PROJECT REPORT ON

DESING AND FABRICATION OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

A MINOR PROJECT-1 (BMEP-607)

+

by

NAME OF STUDENTS
ABHISHEK LOWRES
KUNAL
VANSH SAXENA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE
ROORKEE-247667 (INDIA)
APRIL – 2024

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 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled "Solarized smart
bench” in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for synopsis as a part of completion of
project-based learning, is an authentic record of our own work carried out during session 2023-
24, under the supervision of our project guide Dr. Gunjan Agarwal, Professor and project co-
guide Mrs. Nivedita Pandey, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering of
College of Engineering Roorkee (247667).
The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted by us for the award of any
other degree or diploma.

Dated:30 APRIL, 2024

Abhishek Lowers (210060104002)

Kunal (210060104012)

Vansh Saxena (210060104021)

This is to certify that the above information made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Signature Signature
Dr. Gunjan Agarwal, Professor Mrs. Nivedita Pandey,
Project Guide Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Project Co-Ordinator
College Of Engineering Roorkee Department of Mechanical Engineering
Roorkee College of Engineering Roorkee
Date: Roorkee
Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our privilege to express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our project
guide Dr. Gunjan Agarwal and project co-guide Mrs. Nivedita Pandey, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee for pointing us to the topic
of "Solarized smart bench" as well as providing us all the necessary guidance and inspirational
support during the progress work of minor project.
Our heartiest gratitude to our parents, family members and mentors for their continuous
encouragement and blessings, best wishes and moral support which was a constant source of
assurance, guidance, strength and inspiration to us.
Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to all mighty and thank him from
the bottom of our heart.

Date:

Name of Students
Abhishek Lowres (210060104002)
Kunal (210060104012)
Vansh Saxena (210060104021)
 ABSTRACT

A solarized smart bench is a modern and innovative piece of outdoor furniture

that integrates solar panels to harness energy from the sun. These benches are
designed to provide a convenient and sustainable solution for public spaces. The
solar panels on the bench absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity, which can
be used to power various features and functions of the bench. This can include
built-in USB charging ports, wireless charging pads for smartphones, LED lighting
for illumination during the night, and even Wi-Fi connectivity for internet access.
In addition to its energy-saving capabilities, a solarized smart bench often
incorporates smart technology for monitoring and managing its usage. This can
include sensors that detect occupancy, weather conditions, and even air quality.
The collected data can be analyzed to optimize the bench's energy efficiency and
provide valuable insights for urban planning and environmental monitoring.
Overall, solarized smart benches are a great example of how renewable energy
and smart technology can be integrated into everyday objects to create
sustainable and functional urban spaces. They not only provide a comfortable
seating option but also contribute to a greener and more connected environment.
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT iii
CONTENTS iv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 WHAT IS SOLARIZED SMART BENCH
1.3 NEED OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH
1.4 FUTURE OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 ANALYSIS OF NEED OF SMART CITY 5
2.2 APPLICATION OF SMART BENCH 6
2.3 DESIGN OF SMART BENCH 7

CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SETUP 8

3.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION 16
3.3 PROPOSED SETUP 16

RERERENCES **
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
Solar energy is defined as the transformation of energy that is present in the sun and is one of
the renewable energies. Once the sunlight passes through the earth’s atmosphere, most of it is
in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. Plants use it to convert into sugar and
starches; this conversion process is known as photosynthesis. Solar cell panels are used to
convert this energy into electricity.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of
technologies such as solar power to generate electricity, solar thermal energy (including solar
water heating), and solar architecture. It is an essential source of renewable energy, and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on
how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power, and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the
Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Advantages of solar energy

 Clean: It is considered to be the cleanest form of energy as there is no carbon dioxide

emission like in the case of fossil fuels which is one of the causes of global warming.

 Renewable: There is ample energy available on earth as long as the sun exists.

 Reliable: The energy can be stored in the batteries, so there is no unreliability.

 reduction in utility costs.

 Free energy because it can be trapped easily.

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 SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

Advantages of such strategies in public locations like public parks, university campuses,
transportation stations, etc. On the alternative hand, international locations and governments can
advantage from solar electricity. This assignment will bring about a sun-powered charger that
can offer electricity out of the sunlight. Regular public parks, university campuses, transportation
stations, etc. On the Advantages of such strategies in public locations like alternative hand,
international locations and governments can advantage from benches which you see to your
community are stupid and static, imparting not anything else but an area to take a seat down and
wonder. Installing modern Smart Solar Benches that provide loose charging offerings to your
telecall smartphone or pill LED and mild all through the night time will enhance visitors’
frequency and satisfaction. Smart Solar Bench has numerous integrated USB ports for charging
all varieties of clever devices (phones, tablets, watches, etc.). You also can enjoy the rapid
charging era that's included in the system.

MAINFRAME MODEL

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 NEED OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH

Solarized smart benches serve a crucial purpose in our modern world for several reasons.

Firstly, they address the growing need for sustainable energy solutions. By harnessing solar
power, these benches reduce dependence on traditional energy sources and contribute to a
greener and more sustainable future.

Secondly, solarized smart benches fulfill the need for convenient charging options in public
spaces. With the increasing reliance on smartphones and other mobile devices, having access to
charging ports and wireless charging pads while on the go is essential. These benches provide a
convenient and eco-friendly solution, ensuring that people can stay connected and powered up
wherever they are.

Additionally, these benches enhance safety and accessibility in public spaces. The integrated
LED lighting systems illuminate the area, making it safer for people to use the bench during the
evening or in low-light conditions. This is particularly important in parks, plazas, and other
outdoor areas where people gather and socialize.

Moreover, solarized smart benches promote connectivity and digital accessibility. By providing
Wi-Fi connectivity, they enable people to access the internet and stay connected while enjoying
outdoor spaces. This is especially beneficial for students, remote workers, and individuals who
rely on internet connectivity for various purposes.

Furthermore, solarized smart benches contribute to data collection and analysis for urban
planning and environmental monitoring. The sensors embedded in these benches can gather
valuable information about occupancy, weather conditions, and air quality. This data can be used
to optimize energy usage, improve urban infrastructure, and make informed decisions for a more
sustainable and liveable city. Overall, solarized smart benches are a necessity in today's world as
they address the need for sustainable energy, convenient charging options, safety, connectivity,
and data-driven urban planning. They enhance the overall experience of public spaces while
promoting sustainability and technological advancement.

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 FUTURE OF SOLARIZED SMART BENCH
Solarized smart benches have a bright future ahead due to several reasons.
Firstly, the increasing global focus on sustainability and renewable energy makes these benches
a promising solution. As solar power becomes more affordable and efficient, the demand for
solarized smart benches will continue to rise.
Secondly, the growing reliance on mobile devices and the need for convenient charging options
make these benches highly desirable. With the ability to charge phones wirelessly or through
USB ports, people can stay connected and powered up while enjoying outdoor spaces. This
convenience will only become more important as our dependence on technology continues to
grow.
Moreover, the integration of smart features in these benches, such as Wi-Fi connectivity and
LED lighting, enhances their appeal. People can access the internet, work remotely, or simply
enjoy the benefits of connectivity while outdoors. The LED lighting also improves safety and
visibility, making these benches even more valuable in public spaces.
Furthermore, the data collection capabilities of solarized smart benches offer immense potential
for urban planning and environmental monitoring. By gathering information on occupancy,
weather conditions, and air quality, these benches can contribute to creating smarter and more
sustainable cities. This data-driven approach allows for better decision-making and optimization
of resources.
Overall, the bright future of solarized smart benches lies in their ability to address sustainability,
convenience, connectivity, and data-driven urban planning. As technology advances and the
demand for smart and sustainable solutions increases, these benches will continue to play a
significant role in shaping our cities and enhancing public spaces.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In the mid-2000s things began speeding up when IBM and Cisco launched separate initiatives.
Here are the major milestones in the smart cities theme, extracted from the Smart cities –
Thematic Research report produced by Global Data.

In 2005 Cisco put up $25m project for research into smart cities. In 2008 IBM Smarter Planet
project investigated applying sensors, networks and analytics to urban issues. In the following
year IBM also unveiled $50m Smarter Cities campaign to help cities run more efficiently, the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) provided funding for US smart grid projects,
and EU Electricity Directive required EU states to roll out smart meters to 80% of consumers by
2020.

In the year 2010 the Japanese government named Yokohama as a smart city demonstrator
project and in 2011 IBM named 24 cities as Smart City winners from 200 applicants, 6000
visitors from over 50 countries also attended the first Smart City Expo World Congress in
Barcelona in the same year.

