PLANT CHEMISTRY

HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES - Other related acids of fairly common

occurrence are those having
HYDROCARBON Phenolic or other groupings in
addition to a carboxyl group; such
- Organic molecules is based on a
are: salicylic acid.
framework of carbon-carbon and
carbon-hydrogen bonds. Many - Similarly derived from cinnamic acid,
compounds contain only the two one finds caffeic acid.
elements C and H.
- Acids having an alcohol group
MONOBASIC ACIDS example is shikimic acid, an
important intermediate metabolite.
- Organic acids possess one or more
carboxyl groups and a monobasic SHIKIMIC ACID - starting material for the
acid may be represented as semisynthesis of the antiviral drug oseltamivir
RCOOH. (Tamiflu®) for use against bird infections in
human.
1. C1-C monocarboxylic acids
DIBASIC AND TRIBASIC ACIDS
- In the free state they are not found
abundantly in nature but occur • Oxalic acid, (COOH)2, forms the
scattered throughout the plant first of a series of dicarboxylic acids
kingdom in the esterified form as a which include malonic acid,
feature of some volatile oils, resins, CH2(COOH)2, and succinic acid,
fats, coumarin derivatives and (CH2)2(COOH)2. Closely related
alkaloids. malonic acid is the unsaturated acid
fumaric acid, COOH-CH=CH-
2. Fatty acids
COOH.
- These acids are important as
components of plant oils (acyl lipids)
• Malic acid contains an alcohol group
and has the formula COOH-CH2-
in which they occur as esters with
CHOH-COOH. It is found in fruits
the trihydric alcohol glycerol.
such as apples and tamarinds.
3. Aromatic acids
• The tribasic acids, citric, isocitric
- Two common aromatic acids are and aconitic are closely related to
benzoic acid and cinnamic acid one another.
(unsaturated side chain), which are
widely distributed in nature and
Citric acid is abundant in front juices. It forms
part of the Kreb's cycle.
often occur free and combined in
considerable amounts in drugs such ALCOHOLS
as balsams.
- Alcohols possess one or more
TRUXILLIC ACIDS hydroxyl groups and exist naturally
in either the free state or combined
- a polymer of cinnamic acid, occurs
as esters.
in coca leaves.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- An important example is glycerol, an essential
component of fixed oils and fats.
• Monohydric Aliphatic Alcohols
• POLYHYDRIC ALIPHATIC
- Lower members of the series are ALCOHOLS
found principally combined as esters
e.g., methyl salicylate in oil of - They are alcohols with four or six
wintergreen and methyl and ethyl hydroxyl groups.
esters responsible for some fruit
aromas. - Such as the hexahydric sugar
alcohol (e.g., sorbitol, mannitol).
• Monohydric Terpene Alcohols
ESTERS
- These are alcohols associated with
that large group of compounds - Many types of esters are known,
which arise from mevalonic acid and and those formed by an acetylation
have isoprene as a fundamental of an alcoholic group are very
structural unit. common and are found in many
biosynthetic groups of metabolites
PHARMACOGNISTICALLY THEY ARE including volatile oils, e.g., linalyl
PARTICULARLY EVIDENT AS acetate in lavender.
CONSTITUENTS OF VOLATILE OILS
NAMELY: FATS AND FIXED OILS

1. non-cyclic terpene alcohols e.g., geraniol in - Fixed oils are also obtained from
rose fruit pericarps.

2. Monocyclic terpene alcohol e.g., menthol in - A naturally occurring mixture of

peppermint oil lipids such as olive oil or oil of
Theobroma may be either liquid or
3. Dicyclic terpene alcohol solid and the terms 'oil' and 'fat'
have, therefore, no very precise
• MONOHYDRIC AROMATIC significance.
ALCOHOL
WAXES
- Benzyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol occur
both free and as esters of benzoic and - The term 'wax' applied to those
cinnamic acids in balsams such as Tolu and natural mixtures containing
Peru balsams. appreciable quantities of esters
derived from higher monohydric
• DIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS alcohols of the methyl alcohols
series combined with fatty acids.
- Dihydric alcohols or glycols are
compounds containing two hydroxyl - Waxes include vegetable products
groups. such as carnauba wax and animal
products such as spermaceti, bees
- The dihydric alcohol panaxadiol is
wax and 'wool-fat'.
component of ginseng (panax) plant.
CARBOHYDRATES / GLYCOSIDES
• TRIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES - most abundant group of
organic molecules in nature and is the first
product formed during Photosynthesis

‒ First product of synthesis is Glucose

‒ FUNCTIONS: - Source of Energy

(Glucose)

- Storage of Energy

Plants: STARCH

Animals: GLYCOGEN

- Cell components: Glycoproteins

- Structural Component: Cellulose,

Chitin

Anthrone Test - general test for Carbohydrate B. DISACCHARIDES

which yields a blue or green solution - two monosaccharide units linked
by glycosidic bond
A. MONOSACCHARIDES
- simplest CHO units 1. Sucrose - “Table Sugar”; “Invert
Sugar”

- is the only disaccharide that occurs

in free state

- SOURCES: -

- Sugar Beets (Beta vulgaris)

- Sugar Cane (Saccharum

officinarum)

- Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)

SACCHAROSE - is almost universally

distributes sugar in green leaves & in stems

INVERT SUGAR - is darker & sweeter than

sucrose

MALTOSE - Malt Sugar

- major degradation product of starch

hydrolysis

LACTOSE - Milk Sugar

 PLANT CHEMISTRY
Milk Products 2. Chitin - structural polysaccharides in
animals & fungi
• Condensed Milk - partial
evaporation in vacuum &  Galacturonic Acid - present in Chitin
consequent sterilization that cannot be found in cellulose

