 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫ א‬

١٠٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬  ? ‫א‬  ?  ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 
،‫א‬(Logos) W‫א‬(Oikos) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬WE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬












-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬١J ١
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K…? ‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEEnvironment)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬(Ecology)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(Environment)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٦٦(Ernst Hegel)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

(Environment)‫א‬K(Self Purification)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Biosphere)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Physical Environment)‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 W‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬{F‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
{E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬–
K‫א‬KK…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
 KE{F‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE{‫א‬F‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KEK…‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-

 KE……
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
 W‫א‬J 
{{{‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-


‫اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﻐﺎزي‬

Atmosphere

‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي‬ ‫ﻏﻼف اﻟﺘﺮﺑــﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋـﻲ‬ Biosphere Pedosphere

‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬

‫اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Atmosphere)‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١J ١F(Lithosphere)‫א‬‫א‬(Hydrosphere)

 WEThe ecosystemF‫א‬‫א‬٢-١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Habitat)‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EAbiotic factorsFEBiotic factorsF‫א‬‫א‬
 K   
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(Auto trophic ‫א‬‫א‬W(Producers)K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬organisms)
(Hetero ‫א‬‫א‬W(Consumers)K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬trophic organisms)
 K‫א‬

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬W(Decomposers)E‫א‬FK٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Autolysis)F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Ecosystem homeostasis)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Biosphere)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬



‫اﻟﺸﻤ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬


‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ 


‫ﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ‬ 
‫آﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‬

J ١F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٤-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDecomposersF ‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٥-١
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WW‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥ J ١

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
٣ ١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K ٪٥J ٣  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ٪٩٧J ٩٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧-١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
















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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤




















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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١

 K٢


 K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٧‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١–٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬FW
‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠{٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬

The Carbon Cycle‫א‬٢J ٢

‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

  Photosynthesis ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2↑

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٥‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Organic Limestone ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Dolomite
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٤K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Infrared Radiation‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬CO2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬٪٠{٠٣
 ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ، Greenhouse Effect ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(400 – 750 nm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ٤J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 EHumus
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EPeatF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
J ٢F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬E٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬

‫א‬٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  Ultra Violet radiation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDNA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
  O+O ‫א‬‫א‬O2‫א‬
  
 KO3‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

The Nitrogen Cycle‫א‬٤J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٨‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Biological Fixation‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
Nitrogen  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fixers
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ NO3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WSymbiosis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rhizobium‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠J ١٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Free Living‫א‬K
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAzotobacter, Chlostridium, Blue Green Algae
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

Atmospheric Fixation‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠ ١٥ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٠٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 NH3 ‫א‬  ،NH4   NO3 ‫א‬
  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
٨
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٩ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

Nitrosomonas‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ NO3  ‫א‬Nitrobacter
 ‫א‬NO2
 WNitrification‫א‬



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Pseudiomonas
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDenitrification‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Denitrification
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  Phytoplancton ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WHO‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٠‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nitrosamin
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    Haber-Bosch     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬
 E٤ J ٢F ‫א‬    K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬

‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

W‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬K ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬٣J ٦J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(The industrial ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E١٧٩٠J ١٧٥٠F ٣٠٠revolution)
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Smog)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٧٠٢٠٠٠٥٠٠‫א‬{‫א‬K‫א‬
 K١٨٨٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥٠١٩٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٥٢‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٤٠٠٠{‫א‬
 K‫א‬١٩٥٦(The 1956 Clean Air Act)‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٦
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{(Pollution control)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ –
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬








‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤



















- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
 EHumus
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EPeatF
   ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
  O+O ‫א‬‫א‬O2‫א‬
  
 KO3‫א‬


 K٤
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬










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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Ecological health

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Concept of general health ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٢J ٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{ChronicAcute
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Types of illness causes ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Agents factors‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W{

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬WBiotic factors‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WNutritive factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K
‫א‬‫א‬WFunctional & Bio-mechanical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WNatural & mechanical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAutonomic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬

Descriptive factors‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{AgeK١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Sex‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{Race‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Genetics‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬{‫א‬{ ‫א‬{‫א‬{Malnutrition‫א‬  ‫א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬{Bio-resistance & immunity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
E
 F‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{EF
‫א‬Physical barriers‫א‬Anatomical barriers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Blood/Humoral barrier‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
KInterferon‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Complement‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{Phgocytosis of inflammatory barriersE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Immunity‫א‬‫א‬J
Plasma cell‫א‬{Lymphocytes-B
‫א‬‫א‬Antigen‫א‬‫א‬Antibodies‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{T-cells‫א‬‫א‬Antigen-Antibody complex
Natural{ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lymphokines
 FActive EF
 KE‫א‬FPassiveE‫א‬

Environmental factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 
 W‫א‬

Natural factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Geographical factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Geological factors‫א‬
Climatic factors‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Biotic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Bulinus truncatesE F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

Socio-economic factors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Illness and plague infection ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Protection from illness ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٧
‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KK١
 K‫א‬K٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥





















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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤




















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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬{‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬



- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 K‫א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٩
 K‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٧


- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬









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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 { ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{(Pollution)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(pollutants)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W(Classification of pollutants)‫א‬١J ٤
{ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Classification by nature)‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 KJ

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

KJ
KJ

 W(Classification by properties)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W(Classification by sectors of environment)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤

 W(Classification by source)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 KJ
KJ
K‫א‬J
 ‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K…‫א‬{
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬WK٣
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦

 W(Classification by pattern of use)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

 W(Classification by effects)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 WK٣
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WK٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WK٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬١{٥
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

J ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ {
{
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?
 ‫א‬{
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 WW
‫א‬{‫א‬E‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١-٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬EF K٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٥


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١-٤F

٪ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

٧٠{٧٥ H2O  ‫א‬
١٤{٠٧ CO2 ‫א‬
٠{٣٣ H 
٥{٤٥ N 
٠{١٨  Ar 
٦{٤٠ SO2 ‫א‬
٠{١٠ SO3 ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ Cl 


 WW
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E٢-٤‫א‬F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢-٤F


‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬

٨{١ ١٦{٦ ٠{٨ ١{٢ ‫א‬

٦٣{٨ ‫א‬
١٠{٠ ٠{٧ ٢٤{٤ ٨{٩ ١{٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٢ ٤{٦ ٧{٣ ٧{٥ ٩{٧ 
٠{٦ ١{٦ ٠{١ ١{١ ٧{٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
١{٧ ٨{٥ ٠{٦ ٩{٦ ١٦{٩ 
٢٠{٦ ٣٢{٠ ٣٣{٢ ٢٨{٣ ١٠٠{١ ‫א‬


  Air pollutants W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 Carbon Oxides ‫א‬ J ١
 WCO ‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬





 WJ
{‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٥ ‫א‬L ١٨‫א‬
K٪٢‫א‬ ‫א‬L ١١٠ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٥٠ -
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬٨٥ -
 K٪١٥‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬٧٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬
١٠٠٠ ‫א‬ -
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 {‫א‬٦٠٠ ‫א‬{٪٢٠ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 CO2‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٢٠J ٣٠٣‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٨‫א‬٣٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WJ
‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CH4 + 2O2 Æ CO2 + 2H2O
- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

C2H4 + 3O2 Æ 2CO2 + 2H2O

C3H8 + 5O2 Æ 3CO2 + 4H2O
2C6H6 + 15O2 Æ 12CO2 + 6H2O
2C6H18 + 25O2 Æ 18CO2 +18H2O

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Polyethylene ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤٥٠J ٣٠٠‫א‬Polystyrene 

 W‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٣٤٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٧‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGreen house phenomenon ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٠{٧٥J ٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
٪٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٠٣٠‫א‬٥٥١J ٣٨١‫א‬
‫א‬K٣{٩J ١{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KNO2‫א‬{NO‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

N2 + O2 Æ 2NO

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
N2 + 2O2 Æ 2NO2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(HNO3)‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K(HNO2)

 W‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬


{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

2NO +O2 Æ 2NO2

 W‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬ J ٣
SO3‫א‬SO2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H2SO4‫א‬MistSO3‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2SO2 + O2 Æ 2SO3
SO3 + H2O Æ H2SO4

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬٠{٢J ٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ ‫א‬
٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬J
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬{٪٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪٠{٥J ٠{٤
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٩٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٥٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١‫א‬K ‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٠٨J ٠{٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H2S + 2O2 Æ H2SO4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٠{١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠٠




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬ J ٥

‫א‬K{‫א‬HF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٠{٠٠١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢{٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٤٠٠٠

 Ozone‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬O3‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Stratosphere ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢Troposphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  Troposphere‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬٠{٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

NO2 + Æ NO + O
O + O2 Æ O3

 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٠{٠٥
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
٪٤٠‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠J ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Ozonlayer depletion ‫א‬J
‫א‬٢٢‫א‬Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬Ozone layer‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CF2Cl2 + hv Æ CF2Cl* + Cl*
CFCl3 + hv Æ CFCl2* + Cl*

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬

Cl* + O3 Æ O2 + OCl*
OCl* + [O] Æ Cl* + O2


{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Hydrocarbons‫א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬
 ‫א‬{ ١٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬(C2OH12)‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 Particulates air pollutants ‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠٠٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬J ١
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬{Dust fall‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٢L ٣٣{L٢L ٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠J ٢٧٠‫א‬ ‫א‬L٢ L ٥٠{١٩٨١‫א‬{‫א‬
٩‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬L٢L
 KL٢L

 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬{TSP‫א‬
١٠٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٦٧‫א‬‫א‬K٣L‫א‬٧٥٢٤٣L‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٣L ‫א‬٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬

 Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬{‫א‬٠{١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Dust‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soot‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ash‫א‬ K٣
 Smoke‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fume‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬Mist‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬ Aerosols‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Lead‫א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Mercury‫א‬J ٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Methyl Mercury‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 Cadmium‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٣L‫א‬٠{٢٣L‫א‬

 Arsenic‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ {
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
{  
 ‫א‬‫א‬{
{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬Adsorption‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣٠J ١٠٠F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣L ‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬
 ٣L ‫א‬٧٥٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KAsbestoses‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬Asbestosis‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Secondary pollutants‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
Primary pollutants‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫• א‬
Smog‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFogSmoke
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Los Angeles Smog
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLondon Smog
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٥٦١٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Photochemical Smog
 K‫א‬


- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 WAcid Rain‫א‬‫ א‬−

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥{٦pHE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٥{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{١٩٧٠‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
٥٣‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨٣
٪٥٢‫א‬٪٥٩٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٨٥٪
‫א‬٪١٤ ‫א‬{ ٪٣٨ ٪٥٩ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥١٨‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
٪٧١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

E٪٩٧{٢F{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E٣J ٤F
٢٩E٪٢{١٤FW‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
×٢F‫א‬‫א‬٩E٪٠{٦٦F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E١٠١٢
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬ ‫א‬E٪٧٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٤F
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬ E٣F
٩٧{٢٥ ١٣٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٠٥ ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٦٨ ٩{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠١ ٠{١٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٥ ٠{٠٦٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ٠{٠١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٠٠١ ٠{٠٠١٧ ‫א‬
١٠٠ ١٤٠٨{٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬{‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬١J ٢J ٢J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K٣

 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬−
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ −
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬١٨‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬{ 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬…‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSurface soil K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WSubsoil layer‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSolid layer‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(% W/W)
(% V/V)
٩٣{٧٧ ٤٦{٦٠ ‫א‬
٠{٨٦ ٢٧{٧٢ ‫א‬
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

٠{٤٧ ٨{١٣ ‫א‬

٠{٤٣ ٥{٠٠ ‫א‬
١{٠٣ ٢{٦٣ ‫א‬
١{٣٢ ٢{٨٣ ‫א‬
١{٨٣ ٢{٥٩ ‫א‬
٠{٢٩ ٢{٠٩ ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTranspiration‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬٢J ٣J ٢J ٣
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 Weathering‫א‬‫ א‬J 

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K

 Desertification‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
 Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{10 ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 Pesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬E
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬K
 K‫א‬


 J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫…א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬{Unwanted Sound‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
{‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
CycleE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬{Frequency
‫א‬‫א‬{K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠٠٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠٠٠٠٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Infrasonic‫א‬L ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KUltrasonic‫א‬L٢٠٠٠٠

 W‫א‬١J ٤J ٢J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠J ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬{

