Function Features Function Features

A function 𝑓 A function 𝑓
is concave up if… is concave down if…

Function Features Function Features

A function 𝑓 A function 𝑓
is increasing on an is decreasing on an
interval if… interval if…

Function Features Function Features

The slope of a function

Average rate of change
at any given point
of 𝑓 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]
gives…

Function Features Function Features

A positive rate of change A negative rate of change

indicates that the function indicates that the function
output is… output is…

Function Features Function Features

Point of inflection One-to-one function

 The rates of change The rates of change
of 𝑓 are decreasing of 𝑓 are increasing

As the input values increase, As the input values increase,

the output values always the output values always
decrease. increase.
OR OR
For all 𝑎 and 𝑏 in the interval, For all 𝑎 and 𝑏 in the interval,
if 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑓(𝑎) > 𝑓(𝑏). if 𝑎 < 𝑏, then 𝑓(𝑎) < 𝑓(𝑏).

The rate of change

𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
of the function
at that input 𝑏−𝑎

Decreasing Increasing

Point on the graph of a

Function where each function where the
input has a unique output concavity changes,
(no repeated outputs) indicating a maximum or
minimum rate of change
 Function Features Function Features

A relative minimum A relative maximum

occurs when a occurs when a
function 𝑓… function 𝑓…

Function Features Function Features

Absolute minimum Absolute maximum

Function Features Function Features

A polynomial
Multiplicity
of degree 𝑛 has…

Function Features Function Features

If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a real zero of a If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a real zero of a

polynomial with an odd polynomial with an even
multiplicity, then… multiplicity, then…

Function Features Function Features

Odd function Even function

Changes from increasing Changes from decreasing
to decreasing to increasing

The greatest output The least output

of a function of a function

• Exactly 𝑛 complex zeros

(real or imaginary) The number of times a
• Constant 𝑛th factor occurs in a
differences polynomial function
• At most 𝑛 − 1 extrema

The graph of the

The graph of the
polynomial passes
polynomial is tangent to
through the 𝑥-axis
the 𝑥-axis at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)

 Function Features Function Features

End behavior of a polynomial End behavior of a polynomial

𝑓 with an even degree and a 𝑓 with an odd degree and a
negative leading coefficient positive leading coefficient

Function Features Function Features

End behavior of a polynomial End behavior of a polynomial

𝑓 with an odd degree and a 𝑓 with an even degree and a
negative leading coefficient positive leading coefficient

Function Features Function Features

If a rational function, 𝑓, To determine the end

has a horizontal behavior of a rational
asymptote at 𝑦 = 𝑏, function…
then…
Function Features Function Features

A rational function has a A rational function has a

zero at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if… hole at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if…

Function Features Function Features

A rational function has a For rational functions, a

vertical asymptote at slant asymptote occurs
𝑥 = 𝑎 if… when…
 lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∞ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −∞
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −∞ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −∞
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∞ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −∞

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∞ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∞
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥→−∞

The ratio of leading terms

Analyze the ratio of is a constant, 𝑏,
leading terms lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏, and
𝑥→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑏
𝑥→−∞

𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of the 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of the

numerator AND the numerator but NOT the
denominator denominator

The degree of the

𝑥 = 𝑎 is a zero of the
numerator is exactly one
denominator but NOT
more than the degree of
the numerator
the denominator
 Function Features Function Features

If a rational function, 𝑓, has a If a rational function, 𝑓,

vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = 𝑎, has a hole at (𝑎, 𝐿) then
then lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = _____ and lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = ____.
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = _______.
𝑥→𝑎
Function Features Function Features

A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 A function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥

demonstrates demonstrates
exponential growth exponential decay
if… if…
Function Features Function Features

Key features of Key features of

𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥
where 𝑏 > 1 where 𝑏 > 1

Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

𝑏 𝑥+𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 =

Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

𝑒 𝑎 ln 𝑏 = log 𝑏 (1) =
 L ±∞ ; ±∞

0<𝑏<1 𝑏>1

• Domain: all real numbers • Domain: 𝑥 > 0

• Range: 𝑦 > 0 • Range: all real numbers
• Horizontal asymptote at 𝑦 = 0 • Vertical asymptote at x = 0
• Increasing and concave up • Increasing and concave down
over entire domain over entire domain

𝑏𝑥
𝑏 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑏𝑐
𝑏𝑐

0 𝑏𝑎
 Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

log 𝑏 (𝑏) = log 𝑏 (𝑚𝑛)

Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

𝑚 log 𝑏 𝑚𝑘
log 𝑏 ( )
𝑛

Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

Pythagorean sec 𝜃 =
Identities csc 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 =
Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

cos(𝛼 ± 𝜃 ) sin(𝛼 ± 𝜃 )