• Malted Milk - evaporated w/ Malted 3. Starch - Storage of Polysaccharide

Extract In plants

• Kumyss - fermented Milk Iodine Test - confirmatory test for starch

• Whey - the liquid separated from Amylose - hydrolysis product of starch
coagulum responsible for forming a dark complex w/
Iodine
• Rancid Flavor of Butter left at room
temperature is due to Butyric Acid β-amylase - enzyme in pancreatic juice & saliva
LACTULOSE (Duphalac®, Lilac®) - α-amylase - removes maltose units from the
semisynthetic sugar, from the alkaline non-reducing ends of polysaccharide molecules
rearrangement of lactose
 OFFICIAL SOURCES OF STARCH:
C. OLIGOSACCHARIDES - - 3-10
monosaccharide units • Corn (Zea mays)
1. Maltose - 3 glucose units (α-1,4)
• Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- intermediate product of acid hydrolysis
• Rice (Oryza sativa)
D. POLYSACCHARIDES - “glycans” 
• Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- complex, high MW polymer of
 UNOFFICIAL SOURCES OF
monosaccharides
STARCH:
1) HETEROGLYCAN - more than one type of
• Arrow root (Maranta Arundinacea)
polysaccharides
4. Glycogen – storage polysaccharides
2) HOMOGLYCANS - only 1 type of
in animals
monosaccharide
5. Inulin - abundant in the substance
1. Cellulose - structural members of family Asteraceae
polysaccharides in plant that makes 6. Dextran –from sucrose by the action
up the cell wall of plants of transglycolase enzyme system in
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
FORMS:
E. METABOLICALLY-RELATED DRUGS
 Purified Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum) 1. ACIDS
 Powdered Cellulose Cherry juice - Prunus cerasus
 Microcrystalline Cellulose
 Purified Rayon Citric acid - lemon juice; -first isolated by
Scheele
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
Lactic Acid - Alpha Hydroxy Propionic Acid - Macrocystis pyrifera

Tartaric Acid – by product of the wine - suspending agent

industry
• Agar -Japanese Isinglass
Sugar Acids - produce from the oxidation of
Disaccahrides & Monosaccharides (except - Gellidium cartilagenium
sucrose)
- Gracilaria confervoides
Aldonic Acid - produce from the oxidation of
3. SEED GUMS
sugar’s aldehyde group (group 1)
• Plantago or Psyllium Seed
Oxalic Acid - an organic acid found in fruits
(Metamucil®, C-lium®)
of Averboa balimbi
- Spanish/ French - Platago psyllium,
Acetic Acid - laxative action; used as Food
Psyllium indica
Preservative
- Indian/ Blorde – Plantago ovate
Concentrated Acid - change monosaccharide to
Furfural • Cydonium - Quince Seed
2. ALCOHOLS - Cydonia vulgaris
Ethanol - from fermentation & distillation 4. MICROBIAL GUM
Brandy – distilled from Wine • Xanthan Gum - high molecular
weight gum from the action of
Whiskey – distilled from Malted Grain
Xanthomonas campestris on a
Rum – distilled from Molasses suitable CHO.

Mannitol – manna –dried saccharine exudates • Dextran Gum

of Fraximus ornus
5. PLANT EXUDATES – PECTIN
Sorbitol - Mountain Ash (Gorbus acuparia)
• Pectin - intercellular cementing
F. GUMS & MUCILAGES material

1. SHRUB & TREE EXUDATES 6. STARCH & CELLULOSE

DERIVATIVES
• Tragacanth - Gum Tragacanth
GLYCOSIDES
- Astragalus gummifer
- plant constituents which produce
- most acid-resistant hydrocolloid sugars upon hydrolysis

• Acacia - Egyptian gum, Gum Arabic - COMPONENTS: Glycone, Agycone

(Genin)
- Acacia Senegal
- β(Beta) – only form of Glycoside that
2. MARINE GUMS occurs in plants
• Algin - Sodium alginate
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
*Anthocyanins - pigments of flowers which is of - CONSTITUENTS: ▪Digoxin - easy to
Glycosidic character control in TDM (Therapeutic Drug
Monitoring)
A. ANTHRAQUINONE - Aglycone:
Anthraquinone  Borntragers test ▪Digitoxin - most powerful glycoside for digitalis

- derivatives are colored orange-red ▪Des-acetyllanatoside (Deslanoside) - initial

rapid loading of digitalis
1. Cascara Sagrada - Sacred Bark
(Rhamnus Purshianus) 2. Convallaria

2. Frangula - Blackthorn Bark - Lily of the Valley (C. majalis)

(Rhamnus frangula)
3. Apocymum
3. Aloe – dried latex or juice of the - Black Indian hemp (A. cannabinum)
leave of: Curacao Aloe: A. 4. Adonis
barbadensis, A. vera, Cape Aloe: A. - Pheasant’s Eye (A. vernaliz)
spicata, A. ferox 5. Cactus Grandi florus

4. Rhubarb - dried rhizome/ root – Night blooming cereus (Selenereus

grandiflorus)
> Chinese/medicinal – Rheum officinale, R.
palmatum 6. Black Hellebore

> Ornamental – R. rhaponatum – Helle borus niger = Christmas nose

> Indian/ Himalayan – R. emodi, R. webbianum C. CYANOPHORE/ CYANOGENIC

GLYCOSIDES
5. Senna (Senokot®) - cultivated on
lands resembling rice paddies - Amygdalin – most common
cyanophore glycosides
- dried leaflets of
- Emulsin – composite enzyme (found
> tinnevelley senna – whole leaves of in almonds; causes hydrolysis of β-
Cassia Angustifolia glucoside
> alexandria senna – broken leaves of - SOURCES: Cherry – Prunus
Cassia acutifolia serotina
6. Chrysarobin - mixture of neutral principles Apricots – Prunus armeniaca
from Goa powder (Andira avaroba)
Almonds – Prunus amygdalus
B. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Barley – Hordeum Vulgar
1. Digitalis
D. SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
- fox glove (D. purpurea)
- bitter acid taste; from colloidal
- Grecian Foxglove (D. lanata) solutions in water
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- lyse RBS (especially in Cold- E. ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDE
blooded animals)
- mustard glycosides
Test: Blood agar plate hemolysis test
- glucosinolate
TWO TYPES BASED ON THEIR
SAPOGENINS OR AGLYCONES: - Cruciferus plants (Brassicaceae)

> Neutral Saponin – are derivatives of steroids 1. BLACK MUSTARD

> Acid Saponin – possess triterpenoid - Sinapis Nigra

structures
- Brassica Nigra
1. GLYCIRRHIZA
2. WHITE MUSTARD
- Spanish licorice: Glycirrhiza glabra - Sinapis alba

