Basic Electrical Technology

CLASS 1 – 19 OCTOBER 2021

• I N T R O D U C T I O N TO T H E C O U R S E
• CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
 Course Outline
Basic Electrical Technology

Magnetic Circuits Single Phase AC Three Phase AC Power System

DC Circuit Analysis
Analysis Circuit Analysis Circuit Analysis Components

• Circuit elements • Magnetism • Generation • Generation • Generation –

→ Sources • Laws of magnetism • Representation • Representation Transmission -
→ Resistor • Series and parallel • AC through R, L and C • Types of load Distribution
→ Inductor
magnetic circuits • Series and parallel connection • Utilization of
→ Capacitor
• Electromagnetic circuits → Star Electric power
• Mesh current analysis → Delta
induction • Power & power factor • Electrical machines
• Node voltage analysis • Analysis of balanced and
• Magnetic coupling • Resonance → Overview
• Superposition Theorem unbalanced loads → Types
• Induced EMF
• Thevenin’s Theorem • Measurement of Power → Working principle
• Mesh analysis
• Max. Power Transfer → Application
Theorem • Energy meters
[L T P C] = [2 1 0 3]
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Course Outcome

CO1 Analyze DC Circuit

CO2 Analyze Magnetic Circuit
CO3 Analyze Single Phase AC Circuit
CO4 Analyze Three Phase AC Circuit
CO5 Describe Electrical Power System Components

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
BET Online Class Structure
Chemistry Cycle
Group 1 Group 2
(Class on Wed & Sat) (Class on Tue & Fri)

Team 6 Team 7 Team 8 Team 9 Team 10

Group 2 Faculty Team:

Dr. Muralidhar Ms. Suprabha Ms. Namratha Mr. Siddaraju N. Mr. Adarsh S. Mr. Vedavyasa
Killi Padiyar Pai Kamath

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
 Student Query Resolution

▪ Know the background of the question

▪ If possible, mention your approach

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Assessment
Quiz Continuous Assessment In-Semester End-Semester

• 10% • 20% • 20% • 50%

• 5th calendar week • 2 marks each quiz • 90 minutes • 180 minutes
• 30 minutes • Immediately after • 4 questions – 10 • 5 questions – 10
every class, 5th marks each marks each
calendar week
onwards
• 10 to 15 minutes

Note:
Course plan will be shared in due course of time

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
 Scientific Calculator
▪ Should be non – programmable
▪ Should be non - graphical
▪ Suggestions:
o Casio fx-991ES plus (2nd edition)
o Casio fx-991MS (2nd edition)
o Casio fx-991ES plus
o Casio fx-991MS

▪ Android/Apple OS based apps available

▪ Windows app (trial for 3 months) available from Casio

Casio fx-991ES plus (2nd edition)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Quiz 1 of 5
The electrical installations at our home are connected in _______
A) Series
B) Parallel

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Quiz 2 of 5
A network of resistors is
connected to a 16 V battery
with internal resistance of
1Ω, as shown below. The
voltage drop VCD is ____
a) 4 V
b) 2 V
c) 8 V
d) 16 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Quiz 3 of 5
In the circuit shown, the equivalent
resistance of the network shown is
_______
A) R/5 Ω
B) 5R Ω
C) 6R/5 Ω
D) 2R Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Quiz 4 of 5
The equivalent resistance of the network shown is _______
A) 16/3 Ω
B) 10/3 Ω
C) 15/3 Ω
D) 15 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
Quiz 5 of 5
Two electric bulbs have filaments of same thickness. When connected
to the same source, one of them consumes 60W and other one
consumes 100W. Then
a) 60W lamp filament has shorter length
b) 100W lamp filament has longer length
c) 60W lamp filament has longer length
d) Both have equal length

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 12
Basic Electrical Technology
DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 13
What is an Electric Circuit?
Definition:
“An interconnection of simple electrical devices with at least one closed path in which current may flow”

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 14
Circuit Elements
• Active Elements: Voltage & Current Sources
Active & Passive • Passive Elements: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor

Linear & Non-linear • Linear: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor

Elements • Nonlinear: Diode, LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), Thermistor, transistor

Unilateral & Bilateral • Unilateral (Current Flow in one direction): Diode, Transistor
Elements • Bilateral: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor*

Lumped & Distributed • Lumped elements are simplified version of distributed elements

Our study is limited to lumped linear bilateral circuit elements

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Basic Electrical Technology
CLASS 2 – 22 OCTOBER 2021
• A C T I V E & PA S S I V E E L E M E N T S

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 16
 Active Elements - Sources
Voltage Source: Ideal Voltage Source (DC) VL
VL = VS
Vs
+-
 Ideal:
o Maintains constant voltage irrespective of connected Vs
load
IL
o Internal resistance 𝑹𝒔 = 𝟎

 Practical:
Practical Voltage Source
o Terminal voltage changes based on the connected VL
load Vs Rs
+-
VL = VS – IL RS
o Internal resistance 𝑹𝒔 ≠ 𝟎

IL
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 17
 Active Elements - Sources
Current Source:
Ideal Current Source (DC) IL
IL = IS

 Ideal:
o Maintains constant current irrespective of the load
connected Is
VL
o Internal resistance 𝑹𝒔 = ∞

Practical Current Source IL

 Practical:
o Output current changes based on the connected load
Is Rs IL = IS – VL /RS
o Internal resistance 𝑹𝒔 < ∞
VL

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 18
Resistor
Energy Consuming Element

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 19
 Resistor
 Passive electric device that dissipates energy

 Resistance: Property which opposes flow of current

o Symbol: R
o Unit: Ohms (Ω)
o Power Consumed = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹

 Conductance
o Reciprocal of resistance
o Symbol: G
o Unit – Siemens (S)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 20
Resistors
Series connection of Resistors Parallel connection of Resistors
I1
R 1
R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3 I2
R 2
I
I
V I3
R 3

I I

• Current (I) in the all the resistors remains same • Voltage (V) is same
• 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 • 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
1 1 1 1
• 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 • 𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
𝑒𝑞 1 2 3

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 21
 Delivering and absorbing power by a source
 A battery is discharging (delivering) if,
o Current flows from the +ve terminal to –ve terminal

 A battery is charging (absorbing) if,

o Current flows from the -ve terminal to +ve terminal

 When current flows through a resistor,

o Power is dissipated

10 V battery is discharging
5V battery is charging

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 22
Illustration 1
Find the equivalent resistance of the networks given below.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 23
Quiz 1
Resistors in the following circuit are in,
a) Series
b) Parallel
c) Combination of series and parallel
d) None of the above

1Ω 2Ω 3Ω

4Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 24
Illustration 2
Determine the equivalent resistance between the points A and B for the given resistive network with 1 Ω resistors

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 25
Illustration 2

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 26
Inductor
Energy Storing Element

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 27
 Inductor
 Passive electric device that stores energy in its magnetic field when current
flows through it

 A coil of wire wound on a core

o Eg.: Air core Inductor, iron core inductor

 Inductance: property which opposes rate of change of current

o Symbol: L
o Unit: Henry (H)

 The voltage across inductor is proportional to the rate of change of current

through it

𝒅𝒊
𝒗𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 28
Inductive Circuit
For a coil uniformly wound on a non-magnetic core of uniform cross section, self-inductance is given by

𝜇0 𝐴𝑁 2
𝐿=
𝑙
where,
𝑙 = length of the magnetic circuit in meters
𝐴 = cross sectional area in square meters
𝜇𝑜 = Permeability of air = 4π × 10−7
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 29
 Equivalent Inductance
Inductors in series
L
1 L
2 L
3

𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + … … + 𝑳𝒏

L1

Inductors in Parallel L2

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 L3
= + + …….+
𝑳𝒆𝒒 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝒏

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 30
 Energy Stored in an Inductor
 Instantaneous power,
𝒅𝒊
𝒑 = 𝒗𝑳 . 𝒊 = 𝑳 𝒊
𝒅𝒕

 Energy absorbed in ‘𝒅𝒕’ time is

𝒅𝒘 = 𝑳 𝒊 𝒅𝒊

 Energy absorbed by the magnetic field when current increases from 𝟎 to 𝑰 amperes, is
𝑰 𝟏
𝑾 = ‫𝟐𝑰 𝑳 = 𝒊𝒅 𝒊 𝑳 𝟎׬‬
𝟐

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 31
Capacitor
Energy Storing Element

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 32
 Capacitors
 Passive electric device that stores energy in the electric field between a pair of
closely spaced conductors

 Capacitance: Property which opposes the rate of change of voltage

o Symbol: C
o Unit: Farad (F)

 The capacitive current is proportional to the rate of change of voltage across it

𝒅𝒗𝒄
𝒊𝒄 = 𝑪 𝒅𝒕

 Charge stored in a capacitor whose plates are maintained at constant voltage:

𝑸 = 𝑪𝑽

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 33
 Terminologies
 Electric field strength,
𝑽
𝑬 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔/𝒎
𝒅

 Electric flux density,

𝑸
𝑫= 𝑪/𝒎𝟐
𝑨

 Permittivity of free space,

𝜺𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑭/𝒎
 Relative permittivity, 𝜺𝒓
 Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor © Basic Electrical Technology by Hughes
𝜺𝟎 𝜺𝒓 𝑨
𝑪=
𝒅

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 34
Equivalent Capacitance
Capacitors in Series
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ……+
𝑪𝒆𝒒 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝒏

Capacitors in Parallel
𝑪𝒆𝒒 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + … . . + 𝑪𝒏

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 35
 Energy stored in a Capacitor
 Instantaneous power
𝒅𝒗𝒄
𝒑 = 𝒗𝒄 × 𝒊 = 𝑪 𝒗𝒄
𝒅𝒕

 Energy supplied during ‘𝒅𝒕’ time is:

𝒅𝒘 = 𝑪 𝒗𝒄 𝒅𝒗𝒄

 Energy stored in the electric field when potential rises from 𝟎 to 𝑽 volts is,
𝑽 𝟏
𝑾 = ‫𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐮𝐨𝐉 𝟐𝑽𝑪 = 𝒄𝒗𝒅 𝒄𝒗 𝑪 𝟎׬‬
𝟐

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 36
 Quiz 2
An inductor and a resistor opposes _____ & _____ respectively
a) flow of current, rate of change of current
b) rate of change of current, flow of current
c) rate of change of current, rate of change of current
d) flow of current, flow of current

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 37
 Quiz 3
The source voltage is ___
a) 10 V
b) 20 V
c) 30 V
d) 40 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 38
 Illustration 3
Two incandescent bulbs have the following ratings:
Bulb-1: 120 V, 60 W; Bulb-2: 240 V, 480 W
a) Both of them are connected in series with a voltage source.
i. Which bulb will glow brighter and why?
ii. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied so that non of the bulbs fuse?

b) Now both of them are connected in parallel with a voltage source.

i. Which bulb will glow brighter and why?
ii. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied so that non of the bulbs fuse?

Assume that the incandescent bulbs are purely resistive.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 39
Illustration 3
Two incandescent bulbs have the following ratings:
Bulb-1: 120 V, 60 W; Bulb-2: 240 V, 480 W
a) Both of them are connected in series with a voltage source.
i. Which bulb will glow brighter and why?
ii. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied so that non of the bulbs fuse?