Properties and Identities Properties and Identities

cos(2𝜃) sin(2𝜃 )
 log 𝑏 𝑚 + log 𝑏 𝑛 1

𝑘 log 𝑏 𝑚 log 𝑏 𝑚 − log 𝑏 𝑛

1
cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
1
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
1 cos 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
=
tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃

sin 𝛼 cos 𝜃 ± sin 𝜃 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 cos 𝜃 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝜃

cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
 Polar Functions Polar Functions

Given (𝑥, 𝑦) in Cartesian Given (𝑟, 𝜃) in polar

coordinates, determine coordinates, determine
polar coordinates, Cartesian coordinates,
(𝑟, 𝜃) (𝑥, 𝑦)
Polar Functions Polar Functions

A polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) A polar function 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃)

is increasing if… is decreasing if…

Polar functions Polar functions

The distance between a The distance between a

point on a polar function point on a polar function
𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) and the origin is 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) and the origin is
increasing if… decreasing if…
Describing Growth in Functions Describing Growth in Functions

A function is linear if over A function is quadratic if

equal-length input over equal-length input
intervals, output values intervals, output values
______. ______.
Describing Growth in Functions Describing Growth in Functions

A function is exponential A function is logarithmic

if as input values change if as input values change
____, output values ____, output values
change ____. change _____.
 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
(*Add 𝜋 if angle is in Q2 or Q3)

As 𝜃 increases, As 𝜃 increases,
𝑟 decreases. 𝑟 increases.

𝑟 is positive and 𝑟 is positive and

decreasing or 𝑟 is increasing or 𝑟 is
negative and increasing. negative and decreasing.
(|𝑟| is decreasing) (|𝑟| is increasing)

Change by a constant Change by a constant

second difference. amount.

multiplicatively; additively;
additively multiplicatively
 Describing Growth in Functions Describing Growth in Functions

The average rates of The average rates of

change of a linear change of a quadratic
function are… function…

Trig Functions Trig Functions

tan 𝜃 gives the ______ of Domain and range of

the terminal ray of 𝜃. 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥

Trig Functions Trig Functions

Domain and range of Domain and range of

𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥

Trig Functions Trig Functions

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = tan 𝑥 has vertical 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = cot 𝑥 has vertical

asymptotes at… asymptotes at …

Trig Functions Trig Functions

Determine the amplitude, period,

midline, and phase shift of 𝑦 = tan(𝑏𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 sin(𝑏(𝑥 − 𝑐 )) + 𝑑 has a period of…
 Are changing at a
constant rate OR follow a Constant
linear pattern

Domain: [−1,1]
𝜋 𝜋
Range: [− , ] Slope
2 2

Domain: (−∞, ∞) Domain: [−1,1]

𝜋 𝜋
Range: (− , ) Range: [0, 𝜋]
2 2

𝜋
𝑥 = 𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 is an 𝑥= + 𝜋𝑘, where 𝑘 is an
2
integer integer

Amplitude = |𝑎|
𝜋 Period = 𝑏
2𝜋

𝑏 Midline: 𝑦 = 𝑑
Phase shift: 𝑐 units to the right
 Trig Functions Trig Functions

Key features of Key features of

𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

Transformations Transformations

𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)

Transformations Transformations

𝑐𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑐𝑥)

Transformations Transformations

−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(−𝑥)

Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

What does
Pascal’s Triangle the constant 𝑒
represent?
 • Domain: all real numbers • Domain: all real numbers
• Range: [–1, 1] • Range: [–1, 1]
• Period: 2𝜋 • Period: 2𝜋
• Amplitude: 1 • Amplitude: 1
• Midline: y = 0 • Midline: y = 0
• Passes through (0, 1) • Passes through (0, 0)

Horizontal translation Vertical translation

𝑐 units to the right if 𝑐 > 0 𝑐 units up if 𝑐 > 0
or or
𝑐 units to the left if 𝑐 < 0 𝑐 units down if 𝑐 < 0

Horizontal dilation by a Vertical dilation by a

1
factor of factor of 𝑐
𝑐

Reflection over the Reflection over the

𝑦-axis 𝑥-axis

The base rate of growth

for all continually
growing processes
𝑒 ≈ 2.718
 Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

A positive residual A negative residual

indicates that the indicates that the
predicted value is an predicted value is an
___________. ___________.
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

Explicit rule for 𝑛th term of a Explicit rule for 𝑛th term of
geometric sequence given an arithmetic sequence
common ratio 𝑟, and the 𝑎𝑘 given common difference 𝑑,
term and the 𝑎𝑘 term
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

A model is considered
Residual appropriate for a data set if
the residual plot…

Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

Error (in a model) 𝑓 and 𝑔 are inverse

functions if…

Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

If the 𝑦-axis is In a semi-log plot where the

𝑦-axis is logarithmically
logarithmically scaled,
scaled, exponential
then… functions will appear
 Overestimate Underestimate

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑘 ⋅ 𝑟 𝑛−𝑘

Appears Actual value – Predicted

without pattern value

Predicted value – Actual

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥 )) = 𝑔(𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑥
value

Equal-sized increments
on the 𝑦-axis represent
linear proportional changes in
the output variable