Russian licorice: G. glabra variety – Glandu - Brassica alba

lifera
F. FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES
- glycyrrhizin, glycirrhizic acid
- aglycone: Flavonoids
- disguise the bitter taste of Quinine
are abundant in the ff PLANT FAMILIES:
by paralyzing the taste buds.
> Polygoneaceae
2. DIOSCOREA
> Rutaceae
- Mexicom vam (Dioscorea
floribunda) > Umbelliferae
- Diosgenin: Anti-inflammatory, - Elin (Ulmus sp.) – quercitin
precursor for steroids synthesis
- Milk thistle (Sylibum marianum) -
3. AGAVE (A. CANTALLA) hepatoprotectant
- fiber, hecagenin, manogenin, - Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba)
gifogenin
> Ginkgolides, bilobalides
4. SIMILAX – Sarsa pogenin;
smilagenin > memory enhancer

> has a drug-herb interaction w/ ASA

5. STROPHANTUS – sarmentogenin
G. ALCOHOL

6. GINSENG – source: American – 1. SALICIN

Panax quinquefolus
- Saligenin + D-glucose
Asian – Panax ginseng
- Willow bark (Salix purpurea)
- Panoxosides, Gensenosides,
Chikuse/ susaponins (Salix fragilis)
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- Antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory - FAMILY: Rutaceae & Apiaceae

2. POPULIN - Poplar Bark (Populus spp.) - Bishop’s Flowers – Ammi majus

H. ALDEHYDE 5. SANTORIN

1. VANILLA - Artemisia cing, Amaritima

- Vanilla planifolia: Mexican vera cruz - Antihelminthic, Toxic

Bourbon vanilla 6. ISOFLAVONES

- Vanilla tahitensis: Tahitian vanilla - Soybean (Glycine soja)

- Vanillin as Glucovanillin or - Phytoestrogens – bind to estrogen

Glucovanillic acid receptors and alleviate menopausal
symptoms
- Flavoring Agent
7. SKIMMIN
8. AESCULIN

I. LACTONE GLYCOSIDES J. PHENOL GLYCOSIDES

1. COUMARIN 1. UVA URSI
- lactone of α-hydroxycinnamic acid - Bearberry (Archtostaphylo uva ursi)
- fragrant odor, bitter aromatic, - Arbutin
burning taste
- available in the form of herbal teas
- Tonka Beans (Dipterex adorata)
- diuretic, astringent
2. BISHYDOXY COUMARIN/
DICUMAROL 2. POISON- IVY & OAK

- improperly cured leaves of sweet - Rhus spp.

clover Melilotus officinalis
- Urushiol - a non-volatile principle
- first oral anticoagulant, precursor of producing allergic symptoms and
warfarin causes a delayed contact dermatitis.

3. CANTHARIDE  (OTHER) PHENOL GLYCOSIDES:

- Spanish/ Russian/ Blistering Flies > Arbutin (from uva ursi)

(Cantharis vesicatoria) > Hesperidin (from citrus fruits)

4. PSORALENS > Phlrodzin (from root barks of

rosaceous plants)
- Photosensitizing furocoumarin
> Baptisin (from Baptisia)
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
> Iridin (from Iris Species) • Activated Charcoal – adsorp
poisons
TANNINS
3. JAPANESE & CHINESE GALLS –
- non-crystallizable hydrocolloid Rhus chinensis; gallic acid
mixture of polyphenols 4. APPLE - tannin-rich plant used in
medicine as Astringent.
- carcinogenic potential
- Pyrus mallus
- alkaloidal Antidote
LIPIDS
- groups of compounds that make a
LIPIDS (fixed oils, fats, and waxes)
wood darker in color
- esters of long-chain fatty acids and
● HYDROLYAZABLE TANNINS –
alcohols, or of closely related
AKA: Pyrogallotannins, consist of
derivatives
gallic acid or related polyhydric
compounds esterified w/ glucose Fixed oils and fats
● NONHYDROLYZABLE TANNINS – - formed when glycerol combines with
AKA: PHLOBATANINS fatty acids
CONDENSED, most result from the
condensation of 2 or more - Their primary function is food
polyhydric compounds esterified w/ (energy) storage.
glucose
Melting point of fats and fatty acids
1. HAMAMELIS
- Fixed/fatty oils are liquid at normal
- Witch Hazel leaves (Hamamelis temperatures (vegetable oils)
virginiana)
- Fats are semisolid or solid at
- hamamelitannin ordinary temperatures (animal fats)

- astringent, hemostatic FIXED OIL

2. NUTGALL - hardened excrescence Castor oil (Castor bean or Castor oil

from the young twigs of Quercus seed)
infetoria, when a hymenopherous
insect (Cynips tinctora) bores holes • SOURCE: seeds of the Ricinus
to deposit ova communis Linne plant.

Tannic Acid (Gallotannic Acid) - principal • USES: It is a stimulant cathartic (15-