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE٥J ٤F‫א‬?‫?א‬



 K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣٥ 
 ٤٥ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠ 
  ٨٠ ١٨
  ٨٥ 
‫א‬ ٩٠ ٨‫א‬
‫א‬ ٩٥ J 
EF ١٠٠ ٣٠٠‫א‬
EF ١١٠ ‫א‬
EF ١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF ١٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF ١٥٠ 
EF ١٨٠ 


‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 K

 W‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢J ٤
 WJ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEFJ 

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {{‫א‬
٪٨٠J ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬{٩٥J ٩٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬K٧٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٢J ٤
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F

EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠٠J ٩٥ 
٩٥J ٨٠ ‫א‬
٩٠ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
١٦٣–١٤٣ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٢–٧٠ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

٨٤–٦٢ EF
٩٢–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠–٨٥ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٨٥–٧٠ ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{٥٠  ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬٩٠{
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٢٠F

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٤
‫א‬ {{{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬١J ٥J ٢J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK
‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 f = c/λE = h × f

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


‫א‬Wc،‫א‬Wf،(6.62 × 10-34 J.s) Wh،‫א‬WEW
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wλ،(2.99 × 108 m/s)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F

(λ)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
>3 cm ‫א‬‫א‬
3 - 0.04 cm E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
400–0.780 µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
780–380 nm ‫א‬‫א‬

380–10 nm ‫א‬‫א‬

10–0.01 nm ‫א‬‫א‬
< 0.01 nm 

{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{E F‫א‬EF
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢J ٤
‫א‬{K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬{K‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(92U233 , 92U235 , 92U238){‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{

 W‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٥J ٤
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥J ٢J ٤
{  ‫א‬
Half- ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬{‫א‬‫א‬life
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬{?
 
(90T234 = 24 days) (83Bi214 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K= 19.4min)


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥J ٢J ٤
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{{{EF

 WAlphaJ 
K{E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 WBetaJ 
‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WGammaJ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WNeutrons‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥J ٢J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 WNatural Sources‫א‬‫א‬W
 WCosmic Ray‫א‬‫א‬–
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
١٤J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥٦٨‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

n + 7N14 Æ 6C
14
+p

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

WTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
{٢٣٤J ‫א‬{٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{E٨٧J ‫א‬{٤٠J ‫א‬{٢٢٣J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{٢٣٥J ‫א‬‫א‬{٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٣٢J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{EF
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٠٨J ‫א‬٢٠٧‫א‬٢٠٦J 
٨٧J  ‫א‬٤٠J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٤٠J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
٤٠J  ‫א‬١٤J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬٢٢٢J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F٣J ‫א‬
٢٣٢J  ‫א‬٢٣٨J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(K-40 , Rb-87 , Po-114)(Premordial)‫א‬(B-7 , C-14)(Cosmogenic)
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬{

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬١٣١‫א‬‫א‬{١٩٥٧L١٠L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬{١٩٧٩L٣L٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
١٥‫א‬٨٠‫א‬
 K٨٣٠{
‫א‬‫א‬{١٩٨٦L٤L٢٦‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣٧‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١{١٣١‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ١٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

W‫א‬‫א‬ •

(H2O)+ Æ OH + H2

W‫א‬‫• א‬

-
H2O + e Æ (H2O)

 W‫א‬‫א‬ •

(H2O)- Æ (OH)- + H

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

OH + OH Æ H2O2
 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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
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
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CO ‫א‬FCarbon Oxides ‫א‬ J ١
 KECO‫א‬
 Nitrogen Oxides ‫א‬ J ٢
Sulphur Oxides ‫א‬ J ٣
Hydrogen Sulphide ‫א‬ J ٤
Hydrogen Fluoride ‫א‬ J ٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٢‫א‬Stratosphere‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬Ozonlayer‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

CF2Cl2 + hv Æ CF2Cl* + Cl*

CFCl3 + hv Æ CFCl2* + Cl*

 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬[Cl*]‫א‬‫א‬
Cl* + O3 Æ O2 + OCl*

OCl* + [O] Æ Cl* + O2



{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Settling Particulates‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 Total Suspended Particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
Fine Suspended Particulates ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬EF J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSurface soil‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WSubsoil layer‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSolid layer‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 WW
 KWeathering‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KDesertification‫ א‬K٢

WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W

 KFertilizers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KPesticides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Decibel‫א‬‫א‬
J ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٠‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬K٥٠
 K?‫?א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

 W

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬{
٪٨٠J ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬{K‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(92U233 , 92U235 , 92U238){‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬
Half-‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬{‫א‬‫א‬life
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬{?
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(90T234 = 24d) (83Bi214 = 19.4min)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬{{{EF
 WAlpha
K{E٢H٢F‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WBeta

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WGamma
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 WNeutrons‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬{
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCosmic Ray‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KTerresterial Radiation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
…‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 Short term survey W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Long term (Continuous) survey ??‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
WF،(High technology samplersF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬K…‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫ א‬K٢
K‫ א‬K٣
K‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 ELow technology monitors) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The biological monitors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 The environmental biological monitor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
The environmental biological indicator‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 


 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The leaves ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
The trunks ‫ א‬K٢
The tree rings ‫א‬ K٣
The barks‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Nerium oleander‫א‬ K١
The Phoenix dactylifera‫א‬ K٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Mosses‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLichens
KIndigenous ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Moss Bags‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
E‫…א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
{{‫א‬{ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E{{‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬{‫…א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K{‫א‬{‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 {‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Electrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

 Baghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬…‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K{
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Wet Scrubbers‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٪٩٥J ٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

 Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫א‬J 
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 >

 Waste Water Treatment‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 W

 Preliminary treatmentW
 W‫א‬
 Screens‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Grit chambers‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{٪٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬{‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{E‫א‬

 Biological treatment‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬F
 Trickling filters‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Secondary settling tanks‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬FActivated sludge‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 Final sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٥F‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬


  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢٠J ١٠ ٢٠J ٢  ١٠J ٥ 
٧٥J ٢٥ ٧٠J ٤٠ ٤٠J ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥J ٩٠ ٩٠J ٨٠ ٩٥J ٨٥ 
٩٠J ٨٥ ٨٥J ٧٠ ٨٥J ٧٠ 
٩٨J ٩٠ ٩٥J ٨٥ ٩٥J ٨٥ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٩{٩‫א‬{‫א‬٠{٣٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ٥F‫א‬

ELF‫א‬‫א‬ 
٢٤J ٦ ‫א‬
١٢J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬
٩J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٥F‫א‬
ELF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{٥ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٢٨٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٠{٤ ‫א‬
٠{٠٥ ‫א‬
٢{٠ ‫א‬

- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

٥{٠ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٧ ‫א‬
٠{٢ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠١ ‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
١٠{٠ ‫א‬
٨{٤J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠٢ ‫א‬
٠{١ ‫א‬
٤{٠ ‫א‬
٠{٠٠١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
L٥٠{٠ Coliform (Fecal)‫א‬
١٠٠L٢{٢ Coliform (Total)‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 WSolid Waste Treatment‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{{‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 WSanitary landfill‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٥‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬E{F‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٥F‫א‬


 WIncineration‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KTemperature‫א‬‫א‬ J 
KTime‫א‬ J 

KTurbulence‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١
٪١٥J ٨‫א‬ {
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

E٢J ٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬





 ‫א‬WE٢J ٥F‫א‬
 WSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 WRecycling‫א‬‫א‬٣–٥
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ٣١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٢٢L‫א‬F     E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E٥J ٤L‫א‬F      E‫א‬،F
 E٢٢٢L‫א‬F   E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ٦L‫א‬        E‫א‬F
 ١٠٨L‫א‬     E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

‫א‬،‫א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬WJ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

WJ J 
K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬، ‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬
WJ  J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١L‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣L‫א‬‫א‬    EF
 ٥٦L‫א‬ E‫א‬F
 ١٠٣L‫א‬  E‫א‬F

K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬

W‫א‬K
WJ J ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
WJ  J 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW
 
 ٤٣L‫א‬  E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ٢٢٢L‫א‬       E
،‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 J  
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬J  
?W‫؟‬WK?،E٢FE١F?W،
J E٢F‫א‬
 W
 ،E١FK?
 ،‫א‬?W ‫؟‬WK?
xWE٢F،W‫א‬E١FzK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?WJ J 
 ‫א‬W J ‫א‬J   ‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
Pathology‫א‬J. HillEKFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J. ThomsonEF،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E
 F‫א‬K‫א‬
،?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWE ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
?WJ J 
 ‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
K‫א‬J ?
‫א‬‫א‬FW
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦L‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬
 J  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬J  
 ‫א‬J  J 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬J J ‫א‬W ،،
K?،،‫א‬?W
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬J  
،‫א‬ ،،
K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WJ J ‫א‬WJ ‫א‬J ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

، ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬
،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?WJ J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ?
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Skin FVindoffE
 FJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Eand Veneral Diseases
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
J J  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬J ??
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ? ‫א‬?WJ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEFEJ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K?‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
WJ J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?
 WJ J ‫א‬WJ ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬?
WJ J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬?
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J J ‫א‬
WJ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ ?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Salvadora Persica‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬ K٧

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬J J ‫א‬
WJ J ‫א‬WJ ‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬?
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
FJ J 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،E‫א‬
WJ J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬،‫א‬?
KJ E‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣١L‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬J J 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬?W ،J  J ‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J 
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤L‫א‬F  EFW
‫א‬J  J ‫א‬? ?W J  J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬K
 J J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 –‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬
KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
J J 
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬?WJ J ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،E‫א‬FW
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

WJ J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
Geoffrey LapageE F‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?WJ J ‫א‬ 
K?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHumus‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
J J 
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J J  ‫א‬K‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬?
WJ J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬?
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ،
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬?
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬FK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K
WK‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩٩L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
،  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬
 J 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J J J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
WJ J ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬J ?‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬ ‫א‬J J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FW
 ‫א‬‫א‬K    ‫א‬
KE‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٤ J  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J  J 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٠٣L‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،KKK ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E 
K?‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J J ‫א‬،E٦٠LF

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬FW
 
KE٣L‫א‬F    E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

W،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K
 ‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٤٥L‫א‬FEF
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UraemiaE ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KComa?‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 
K
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KEFibrin‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬،‫א‬

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WeilsEF
KTrichonella Spiralis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Taenia Solium‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FW
W
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F
 E٣٢L‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬FW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E٥L‫א‬FE
 E١٤L‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWK‫א‬
WK‫א‬
E
 ،‫א‬F
 E٦٦L‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
WK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E٩٠L‫א‬FE
K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

W‫א‬٤J ٤J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T-CellsE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬FW‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K?‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬?
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬




















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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬…‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E…‫א‬
W‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KElectrostatic precipitator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KBaghouse FilterE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KWet Scrubbers‫א‬ J ٣
Mechanical Collector (Cyclones)‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬F‫؛‬Preliminary treatment‫א‬‫ א‬K١
- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Primary treatment‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

{‫א‬‫א‬F‫؛‬Biological treatment‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٢  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 KSanitary landfill‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 KIncineration‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KSea and Ocean Dumping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Recycling‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٨٥F،،K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٩٢F،‫א‬KK٢
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬–{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
K١٩٨٧
{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٤
K١٤١٣{‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
K١٤١١
K–{‫א‬‫א‬–{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬K٦
K١٤١٠
K١٤٠٥{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{KJ J K‫א‬‫א‬K٧
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
K١٤١٢K
 K١٤١٦{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K٩
{‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K١٠
K١٤٢٢
K١٩٩٧{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢
 K١٩٩٦{‫א‬
{‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K١٣
K١٤١٣{‫א‬{‫א‬

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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

{‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 K١٤٠٩
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K١٤١٤{
K‫א‬‫א‬KF‫א‬W‫א‬K١٦
 K١٩٩٣،‫א‬


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  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬١J ١
 ٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢-١
 ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٤-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٥-١
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦-١
 ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧-١
 ١١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨-١
 ١٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ١٧  ‫א‬٢J ٢
 ٢١  ‫א‬٣J ٢
 ٢٤  ‫א‬٤J ٢
 ٢٨  ‫א‬٥J ٢
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬٣J ٦J ٢
 ٢٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
 ٣٧  ‫א‬٢J ٣
 ٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٩  ‫א‬١J ٤
 ٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
 ٧٤  ‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
 ٨٠  ‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤
 ٨٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٤
 ٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٤
 ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١١  ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥
 ١١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬

 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥
 ١١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥
 ١٢٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥
 ١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٥
 ١٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٥
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ١٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS