EXPERIMENT DATA SHEET

Name: _________________________________ Date Performed: May 23,2023

Course Code & Section: LBYPH1A EH3
Group Members: Almaida Albrecht Alba B.
Emmanuel V. Abas II
Reilan Ryobi M. Vinuya

DMM Model: Fluke 117 DMM Type: True RMS

VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER (VOM) and

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

I. VOM AS AN OHMMETER

A. CONTINUITY TEST
No. of good wires: 6 wires No. of broken wires: None

B. RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
C.
CARBON RESISTORS (pls arrange data in ascending order)
Color Bands* Nominal Lower Upper Actual Within %
Value** Limit Limit Value Limits? error
Gn-Bk-Bk-Gd 50 Ω 47.50 Ω 52.50 Ω 50. 0 Ω Yes 0%
R-V-Bk-Gd 27 Ω 25.65 Ω 27.20 Ω 27.2 Ω Yes 0.74%
R-Bk-Br-Gd 200 Ω 190 Ω 210 Ω 198.9 Ω Yes 0.55%
Br-Bk-Br-Gd 100 Ω 95 Ω 105 Ω 99.4 Ω Yes 0.60%
Y-V-Bk-Gd 47 Ω 44.65 Ω 49.35 Ω 47.0 Ω Yes 0%
Br-R-Br-Gd 120 Ω 114 Ω 126 Ω 120.1 Ω Yes 0.08%
Bl-Gy-Bk-Gd 68 Ω 64.60 Ω 71.40 Ω 67.1 Ω Yes 1.32%
Br-Gy-Br-Gd 180 Ω 171 Ω 189 Ω 181.4 Ω Yes 0.78%
R-Y-Bk-Gd 24 Ω 22.8 Ω 25.20 Ω 24.0 Ω Yes 0%
O-O-Bk-Gd 33 Ω 31.35 Ω 34.65 Ω 34.0 Ω Yes 3.03%
Br-Gn-Br-Gd 150 Ω 142.50 Ω 157.50 Ω 150.3 Ω Yes 0.20%
Br-Bk-Br-Gd 100 Ω 95 Ω 105 Ω 98.7 Ω Yes 1.30%
* Bk-black, Br-brown, R-red, O-orange, Y-yellow, Gn-green,
Bl-blue, V-violet, Gy-gray, W-white, Gd-gold, S-silver
** Manufacturer’s rated value including tolerance
 Carbon-film Resistor
Color Nominal Lower Upper Actual Within %
Bands* Value** Limit Limit Value Limits? error

Sample Equation/s:

Lower Limit:
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − (𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
50 − (50 * 0. 05) = 47. 50 Ω

Upper Limit:
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + (𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑥 𝑇𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
50 + (50 * 0. 05) = 52. 50 Ω

%Error:

|𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑥100

| 50. 0 Ω − 50. 0 Ω|
50. 0 Ω
* 100 = 0%

II. VOM AS A VOLTMETER

A. EXERCISE ON CHOOSING THE RIGHT FUNCTION

To measure the set the DMM* function to

resistance of a potentiometer Ω (Resistance)
condition of a conductor 𝑉 (DCV)
output of an adapter charger 𝑉 (DCV)
output of a power outlet “V” with a wavy line over it (ACV)
output of a squarewave generator “V” with a wavy line over it (ACV)
output bias of a squarewave generator 𝑉 (DCV)
current generated by an alkaline battery module 𝐴 (DCA)
output of a USB charger 𝑉 (DCV)
current generated by a 6-volt AC transformer “A” with a wavy line over it (ACA)
output of a 9-volt square battery 𝑉 (DCV)
condition of a car-battery 𝑉 (DCV)
* Assume DMM is auto-range, True rms.
 B. DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT

I. Battery Modules

DMM Correct Polarity Reversed Polarity

Battery Module
Function Range Reading Range Reading
Single AA DC V Auto range 1.586 V Auto range -1.586 V
Double AA DC V Auto range 3.184 V Auto range -3.184 V
Single AA* DC mV Auto range OL Auto range OL
Double AA* DC mV Auto range OL Auto range OL
Indicate “NA” if your DMM does not have DC mV.
“OL” if reading is beyond range of the DMM

II. Random Household Batteries.

Rated DMM Battery

Battery Description Range Reading
Voltage Function Condition

C. AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Because of the potential hazard involved, this part will be handled during face-to-face.
III. VOM AS A DC AMMETER

Battery V R Iestimate Imeasured

Module (volts) (ohms) (mA) % error
Range Reading(mA)
Single AA 200 Ω 6 mA
Single AA 50 Ω 28 mA
Double AA 200 Ω 16 mA
Double AA 50 Ω 57 mA

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate DC and AC voltages.
Answer:
Direct current (DC) is a type of electrical current where the flow of electrons
remains constant in one direction. It can be visualized as a steady flow, much like
a river that consistently moves in a particular path. DC is commonly obtained from
 sources such as batteries, where chemical reactions generate a continuous flow
of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. Other examples of
DC sources include solar cells, fuel cells, and certain power supplies.

On the other hand, alternating current (AC) is a method of electricity flow in which
the direction of electron movement periodically changes back and forth. The flow
of current in AC constantly alternates between positive and negative directions,
similar to the back-and-forth motion of a swinging pendulum. AC is typically
generated by electrical generators at power plants, where mechanical energy,
such as from turbines, is converted into electrical energy. It is the form of
electricity commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

When considering the voltage in DC and AC systems, there are notable

differences. In DC, the voltage remains constant over time, maintaining a steady
level without any significant variations. This means that the magnitude and
polarity of the voltage do not change. Conversely, in AC, the voltage periodically
oscillates, alternating between positive and negative values. The voltage
waveform of AC follows a sinusoidal pattern, with the magnitude and direction of
the voltage continuously changing. These voltage variations in AC systems are
what enable the efficient transmission of electrical power over long distances and
facilitate the operation of various electrical devices and equipment.