constituent of Nutgall 60 ml), Plasticizer in flexible
collodion
COMPONENTS OF UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTES:
Olive oil (Sweet oil)
• MgO – neutralize acid
• SOURCE: Extracted from Olea
• Tannic acid – precipitate alkaloids europaea Linne fruit.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
• USES: Acts as a setting retardant in • MEDICAL USE: - It is radiopaque,
dental cements. making it suitable for diagnostic
purposes.
Peanut Oil (Arachis oil)
- Employed in procedures such as
• SOURCE: Arachis hypogaea Linné hysterosalpingography and lymphography for
diagnostic imaging.
• USES: Solvent: Employed as a
solvent for intramuscular injections. FATS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Soybean Oil Theobroma Oil
• SOURCE: Ripe seeds of Glycine • SOURCE: Derived from the roasted
sofa Siebold et Zaccarini. seeds of Theobroma cacao Linné,
known as cacao seeds or cacao
Cottonseed Oil
beans.
• SOURCE: Refined fixed oil obtained
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
from the seeds of cultivated plants
of various Gossypium hirsutum • Refined, bleached, hydrogenated,
Linne varieties or other Gossypium and deodorized that’s mainly
species. consists of the triglycerides of
stearic and palmitic acids.
Sesame Oil (Sesamum seed or sesame seed)
• USAGE: Primarily employed as a
• AKA: Teel Oil or Benne Oil.
tablet lubricant.
• SOURCE: Obtained from the seeds
• SOURCE: Purified fat-like
of one or more cultivated varieties of
substance extracted from the wool
Sesamum indicum Linne.
of the sheep, Ovis aries Linné
• USES: - Pharmaceutical Application: (Family: Bovidae).
Classified as a pharmaceutic aid
• USES: - Utilized as a water-
and utilized as a solvent for
absorbable ointment base.
intramuscular injections.
Anhydrous lanolin (Wool fat)
- Properties: Possesses nutritive, laxative,
demulcent, and emollient properties. • lanolin containing not more than
0.25% water.
Almond Oil
• USES: - Possesses emollient
• Commonly referred to as sweet
properties, aiding in moisturizing
almond oil, derived from the kernels
and softening the skin.
of various varieties of Prunus
amygdalus. FATTY ACIDS
• USE: Utilized as an emollient and Oleic acid
ingredient in cosmetics.
• SOURCE: Derived from edible fats
Ethiodized oil injection and fixed oils, oleic acid consists
chiefly of cis-9-octadecenoic acid.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
• USES: - Oleic Acid: Employed as an whale, Physeter macrocephalus
emulsion adjunct. Linné.

Linoleic and Linolenic Acids Jojoba oil

• Polyunsaturated octadecenoic acids • A liquid wax extracted from

crucial for human nutrition, often Simmondsia chinensis seeds
referred to as vitamin F.
Cetyl Alcohol
Undecylenic Acid (10-Undecenoic Acid)
• A mixture of solid alcohols,
• Exhibits antifungal properties, predominantly containing cetyl
commonly combined with zinc alcohol or 1-hexadecanol (at least
undecylenate or other agents in 90%).
ointments and powders for topical
application, particularly in treating Stearyl Alcohol
athlete's foot.
• Utilized as a substitute for cetyl
Sodium morrhuate alcohol, along with cetostearyl
alcohol.
• Sodium salts derived from the fatty
acids of cod liver oil. Cetostearyl Alcohol

• Employed as a sclerosing agent to • Contains a minimum of 40% stearyl

induce the closure of varicose veins. alcohol and at least 90% cetyl and
stearyl alcohols.
WAXES - Primarily protect plants from water
loss or penetration. PROSTAGLANDINS

Yellow Wax or Beeswax Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α or Dinoprost)

• Purified wax extracted from the • Tromethamine salt utilized for

honeycomb of the bee, Apis terminating second-trimester
mellifera Linne pregnancy.

White Wax Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 or Dinoprostone)

• Bleached and purified wax from the • Another uterine stimulant approved
honeycomb of the bee, Apis for terminating second-trimester
mellifera Linné. pregnancy

Carnauba Wax Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1 or Alprostadil)

• Derived from the leaves of • Induces vasodilation, inhibits platelet

Copernicia prunifera aggregation, and stimulates
intestinal and uterine smooth
Synthetic Spermaceti muscle.

• Spermaceti: Natural waxy substance • PRESCRIPTION PRODUCT:

derived from the head of the sperm Marketed under the brand name
Prostin VR Pediatric®.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
TERPENOIDS / VOLATILE OIL OCCURRENCE OF VOLATILE OILS

TERPENOIDS ● CONIFERS – occur in all Tissues.

- It forms a group of naturally ● ROSE – only in the petals.

occurring compounds majority of
which occur in plants. ● CINNAMON – only in the bark and
leaves.
- Are volatile substances which give
plants and flowers their fragrance. ● UMBELLIFEROUS FRUITS – only
in pericarp.
- They occur widely in the leaves and
fruits of higher plants, conifers, ● MINTS – in the Glandular hairs of
citrus and eucalyptus the stem and leaves

• Mono and sesquiterpenes is the ● ORANGE – one kind of oil occurs in

chief constituent of the essential oils the flower petals and other kin only
obtained from sap and tissues of in the rind.
certain plant and trees.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
• Di and triterpenoids are not steam
● TERPENES - acetate – mevalonate
volatile. They are obtained from
pathway
plant and tree gums and resins.
*Monoterpenes - are found commonly in
• Tetraterpenoids form a separate
volatile oils
group of compounds called
‘Carotenoids’ *Sesquiterpenes - form the largest class
of terpenoids
SUBCLASSES:

1. Acyclic Terpenoids: They contain

open structure. ● AROMATIC COMPOUNDS -
Shikimate pathway
2. Monocyclic Terpenoids: They
contain one ring in the structure. Shikimic Acid - precursor of the aromatic ring in
microorganisms & higher plants
3. Bicyclic Terpenoids: They contain
two rings in the structure. COMPONENTS:
4. Tricyclic Terpenoids: They contain ● Stereoptene - solid, oxidized
three rings in the structure. hydrocarbons (menthol, thymol,
anethole, camphor)
5. Tetracyclic Terpenoids: They
contain four rings in the structure. ● Oleoptene - liquid, hydrocarbons
(eucalyptol, eugenol, methyl
VOLATILE OILS
salicylate)
- aka: Essential/Ethereal Oils
METHODS OF OBTAINING VOLATILE OILS:
- The odorous principles found in
• WET DISTILLATION - w/ water
various plants.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- Ex: Water – turpentine - an antineoplastic from the bark of
Taxus brevifolia, classified as
Steam –peppermint & spearmint Diterpene.
Water & steam – cinnamon clove • NEEM
• DRY DISTILLATION - w/out H2O - Azadirachta indica
- Destructive Distillation - yield a triterpenoid w/ an antifeedant
property
• EXPRESSION - used in volatile oils,
decompose upon distillation • FORSKOLIN
• ENFLEURAGE - is suitable in - potent stimulator of adehylate
obtaining small amounts of volatile cyclase & exerts its effects as a
oils in plant parts such as a flower hypotensive cardioactive, &
petal bronchospasmolytic effects
• ECUELLE - is a general method for • VALERIAN
obtaining citrus oils by rolling the
fruit over a trough lined by sharp - source of Volatile oils, used as
projections, which are long enough antianxiety & sleep aid.
to puncture oil glands in the
epidermis • CITRONELLAL