In 2012, Barcelona deployed datadrive urban systems, including public transit, parking, and
street lighting and in 2013

London created Smart London Board to shape London’s digital technology strategy. During
power outages, whether scheduled or unexpected, the residents need to be provided with detailed
information as electricity is an essential commodity in the smart cities. For this utilities deploy a

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comprehensive outage management system to provide timely information (Sastry, 2007; Sastry
and Sahadeo, 2015).

It is possible to use the solar smart benches to provide the outage information as well, however
this aspect needs to be fully developed. Geographical Information Systems need to be used for
location identification studies that can combine users of smart benches and electricity users in the
vicinity (Sastry and Sahadeo, 2015)

In 2014 China launched second batch of 103 pilot smart cities and Vienna City Council launched
Smart City Wien Framework Strategy until 2025.

In 2015 China announced third batch of 84 smart cities, comprising 277 in all and India’s Prime
Minister Narendra Modi launched “Smart Cities Mission” for 100 Indian cities.

In the year 2016 Columbus won US Dept. of Transportation’s $50m Smart Cities Challenge.

In 2017, UK government launched 5G testbeds and trials program and Hong Kong launched
smart city blueprint. In the following year, Toronto and Google offshoot Sidewalk Labs
announced plan to develop smart waterfront area.

London updated 2013 plans with launch of ‘Smarter London Together’ roadmap, IESE Business
School Cities in Motion Index ranked New York, London and Paris as its top 3 cities and
Singapore won Smart City of 2018 award at the Smart City Expo World Congress.

In 2019 Ford committed to support Cellular Vehicle to Everything (C-V2X) standard, Sidewalk
labs’ Toronto planning document fiercely criticized over data privacy implications, G20 nations
picked World Economic Forum as secretariat for a G20 Global Smart Cities Alliance, US
Federal Communications Commission picked New York and Salt Lake City as 5G testbeds.

In the year 2020, Vietnam to start work on new $4.2bn smart city close to Hanoi, with
completion target of 2028. By 2030, the number of cities in the world with a population of more
than 10 million will grow to 43, and by 2050, up to 70% of the world’s population is expected to
live in cities. Due to the existence of several possibilities for versatile designs, adding smart
features in providing information and charging services to the public; prospects of reducing

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greenhouse gases etc., the research on smart benches can be naturally interdisciplinary. Though
solar smart benches are not likely to make a negative impact on the power grids, energy
production, power consumption patterns and power quality studies need to be undertaken.

Smart benches are typically designed and operated to charge smart phones, laptops and also e-
bikes and electric vehicles etc. However, the ability of smart benches in providing such service
depends on their energy capacity for which they are designed for (Hardt et. al, 2019). Though it
is possible to design smart benches with batteries, functionality of such smart benches can be
limited during night or even outside the solar shine hours (Acharya et al, 2020). Since solar smart
benches are energy producers during the daytime, they may further augment the existing duck
curve phenomenon (Pitra and Musti,2022). This results in excess generation conditions;
however, it should be noted that smart benches do not initiate the duck curve phenomenon by
themselves, but they further compound the existing problem, especially if the smart benches are
installed in more numbers. It is for this reason, locations for the smart benches need to be
identified carefully depending on the demand side management (DSM) data (Musti et. al, 2020).
Solar smart benches as reported in literature appear in versatile design. However, technical
specifications and their limitations are also not provided in every case.

From the above, it can be seen that there is a significant interest in smart benches. However, a
majority of the earlier authors have presented the general usage experience and look and feel of
the structures. Engineering design and/or design alternatives are not very well treated thus far. To
address this gap, this chapter presents a few interesting conceptual designs for solar smart
benches on the basis of how solar energy can be used to provide people in outdoor areas with
facilities that they need when sitting down in a public urban area, (facilities such as charging
outlets, Wi-Fi, night time lighting, interactive LCD screen for general public information:
advertisements). In the process, the chapter also discusses aspects related to providing adequate
electric charging infrastructure, and allows the bench to collect contextual data, process the data,
upload, and display on a cloud-based dashboard. This data can be incredibly useful to governing
authorities, urban planners, and park managers.

Designing a Futuristic Solar Smart Bench for Smart Cities

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 Different software design tools are considered, as the smart benches are required to be
modelled, designed and simulated in three-dimensional space. Google Sketch-Up software is
used as it proved to be a very user friendly and efficient tool to for three-dimensional drawing
and building remodeling (Fernandez-Antolin et. al., 2022). All the designs are drawn on uniform
scaling to ensure realistic comparison and to enhance the prospects of real-world deployment,
after rigorous verification.

CHAPTER 3 DESING OF BENCH AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

3.1. DESING OF BENCH

Choosing the optimal furniture design is not a trivial task, but several factors need to be
considered, including the aesthetic preferences of the target customer group, functionality,
material and processing costs, and durability. Since our goal is to bring furniture that can
function (or be present) in a public space, we included a model with a decidedly artistic touch.
Our added value to the design is to make a chair that can accommodate electronic devices and a
USB port. The first obstacle we encountered was setting the seat parameters due to a large
number of indentations.

Lighting and markers particularly in terms of the power efficiency of the light source. New high-
intensity LEDs in particular give high light output, yet consume very little power. Solar garden
lights are increasingly available in major retailers as an alternative to mains-powered garden
lighting. One benefit of having a built-in power source is that there is no need to dig up the
garden to provide electric cabling to the units. Solar lights, of course, incorporate a rechargeable
battery so that the power can be stored during the day and used at night. Many also have a circuit
that automatically turns the light on at nightfall either using a separate photocell or simply
measuring the solar cell output and, when this falls to zero, switching the light on.

The bench's design mainly depends on the load capacity it can withstand and the size of the Solar
cell used. The weight of 150-200 Kg is the average capacity that the bench is designed for and its
weight. Instead of using the conventional one, the bench design is slightly modified. The main
components of the bench include solar cells, batteries, metal frames, LED lights and USB ports.

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The spine of the bench is the mainframe. The frame supports the person's entire weight and other
components such as the battery-charged panel box and solar panels. An iron rod of hollow type
material with a diameter of 6 cm was used to design the mainframe. This bench has a height of
200 cm and a width of 50 cm with a seating area of 150 x 50 cm2. The prototype of the solar-
assisted bench is shown in Figure

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 Figure

MAIN COMPONENTS USED IN BENCH: -

1) Solar panel: - Solar panels are the gadgets that are used to take in the sun's rays and convert
them into energy or heat.

2) Charge controller: - A rate controller or rate regulator is a voltage and/or modern regulator to

preserve batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and modern coming from the sun
solar going to the battery.

3) Battery: - The batteries utilized in a sun electricity gadget feature as electricity accumulators”
and are liable for storing the electricity acquired with the aid of using the solar panels.

4) Inverter: - The feature of an inverter is to transform Direct Current (DC) into Alternating

Current (AC). DC is the modern created from the solar panel.

5) Fan: - A fan is a powered device used to create a go with the drift of air.

6) LED lights: - LEDs are mild assets that offer illumination in a selected direction.

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3.2. PROPOSED SET-UP

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram in Figure shows a battery which will be charged by the solar panel by
inverter. The battery can control the LED lights, USB charging and Fan. During day time the
battery get fully charged and LED lights are OFF. So the main power supply can reached to the
charging port and fan and during evening or night the sunlight is not available so the whole setup
will be runs on the battery life.

Load simulation with battery and sunlight

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OPERATION

In this study usage of solar energy as a trade supply of power to paintings on an open bench. The
method we advocate is to test with the output energy of the photovoltaic cells measured beneath
the Neath, The situations of the regional role of the sun molecular toward the constant earth.
Next, describe the variables beneath neath study, current, voltage, and energy, and degree the
illumination of radiation as relies on the variant inside the time it takes, carried measurements
out at a region. the information series method is out via way of means of measuring using a digit
multimeter and measuring equipment. The number one step earlier than measuring the
environmental parameter variables is to shape the frame and set-up up the photovoltaic
molecular electric powered bench via way of means of finishing the electric installation.

LAYOUT DIAGRAM

The layout diagram in Figure shows a solar charge controller that regulates the direct current

charged to the battery and drawn from the battery to the load. The solar charge controller

mounted on the bench object regulates overcharging (overcharging - because the battery is full)

and excess voltage from the three solar cell units used on the roof of the bench. Excess voltage

and charging will reduce battery life so that the solar charge controller regulates the voltage

and current from the solar panel to the battery. A mechanical adjustment of the solar panel has

been implemented, which includes mounting the solar panel on a bench and connecting the

solar charge controller to regulate the incoming voltage to the battery.

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 AREA REQUIRED 900 sq ft.

LENGTH 150 ft.

BREADTH 6 ft.

DIMENSIONS OF PANELS 2x2 ft.

NUMBER OF REQUIRED PANELS 225nos

NUMBER OD BATTRIES

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