2. How are voltmeters connected in a circuit?

Answer: Voltmeters are linked in parallel to the specific component or segment of
a circuit that requires voltage measurement. The voltmeter's negative terminal,
usually black, is connected to the common ground or negative terminal of the
power source. On the other hand, the positive terminal, typically red, is connected
to the precise location in the circuit where the voltage is to be assessed. This
connection could be made to the positive terminal of a battery, a specific point
along a resistor, or any desired position within the circuit. By establishing a
parallel connection, the voltmeter essentially forms a parallel branch that gauges
the potential difference or voltage between the two connected points. To ensure
accurate measurements without affecting the voltage being measured, voltmeters
have a considerably high internal resistance that minimizes the current drawn
from the circuit. Consequently, this parallel setup enables the voltmeter to deliver
precise voltage measurements at the designated points, providing valuable
insight into the electrical potential difference present.

3. How are the polarities determined for DC and AC settings?

Answer:
In DC circuits, the positive and negative terminals of a voltage source are clearly
defined. This is often indicated by markings or color codes. The positive terminal
 is typically marked as the higher potential terminal and may be designated with
the color red, while the negative terminal is marked as the lower potential and may
be designated with the color black. When a DC current flows through a resistive
load, a voltage is generated across its terminals. For resistive devices, a general
guideline is that the terminal where the DC current enters is considered the
positive terminal. It is crucial to correctly identify these terminals, as the red probe
of a volt-ohm meter (VOM) is always connected to the positive terminal and the
black probe to the negative terminal. Connecting the test probes in the wrong
polarity may cause damage to an analog VOM. However, in the case of a digital
multimeter (DMM), if the probes are incorrectly placed, it typically results in a
negative value being displayed on the meter. Therefore, proper identification of
the positive and negative terminals in DC circuits is essential for accurate
measurements and to prevent any potential damage to the VOM or
misinterpretation of readings on a DMM.

On the other hand, In AC circuits or passive devices where AC current is present,

the polarity constantly changes with time. Therefore, it is not possible to
designate a specific terminal as positive or negative. When using a volt-ohm
meter (VOM) to measure AC voltage, either the red or black test probe can be
connected to any terminal of the AC source or passive device. In schematic
diagrams, if a "plus" symbol (+) is marked on one of the terminals of an AC
source, it is indicating the positive terminal only during the positive half of the
waveform cycle. This positive terminal becomes negative during the negative half
of the waveform cycle. The "plus" symbol does not imply a fixed positive polarity
throughout the entire waveform. Due to the changing polarity of AC sources and
passive devices, it is important to be aware that the positive and negative
terminals are context-dependent and can vary during different parts of the AC
waveform.

4. How are ammeters connected in a circuit?

Answer: Ammeters are commonly connected in series with the device from which
we want to measure the current. This involves interrupting the current flow and
inserting the ammeter so that the current enters through its positive terminal. You
have the option to place the ammeter either before or after the device in the
circuit. When measuring DC currents, it is essential for an analog DC ammeter to
receive the conventional current through its positive terminal and exit through the
negative terminal. Reversing the polarity would cause damage to the analog
volt-ohm meter (VOM). In the case of a digital multimeter (DMM), reversing the
polarity would only result in displaying a negative value. However, if you
mistakenly connect the ammeter in parallel, it has the potential to damage both
the analog VOM and DMM. Fortunately, most ammeters have a fuse that can be
replaced if it blows. It is important to note that while a voltmeter can be connected
in parallel without disrupting the circuit, an ammeter needs to be connected in
series, which involves "cutting" the path of the current and inserting the ammeter,
thereby temporarily disrupting the circuit.
 5. What are the steps in measuring resistance using a DMM? What is the similarity with
this procedure with using the “tare” in a digital kitchen weighing scale?
Answer:
1. Find the specified nominal value of the 12 carbon resistors (5% tolerance, 4th
band gold) and the one carbon-film resistor (1% tolerance, 5th band brown)
provided by the manufacturer.
2. Calculate the manufacturer's rated maximum and minimum values for each
resistor based on their respective tolerances. Make a note of these two values.
3. Use your digital multimeter (DMM) to measure the resistances of the resistors,
Remember not to touch the terminals of the resistor with the probe tips, as this
can lead to inaccurate readings. It is recommended to insert the resistor in the
breadboard before taking the measurement. Record the appropriate range if you
have a manually set DMM. If you have an auto-ranging DMM, simply record
"auto."
4. Determine if the measured values of each resistor fall within the manufacturer's
rated minimum and maximum values.

The procedure and the use of the "tare" function in a digital kitchen weighing scale
share a similarity in establishing a baseline or reference point for accurate
measurements. In both cases, it is necessary to set a starting point or zero point to
consider any additional factors that might impact the measurement. In the resistor
measurement procedure, this is achieved by calibrating and adjusting the DMM before
taking readings, taking into account possible errors or variations in the measurement
process. Similarly, when utilizing the "tare" function in a digital kitchen weighing scale,
placing a container or an empty plate on the scale and pressing the "tare" button sets
the scale to zero. This allows for the deduction of the container's weight or any extra
ingredients placed on it, resulting in the precise measurement of the desired
ingredient. Both procedures aim to eliminate or accommodate extraneous factors,
focusing solely on measuring the intended quantity. They ensure accuracy and
reliability by providing a reference point from which subsequent measurements can be
made.