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 40
Basic Electrical Technology
CLASS 3 – 26 OCTOBER 2021
• NETWORK REDUCTION

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 38
RECAP
Ideal Current Source (DC)
Ideal Voltage Source (DC)
Vs
+-

Vs Is

Practical Voltage Source Practical Current Source

Vs Rs
+-
Is Rs

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 39
 Illustration
Two incandescent bulbs have the following ratings:
Bulb-1: 120 V, 60 W; Bulb-2: 240 V, 480 W
a) Both of them are connected in series with a voltage source.
i. Which bulb will glow brighter and why?
ii. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied so that non of the bulbs fuse?

b) Now both of them are connected in parallel with a voltage source.

i. Which bulb will glow brighter and why?
ii. What is the maximum voltage that can be applied so that non of the bulbs fuse?

Assume that the incandescent bulbs are purely resistive.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 40
 Quiz 3
Two incandescent bulbs of 40 W and 60 W ratings are connected in series across the mains. Then which of the
following statement(s) is(are) correct?
a) The bulbs together will consume 100 W
b) The bulbs together will consume 50 W
c) The 60 W bulb glows brighter
d) The 40 W bulb glows brighter

Assume the voltage rating of both the bulbs to be same

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 41
Illustration
What is the equivalent resistance across the terminals A & B in the network shown?

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 42
 Illustration
15 resistors are connected as shown in the diagram. Each of
the resistors has resistance 1 Ω.
a) Find the equivalent resistance of the network between A
& B.
b) What will be the equivalent resistance of this network if
the resistors arranged in the sequence extends to infinity? A B

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 43
Homework
Reduce the network to its equivalent resistance between terminals A and B

R
R R

R
R
R R
A B
R R

R R
R

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 44
Star – delta transformation
NETWORK REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 45
Star & Delta Connections
A
A

Ra

Rca Rab
Rc Rb Rbc
C B
C B
Delta Connection
Star Connection

Link for the formula derivation:

https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/108105053/pdf/L-06(GDR)(ET)%20((EE)NPTEL).pdf

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 46
Star-Delta Transformation
Delta to Star Transformation
A A

Rca Rab
Ra

Rc Rb
C B
Rbc B
𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑐𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑐𝑎 C
𝑅𝑎 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑎 σ 𝑅∆

𝑅𝑏𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑏𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑏

𝑅𝑏 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑎 σ 𝑅∆

𝑅𝑐𝑎 𝑅𝑏𝑐 𝑅𝑐𝑎 𝑅𝑏𝑐

𝑅𝑐 = =
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑎 σ 𝑅∆

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 47
Star-Delta Transformation
Star to Delta Transformation
A A

Rca Rab
Ra

Rc Rb C B
B Rbc
C
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 +
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑏𝑐 = = 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐 +
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎

𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐
𝑅𝑐𝑎 = = 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑎 +
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 48
Illustration 1
Find the current through 40 ohms resistor in the circuit shown

Current through 40 ohms =0.047 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 49
Illustration 2
For the circuit shown, determine the total power supplied by the source using star-delta transformation

Ans: Psupplied = 223.1608 W

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 50
Quiz 1
Find RAB

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 51
Homework
Determine the resistance between terminals a & b of the network shown in figure, using Star-Delta
transformation.

Ans: 23.518 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 52
Source Transformation
NETWORK REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 53
Source Transformation
Practical Voltage Source Practical Current Source

converted to

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 54
Source Transformation
Practical Voltage source Practical Current source

+a
R +a
+ RL Is R RL
Vs -
𝑽𝒔
-b 𝑰𝒔 = -b
𝑹

+a +a
R
+ RL Is R RL
Vs -
-b -b
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑹 × 𝑰𝒔

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 55
Voltage Division (in Series Circuit)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 56
Quiz 2
What is the voltage across 10 ohms

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 57
Basic Electrical Technology
CLASS 4 – 29 OCTOBER 2021
• NETWORK REDUCTION

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 58
Recap
• Star delta transformation
𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑐𝑎 𝑅𝑎𝑏 𝑅𝑐𝑎
A 𝑅𝑎 = = A
𝑅𝑎𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐𝑎 σ 𝑅∆

Rca Rab
Ra
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 + 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑎𝑏 = = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + Rc Rb
C B 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐
Rbc B
C

•Source transformation

𝑽𝒔
𝑰𝒔 = +a
+a 𝑹
R
+ RL Is R RL
Vs -
-b 𝑽𝒔 = 𝑹 × 𝑰𝒔 -b

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 59
Current Division (in Parallel Circuit)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 60
Illustration
What is the current through 5 ohm

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 61
Illustration
Find the current through 40 ohms resistor.

Current through 40 ohms =0.047 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 62
Illustration
Find the voltage across 12 Ω resistor (i.e., Vx) by source transformation method.

Ans. - 48 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 63
Quiz
Reduce the network to a single current source and a resistor across A and B

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 64
Illustration
Reduce the following circuit to a current source in parallel with a resistor across the terminals A & B.

1A

2 ohms
B

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 65
Homework
In the circuit shown, compute the value of VS to deliver a current of IS = 0.25 A using source transformation.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 66
Mesh Current Analysis
NETWORK REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 67
Sign Conventions for Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 68
Introduction
Mesh
o A closed path for the flow of current

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

o The algebraic sum of voltages in a mesh is zero

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 69
 Mesh Current Analysis Method
o Transform all the current sources present in the circuit to voltage sources
o Mark different currents in all the independent meshes of the given network
o Write KVL equations for these independent meshes
o Solve for the currents

Determine the power drawn by 2Ω

resistor using mesh current analysis

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 70
Illustration 1
Determine the current through the galvanometer “G”. Also, write network equations using inspection method

30  40 

G 100 

20 
50 

10  100 V

IG = 0.0844 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 71
Illustration 2
Realize the network defined by mesh current equation
6 −4 0 𝑥1 1
−4 25 −8 𝑥2 = −2
0 −8 18 𝑥2 −3

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 72
Supermesh

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 73
Illustration 3
Write the mesh equations for the circuit shown below.

30  40 

G 2A
100

20 
50 

10  100 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 74
Basic Electrical Technology
CLASS 5 – 2 NOVEMBER 2021
• M E S H C U R R E N T A N A LY S I S A N D N O D E V O LTA G E A N A LY S I S

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 75
Recap

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 76
 Quiz
The value of current I in the circuit is
a) 1A
b) 2 A
c) 0.5 A
d) 0.25 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 77
 Quiz
The value of current I in the circuit is
a) 1A
b) 2 A
c) 0.5 A
d) 0.25 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 78
Illustration 4
Find the power supplied by 2A current source using mesh current analysis.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 79
Illustration 4
Find the power supplied by 2A current source using mesh current analysis.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 80
 Quiz
The current supplied by the voltage source is
a) 2A
b) 3 A
c) 1A
d) 0 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 81
 Quiz
The current supplied by the voltage source is
a) 2A
b) 3 A
c) 1A
d) 0 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 82
Node Voltage Analysis
DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 83
Introduction
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
o At any node (junction) in a circuit, the algebraic
sum of currents entering and leaving the node
at any instant of time must be equal to zero

Node
o A point in an electric circuit where 3 or more
elements are connected

Branch
o A conducting path between two nodes in a circuit
containing circuit elements

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 84
Introduction
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
o At any node (junction) in a circuit, the algebraic
sum of currents entering and leaving the node
at any instant of time must be equal to zero

Node
o A point in an electric circuit where 3 or more
elements are connected

Branch
o A conducting path between two nodes in a circuit
containing circuit elements

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 85
 Node Voltage Analysis Method
o Convert all the practical voltage sources to
current sources
o Identify nodes in the circuit
o One of the nodes is taken as reference node
o Assign a voltage to each of the
remaining nodes
o Write KCL equations for all the nodes
(excluding the reference node)
o Solve for voltages

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 86
 Node Voltage Analysis Method
o Convert all the practical voltage sources to
current sources
o Identify nodes in the circuit
o One of the nodes is taken as reference node
o Assign a voltage to each of the
remaining nodes
o Write KCL equations for all the nodes
(excluding the reference node)
o Solve for voltages

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 87
Illustration 1
Determine the current through the galvanometer “G”. Also, write network equations using inspection method

30  40 

G 100 

20 
50 

10  100 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 88
Illustration 1
Determine the current through the galvanometer “G”. Also, write network equations using inspection method

30  40 

G 100 

20 
50 

10  100 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 89
Illustration 2
Realize the network defined by node voltage equation

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 90
Illustration 2
Realize the network defined by node voltage equation

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 91
 Quiz
The current Is in amperes in voltage source and voltage Vs across the current source is
a) -13 A, 20 V
b) -13 A, 10 V
c) 13 A, -10 V
d) 13 A, -20 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 92
 Quiz
The current Is in amperes in voltage source and voltage Vs across the current source is
a) -13 A, 20 V
b) -13 A, 10 V
c) 13 A, -10 V
d) 13 A, -20 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 93
Supernode

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 94
Supernode
Find the current through 40 V battery. Is the battery charging or discharging?

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 95
Supernode
Find the current through 40 V battery. Is the battery charging or discharging?

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 96
Basic Electrical Technology
CLASS 6 – 5 NOVEMBER 2021
• T U TO R I A L 1

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 88
Star – Delta Transformation
Determine the resistance between A and B in the network shown below

𝑹 𝑨𝑩= 𝟑.𝟖𝟗 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 89
Star – Delta Transformation
Determine the resistance between A and B in the network shown below

𝑹 𝑨𝑩= 𝟑.𝟖𝟗 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 90
Homework
Determine the resistance between terminals a & b of the network shown in figure, using Star-Delta
transformation.

Ans: 23.518 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 91
Homework
Determine the resistance between terminals a & b of the network shown in figure, using Star-Delta
transformation.

Ans: 23.518 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 92
Source Transformation
Find the current through 8Ω resistor by source transformation method, in the circuit shown below

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 93
Source Transformation
Find the current through 8Ω resistor by source transformation method, in the circuit shown below

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 94
Source Transformation
Find the current through 8Ω resistor by source transformation method, in the circuit shown below

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 95
Homework
In the circuit shown, compute the value of VS to deliver a current of IS = 0.25 A using source transformation.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 96
Mesh Current Analysis
Find the voltage across the current source using mesh current analysis.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 97
Mesh Current Analysis
Find the voltage across the current source using mesh current analysis.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 98
Mesh Current Analysis
Find the voltage across the current source using mesh current analysis.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 99
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the voltage of all nodes using node voltage analysis

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 100
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the voltage of all nodes using node voltage analysis

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 101
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the voltage of all nodes using node voltage analysis

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 102
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the node voltages and also current through 1 ohm.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 103
Node Voltage Analysis
Find the node voltages and also current through 1 ohm.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 104
 Illustration
Two incandescent bulbs of 40 W and 60 W ratings are connected in series across the voltage V. Then which of the
following statement(s) is(are) correct?
a) The bulbs together will consume 100 W
b) The bulbs together will consume 50 W
c) The 60 W bulb glows brighter
d) The 40 W bulb glows brighter

Assume the voltage rating of both the bulbs to be same

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 105
Basic Electrical Technology
Class 7 – 9 November 2021
• Network Theorems 1

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
 Terminologies Used
Linear element: V-I characteristics is linear. E.g: R, L, C

Non-linear element: V-I characteristics is non-linear. E.g: Diode

Bi-lateral element: Property does not change with direction of operation. E.g: R, L, C

Unilateral element: Property changes with the direction of operation. E.g: Diode

Linear Circuit: Circuit with linear elements only

Bi-lateral circuit: Circuit with bi-lateral elements only.

