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ADMATHS
SECTION: GEOMETRY

LESSON 9M5: PERIMETER AND AREA (ADVANCED)

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PERIMETER FORMULAE

1. SQUARE:
𝑎

Perimeter of square = 4 × 𝑎 or 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

= 4𝑎

2. RECTANGLE
ℓ

Perimeter of rectangle = 2ℓ + 2𝑤 or 2 × length + 2 × width

= 2(ℓ + 𝑤)

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3. TRIANGLE:

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐
𝑐
𝑎

b
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
Perimeter of triangle = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

4. CIRCLE:

Circumference of circle = 𝜋 × 𝑑

= 𝜋𝑑
𝑟 𝑟

𝑑
OR

Circumference of circle = 𝜋 × 2𝑟

= 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑 = diameter

𝑟 = radius

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AREA FORMULAE

1. SQUARE:
𝑎

Area of square = 𝑎 × 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

or
2
=𝑎 = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2

2. RECTANGLE
ℓ ℓ = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑤 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑤

Area of rectangle = ℓ × 𝑤

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3. TRIANGLE

ℎ ℎ ℎ

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1
Area of 𝛥 = ×𝑏×ℎ ℎ = perpendicular height
2

𝑏×ℎ
= 𝑏 = base
2

4. CIRCLE

𝑟 𝑟 = radius

Area of circle = 𝜋𝑟 2

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Example 1

Given: 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a square with diagonal 𝐵𝐷 = 8 𝑐𝑚. Calculate the area

of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷.
𝐴 𝐷

8 𝑐𝑚

𝐵 𝐶
Solution

Suppose 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚

∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 82 (Pythagoras)

2𝑥 2 = 64

𝑥 2 = 32

𝑥 = √32 𝑐𝑚

∴ Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = √32 × √32 = 32 𝑐𝑚2

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Example 2

Given: 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝑃 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶 produced.

𝐴𝐶 = 15 𝑐𝑚, 𝐴𝐵 = 13 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑃𝐵 = 5 𝑐𝑚.
𝐴

15 𝑐𝑚
ℎ
13 𝑐𝑚

𝑃 5 𝑐𝑚 𝐵 𝐶

Determine the area of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶.

Solution

ℎ2 = 132 − 52 (Pythagoras)
First determine the
perpendicular height of the
= 169 − 25 triangle by using Pythagoras.

= 144

∴ ℎ = 12 𝑐𝑚

122 + 𝑃𝐶 2 = 152 (Pythagoras)

𝑃𝐶 2 = 152 − 122

= 225 − 144

= 81
∴ 𝑃𝐶 = 9 𝑐𝑚

∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 4 𝑐𝑚

𝑏 × ℎ 4 × 12
∴ Area 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = = = 24 𝑐𝑚2
2 2

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HERON’S FORMULA FOR THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE

𝑏
𝐵

Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
where 𝑠 =
2

When do you use Heron’s formula?

It is used when the lengths of the 3 sides of a triangle are given, but not the
perpendicular height.

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Example 3

Given: 𝑎 = 8 𝑐𝑚; 𝑏 = 5,4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑐 = 5,4 𝑐𝑚

5,4 𝑐𝑚 5,4 𝑐𝑚

𝐵 8 𝑐𝑚 𝐶
(a) Calculate the area of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 to the nearest 𝑐𝑚2
by using Heron’s formula.

(b) Determine the perpendicular height and area of the triangle.

𝑏×ℎ
Use the formula, area =
2

Solution
5,4 + 5,4 + 8
(a) 𝑠=
2
18,8
=
2

= 9,4

∴ Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

= √9,4(9,4 − 8)(9,4 − 5,4)(9,4 − 5,4)

= √9,4(1,4)(4)(4)

= √210,56

= 14,5106. . . .

≈ 15 𝑐𝑚2
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(b) Construction: Draw the altitude 𝐴𝑇 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶

5,4 5,4

4 T 4
𝐵 4 𝑇 4 𝐶

𝐵𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 = 4𝑐𝑚 (isosceles 𝛥)

𝐴𝑇 2 = 5, 42 − 42 (Pythagoras)

= 13,16

∴ 𝐴𝑇 = √13,16

≈ 3,6𝑐𝑚

𝑏×ℎ NOTE
Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
2 If we use 𝑨𝑻 ≈ 𝟑, 𝟔:
8 × 3,6
8 × √13,16 Area ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
= 2
2
= 14,4 𝑐𝑚2
= 14,5106. . .
Slightly inaccurate!
≈ 15 𝑐𝑚2

• THE FORMULAE IN (a) AND (b) GIVE THE SAME ANSWER.