• SOLVENT EXTRACTION - nonpolar - active constituent of the Volatile Oil of

solvent like benzene, petroleum Tanglad which is very good source of Vitamin A
ether
A. HYDROCARBON
• CLAVENGER APPARATUS - used
1. TURPENTINE OIL
to distill Volatile oils that’s heavier
than water & lighter than water - Pinus palustris
• LIMONENE - α & β-pinene
- most widely distributed monocyclic - Stimulant, Expectorant
Terpene.
*Terpinol
• PARTHENOLIDE
- is formed by the reaction between
- a sesquiterpene from feverfew that nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil
acts as a serotonin antagonist. in the presence of alcohol
• QUINGHAOSU B. ALCOHOL
- a sesquiterpenoid lactone isolated 1. PEPPERMINT
from Artemissia annua
- Sources: American – Mentha piperita
• PACLITAXEL
- flavorant, carminative, counterirritant
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
2. CORIANDER OIL - Coriandrum - Citrus limon
sativum
3. SWEET ORANGE OIL - sweet
3. CARDAMON OIL - Elletaria aurantium, Citrus sinensis
cardamom 4. CITRONELLA OIL
- Cymbopogon citrates; C. nardus; C.
4. ROSE OIL - Rosa gallica winterianus
5. HAMAMELIS OIL - Hamamelis
5. ORANGE FLOWER OIL/ NEROLI
virginia
OIL - Citrus aurantium
 for hemorrhoidal preparations
6. PINE OIL - Pinus palustris E. KETONE VOLATILE OILS

- α-terpinol, pinene (hydrocarbon) - will form a tertiary alcohol upon reaction w/

- anti-eczema, disinfectant, deodorant Grignard’s Reagent

1. CAMPHOR - Cinnamomum
camphora
C. PHENOL
1. THYME OIL - antipruritic, rubefacient, anti-
infective
- Thymus vulgaris
2. SPEARMINT OIL - Mentha spicata
- antiseptic 3. CARAWAY OIL - Carum carvi
4. BUCHU OIL - Barosma betulina
2. CLOVE OIL
- for menstrual problem
- Eugenia caryophillus

3. MYRICIA OIL / BABY OIL - Pimenta

racemosa 5. WORMWOOD / ABSINTHE OIL
4. CREOSOTE - Fagus grandifloras
5. JUNIPER TAR - Juniperus - Artemisia absinthum
oxycedrus
- counterirritant

F. PHENOLIC ESTER
D. ALDEHYDE - oxidized to CO2 &
1. NUTMEG OIL - Myristica fragrans
water in the bod
- hallucinogen; flvorant & condiment
1. CINNAMON OIL
- TOXICITY: Tachycardia - ↑HR
- Ceylon: Cinnamon zeylanicum
2. Fennel OIL - Foeniculum vulgare
Saigon: Cinnamon laureirii
- flavoring, condiment
Cassia: Cinnamon cassia  cassia oil
3. ANISE OIL - Pimpinlla anisum
- flavorant, carminative, antiseptic
- flavoring, condiment
2. LEMON PEEL OIL
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
5. CHINESE STAR ANISE - Illicium RESINS
verum
RESIN & RESIN COMBINATION
- flavoring, condiment
- product of volatile oil oxidation
6. JAPANESE STAR ANISE
- produced in Schizogenous Ducts /
- TOXIC PRINCIPLE: Hananomin Schizolysigenous glands

G. OXIDATIVE (OXIDE) - MIXTURE OF: Resin Acid –

oxyacids
1. EUCALYPTUS OIL
Resin Alcohols - Resinols
- Eucalyptus globulus
Esters = acid + alcohol
- Vicks® (Menthol + Camphor +
Eucalytus Oil) Resenes - hydrocarbons

- Cineole (eucalyptol) is found in PHARMACEUTIC RESIN: obtained by

eucalyptus and several other volatile
oil-yielding drugs ● Extracting w/ alcohol & precipitating
w/ water (Jalap, Podophyllum)
H. ESTER
1. GAULTHERIA OIL, SWEET – birch ● Separated from oleoresin by
Oil distillation (turpentine, capaiba)

Gaultheria Oil - Oil of Wintergreen ● Collect the exudates natural product

(mastic)
- Gaultheria procumbens

Sweet–birch Oil - Betula Oil

- Betula lentha
A. RESIN
Methyl salicylate - aromatic compound found in
Wintergreen ● are complex mixtures of resin acids,
resin alcohols, resinotannols, esters
2. LAVENDER OIL & resenes

– lavender: Lavadula angustifolia 1. ROSIN,

COLOPHONY -
Lavadula vera Pinus palustris
Lavadula officinale - stiffening agent for plasters, ointment
3. PINE NEEDLE OIL - Pinus mugo 2. PODOPHYLLUM -American
4. MUSTARD OIL mandelate (Podophyllum pelatatum)
– Brassica nigra - aka May Apple / Mandrake
a glycosidic volatile oil obtained by enzymatic - Podophyllin - caustic agent for warts
hydrolysis of the glycosides.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- Peltatin - purgative - Zingeberol, bisabolene

3. ERIODYCTION - Yerba Santa - stomach aches, sore throat

(Eriodyction californium)
3. Turpentine, Gum thus - Pinus
- stimulant expectorant, flavorant palustris

5. JALAP - root of Exogonium purge - counterirritant

- cathartic, hydrogogue 4. Copaiba, Balsam of Copaiba -

Copaifera sp.
- Jalapin, purganol = drastic purgative
- Not a true balsam
6. MASTIC - Pisracia lentiscus
5. White Pine/ Weymouth pine - Pinus
- α-resin-mastichis strobes
- dental varnish to seal cavities C. OLEOGUMRESIN
7. KAVA-KAVA - Piper methysticum = volatile oils + gum + resin
- Styryl pyrone: Kawain 1. MYRRH, GUM MYRRH -
COMMIPHORA MOLMOL
- tranquilizer, skeletal muscle relaxant
- Somali (African)
7. CANNABIS - Indian hemp
(Cannabis sativa) - Yemen (Arabia)
- Marijuana, Mary Jane, MJ, Hashish, - ingredient in Astring-o-sol®
Pot Weed, Weed, Hash
- imbalming agent

2. ASAFETIDA - FERULA FOETIDA

- asaresinotannol, ferulic acid
B. OLEORESIN D. BALSAM
- volatile oils + resin = resin + Aromatic compounds (benzoic acid,
cinnamic acid)
1. Capsicum or Cayenne Pepper
1. STORAX - LIQUIDAMBAR
- Sources: African Chillies, siling
ORIENTALIS
labuyo (Capsicum frutescens)
Louisiana Long pepper, siling haba - L. styraciflura (Levant’s storax)
(Capsicum anuum var. longum)
Tabacco pepper (Capsicum anuum - aka “Styrax”, “Loquid Storax”
var conoides)
- Pharmaceutic aid in making
Capsaicin – counterirritant and is a teratogenic compound Benzoin Ticture
poison
2. PERUVIAN BALSAM - Myroxylum
2. Ginger - Zingiber officinale pereirae
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- benzylcinnamate, peruresnotannol 1. STORAGE & TRANSPORT

- antiseptic, parasiticide Ex: Myoglobulin - carrier of oxygen

3. TOLU BALSAM - Myrosylum Hemoglobulin - carrier of oxygen

balsamum
Transferrin - transport from of Iron
- toluresinetannol cinnamate
Ferritin - storage form of Fe
- flavorant, expectorant
2. MUSCULAR CONTRACTION: Actin
- used a s pharmaceutic aid for & Myosin (their activity is Ca2+ -
compound benzoin tincture dep.)

4. BENZOIN 3. BIOLOGICAL CATALYST: Enzymes

- SOURCES: Sumatra – Styrax 4. METABOLIC CONTROL: Hormones

benzoin – Sumaresinotannol
5. IMMUNE SYSTEM Ex:
Siam – Anthostyrax sp. – Immunoglobulin (MADGE)
Siaresinotannol
6. TISSUE DIFFERANTIATION - Stem
- Antiseptic, stimulant expectorant Cells (undifferentiated Cells)

- BENZOIN TINCTURE: Benzoin,

Storax, Tolu Balsam, Aloe
II. CLASSES OF PROTEINS BASED
PROTEINS & ENZYMES ON THEIR COMPOSITIONS:
A. Simple Proteins - is a general term
PROTEINS for naturally occuring proteins that
yield only alpha amino acids, or their
- polymers of amino acids – Peptide
derivatives on hydrolysis.
Bonds

- polymers that are responsible for the

metabolic capabilities & morphology
of organisms

● PEPTIDE BONDS - formed by

dehydration

● THYROXINE - is aproten
biopolymer

- is chemically 3,5,3’5’ –
tetraiodothyronine
B. Conjugated Proteins - are combined
- is used as a precursor of Thyroid
in nature w/ some nonprotein
Hormone
substances, & are classified
I. DYNAMIC FUNCTIONS: according to the nature of their
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
prosthetic group or non-protein c. Histones - basic proteins which are
portion. soluble in water & salt solutions

• Prosthetic group - the non-amino d. Protamines - are strongly basic

acid portion of conjugated protein proteins of relatively low molecylar
weight.

e. Insulins - regulatory hormone for

controlling metabolism

f. Ribonuclease - enzyme controlling

RNA synthesis

g. Immunoglobulions - proteins
involved in immune response

h. Hemoglobin - protein involved in

Oxygen Transport

i. Prolamines - soluble in 70-80%

ethanol, insoluble in water

2. FIBROUS PROTEINS - serve as structural

or protective elements in the organisms.

a. Collagen - major protein of the

connective tissues in vertebrates

- most abundant of all proteins in

mammals

- Tropocollagen - basic unit of

collagen

III. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS Microfibrillar Collagen - a fibrous water-

ACCORDING TO THEIR THREE- insoluble material prepared from purified
DIMENSIONAL SHAPE OR GROSS bonine corium collagen.
STRUCTURE: b. Elastins - are present in tendons,
1. GLOBULAR PROTEINS- are soluble in arteries & other elastic
aqueous system & diffuse readily. tissues/ligaments

a. Albumin - soluble in water & salt c. Keratins - contain large amount of

solution, has no distinctive amino sulfur as cysteine. Found in skin,
acids wool, feathers, silk, fingernails

b. Globulin - sparingly soluble in water, d. Myosin - found in muscle tissues

soluble in salt solution e. Fibrinogen - found in blood,
necessary for blood clotting.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
IV. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS a. Proteans - insoluble products
ACCORDING TO THEIR resulting from the action for a
BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION: comparatively short time of water,
dilute acid or enzymes.
1. Enzymes - most important class of
proteins b. Metaproteins - or infraproteins, are
products of further action of acids &
2. Hormones - proteins that regulate akalies
body processes
c. Coagulated Proteins - are insoluble
3. Storage Protein - serve as nutrient products resulting from either the
stores action of heat or alcohol
4. Transport Proteins - have transport
function
2. SECONDARY PROTEIN
5. Structural Proteins - forms as DERIVATIVES:
organism structure Proteoses>Peptones>Peptides
6. Protective Proteins Ex: Antibodies a. Proteoses
and Fibrinogen & Thrombin b. Peptones
c. Coagulated Proteins
7. Contractile Proteins - essential
elements in contractile & motile VI. LEVELS OF PROTEIN
system ORGANIZATION
Ex: Actin & Myosin - serve as the major 1. PRIMARY STRUCTURE - refers to
elements in the contractile system in the the order of amino acids in the
muscle polypeptide chain/s & the location of
the disulfide bonds
8. Toxic Protein: Ex: Snake venom and
Clostridium Bolinum

2. SECONDARY STRUCTURE: refers

to the spatial arrangements of amino
V. DERIVED PROTEINS
acid residues close to one another
- are proteins that differ only slightly in the linear sequence of a
from source original proteins, & are polypeptide chain.
formed by means of the action of
KINDS OF PATTERNS
heat, acids, alakali, water, enzymes,
& mechanical shock. a. α-helix – composed of a single
linear array of helically disposed
1. PRIMARY PROTEIN DERIVATIVES
amino acids
- are proteins that have undergone
slight intramolecular rearrangement b. β-pleated sheet - composed of 2 or
through the hydrolytic action of more different regions of stretches
certain physical & chemical agents. of at least 5-10 amino acids.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
c. triple helix - less common kind of EX: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DERIVED
Pattern FROM VITAMINS:

d. Random Coil - NAD+/ NADH - (nicotinamide

Adenine reduce form dinucleotide)
3. TERTIARY STRUCTURE - the overall B3
arrangement & interrelationship of various
regions or domains, & individual amino acid - FAD+/FADH2 - Flavin Adenine
residues of a single polypeptide chain Dinucleotide

BONDS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TERTIARY - Pyridoxal – Pyridoxamine

STRUCTURE: transferase

a. Hydrophobic Interaction of non-polar - common cofactor of transferase

side chains - caused by the mutual
repulsion of solvent like ● Apoenzyme - protein portion of an
phenylalanine, alanine, & valine. enzyme w/out a bound cofactor

b. Dipole-dipole Interaction - between ● Holoenzyme - active form of an

serine groups enzyme

c. Disulfide linkage - responsible for ● Zymogen - inactive form of an

curly hair enzyme

4. QUATERNARY STRUCTURE - arrangement of Pepsinogen - inactivated to pepsin by gastric

polypeptide chains in relation to one another in acid (HCl) & by activated pepsin Trypsinogen -
multi-chained protein in small intestines, precursor of trypsin

THE BONDS LINKING THE QUATERNARY TRYPSIN CAN THEN ACTIVATE THE
STRUCTURE ARE ALL NONCOVALENT: FOLLOWING:

a. Hydrogen Bonds ‒ Chymotrypsingen to chymotrypsin

b. Electrostatic/ Salt Bonds (ionic ‒ Proelastase to elastase

Bond)
‒ Procarboxypeptidase to
c. Hydrophobic Bonds carboxypeptidase

ENZYME: Biological Catalyst ‒ Proaminopeptidase to

aminopeptidase
● Ribozymes - RNA molecules
(nucleic acid) that function as GROUPS OF ENZYMES (Catalyzes the
enzyme digestion of Proteins)

● Substrate - is a molecule that enters 1. Endopeptidases - hydrolyze peptide

to an enzymatic reaction bonds between specific amino acids
throughout the molecules.
● Cofactors - substances that most
enzymes require for their activities. 2. Exopeptidases - catalyze the
hydrolysis of peptide bonds, one at
a time, from free carboxyl terminal
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
3. Carboxypeptidase - secreted in the ● Lipases - hydrolysis of ester groups
pancreatic juice, release amino in lipids
acids from the free carboxyl terminal
● Proteases - hydrolysis of amide
4. Aminopeptidases - secreted by the group in proteins
intestinal mucosal, release amino
acids from the amino terminal ● Nucleases - hydrolysis of phosphate
groups in nucleic acids
5. Dipeptidase - hydrolyze dipeptide in
the bruh border of the intestinal 4. Lyases - catalyze non-hydrolytic
mucosal cells. cleavage

Dipeptides - are not substrates for Subclass:

exopeptidases
● Dehydrases - loss of water from
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES substrate
(Chronological Order)
● Decarboxylase - loss of carbon
1. Oxidoreductases - catalyze redox dioxide from substrate
reaction
5. Isomerase - catalyze intramolecular
Subclass: rearrangement of atoms

● Oxidases - oxidation of substrate Subclass:

● Reductases - reduction of a ● Epimerase - isomerization of chiral

substrate center in substrate

● Dehydrogenases - introduction of 6. Ligases - catalyze reactions that join

double bond (oxidation) by formal 2 molecules forming a covalent
removal of H2 from substrate linkage using an energy released
from hydrolyzing a pyrophosphate
2. Transferases - catalyze the bond
transport of 1 functional group from
one molecule to another Subclass:

Subclass: ● Synthetases - forms new bond

between two substrates
● Transaminases - transfer of an
amino group to substrate ● Carboxylases - forms new bond
between substrate & CO2
● Kinases - transfer of a phosphate
group to substrate HORMONES

3. Hydrolases - catalyze hydrolytic HORMONES

reaction or the breaking of bond
- are mammalian metabolites that are
involving introduction of water
produce by endocrine or ductless
Subclass: glands, are released directly into the
blood, and are involve in eliciting
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
responses by specific body organs • SODIUM LEVOTHYROXINE
and tissues.
- It is the sodium salt of the levo
• EPINEPHRINE isomer of thyroxine, an active
physiologic principle obtained from
- It is (—)-3,4-dihydroxy-a the thyroid gland of domesticated
[(methylamino) methyl] benzyl animals used for food by humans
alcohol. It may be isolated as a and is classed as a thyroid
hormone from adrenal medulla or hormone.
may be prepared synthetically.
• SODIUM LIOTHYRONINE
• LEVARTERENOL
- This physiologically active
- Also known as (-)-norepinephrifle, compound is a naturally occurring
(-)-α-(aminomethyl)3, 4 - thyroid hormone.
dihydroxybenzy1alcohol.
• LIOTRIX
- usually administered intravenous
infusion and is usually used as the - It is a mixture of synthetic sodium
bitartrate salt, which is a white or levothyroxine and sodium liothyroxine.
faintly gray, crystalline powder. It
slowly darkens when exposed to air • OXYTOCIN
and light.
- Also called α-hypophamine
• DOPAMINE
- It is the uterine stimulating fraction,
- Also known as 3,4- and it is relatively free from action
dihydroxyphenylethylamine on other smooth muscle.