Response: The output of the network. E.g: current, voltage

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Superposition Theorem
Definition : In any linear, bi-lateral network, total response is the sum of partial responses.

In any linear, bilateral network, the total response may be determined by adding the responses
due to individual sources, considering one source at a time and replacing the other sources by
their internal resistances.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Procedure to apply Superposition theorem to solve a DC Circuit
1. Draw the circuit with passive elements only.

2. Place one of the sources in its position.

3. Replace the other sources by their internal resistances.

a. Ideal voltage source by short circuit,

b. Ideal current source by open circuit.

4. Find the response using one of the methods, i.e., network reduction, mesh current, node
voltage methods.

5. Repeat the procedure for all the sources.

6. Add the responses due to individual sources.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Illustration 1
Find the current Ix using Superposition theorem

Ans: Ix = 660 mA

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Illustration 2
Find the current I0 using Superposition theorem 3 6V

2 I0
6
2A 4 5
1

Ans: I0 = -
105.078mA

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
Limitations of superposition Theorem
oDoesn’t work for power calculation
◦Involves product of voltage and current,
◦the square of current or
◦the square of the voltage,
◦which are non-linear operations

◦cannot be applied for nonlinear circuit

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Why Thevenin's Theorem
oIn many applications, a network may contain a
variable component or element while other
elements in the circuit are kept constant.
oIf the solution for current or voltage or power in
any component of network is desired, in such cases
the whole circuit need to be analyzed each time
with the change in component value.
o In order to avoid such repeated computation, it is
desirable to introduce a method that will not have
to be repeated for each value of variable
component.
oFor the circuit shown,
o Find
o Mesh current method needs 3 equations to be solved
o Node voltage method requires 2 equations to be solved

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Definition of Thevenin’s Theorem
Any linear, bilateral network may be replaced by a
single voltage source (called Thevenin’s equivalent
voltage, VTh) in series with one resistance (called
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance, RTh) across the load
terminals.

Thevenin’s equivalent voltage, VTh, is the open circuit

voltage at the load terminals.

Thevenin’s equivalent resistance, RTh, is the

equivalent resistance at the load terminals, after
replacing the sources by their internal resistances.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Procedure of Thevenin’s Theorem
Suppose: Find IL through RL.
Step-1: Disconnect RL
o Remove the load
o Keep the terminals open circuited as shown in 2nd figure below.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Step-2: Find VTh
o Apply mesh current / node voltage method

o Find the voltage across the open circuited terminals.

Step-3: To find RTh

oKeep the load terminals open.

oReplace all the sources by their internal resistances.

oVoltage sources should be short-circuited (just remove them and replace with plain wire)
oCurrent sources should be open-circuited (just remove them)

oFind the equivalent resistance with respect to open circuited load terminals.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
Illustration 3
Determine the current through the galvanometer using Thevenin's Theorem
30  40 

G 100 

20 
50 

10  100 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 12
 Answer : Current is IBA = 84.249mA

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 13
Basic Electrical Technology
Class 8 – 12 November 2021
• Network Theorems 2

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Illustration 4
Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the value of R such that the current through it is 120 mA

Ans: 5 Ω Course Code: [ELE 1051]

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 14

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Definition:
In any linear, bi-lateral network, maximum power will be transferred to the load from the
network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the network.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Proof
RTh
Consider the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of a network A
IL
𝐼 =
VTh RL
𝑃 = 𝑅
B

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑃 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, =0

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠, 𝑹𝑳 = 𝑹𝑻𝒉

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟,

𝑃 = 𝑅 =

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 16
 Illustration 5
Determine the value of resistor to be connected across the terminals A & B such that maximum
power is transferred to the that resistor. Also, find the value of maximum power.
2 3
A
4 5
8V
6
B

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 17
 Ans: 3.41 Ω, 2.43 W

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 18
Basic Electrical Technology
CL AS S 9 – 1 6 N OV E M BE R 2 0 2 1
• Tutorial 2 : Network Theorems

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Question 1
Using Superposition theorem, find the value of Vs if the current in 4 Ω is 0.515 A
and the direction is as shown in the diagram below.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
 Ans: 16 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Question 2
For the circuit shown find the current IL through 6 Ω resistor using
Thevenin’s theorem

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
 Ans: IL = 2.625 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Question 3
In the figure shown below replace the network to the left of terminals A & B by its
Thevenin equivalent circuit. Hence, determine I

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
 Answer:
Rth = 3 Ω,
Vth = 20 V
I = -2 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Question 4
The box shown in the adjacent figure consists of independent dc sources and
resistances. Measurements are taken by connecting an ammeter in series with the
resistor RL and the results are shown in the table below. Find the value of RL for
which the current is 0.6 A
RL I
10 Ω 2.0 A
20 Ω 1.5 A
? 0.6 A

Ans: RL = 80 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Question 5
Find the value of R such that maximum power is transferred to 8 Ω resistor.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
 Ans: 20 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Question 06
Determine the value of load resistance to be connected across the terminals A & B
such that maximum power is transferred to the load.

Ans: 4 Ω

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
Basic Electrical Technology
Class 10 – 19 November 2021
• R L Transients

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Growth of Current in an Inductive Circuit
Applying KVL,

𝒅𝒊
𝒅𝒕

Initial Conditions,

Final current & voltage equation,

𝑹𝒕
𝑽
𝑳
𝑹

𝑹
𝒕
𝑳
𝑳

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Growth of current in an inductive circuit
Time Constant ( ): Time taken by the current through the inductor to reach its final
steady state value, had the initial rate of rise been maintained constant
𝑳
𝑹

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Decay of current in an Inductive Circuit
Initial current is through inductor is

At , switch is moved from position a to b

Applying KVL,
𝒅𝒊
𝒅𝒕

Using initial conditions and then solving

𝑹𝒕
𝑳
𝟎
𝑹𝒕
𝑳
𝑳

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Decay of current in an Inductive Circuit

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Illustration 1
A coil of inductance 0.04 H and resistance 10 is connected to a 120 V, d.c. supply.
Determine
(a) the final value of current.
(b) the time constant of the circuit.
(c) the value of current after a time equal to the time constant from the instant
the supply voltage is connected.
(d) the expected time for the current to rise to within 1% of its final value.

Ans: (a) 12A ; (b) 4ms (c) 7.58A (d) 18.421ms

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
Illustration 2
An R-L series circuit is designed for a steady current of 250mA. A current of 120 mA
flows in the circuit at an instant 0.1 sec after connecting the supply voltage.
Calculate i) time constant of the circuit ii) the time from closing the circuit at which
the circuit current has reached 200 mA.

Ans: i)Time constant = 0.1529 s ii) t= 0.2461 s

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
 Illustration 3
In the network shown in figure, the switch is closed to position 1 at t = 0 and is
moved to position 2 at 10 ms. Determine iL(t) & sketch it.
t = 10 ms

1 2
10 

10 V 15 

0.1 H

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Basic Electrical Technology
CL AS S 1 1 – 2 3 N OV E M BE R 2 0 2 1

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Charging of a Capacitor through a Resistor
Applying KVL,

𝒄
𝒅𝒗𝒄
where, 𝒅𝒕

Initial Conditions,
𝒄

Final current & voltage equation,

𝟏
𝒕
𝑹𝑪
𝒄

𝟏
𝑽 𝒕
𝑹𝑪
𝒄 𝑹

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
Time Constant (𝜏): Time taken by the voltage of the capacitor to reach its final
steady state value, had the initial rate of rise been maintained constant
𝝉 = 𝑹𝑪

vc

ic

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 12
Discharging of a Capacitor through a Resistor
Capacitor is initially charged to a voltage

At , switch is moved from position a to b t=0 R

a
b C
+
vc
V i
Applying KVL,
𝒄
𝒅𝒗𝒄
Where,
𝒅𝒕

Using initial conditions and then solving

𝟏
( )𝒕
𝑹𝑪
𝒄
𝟏
( )𝒕
𝑹𝑪
𝒄

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 13
Discharging of a Capacitor through a Resistor

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 14
Illustration 1
An 8 μF capacitor is connected in series with a 0.5 MΩ resistor, across a 200 V dc
supply through a switch. At t=0 sec, the switch is turned on. Calculate

i. Time constant of the circuit

ii. Initial charging current.
iii. Time taken for the potential difference across the capacitor to grow to 160 V.
iv. Current & potential difference across the capacitor 4.0 seconds after the switch is
turned on.

Ans: (i) 4 seconds, (ii) 400 μA , (iii) 6.44 seconds (iv) 126.42 V & 147.15 μA
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Illustration 2
A 15 μF uncharged capacitor is connected in series with a 47 k resistor across a
120 V, d.c. supply.
a) Determine the capacitor voltage at a time equal to one time constant after being
connected to the supply and also two seconds after being connected to the supply.
b)Find the time for the capacitor voltage to reach one half of its steady state value.
Draw the capacitor voltage waveform.

Ans: a) 75.84 V, 112.97 V b) 0.49 s.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 16
Illustration 3
In the network shown below, the switch is closed to position 1 at t = 0 & is moved to position 2 at t =
0.4 sec. Determine the voltage across the capacitor 𝑣 (𝑡) & sketch it for 0 ≤ t ≤1 sec
Also find the value of ‘t’ for which 𝑣 (𝑡) = 0

S
1 mF
2
20 V
10 V
200 

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 17
 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝑣 = 20(1 − 𝑒 ⁄ . )
𝑣 = −10 + 27.29𝑒 ( . )⁄ .
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑣 = 17.29 𝑉
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑣 = −8.64 𝑉

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 18
Solution

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 19
Basic Electrical Technology
Class 11 – 23 November 2021
• Tutorial 3 : DC Transients

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Question 01
In the circuit shown below, both the switches, S1 & S2 , are open initially. At t = 0 sec, S1 is closed
(& S2 remains open). At t = 4 ms S2 is closed. Sketch the inductor current 𝒊(𝒕) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 25 ms.

S2

S1
20  30 

0.1 H
10 V

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Solution

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Question 02
For the circuit shown in figure below, the switch S has
been closed for a long time and then opens at t = 0.
Find,
i. v (0 )
ii. i 0
iii. i 0
iv. i (0 )
v. v (0 )
vi. i (t = ∞)
vii. v (t = ∞)
viii.i t , for t > 0

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
For the circuit shown in figure below, the switch S has been closed for a long time and then opens at
𝐭 = 𝟎.
Find L and R

Figure above shows the plot of current 𝑖(𝑡) through a series R-L circuit when a constant voltage of
magnitude 50 V is applied to it. Calculate the values of resistance R and inductance L .
Basic Electrical Technology
2. Magnetic Circuits & Electromagnetism

Introduction to Magnetism
Series Magnetic Circuits

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Magnetism
 A physical phenomena by which materials exert attractive or repulsive force
on other materials

 Magnetic Materials
o Properties:
 Points in the direction of magnetic north and south pole when suspended freely and
attracts iron fillings

o Classification:
 Natural Magnets: Lodestone
 Temporary magnets (exhibits these properties when subjected to external force)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Definitions
 Magnetic Line of Force
o Closed path radiating from north pole, passes through the surrounding, terminates at south pole
and is from south to north pole within the body of the magnet

 Magnetic Field
o The space around which magnetic lines of force act
o Strong near the magnet and weakens at points away from the magnet

 Magnetic Flux (𝝓)

o Analogous to Electric Current
o Number of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit.
o Unit : Weber (Wb)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Definitions
 Magnetic Flux Density (B)
o Analogous to Current Density
o No. of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit per unit area normal to the
direction of flux lines
o 𝑩 = 𝜱/ 𝑨
o Unit : Wb/m2 (Tesla)

 Magneto Motive Force (F)

o Analogous to EMF
o Force which drives the magnetic lines of force through a magnetic circuit
o 𝑭 = 𝜱 × 𝑺 = 𝑵 × 𝑰
Where, 𝜱 = Magnetic flux, 𝑺 = Reluctance of the magnetic path
𝑵 = No. of turns of the coil, 𝑰 = Current flowing through the coil
o Unit: AT (Ampere-Turns)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Definitions
 Magnetic Field Strength (H)
o Analogous to Electric Field Strength
o The magneto motive force per meter length of the magnetic circuit
o 𝑯 = (𝑵 × 𝑰)/𝒍
o Unit: AT/m

 Permeability (μ)
o Analogous to Conductivity
o A property of a magnetic material which indicates the ability of magnetic circuit to carry
magnetic flux.
o 𝝁=𝑩∕𝑯
o μ0 = 4π × 10−7 ⟹ Permeability of free space or air or non magnetic material
o Unit: H/m

 Relative Permeability (μr)

o Permeability of the material with reference to air / vacuum
o 𝝁𝒓 = 𝝁 𝝁𝟎

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Definitions
 Reluctance (S)
o Analogous to Resistance
o Opposition of a magnetic circuit to the setting up of magnetic flux in it
o Unit: AT/Wb

 Derivation of an expression for reluctance

𝐻 = (𝑁 × 𝐼)/𝑙
𝜇 =𝐵∕𝐻
𝐵 = 𝛷/ 𝐴
𝛷
𝐹 = 𝑁 × 𝐼 = 𝐻 × 𝑙 = 𝐵 𝜇 × 𝑙 = (𝛷/ 𝐴 ) 𝜇 × 𝑙 = ×𝑙
𝜇𝐴
𝛷
𝐹= ×𝑙 =𝛷×𝑆
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴
𝑙
𝑆=
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐴

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
 Illustration 01
A ring made of ferromagnetic material has 500 mm2 as cross-sectional area and 400
mm as mean circumference. A coil of 600 turns is wound uniformly around it.
Calculate:
a) The reluctance of the ring
b) The current required to produce a flux density of 1.6 T in the ring
Take μr of the ferromagnetic material as 800 for flux density of 1.6 T

Ans:
a) 795774.72 AT/Wb
b) 1.06 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Magnetic Field (in a Current-Carrying Conductor)
 An electric current flowing in a conductor creates a magnetic field around it

 Direction of magnetic field

o By Maxwell’s Right Hand Grip Rule:
Assume that the current carrying conductor is held in right hand so that the fingers wrap around the
conductor and the thumb is stretched along the direction of current. Wrapped fingers will show the
direction of circular magnetic field lines

x .
Current inwards Current outwards

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Magnetic Field (in a Solenoid)
 Direction of magnetic field
o By Right Hand Grip Rule:
If the coil is gripped with the right hand, with the fingers pointing in the direction of the current, then
the thumb, outstretched parallel to the axis of the solenoid, points in the direction of the magnetic
field inside the solenoid

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Electromagnets
 Principle: An electric current flowing in a conductor creates a magnetic field
around it
 Strength of the field is proportional to the amount of current in the coil
 The field disappears when the current is turned off
 A simple electromagnet consists of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron
core
 Widely used as components of motors, generators, relays etc.

N
I

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Losses in Magnetic Circuit
 Hysteresis Loss
o Lagging of magnetization or flux density behind the magnetizing force is called Magnetic
Hysteresis

o The energy dissipated as heat in the process of magnetization and demagnetization

which is proportional to the area of hysteresis loop is the Hysteresis Loss

Hysteresis
loop

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
Losses in Magnetic Circuit
 Eddy Current Loss
o The varying flux in the magnetic core induces emf and hence eddy current within the
material
o Flow in closed loops in planes perpendicular to the magnetic field
o Results in loss of power and heating of the material
o Cores of electric machines are laminated to reduce eddy current loss

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 12
Comparison of Electric and Magnetic Circuits
Analogy:
Electric Circuits Magnetic Circuits
Current Flux
Current Density Flux Density
EMF MMF
Conductivity Permeability
Resistance Reluctance

Differences:

Electric Circuits Magnetic Circuits

Current actually flows Flux does not flow
Current can not flow in air / vacuum Flux can be created in air / vacuum

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 13
Basic Electrical Technology
Series Magnetic Circuits

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Magnetic Circuits
The complete closed path followed by any group of magnetic lines of flux

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Series Magnetic Circuit
Flux ɸ is the same in all sections if leakage flux is neglected.

Flux density and reluctance in each section may vary,

depending on its effective cross-sectional area and material.

Equivalent reluctance is the sum of reluctance of different

parts/elements.

The resultant MMF is the sum of MMFs in each individual Rectangular shaped series
magnetic circuit with air gap.
parts/elements

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Series Magnetic Circuit
𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝑺𝟏 = , 𝑺𝟐 =
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝟐 𝑨𝟐

𝒍𝟑 𝒍𝒈
𝑺𝟑 = , 𝑺𝒈 =
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝟑 𝑨𝟏 𝝁𝟎 𝑨𝟏

𝑺 𝑻 = 𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 + 𝑺𝟑 + 𝑺 𝒈

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑓 = ∅(𝑆1 + 𝑆2 + 𝑆3 + 𝑆𝑔 )

= 𝐻1 𝑙1 + 𝐻2 𝑙2 + 𝐻3 𝑙3 + 𝐻𝑔 𝑙𝑔
𝐵1 𝑙1 𝐵2 𝑙2 𝐵3 𝑙3 𝐵𝑔 𝑙𝑔
= + + +
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟1 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟2 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟3 𝜇0

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Useful & Leakage Flux
Magnetic leakage:
The passage of magnetic flux outside the path
along which it can do useful work.

Total flux of coil = Useful flux + Leakage flux

𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭:
Total Flux of the Coil
λ=
Useful Flux

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Illustration 1
An iron ring has a circular cross- sectional area of 5 cm2 and a mean circumference of 100 cm.
The ring is uniformly wound with a coil of 1000 turns. Relative permeability of iron is 800.
a) Find the current required to produce a flux of 1 mWb in the ring.
b) If a saw cut of 2 mm wide is made in the ring, find the flux produced, if the current is same as
that found in part a.
c) Find the current required to produce the same flux as in part a for the cut made in the ring in
part b.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
 Ans:
a) 1.99 A
b) 0.385 mWb
c) 5.17 A

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Illustration 2
The magnetic circuit shown in the figure is PART A 3 cm
made of iron having a square cross-section of
3 cm side. It has two parts A and B, with
relative permeabilities of 1000 and 1200
respectively, separated by two air gaps, each
2 mm wide. The part B is wound with a total
10 cm
of 1000 turns of wire on the two side limbs
3 cm
carrying a current of 2.5 A. Calculate
a) The reluctances of Part-A, Part-B & air PART B
3 cm
gaps, 20 cm
b) the total reluctance
c) the mmf
d) the flux and the flux density.
Hint:
Length of Part A = 20cm
Length of Part B = (10-1.5)+(20-1.5-1.5)+(10-1.5) = 34 cm

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
 PART A 3 cm

10 cm
3 cm

PART B
3 cm
20 cm

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
 Ans:
SA = 176838.83AT/Wb,
SB = 250521.67AT/Wb
Sg = 3536776.51AT/Wb
ST = 3964137AT/Wb
mmf = 2500 AT
Ф = 0.63 mWb, B = 0.7 T

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Illustration 3
A ring of cross sectional area 12 cm2 has 3 parts made of following materials:

Part Material Length Relative Permeability

A Iron 25 cm 800
B Steel 18 cm 1100
C Air 2 mm ---

A coil of 660 turns carrying a current of 2.1 A is wound uniformly on the ring. Determine the flux
density in the air gap. Assume no leakage and fringing effect.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
 Ans: 0.703 Wb/m2

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 12
Basic Electrical Technology
Parallel Magnetic Circuits

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Parallel Magnetic Circuit
 More than one path for flux F Φ1 Φ2 D
A
 𝚽 = 𝚽𝟏 + 𝚽𝟐

𝒍𝑨𝑩 N Φ
𝑺𝑨𝑩 =
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑨𝑩

𝑺𝑨𝑫𝑪𝑩 =
𝒍𝑨𝑫𝑪𝑩 B C
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝑨𝑫𝑪𝑩 𝑨𝑨𝑫𝑪𝑩
E

𝒍𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩
𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 = SAFEB SAB SADCB
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 𝑨𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩

+
F

-
Analogous Electrical Circuit

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Parallel Magnetic Circuit
(Mmf)Total = (Mmf)AB + (Mmf)ADCB F Φ1 Φ2 D
A
OR
(Mmf)Total = (Mmf)AB + (Mmf)AFEB
N Φ

B C
E
 (Mmf)Total = Φ SAB + Φ1 SADCB
OR SAFEB SAB SADCB
(Mmf)Total = Φ SAB + Φ2 SAFEB

+
F

-
Analogous Electrical Circuit

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Parallel Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap
A C
F S g-left
S g-center
Φ1 lg-center Φ2
Φ
lg-left
S ACDB
S AB
S AFEB

E B D F

(𝒍𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 −𝒍𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 ) (𝒍𝑨𝑩 −𝒍𝒈𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 )

𝑺𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 = ; 𝑺𝑨𝑩 =
𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 𝑨𝑨𝑭𝑬𝑩 𝝁𝟎 𝝁𝒓𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑨𝑩

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Illustration 1
The magnetic circuit shown in Fig. is made of a material having relative permeability of 2000.
The central limb is wound with 1000 turns and has an airgap of length of 2mm. The side limb
airgap is 8 mm. Calculate the current required to set up a flux of 2.6 mWb in the central limb.
Mean lengths of various sections are as follows: AB = 24 cm, ACDB = AFGHEB = 60 cm. Cross
sectional area of the structure is 10 cm2.

F A C

E B D

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝐀

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Illustration 2
A coil carrying a current of 2.8 A is wound on the left limb of the cast steel symmetrical frame of
uniform square cross section 16 cm2 as shown in Fig. Calculate the number of turns in the coil to
produce a flux of 1.8 mWb in the air gap of 0.2 cm length. The relative permeability of cast steel
is 1200.

32cm

E A C

0.2cm 20cm

F B D

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟎

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]

Electromagnetic induction

Dept. Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1

Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law:
Whenever the magnetic field linking with a
conductor changes, an EMF will be induced in
that conductor

Second Law:
The magnitude of the induced EMF is
proportional to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux linking the conductor

𝒅𝝓
𝒆= 𝑵
𝒅𝒕

Where N = number of turns in the coil

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2

Lenz’s Law
The electro-magnetically induced emf always acts in such a direction
to set up a current opposing the motion or change of flux
responsible for inducing the emf.