• Remember, rather use the surd form or the decimal form before
rounding, for better accuracy.

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MEDIAN:

• A median of a triangle joins the vertex with the midpoint of the opposite
side (and is not necessarily perpendicular to the opposite side).

• A triangle has 3 medians. (See the dotted lines in sketches below.)

• The 3 medians of a triangle are concurrent.

(This means that they intersect in one point, namely the centroid.)

•
•
•

Centroid
• The centroid of a triangle divides the median in the ratio 2: 1

Centroid
𝑃 𝐴𝑆: 𝑆𝑃 = 2: 1
⦁
𝑆
𝐴

• A median bisects the area of a triangle.

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ANOTHER FORMULA FOR THE AREA OF A TRIANGLE: MEDIANS

𝑧 𝑦

𝐵 𝐶
Medians of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with lengths 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧

4
Area 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √𝑚(𝑚 − 𝑥)(𝑚 − 𝑦)(𝑚 − 𝑧)
3
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
where 𝑚 =
2

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EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

The 𝟑 medians of an equilateral 𝛥

are equal in length.

ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an isosceles triangle with 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶

The 𝟐 medians 𝐴𝑄 and 𝐶𝑃

𝑅 are equal in length.
𝑃

𝐵 𝑄 𝐶

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Example 4

Given: 𝜟 𝑨𝑩𝑪 with 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐹 the midpoints of the sides 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶
respectively. 𝑩𝑫 = 𝟗 𝒄𝒎; 𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎 and 𝑨𝑭 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒄𝒎

𝐷
𝐸

𝐵 𝐹 𝐶

Calculate the area of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 to 1 decimal digit.

Solution
9 + 17 + 18
𝑚=
2
44
=
2

= 22

4
∴ Area 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 = √22(22 − 9)(22 − 17)(22 − 18)
3
4
= √22(13)(5)(4)
3
4
= √5720
3
4
= × 75,6306. . . .
3

≈ 100,8 𝑐𝑚2
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EXERCISE 1

(Round off answers to one decimal digit.)

1. Use Heron’s formula to determine the area of the triangle below:

8,1 𝑐𝑚 11,4 𝑐𝑚

4,5 𝑐𝑚

2. 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an equilateral triangle.

𝐵𝐹, 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐸 are medians.

𝐵𝐹 = 9 𝑐𝑚

𝐷 𝐹

𝐵 𝐶
𝐸
Calculate the area of 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

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SEMI-CIRCLES

2𝜋𝑟
1. The formula for the arc length of a semi-circle = = 𝜋𝑟
2

𝜋𝑟 2
2. The formula for the area of a semi-circle =
2

Example 5

Given: Four semi-circles with centres 𝐴, 𝑀, 𝐵 and 𝑃.

1
The radii for the 3 smaller semi-circles are: 𝑟1 = 2 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 = 𝑟1 .
2

𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟3
𝐴 𝑀 𝐵 𝑃
Calculate, in terms of 𝜋, the ...

(a) circumference and

(b) area of the shaded part in terms of 𝜋.

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Solution

(a) 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 = 1 𝑐𝑚

radius of the largest semi-circle = 4 𝑐𝑚

Total circumference

⦁ + ⦁ + +
4 2 1 1

= 𝜋(4) + 𝜋(2) + 𝜋(1) + 𝜋(1)

11
= 4𝜋 + 2𝜋 + 𝜋 + 𝜋

= 8𝜋 𝑐𝑚
1

(b) Total area

=
− − −
4 2 11
1
1
2 1
4

𝜋(4)2 𝜋(2)2 𝜋(1)2 𝜋(1)2

= − − −
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 8𝜋 − 2𝜋 − −
2 2

= 5𝜋 𝑐𝑚2

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Example 6

The figure consists of right-angled 𝛥 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐵̂ = 90∘ .

𝑂 is the centre of 𝐴𝐶 and 𝑃 is the centre of 𝐴𝑂.
The semi-circle with diameter 𝑂𝐶 is drawn.
The semi-circles with diameters 𝐴𝑃 and 𝑃𝑂 are equal.
𝐴𝐵 = 8 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐵𝐶 = 6 𝑐𝑚.