- It is a biosynthetic precursor of • VASOPRESSIN

norepinephrine and epinephrine and
- Also known as β-hypophamine
this endogenous catecholamine has
sympathomimetic properties. - is employed in replacement therapy
for the management of diabetes
• TRIIODOTHYRONINE
insipidus.
- It is the most active of the known
• LYPRESSIN
thyroid metabolites, and
approximately one third of the - Also known as lysine-vasopressin, is a
thyroxine excreted by the normal synthetically prepared peptide hormone that
thyroid gland undergoes metabolic occurs naturally in the posterior lobe of the hog
deiodination to triiodothyronirie in pituitary gland.
peripheral tissues.
• DESMOPRESSIN
• THYROXINE
- Also referred to as 1-deamino-8-D-
- is approximately 90% ionized and is argi-nine-vasopressin, is a synthetic
predominantly protein bound in the analog of arginine-vasopressin.
blood.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
• FOLLICLE-STIMULATING - A purified preparation of
HORMONE gonadotropins obtained from the
urine of postmenopausal women
- Also known as β-hypophamine
• SOMATROPIN (SOMATOTROPIN)
- It is necessary for maturation of the
ovarian follicles in females and for - Growth hormones, stimulates linear
maturation of the seminiferous growth of bones during
tubules of the testes in males. development, and its anabolic
effects include an increased
• LUTEINIZING HORMONE intracellular transport of amino
acids.
- It is essential for causing ovulation and for the
development and maintenance of the corpus • THYROTROPIN
luteum in
- Thyrotropic principle of the anterior
the ovary. pituary. A glycoprotein in the 28,000
to 30,000 molecular weight range.
- In the male, LH is apparently active in the
Obtained from bovine glands and is
development of the Leydig cells of the testes.
purified to remove significant
• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN amount of corticotropic,
gonadotropic, and other hormones.
- It is a straight-chain polypeptide
containing 39 amino acid residues. • CALCITONIN

• COSYNTROPIN (CORTROSYN) - exerts a hypocalcemic effect by

suppressing bone resorption and by
- Used as a diagnostic acid and inhibiting tubular reabsorption of
contains 24 amino acid residues. calcium in the kidneys.
Presents a lesser risk of allergenic
reaction than the natural hormone. • CHOLECYSTOKININ

- - stimulates the secretion of

pancreatic digestive enzymes, the
• CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN flow of bile, and the contraction of
(HCG OR the gall-bladder.
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN)
• SECRETIN
- Gonad-stimulating polypeptide hormone
(obtained from the urine of Pregnant Woman). - It normally increases the
bicarbonate content and volume of
- Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone secretion from the pancreas.
produced primarily by syncytiotrophoblastic
cells of the placenta during pregnancy. • PENTAGASTRIN

. - It increases gastrointestinal motility

and stimulates the secretion of
• MENOTROPINS OR gastric acid, pepsin and intrinsic
UROGONADOTROPIN factor; it is used to test gastric
secretory function.
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
VITAMINS & TRACE MINERALS - occur in greatest proportion in dried
yeast
VITAMINS
- can treat Wernicke-Korsakoff
- used as special dietary supplements Syndrome
FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES IN WHICH - most rapidly reduced vitamin
VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION IS
INDICATED: - DEFFICIENCY: Pernicious Anemia

• Inadequate dietary in take • Vitamin B3(Niacin) - can be used in

the
• Increased metabolic requirement
- naturally occurring pyridine
• Impaired intestinal absorption derivative that prevents Pellagra
• Iatrogenic situations - MANIFESTATIONS OF
PELLAGRA:
VITAMIN A
Dementia (CNS disorder)
- maintains the integrity of epithelial
Diarrhea
membranes
Dermatitis
- essential in the formation of
• Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) - a
rhodopsin & the normal functioning
cofactor for the metabolism of
of the retina
Carbohydrate, Lipid, & Protein
- was the first fat-soluble vitamin
DEFICIENCY: Paresthesia of the Extremities or
discovered
“Burning Foot Syndrome”
• Retinol - major natural form of
• Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) - required in
Vitamin A
the transfer of amino groups &
• Retinoic Acid - structurally related to decarboxylase of amino acid
Vitamin A
DEFICIENCIES: Hypochromic microcystis
• β-carotene - a precursor of vitamin A anemia, Resemble Niacin & Riboflavin
which does not occur In plants, but abnormalities, Neurologic Abnormalities,
in its place are compound that are
• Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) - decrease
into Vitamin A in the small animal
the risk of neutral tube deffects
body
- DEFICIENCY:
VITAMIN B
- Glossitis Megaloblastic Anemia
• Vitamin B Complex - used in the
prevention of degenerative changes • Vitamin B12 – is the best
in the central nervous system. supplement recommended for strict
vegetarian
• Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) - Appebon®
VITAMIN C
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- for formation of intercellular collagen - refers to the mixture of RUTIN and
 healing of bone fractures HESPERIDIN

- metabolism of tyrosine VITAMIN

- antiscorbutic vitamin • Phytomenadione - synthetic form of

Vitamin K1
- may be administered w/ Ferrous
Sulfate to prevent/ minimize the • Phylloquinone - natural form of
oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions Vitamin K1

VITAMIN D

- Calciferol

INDICATIONS:

• Hypoparathyroidism

• Nutritional Rickets

• Renal Osteodystrophy

• Hypocalcemia

OTHER FORMS OF VITAMIN D:

1. Ergocalciferol (Vit D2) - plant steroid

derive from Ergosterol

2. Cholecalciferol (Vit D3) - animal

species

- may be formed by irradiation of 7-

dehydrocholesterol & resembles ergocalciferol
in appearance & physical properties. TRACE MINERALS

3. Dihydrotachysterol - is a synthetic • Calcium - Avoid taking Wheat Bread

substance formed by the reduction while taking Calcium, fiber rich food
of tachysterol - closely related to can decrease absorption of calcium
ergosterol
DEFICIENCIES:
4. 7-Dehydrocholesterol - is converted
• Chromium Def - Glucose Intolerance
to calciferol upon exposure to
ultraviolet light - Peripheral Neuropathy
Oleovitamin A & D - found in liver oil or other - Metabolic Encephalopathy
vegetable oil.
• Zinc Def - Alopecia
VITAMIN P (Permeability Factor)
- Infertility
 PLANT CHEMISTRY
- Poor wound healing

- Poor growth

- Poor resistant to infection

• Copper Def - Depigmentation of Hair

• Selenium Def - RBC Fragility