𝒅𝝓
𝒆 = −𝑵
𝒅𝒕

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3

Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
If the first, second and the thumb
of the right hand are held at right
angles to each other,
first finger indicates the direction
of the magnetic flux
and
thumb finger indicates the
direction of motion of the
conductor relative to the
magnetic field,
then
the second finger represents the
direction of induced EMF.
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Types of induced EMF
Dynamically induced EMF:
 The voltage induced in the
conductor due to relative motion of
conductor and magnetic field

 𝒆 = 𝑩 𝒍 𝒗 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽

 Either conductor or magnetic field is

moving

 Principle of Electric generator

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5

Types of induced EMF
Statically Induced EMF:

 The voltage induced in the

conductor due to change in the
magnetic field

 Conductor is stationary

 Magnetic Field is changing in a

stationary magnetic system

 Eg: Transformer

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6

Types of Statically induced EMF
Self Induced Emf:
The induced emf in a coil proportional to the
rate of the change of the magnetic flux passing
through it due to its own current.
𝒅𝒊
𝒆 = −𝑳
𝒅𝒕
Self Inductance L:
The proportionality constant is called the self inductance, L.
Unit is Henry
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝑖
𝑒 = −𝑁 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝜙
𝐿=𝑁
𝑑𝑖

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7

Mutually Induced Emf:
The induced emf in a coil due to the
change of flux produced by the change
of current in the nearby coil

Mutual Inductance M:
This proportionality constant is called the mutual inductance, M

If Coil 1 is excited:
𝒅𝝓𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒊𝟏
Mutually induced emf e2 in Coil 2, 𝒆 𝟐 = 𝑵𝟐 =𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝝓𝟏𝟐
Mutual Inductance, 𝑴 = 𝑵𝟐
𝒅𝒊𝟏

𝒅𝝓𝟐𝟏
If coil 2 is excited: 𝑴 = 𝑵𝟏
𝒅𝒊𝟐

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8

Coupling Coefficient (k)
Gives an idea about the degree of magnetic
coupling between two coils.
M
i1
𝑑𝜙12 𝑑𝜙21
𝑀 = 𝑁2 = 𝑁1
𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖2
1 12
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜙12 = 𝑘 𝜙1 ; 𝜙21 = 𝑘 𝜙2 L
1 L
2

+ +
𝑑𝜙1 𝑑𝜙2 e1 C
1 C
2 e2
𝑀2 = 𝑁2 𝑘 𝑁1 𝑘 - -
𝑑𝑖1 𝑑𝑖2 N
1 N
2

= 𝑘 2 𝐿1 𝐿2

𝑴
𝒌=
𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9

Coupled Circuits
 Polarity of mutually induced emf depends on
 current direction
 physical construction of the coils

 Obtaining the dotted equivalent: Right Hand Grip Rule

Place the dot at the terminal directed by the thumb

I I I I

I I I I

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11

Dot Rule for coupled coils
 Dot Rule helps in determining the sign of mutually induced emf
without going into the details of physical construction
 Dot Rule:
 If currents enter (or leave) the dotted terminals in both the
coils, the sign of mutually induced emf is same as that of sign of
self induced emf. (Additive coupling)
 If the current enters the dotted terminal in one coil and leaves
the dotted terminal in the other coil, the sign of mutually
induced emf is opposite to that of sign of self induced emf.
(Subtractive coupling)

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12

Additive Coupling: (Fluxes are aiding)
I1 M I2

L
1 L
2

di1
Self induced emf in L1 =  L1
dt
di2
Mutually induced emf in L1 =  M
dt
 di1 di2 
Total induced emf in L1 =   L1 M 
 dt dt 

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13

Subtractive Coupling: (Fluxes are opposing)
I1 M I2

L
1 L
2

di1
Self induced emf in L1 =  L1
dt
di2
Mutually induced emf in L1 =  M
dt
 di1 di2 
Total induced emf in L1 =   L1 M 
 dt dt 

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14

Coupled coils in Series - Aiding
M

i  i
L
1 L
2 L
+
L+
2
M
1
2

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆𝟏 = 𝑳𝟏 +𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆𝟐 = 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆 = 𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 = (𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝟐𝑴)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝟐𝑴

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 15

Coupled coils in Series - Opposing
M

i  i
L1 L2 L
+
L-
2
M
1
2

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆𝟏 = 𝑳𝟏 − 𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆𝟐 = 𝑳𝟐 −𝑴
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝒆 = 𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 = (𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐𝑴)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝑳𝒆𝒒 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 − 𝟐𝑴

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 16

Example 1
Three magnetically coupled inductive coils having the following data are
connected in series as shown in Figure.
L1 = 0.12 H; L2 = 0.14 H; L3 = 0.16 H
k12 = 0.3; k23 = 0.6; k31 = 0.9
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit.

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 17

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 18
Example 2
Three magnetically coupled inductive coils having the following data are
connected in series as shown in Figure. L1 = 0.3 H; L2 = 0.6 H; L3 = 0.8H
and the coefficients of coupling are ,k12 = 0.8; k23 = 0.75; k31 = 0.5
Draw the dotted equivalent circuit of the figure, also find the equivalent
inductance of the circuit.

L3
L1

L2

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 19

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 20
Example 3
Two similar coils have a coupling coefficient of 0.4. When they are connected in
series aiding, the equivalent inductance is 560mH. Calculate: i) self-inductance of
both the coils. i) Total inductance when the coils are connected in series
opposition. iii) total energy stored due to a current of 3A when the coils are
connected in series opposition.

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 21

 Ans: 0.2 H, 0.24 H, 1.08 J

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 22

Basic Electrical Technology

Tutorial 03 & 04
Magnetic Circuits & Electromagnetism

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Question 01
In the figure below, Part A is a toroid core with inner radius of 5cm & outer radius of
10 cm. A portion of Part A is cut & Part B is sandwiched. Mean length of Part B is 9.5
CM & area of cross section of 80 cm2. The airgap shown has a length of 2mm. Find
the current required in the coil to set a flux of 2 mWb in the airgap. Total number of
turns in the coil is 500. Relative permeability of Part A & Part B 1000 & 1500
respectively.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Question 02
A series magnetic circuit comprises of three sections (i) length of 80 mm with cross-
sectional area 60 mm2, (ii) length of 70 mm with cross-sectional area 84 mm2 and
(iii) and airgap of length 0.5 mm with cross-sectional area of 60 mm2. Sections (i)
and (ii) are of a material having magnetic characteristics given by the following
table. Determine the current necessary in a coil of 4000 turns wound on section (ii)
to produce a flux density of 0.7 Tesla in the air-gap. Neglect magnetic leakage.

H 100 210 290 420 800 1500

(AT/m)
B 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2
(Tesla)

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
 Numerical 3
A 710 turns coil is wound on the central limb of the cast steel symmetrical frame of
uniform cross section 16 cm2 is as shown. Calculate the current required to produce a
flux of 1.8 mWb in an air gap of 0.2 cm length. Given lAFEB = lACDB = 25 cm, lAB = 12.5
cm. The magnetization details is as follows. Neglect the fringing and leakage effects
.

H 300 500 600 700 900 1092

B 0.1 0.45 0.562 0.775 1 1.125

F A C

Φ2 Φ3
Φ
1

E D
B
Ans: I = 2.92 A
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
Question 04
Three coupled coils L1 = 0.4 H, L2 = 0.5 H and L3 = 0.8 H wounded on the same core
as shown in the Fig. are connected in series by joining the terminals A2 to B1 and B2
to C1 and the coefficient of coupling k12 = k13 = k23 = 0.8. Sketch the dotted
equivalent circuit of the coils connected in series and find the equivalent inductance
measured across terminals A1 and C2.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Question 05
Three magnetically coupled inductive coils shown in figure having the following
data. L1 = 0.4 H; L2 = 0.8 H; L3 = 0.2H and the coefficients of coupling are ,k12 = 0.6;
k23 = 0.55; k31 = 0.9 Draw the dotted equivalent circuit of the figure, also find the
equivalent inductance of the circuit.

Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Course Code: [ELE 1051] DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 11
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.1)

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Topics covered…
▪ Comparison of DC & AC
▪ How is AC generated?
▪ Terminologies of AC
▪ Average value of an alternating waveform
▪ RMS value of an alternating waveform

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
DC vs. AC
DC AC
Obtained from Battery / cell / AC Generator
derived from AC
Polarity Positive and Oscillatory
Negative P N

Frequency Zero 50Hz or 60Hz

Types Constant or Sinusoidal,
pulsating Trapezoidal,
Triangular, Square

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
Generation of Alternating EMF

Generator working principle

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
EMF Equation
EMF induced per conductor is
b
e = B l v sinθ
EMF Induced in one turn of a coil is
e = 2 B l v sinθ l Conductor
If, b = width of the coil,
B
v=πbn ‘n’ is the speed in revolutions per sec.

e = 2 B l b π n sinθ
= 2 B A π n sinθ v
If there are N turns in the coil, the emf induced is,
Turn of a coil
e = 2 π n B A N sinθ

e = Em sin𝜽
Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
Terminologies in AC waveform
Em
e(t) = Emsin𝜔𝑡
e(t) →
𝑇 = 0.02𝑠

𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
One Cycle

Time →
Cycle: Each repetition of the alternating quantity, recurring at equal intervals
Period (T): Duration of one cycle
Instantaneous Value (e(t)): The magnitude of a waveform at any instant in time
Peak Amplitude: Maximum value or peak value of alternating quantity
1
Frequency (f): Number of cycles in one second (Hz) 𝑓=
𝑇

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Average value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that steady current which transfers the same amount of charge to any circuit
during the given interval of time, as is transferred by the alternating current to the same circuit during
the same time”
𝑻
For a periodic function f(t)
𝟏
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 = න 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
with period T, 𝑻
𝟎
For sinusoidal signal, i
𝑇ൗ
2
1 Im
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑇ൗ
20

𝟐𝑰𝒎 T t
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝝅

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
RMS value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that value of direct current which when flowing through a circuit produces the
same amount of heat for a given interval of time as that of the alternating current flowing through the
same circuit during the same time”
𝑻
For a periodic function f(t) 𝟏
with period T, 𝑭𝒓𝒎𝒔 = න 𝒇𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎

𝑇
1 2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0

𝑰𝒎
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝟐

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Form Factor & Peak Factor
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
 Full cycle and half cycle - considerations

Average Half cycle

Waveforms

Symmetrical
RMS Half cycle

Average Full cycle

Unsymmetrical
RMS Full cycle

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
Exercise 1
If an alternating voltage has the equation
v(t) = 141.4 sin 377t, calculate
a. Maximum voltage value
b. RMS value of the voltage
c. Frequency
d. The instantaneous voltage when t = 3ms

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
Exercise 2
Find the Average value and RMS value of the given non-sinusoidal waveform

0 𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ T t
4 2
-A

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ
4 4
1 2
1
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑓 2 (𝑡). 𝑑𝑡
𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ
40 40
𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ
4 4
4 4𝐴𝑡 2
4 16𝐴2 𝑡 2
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න . 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න . 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇2
0 0
𝑇 𝑇
2 4 2 3 4
4 4𝐴 𝑡 2
4 16𝐴 𝑡
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = × × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = × 2 ×
𝑇 𝑇 2 0
𝑇 𝑇 3 0

8𝐴 𝑇2 4 16𝐴2 1 𝑇3
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2× 2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = × 2 × × 3
𝑇 16 𝑇 𝑇 3 4

𝑨 𝑨
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐 𝟑
Friday, December 17, 2021 13
Exercise 3
For the circuit shown below, sketch the voltage across the resistance,
& then find the Average value and RMS value of the same.