𝑃
8 𝑐𝑚
𝑂

𝐵 6 𝑐𝑚 𝐶

Determine the perimeter of the figure formed by the solid lines.

Solution

𝐴𝐶 2 = 82 + 62 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠)

= 64 + 36

= 100 First determine the length of 𝐴𝐶

using the theorem of Pythagoras.
∴ 𝐴𝐶 = √100 = 10 𝑐𝑚

∴ 𝐴𝑂 = 𝑂𝐶 = 5 𝑐𝑚 𝑑 = 5 𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝑂 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚 ∴ 𝑟 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚

2𝜋(2,5) 𝑑 = 2,5 𝑐𝑚
Perimeter of semi-circle on 𝑂𝐶 = = 2,5 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
2
𝑟 = 1,25 𝑐𝑚
2𝜋(1,25)
Perimeter of semi-circles on 𝐴𝑃 and 𝑃𝑂 = [ ] × 2 = 2,5 𝜋 𝑐𝑚
2
∴ Total perimeter = 8 + 6 + 2,5 𝜋 + 2,5 𝜋

= 14 + 5𝜋 = 29,71 𝑐𝑚

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EXERCISE 2

1. The figure consists of a semi-circle on top of a rectangle and “stairs”

on the one side. 𝑟 = 6 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝜋 = 3,14

7 𝑐𝑚

11 𝑐𝑚

4 𝑐𝑚

Determine the perimeter of the figure.

2. ̂ = 90∘ .
Given: 𝛥𝑇𝑀𝑁 with 𝑀
𝑀𝑇 = 10 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑇𝑁 = 26 𝑐𝑚. 𝑀𝑂 = 3 𝑂𝑁.
The semi-circles with diameters 𝑀𝑂 and 𝑂𝑁 are drawn.

𝑇 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑀

26 𝑐𝑚
𝑂

𝑁
Determine the perimeter of the figure formed by the solid lines.
(Write the answer in terms of 𝜋.)

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HOMEWORK

1. The ratio of the length and width of a rectangle is 5: 3

Determine the length if the perimeter is equal to 56 𝑐𝑚.

2. Given: 𝐻𝐽𝐾𝑀 is a square. 𝐻𝐾 = 12 𝑐𝑚.

𝐻 𝐽

12 𝑐𝑚

𝑀 𝐾

Calculate the area of the square 𝐻𝐽𝐾𝑀.

3. Given: 𝛥 𝑃𝑄𝑅 with 𝑃𝑇 ⊥ 𝑄𝑅 produced.

𝑃𝑄 = 29 𝑐𝑚; 𝑃𝑇 = 20 𝑐𝑚; 𝑅𝑇 = 4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚.
𝑃

29 𝑐𝑚
20 𝑐𝑚

𝑄 𝑥 𝑅 4 𝑐𝑚 𝑇
Determine the....
3.1 value of 𝑥
3.2 area of 𝛥 𝑃𝑄𝑅

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4. In the diagram the line 𝐴𝐶 divides the area of rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐸 in the
ratio 3: 5.
𝐴 𝐵

𝐹 𝐶

𝐸 𝐷

Determine the ratio 𝑥: 𝑦

5. In the diagram 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a rectangle.

𝑃𝑆 = 11 𝑐𝑚, 𝑆𝑅 = 5 𝑐𝑚 and 𝑄𝑇 = 1,5 𝑐𝑚

𝑃 𝐴 𝑆

𝑄 𝑇 𝑅

Determine the area of the shaded section.

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6. In the accompanying figure a semi-circle is drawn on one side of an

equilateral triangle.

The radius of the circle is 7 𝑐𝑚.

6.1 Determine the perimeter of the figure in terms of 𝜋.

6.2 Calculate the area of the total figure. Use Heron’s formula to calculate
the area of the equilateral triangle.

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7. Determine, correct to 2 decimal digits,

(a) the perimeter and
(b) the area of the shaded section in each figure. (𝜋 = 3,14)

7.1 In the accompanying figure the diameters of the 2 smaller semi-circles

are the same.

• • •
10 𝑐𝑚

7.2

Centre of circle.
14 𝑐𝑚

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