR) Games:
- Example: VR games that immerse players in a virtual world with 3D graphics,
spatial audio, and interactive gameplay elements.
4. Interactive Exhibits in Museums:
- Example: Museums incorporating multimedia elements such as touchscreens,
interactive displays, and augmented reality to provide engaging exhibits.
5. Live Performances with Visual Effects:
- Example: Concerts or live performances that use multimedia technologies, such
as LED screens, light shows, and projection mapping, to enhance the audience's
visual experience.
Q. 5 (a) What is programming language? How computer program is related
with a programming language.
(b) What are the important parameters that influence the selection of a
programming language?

Answer: (a) What is a programming language? How is a computer program

related to a programming language:

Programming Language:

A programming language is a formal set of rules and syntax that allows humans to
communicate instructions to a computer. It serves as an intermediary between
human understanding and the binary language (machine language) that
computers comprehend. Programmers use programming languages to write code,
which is then translated or compiled into machine-readable instructions.
Relationship Between Computer Program and Programming Language:
- A computer program is a set of instructions that performs a specific task or
solves a particular problem when executed by a computer.
- The programming language is the tool or medium through which
programmers write these instructions (code) in a human-readable and
understandable format.
- The computer program is the result of writing code in a programming
language. The program is created by expressing the logic and functionalities using
the syntax and rules defined by the chosen programming language.
In summary, a programming language is the means by which programmers
convey their intentions to a computer, and a computer program is the tangible
result of expressing those instructions in a specific programming language.
---

(b) What are the important parameters that influence the selection of a
programming language?

The selection of a programming language depends on various factors, and

programmers consider several parameters to make an informed choice. Here are
some important parameters:
1. Project Requirements:
- Consideration: The nature and requirements of the project strongly influence
the choice of a programming language. Different languages are suitable for
different types of projects (e.g., web development, data analysis, system
programming).
2. Developer Skillset:
- Consideration: The proficiency of the development team in a particular
language is crucial.
Using a language familiar to the team can enhance productivity and code quality.
3. Performance:
- Consideration: Performance requirements, such as speed and resource
efficiency, influence the choice of a programming language. Low-level languages
like C or C++ are often chosen for performance-critical applications.
4. Platform Compatibility:
- Consideration: Some languages are platform-independent (e.g., Java), while
others are more platform-specific. Compatibility with the target platform is a key
factor.
5. Community and Support:
- Consideration: The availability of a strong community and support for a
programming language can be crucial for problem-solving, finding libraries, and
staying updated with best practices. 6. Scalability:
- Consideration: For projects with potential growth, choosing a language
that allows scalability without significant rewrites is important. Languages like
Python and Java are known for scalability.
7. Development Time:
- Consideration: Some languages facilitate rapid development, making them
suitable for projects with tight deadlines. For example, Python is known for its
readability and quick development cycle.
8. Security:
- Consideration: Security concerns may influence language choice, especially for
applications dealing with sensitive data. Languages with built-in security features,
like Rust, may be preferred.
9. Cost:
- Consideration: The cost of development, including licensing fees and the
availability of free tools, can impact the choice of a programming language.
10. Industry Standards:

- Consideration: Certain industries or domains may have established standards

or preferences for specific programming languages. Adhering to industry
standards can be beneficial for interoperability and collaboration.
Ultimately, the decision on which programming language to use involves
balancing these parameters based on the specific needs and goals of the project.