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
1 2
1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑉𝑚2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 0. 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋
0 𝜋 0 𝜋

𝜋
𝑉𝑚 𝜋 𝑉𝑚2 1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = −cos 𝜔𝑡 0
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න . 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋 2
0
−𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚2
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (−1 − 1) 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝜔𝑡|𝜋0 − sin 2𝜔𝑡|𝜋0
2𝜋 4𝜋

𝑽𝒎 𝑉𝑚2
𝑽𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = π
𝝅 4𝜋

𝑽𝒎
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐

Friday, December
DEPT. OF17,
ELECTRICAL
2021 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Homework
Find the average and RMS value of the waveform
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.2)

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 17
Topics covered…
Last class Today

▪ Comparison of DC & AC ▪ Complex numbers

▪ How is AC generated? ▪ Representing AC
▪ Terminologies of AC
▪ R, L, C circuit response with AC supply
▪ Average value of an alternating
waveform ▪ Power associated with a pure R, L, C
▪ RMS value of an alternating
waveform

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 18
𝐇𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝜋/4 3𝜋/4 𝜋
1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝑌𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 0.707𝑌𝑚 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 𝑌𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
0 𝜋/4 3𝜋/4

1
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 0.2928𝑌𝑚 + 1.1105𝑌𝑚 + 0.2928𝑌𝑚
𝜋

𝑽𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟖𝒀𝒎

𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝜋/4 3𝜋/4 𝜋
2
𝑌𝑚2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 0.7072 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + න 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
0 𝜋/4 3𝜋/4

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒀𝒎
Friday, December 17, 2021
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL
Complex Number
▪ A complex number is of the form a + i b

▪ Represented on complex plane as:

Imaginary
b (a + 𝑖b)

0 a Real

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 20
The operator ‘j’
jA

𝑗 = 1∠90°

Ref
A
j2 A

j ( jA) = j 2 A = − A
j3 A = − jA

Therefore, j2 = −1; j = −1

The operator ‘j’ rotates the given vector by 90 degrees in anti-clockwise

direction

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 21
Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
▪ Rectangular to polar:

Imaginary
𝑎 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
−1 𝑦
𝜃= tan (x + 𝑖y)
𝑥 y
|a|

▪ Polar to Rectangular: 𝜃
x Real
0

𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃
y = 𝑎 sin 𝜃

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 22
Representation of a complex number

▪ Rectangular form: 𝐚 = 𝐱 ± 𝒋𝐲

▪ Polar form: 𝐚= 𝒂 ±𝛉

▪ Exponential form: 𝐚 = 𝒂 𝐞±𝒋𝛉

▪ Trigonometric form: 𝐚 = |𝐚|(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ± 𝒋𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉)

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 23
Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
▪ Convert the following into polar form
1) 3 + j 4 = 5 53.13°
2) 8 + j 6 = 10 36.87°
3) 8 – j 6 = 10 -36.87°

▪ Convert the following into rectangular form

1) 5 30° = 4.33 + j 2.5
2) 3 -60° = 1.5 – j 2.59
3) -(10 45°) = - 7.07 – j 7.07

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 24
Representing AC
▪ Consider three sinusoidal signals 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 𝑡 & 𝑧(𝑡) with same frequency
Mathematical Representation Graphical Representation

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑿𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕) 𝒙(𝒕)

𝒚(𝒕)

Amplitude →
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒀𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − ∅ 𝒛(𝒕)
𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒁𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽
∅ 𝜽

Phasor Representation

𝒁𝒓𝒎𝒔 Time →
𝜽
▪ Representing the relationship between sinusoidal signals with
∅ 𝑿𝒓𝒎𝒔
same frequency in graphical or mathematical form is tedious
▪ Phasor representation is often used
𝒀𝒓𝒎𝒔

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 25
R circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕)

‘Current through the resistor

𝑣(𝑡) is in phase with the voltage across it’
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑹 𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑅
f = 50 Hz

Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

Amplitude →

𝒗(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Phasor Representation

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 26
L circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the inductor lags the
voltage across it by 90°’
1 𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼∠ − 90°
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑳 𝑖 𝑡 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐿 ഥ
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
f = 50 Hz = = 𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋𝐿
ത𝑰 𝑰∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑳 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝒗(𝒕)
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°)

Phasor Representation

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

Time → 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 27
C circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the capacitor
leads the voltage across it by 90°’
𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑪 𝑖 𝑡 =𝐶 𝑉ത = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼∠90°
𝑑𝑡 ഥ
f = 50 Hz
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
= = −𝒋𝑿𝑪 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋𝐶
ത𝑰 𝑰∠𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑪 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation
Mathematical Representation
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90°)
Phasor Representation
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 28
Power Associated - Pure Resistive Circuit
𝑝 𝑡 Instantaneous power,
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑖 𝑡 𝑻
𝟎

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 = = 𝑰𝟐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹
𝟐 𝑹

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 29
Power Associated – Pure Inductive Circuit
𝑃 𝑡 Instantaneous power,
𝑣 𝑡 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
Amplitude

= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90 °)
𝑖 𝑡 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
=− sin 2𝜔𝑡
2

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎
𝟎

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 30
Power Associated – Pure capacitive Circuit
Amplitude

Instantaneous power,
𝑃 𝑡
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
𝑣 𝑡
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90 °)
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
𝑖 𝑡 = sin 2𝜔𝑡
2

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎
𝑻
𝟎

Friday, December 17, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 31
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.3)

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 32
Summary of previous classes
▪ Comparison of DC & AC
▪ How is AC generated?
▪ Terminologies of AC
▪ Average value of an alternating waveform
▪ RMS value of an alternating waveform
▪ Complex numbers
▪ Representing AC
▪ R, L, C circuit response with AC supply
▪ Power associated with a pure R, L, C

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 33
Topics covered today
▪ RL, RC, RLC circuit response with AC supply
▪ Power associated with a series RL, RC circuits
▪ Example problems
▪ Loads in parallel

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 34
RL circuit analysis
𝑳 Graphical Representation
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹
𝒗(𝒕)
𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝐿

Amplitude →
𝒗(𝒕) 𝒊(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz

𝐿𝑒𝑡 ത𝑰 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅ ∅ ∅

ҧ
VR = IR
ҧ L Time →
VL = 𝑗IX
ഥ = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑽𝑳 = |𝑽|∠∅
𝑽 Phasor Representation Impedance
𝑉ത I(Rҧ + 𝑗XL )
= = R + 𝑗XL = |𝑍|∠∅
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐼ҧ Iҧ
Mathematical Representation 𝑉𝐿
𝑍 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) ∴ 𝑹 = |𝒁| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑿𝑳 = |𝒁| 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ∅ ∅ 𝑿𝑳
Ref. 𝒁 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝑳 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
∅ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑅 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 35
Power associated - RL circuit
𝑃 𝑡
PR (t)→ Active Power
PL (t)→ Reactive Power
𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude P (t) → Apparent Power
𝑃𝑅 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡

 0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)
𝑃𝐿 𝑡

Instantaneous power, 𝑻
𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝑻 𝟐
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) 𝟎

= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 + ∅)] 𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐠 = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅

𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 36
RC circuit analysis
C Graphical Representation
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹
𝒗(𝒕)

Amplitude →
𝒗(𝒕) 𝒊(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz
∅ ∅ ∅

𝐿𝑒𝑡 ത𝑰 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

ҧ
VR = IR
ҧ C Time →
VC = −𝑗IX
Impedance
ഥ = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑽𝑪 = 𝑽 ∠ − ∅
𝑽 Phasor Representation
𝑉ത I(Rҧ − 𝑗XL )
= = R − 𝑗XL = 𝑍 ∠ − ∅
Ref. 𝐼ҧ Iҧ
Mathematical Representation ∅ 𝑉𝑅 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑍 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡) ∴ 𝑹 = |𝒁| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑿𝑪 = |𝒁| 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − ∅ 𝑉𝐶
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑿𝑪
𝒁 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝑪 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
∅ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑹

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 37
Power associated - RC circuit

Amplitude
𝑃 𝑡 PR (t)→ Active Power
PL (t)→ Reactive Power
𝑣 𝑡 P (t)→ Apparent Power

𝑃𝑅 𝑡 𝑃𝐿 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡

 0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
Instantaneous power, 𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = න 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑻 𝟐
𝟎
= 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐠 = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 − ∅)]

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 38
RLC circuit
L C
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹

𝒗(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋(𝑿𝑳 ~𝑿𝒄 )

𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 ⟹ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
(𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 ⟹ 𝑅𝐿 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶 ⟹ 𝑅𝐶 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 39
Illustration 1
A resistance of 50Ω is connected in series with an inductance of 200mH and capacitance of
101.321𝜇F across a 230V, 50 Hz, single phase AC supply. Obtain,
a) Impedance of the circuit
b) Current drawn V VL
c) Power factor
50Ω 200mH 101.321𝜇F
d) Power consumed
e) Phasor diagram 32.14º
230V, 50 Hz
VR I
𝑋𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 0.2 = 62.8315Ω VC
1
𝑋𝑐 = = 31.4159Ω 𝑃𝐹 = cos 32.14 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒍𝒂𝒈
2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 101.321𝜇
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 − 𝑗𝑋𝑐 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝜴 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟎∠𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒° 𝜴
230∠0 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝐼= = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟖∠ − 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒°𝑨
59.05∠32.14 = 230 × 3.898 × 0.846 = 𝟕𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟓𝑾

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 40
Illustration 2
Determine the impedance of the circuit shown and the power consumed in each branch

Tuesday, December 21, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 41
 𝑍1 = 0.5 − 𝑗1Ω 𝑍3 = 1Ω 100∠0
𝐼ҧ = = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝟓∠ − 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝑨 = 𝐼ഥ4
𝑍2 = 2 + 𝑗5Ω 𝑍4 = 0.4 + 𝑗0.8Ω 1.12∠29.5

𝑍𝑒𝑞 = 𝑍1 | 𝑍2 |𝑍3 + 𝑍4 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐∠𝟐𝟗. 𝟓°𝛀 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰ഥ𝟒 × 𝒁𝟒 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟓∠𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝑽

𝑉ത = 𝑉ഥ1 + 𝑉2 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟏∠ − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝑽

𝑽𝟏
𝑰ഥ𝟏 = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎∠𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟓 𝑨 𝑰ഥ𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖∠ − 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝑨 𝑰ഥ𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟏∠ − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝑨
𝒁𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑰𝟏 𝟐 × 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑾 𝑃2 = 0.215 𝑘𝑊 𝑃3 = 3.125 𝑘𝑊 𝑃4 = 3.188 𝑘𝑊

𝑰𝟏

𝑰 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟒

𝑰𝟑 𝑽𝟐

𝑽𝟏
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.4)

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 43
Topics covered today
▪ Loads in parallel
▪ AC circuit equations and solving
▪ Tutorial 1

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 44
Impedance in parallel
𝐼1 𝐼2 Let Z1 = R1 + 𝑗X1 Z2 = R 2 + 𝑗X2
𝐼
1 1 1 Z2 Z1
= + I1 = I ∗ I2 = I ∗
𝑉∠0° 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝑍1 𝑍2 Z1 + Z2 Z1 + Z2

𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 𝑌: 𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

1 1 1 (R1 − 𝑗X1 ) R1 X1
Y1 = = = ∗ = −𝑗 2 = G1 − 𝑗B1
Z1 R1 + 𝑗X1 (R1 + 𝑗X1 ) (R1 − 𝑗X1 ) (R21 + X12 ) R1 + X12

1 1 1 (R 2 − 𝑗X2 ) R2 X2
Y2 = = = ∗ = 2 2 − 𝑗 2 2 = G2 − 𝑗B2
Z2 R 2 + 𝑗X2 (R 2 + 𝑗X2 ) (R 2 − 𝑗X2 ) (R 2 + X 2 ) R 2 + X 2

𝐺: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵: 𝑆𝑢𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐘𝐞𝐪 = 𝐆𝟏 + 𝐆𝟐 − 𝒋 𝐁𝟏 + 𝐁𝟐 = 𝐆𝐞𝐪 − 𝒋𝐁𝐞𝐪
Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 45
Impedance in parallel
For ‘N’ impedances connected in parallel,

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+ 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3 𝐼𝑁
𝑍𝑒𝑞 𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍3 𝑍𝑁 𝐼

𝑌𝑒𝑞 = 𝑌1 + 𝑌2 + 𝑌3 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑁
𝑍1 𝑍2 𝑍3 𝑍𝑁

𝐘𝐞𝐪 = 𝐆𝐞𝐪 ± 𝒋𝐁𝐞𝐪

𝐼1 = 𝑉𝑌1 ; 𝐼2 = 𝑉𝑌2 ; 𝐼3 = 𝑉𝑌3 ; … … 𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉𝑌𝑁

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉𝑌𝑒𝑞

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 46
Network equations for AC circuits
𝑉1 𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1
KVL Equation ⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑁 𝑍𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁
(Matrix form)
𝑉 = 𝑍 𝐼

KCL Equation 𝐼1 𝑌11 ⋯ 𝑌1𝑁 𝑉1

⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
(Matrix form) 𝐼𝑁 𝑌𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑌𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑁

𝐼 = 𝑌 𝑉

All the other theorems are applicable to the AC circuits

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 47
Crammers rule
𝑉1 𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1
⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑁 𝑍𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁

Solution for the linear simultaneous equations above is as follows

Step 1: finding the determinant
𝑍11 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁
∆= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑍𝑁1 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁
Step 2: finding the determinant after substituting first column with
RHS column matrix
𝑽𝟏 ⋯ 𝑍1𝑁
∆1 = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑽𝑵 ⋯ 𝑍𝑁𝑁
∆1
Step 3 :Solution for I1 𝐼1 =
∆

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 48
Illustration 1
Assigning two mesh currents, find the voltage V across the capacitor in the following circuit

𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝑉 = 22.36∠ − 10.30°𝑉

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 49
Friday, December
DEPT. OF24,
ELECTRICAL
2021 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 50
Illustration 2
Use node voltage method to obtain the current I in the network

𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝐼 = 12.38∠ − 17.75° 𝐴

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 51
Friday, December
DEPT. OF24,
ELECTRICAL
2021 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 52
Maximum power transfer theorem
𝑍𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑗𝑋𝑡ℎ

𝑽𝒕𝒉 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

Type of load Condition of maximum power transfer

Case 1 Load is purely resistive 2 2
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑋𝑡ℎ
∗
Case 2 Both RL & XL are variable 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝑇𝐻
Case 3 XL is fixed & RL is variable 2 2
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑋𝑡ℎ + 𝑋𝐿

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 53
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
Tutorial 1

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 54
Exercise 1
A resistance of 35Ω is connected in series with an inductive coil having an internal resistance
‘R’ and inductance ‘L’. When connected across 230V, 50Hz single phase supply, voltage across
the coil is 100V and the current drawn is 4 A. Find the unknowns ‘R’ and ‘L’.

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 55
 ഥ
𝑽 𝑽𝑳

𝒚 = 55.462 𝑉

ത𝑰(𝑹𝒆𝒇. )
140V 𝒙 = 83.21𝑉 𝑽
𝑽𝑹𝟑𝟓 𝑹

𝑉𝑅 𝑥 83.21
𝑹= = = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝜴
140 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2302 𝐼 𝐼 4
𝑉𝐿 𝑦 55.462
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1002 𝑋𝐿 = = = = 13.8655Ω
𝐼 𝐼 4
∴ 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝑯
Exercise 2
Three elements, a resistance of 100Ω, an inductance of 0.1H and a capacitance of 150µF are
connected in parallel to a 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the current in each element and the
supply current. Draw the phasor diagram.

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 57
 𝑋𝐿 = 31.4159Ω
𝑋𝐶 = 21.2206Ω

ത𝑰
𝑰ഥ𝑪

ഥ (𝑹𝒆𝒇. )
𝑽
𝑰𝑹
230∠0°
𝐼ഥ𝑅 = = 𝟐. 𝟑∠𝟎°𝑨
100
𝑰ഥ𝑳 ത𝑰 = 𝑰𝑹 + 𝑰ഥ𝑳 + 𝑰ഥ𝑪

𝑉ത 230∠0° ത𝑰 = 𝟒. 𝟐∠𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟏𝟗°𝑨

ഥ
𝐼𝐿 = = = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟏∠ − 𝟗𝟎°𝑨
𝑗𝑋𝐿 𝑗31.4159

𝑉ത 230∠0°
𝐼ഥ𝐶 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟑∠𝟗𝟎°𝑨
−𝑗𝑋𝐶 −𝑗21.2206
Exercise 3
A coil is in series with a 20µF capacitor across a 230 V 50 Hz supply. The current taken by the
circuit is 8A and power consumed is 200W.
Calculate the inductance of the coil if the power factor of the circuit is lagging.
Calculate the inductance of the coil if the power factor of the circuit is leading.
Draw the phasor diagram.

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 59
 coil
𝑃𝑅 200 𝑽𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑽
𝑅= = 2 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝜴
𝐼2 8
8
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 = = 1273.2395 𝑉
2𝜋 × 50 × 20𝜇

Case 1 Case 2
(p.f. is lagging) (p.f. is leading)
𝑽𝑳 𝑽𝑳

ഥ
𝑽
𝑽𝑪 25V
𝑽𝑹 𝑰ത(𝑹𝒆𝒇. )
𝒚
𝒚 𝑽𝑪
ഥ
𝑽
25V
𝑽𝑹 𝑰ത(𝑹𝒆𝒇. )

252 + 𝑦 2 = 2302 252 + 𝑦 2 = 2302

𝑦 = 228.6372 𝑦 = 228.6372
∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶 + 𝑦 = 1501.8695 𝑉 ∴ 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑦 = 1044.6023 𝑉
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐿
𝑋𝐿 = = 187.7336Ω 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟓𝑯 𝑋𝐿 = = 130.575Ω 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝑯
𝐼 𝐼
Exercise 4
Find the supply voltage, total current and the value of the power consumed in each arm of the
series parallel circuit shown. The voltage across the 5Ω resistor is 15V.

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 61
 𝐼ҧ 𝐼ഥ1

𝐼ഥ2
𝑉ഥ1
𝑉2

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉2 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

15 −1
𝑋𝐿 −1
12
𝐼1 = = 3𝐴 tan = tan = 67.38°
5 𝑅 5
∴ 𝑰ഥ𝟏 = 𝟑∠ − 𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟖° 𝑨 𝑉ഥ1 = 𝐼 ҧ × 10 = 14.15∠ − 35.3746° 𝐴
𝑉2 = 𝐼ഥ1 × 5 + 𝑗12 = 39∠0° 𝑉 ഥ = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟐∠ − 𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟕° 𝑽
𝑽
𝑽𝟐
∴ 𝑰ഥ𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓∠𝟗𝟎° 𝑨 𝑷𝟓𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐𝟏 × 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟓𝑾
−𝒋𝟐𝟎
ത𝑰 = 𝑰ഥ𝟏 + 𝑰ഥ𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓∠ − 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟔° 𝑨 𝑷𝟏𝟎𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑾
Exercise 5
Two impedances 𝑍𝐴 and 𝑍𝐵 are connected in parallel across a 115V, 50Hz supply. The total
current taken by the combination is 10A at unity p.f. 𝑍𝐵 has resistance of 10Ω and 200µF
capacitor connected in series. 𝑍𝐵 consists of a resistor and inductor is series. Find
(a) The current in each branch
(b) The resistance and inductance of 𝑍𝐴

Friday, December 24, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 63
Assume supply voltage as the reference ⟹ 𝑉ത = 115∠0° 𝑉

Given, supply current, 𝐼 ҧ = 10∠0° 𝐴

𝑋𝐶 = 15.9154 Ω 𝑍𝐵 = 10 − 𝑗15.9154 Ω

𝑽ഥ
𝑰𝑩 = = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟐∠𝟓𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟗° 𝑨
𝒁𝑩

𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼ഥ𝐴 + 𝐼ഥ𝐵

𝑰𝑨 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟖∠ − 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟏° 𝑨

𝑉ത
𝑍𝐴 = = 10.7237 + 𝑗8.2364 Ω
𝐼ഥ𝐴
𝑹𝑨 𝒋𝑿𝑨
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝜴

𝑳𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝜴
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.5)

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 65
Topics covered
▪ Impedance, phasor & power triangles

▪ Concept of power factor and its significance

▪ Need for power factor improvement

▪ Tutorial 2a

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 66
Power associated in RL load
For RL load:

𝒁 ×𝐼 𝑽 = 𝑰𝒁
𝐗𝐋 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑰 𝐗 𝐋 ×𝐼 𝑺 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒁 𝑸 = 𝑰𝟐 𝐗 𝐋

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑹 𝐼 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
Impedance diagram Phasor diagram Power diagram

𝑺 = 𝑷 + 𝒋𝑸
Where, 𝑆= 𝑉 𝐼
S = Apparent Power (VA)
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos ∅
P = Active Power (W)
Q = Reactive Power (var) 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin ∅

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 67
Power associated in RC load
For RC load:
𝑹 𝐼 𝑽𝑹 = 𝑰𝑹 𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
×𝐼 ×𝐼
𝑸 = 𝑰𝟐 𝐗 𝐂
𝐗𝐂 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑰 𝐗 𝐂
𝒁 𝑽 = 𝑰𝒁 𝑺 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒁

Impedance diagram Phasor diagram Power diagram

𝑺 = 𝑷 − 𝒋𝑸
Where, 𝑆= 𝑉 𝐼
S = Apparent Power (VA)
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos ∅
P = Active Power (W)
Q = Reactive Power (var) 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 sin ∅

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 68
Power in AC circuits
Power in AC circuit can be written as,
ഥ 𝑰ത∗
𝑺= 𝑽
𝑍 = |𝑍|∠∅ 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼(cos ∅ + 𝑗 sin ∅)

Q – Reactive
𝑖𝑓 𝑉ത = |𝑉|∠0° 𝑺 = 𝑷 + 𝒋𝑸

Power
For RL Load 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos ∅
𝐼ҧ = 𝐼 ∠ − ∅ ∅

𝐼 ∗ = |𝐼|∠∅ 𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin ∅ P - Active Power

𝑍 = 𝑍 ∠−∅ 𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼(cos ∅ − 𝑗 sin ∅) P - Active Power

Q – Reactive
𝑖𝑓 𝑉ത = |𝑉|∠0° 𝑺 = 𝑷 − 𝒋𝑸 ∅

Power
For RC Load 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos ∅
𝐼 ҧ = 𝐼 ∠∅
𝐼∗ = 𝐼 ∠ − ∅ 𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin ∅

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑄

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠: 𝑽𝑨 𝑾 𝒗𝒂𝒓

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 69
Complex Power Analogy

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 70
Power Factor
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑷 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑺 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔

𝑃 𝑃
cos 𝜃 = =
𝑆 𝑉𝐼

▪ For an impedance Z,
𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
cos 𝜃 = = =
𝑉 𝐼𝑍 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

▪ Power factor is lagging when the current lags the supply voltage
▪ Power factor is leading when the current leads the supply voltage
▪ For a resistive load, power factor is Unity

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 71
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
▪ Under utilisation of power system network
▪ Increased transmission losses
▪ Hence bulk consumers are advised to
maintain the power factor close to unity by
power utilities

Remedial Measures
o Reactive power demand of Inductive loads
can be compensated with capacitive loads
o It is possible to localise reactive power
requirement by connecting parallel capacitors
across the load

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 72
Power Triangle
▪ Practically, loads are in connected parallel
▪ Majority of the loads are inductive in nature

𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝟐 𝑸𝟐
A.C. Mains

Load 2
Load 1

Load 2

∅2
𝑺𝟏
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐
𝑷𝟐
∅ 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝑸𝟏
∅1 Load 1

𝑷𝟏
𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝒋𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐
http://www.kptcl.com/save.htm

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 73
Power Factor Improvement
▪ Connect capacitor parallel to the load
▪ Energy stored by the capacitor provides the required reactive power by the load

𝑺𝒕 𝑺𝒕 𝑸𝒄
A.C. Mains

𝑸𝒕 𝑺𝒏𝒆𝒘
Load 1

Load 2

capacitor
∅ 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
∅ 𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿
𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝑸𝒕 − 𝑸𝒄
∅𝑛𝑒𝑤

Calculation of capacitor value

𝑷𝒕 𝑷𝒕

• Calculate 𝑄𝑐 needed to improve power factor to 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑉2 1
• Calculate 𝑋𝑐 = & C=
𝑄𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝑐

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 74
Illustration 1
A single-phase motor takes 8.3 A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging when connected to a 230
V, 50 Hz supply. Capacitance bank is now connected in parallel with the motor to raise the
power factor to unity. Determine the capacitance value

Solution:

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 75
Illustration 2
A single-phase load of 5 kW operates at a power factor of 0.6 lagging. It is proposed to
improve this power factor to 0.95 lagging by connecting a capacitor across the load. Calculate
the kvar rating of the capacitor

Solution:

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 76
Exercise 1
In the parallel circuit shown, Find the value of Capacitance C, necessary to correct the power
factor to 0.95 lagging

110 V ZL
C
60 Hz
20 30

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 77
Solution:

110 V ZL
C
60 Hz
20 30

Find C to improve p.f. to 0.95 lag

Tuesday,DEPT.
December
OF ELECTRICAL
28, 2021 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 78
Exercise 2
A 500 kVA transformer is at full load with power factor 0.6 lagging. What should be the kVAR
rating of the shunt capacitor needed to improve its operating power factor to 0.9 lagging?
What will be the percentage loading of the transformer after power factor correction?

Solution:

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 79
Exercise 3
Obtain the complete power triangle for three parallel-connected loads:
(a) 250VA, 0.5 p.f lagging
(b) 180W ,0.8 p.f leading
(c) 300VA,100 var (inductive)

Solution:

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 80
Homework 1
An inductive circuit supplied with 250V, 50Hz has an active power of 11.9 KW and apparent
power of 17 KVA
a) Find the power factor of the circuit
b) Draw the power triangle
c) Find the value of the capacitance required to improve the p.f. to unity, 0.9 lagging ,0.9
leading

Ans:
a) p.f = 0.7 lag
c) C= 618.3 F,
324.9 F,
911.6µF

Tuesday, December 28, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 81
Homework 2
Find the power factor of the circuit shown below. Also, find the value of the capacitor to be
connected in series with the circuit to increase the power factor to unity.

20Ω 0.5 𝐻

10Ω 10𝜇𝐹

100𝑉, 50 𝐻𝑧

Ans: 0.276 lag, 9.95μF

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 82

 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.1)

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Topics covered…
 Comparison of DC & AC
 How is AC generated?
 Terminologies of AC
 Average value of an alternating waveform
 RMS value of an alternating waveform

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
DC vs. AC
DC AC
Obtained from Battery / cell / AC Generator
derived from AC
Polarity Positive and Oscillatory
Negative P N

Frequency Zero 50Hz or 60Hz

Types Constant or Sinusoidal,
pulsating Trapezoidal,
Triangular, Square

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
Generation of Alternating EMF

Generator working principle

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
EMF Equation
EMF induced per conductor is b
e = B l v sinθ
EMF Induced in one turn of a coil is
e = 2 B l v sinθ l Conductor
If, b = width of the coil,
B
v=πbn ‘n’ is the speed in revolutions per sec.

e = 2 B l b π n sinθ
= 2 B A π n sinθ v
If there are N turns in the coil, the emf induced is,
Turn of a coil
e = 2 π n B A N sinθ

e = Em sin
Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
Terminologies in AC waveform
Em
e(t) = Emsin𝜔𝑡
e(t) →

𝑇 = 0.02𝑠

𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
One Cycle

Time →
Cycle: Each repetition of the alternating quantity, recurring at equal intervals
Period (T): Duration of one cycle
Instantaneous Value (e(t)): The magnitude of a waveform at any instant in time
Peak Amplitude: Maximum value or peak value of alternating quantity
1
Frequency (f): Number of cycles in one second (Hz) 𝑓=
𝑇

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Average value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that steady current which transfers the same amount of charge to any circuit
during the given interval of time, as is transferred by the alternating current to the same circuit during
the same time”
𝑻
For a periodic function f(t)
𝒂𝒗𝒈
with period T,
𝟎
For sinusoidal signal, i
𝐼 =
1
𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡
Im
𝑇 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
2

T
t

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
RMS value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that value of direct current which when flowing through a circuit produces the
same amount of heat for a given interval of time as that of the alternating current flowing through the
same circuit during the same time”
𝑻
For a periodic function f(t) 𝟐
with period T, 𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝟎

1
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Form Factor & Peak Factor

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
 Full cycle and half cycle - considerations

Average Half cycle

Waveforms

Symmetrical
RMS Half cycle

Average Full cycle

Unsymmetrical
RMS Full cycle

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
Exercise 1
If an alternating voltage has the equation
v(t) = 141.4 sin 377t, calculate
a. Maximum voltage value = 141.4 V
b. RMS value of the voltage = 100V
c. Frequency = 60 Hz
d. The instantaneous voltage when t = 3ms is 127.9 V (calculator should
be in ‘rad’ mode)

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
Exercise 2
Find the Average value and RMS value of the given non-sinusoidal waveform

0 𝑇 𝑇 T t
4 2
-A

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

1 1
𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑓 (𝑡). 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇
4 4

4 4𝐴𝑡 4 16𝐴 𝑡
𝐼 = . 𝑑𝑡 𝐼 = . 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

4 4𝐴 𝑡 4 16𝐴 𝑡
𝐼 = × × 𝐼 = × ×
𝑇 𝑇 2 𝑇 𝑇 3

8𝐴 𝑇 4 16𝐴 1 𝑇
𝐼 = × 𝐼 = × × ×
𝑇 16 𝑇 𝑇 3 4

𝑨 𝑨
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐 𝟑
Wednesday, December 29, 2021 13
Exercise 3
For the circuit shown below, sketch the voltage across the resistance,
& then find the Average value and RMS value of the same.

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14
 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

1 1
𝑉 = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 0. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 0. 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋

𝑉 𝑉 1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡
𝑉 = −cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = . 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 2𝜋 2

−𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = (−1 − 1) 𝑉 = 𝜔𝑡| − sin 2𝜔𝑡|
2𝜋 4𝜋

𝑽𝒎 𝑉
𝑽𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑉 = π
𝝅 4𝜋

𝑽𝒎
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 =
𝟐

Wednesday,
DEPT.December
OF ELECTRICAL
29, 2021 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Homework
Find the average and RMS value of the waveform
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.2)

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Topics covered…
Last class Today

 Comparison of DC & AC  Complex numbers

 How is AC generated?  Representing AC
 Terminologies of AC
 R, L, C circuit response with AC supply
 Average value of an alternating
waveform  Power associated with a pure R, L, C
 RMS value of an alternating
waveform

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
𝐇𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
/ /
1
𝑉 = 𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 0.707𝑌 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡 . 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
/ /

1
𝑉 = 0.2928𝑌 + 1.1105𝑌 + 0.2928𝑌
𝜋

𝑽𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟖𝒀𝒎

𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
/ /
𝑌
𝑉 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 0.707 𝑑𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡. 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝜋
/ /

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟕𝒀𝒎
Wednesday, DecemberDEPT.
29, 2021
OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL
Complex Number
 A complex number is of the form a + i b

 Represented on complex plane as:

Imaginary

b (a + 𝑖b)

0 a Real

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
The operator ‘j’
jA

Ref
A
j2 A

j ( jA)  j 2 A   A
j3 A   jA

Therefore, j2  1; j  1

The operator ‘j’ rotates the given vector by 90 degrees in anti-clockwise

direction

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
 Rectangular to polar:

Imaginary
y (x + 𝑖y)

|a|

 Polar to Rectangular: 𝜃
x Real
0

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Representation of a complex number

 Rectangular form:

 Polar form: 

 Exponential form: ±𝒋𝛉

 Trigonometric form:

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
Rectangular ↔ Polar conversion
 Convert the following into polar form
1) 3 + j 4 = 5 53.13
2) 8 + j 6 = 10 36.87
3) 8 – j 6 = 10 -36.87

 Convert the following into rectangular form

1) 5 30 = 4.33 + j 2.5
2) 3 -60 = 1.5 – j 2.59
3) -(10 45 ) = - 7.07 – j 7.07

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Representing AC
 Consider three sinusoidal signals with same frequency
Mathematical Representation Graphical Representation
𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑿𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕) 𝒙(𝒕)
𝒚(𝒕)

Amplitude →
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒀𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − ∅ 𝒛(𝒕)
𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒁𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽

Phasor Representation

𝒁𝒓𝒎𝒔 Time →

 Representing the relationship between sinusoidal signals with

𝑿𝒓𝒎𝒔
same frequency in graphical or mathematical form is tedious
 Phasor representation is often used
𝒀𝒓𝒎𝒔

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
R circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕)

‘Current through the resistor

𝒗(𝒕) 𝑹 is in phase with the voltage across it’
f = 50 Hz

Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡

Amplitude →

𝒗(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡)

Phasor Representation

𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
L circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the inductor lags the
voltage across it by 90 ’
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑉 = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ̅ = 𝐼∠ − 90°
𝑳
f = 50 Hz
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
= = 𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋
𝑰 𝑰∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑳 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation Mathematical Representation
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝒗(𝒕)
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕) 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°)

Phasor Representation

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

Time → 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
C circuit response with AC supply
𝒊(𝒕) ‘Current through the capacitor
leads the voltage across it by 90 ’
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑪 𝑉 = 𝑉∠0° 𝐼 ̅ = 𝐼∠90°
f = 50 Hz
𝑽 𝑽∠𝟎° 𝑉
= = −𝒋𝑿𝑪 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝑋
𝑰 𝑰∠𝟗𝟎° 𝐼
𝑿𝑪 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Graphical Representation
Mathematical Representation
𝒗(𝒕) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡
Amplitude →

𝐢(𝒕)
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90°)
Phasor Representation
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
Time →
Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
Power Associated - Pure Resistive Circuit
𝑝 𝑡 Instantaneous power,
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑖 𝑡 𝑻
𝟎

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝟐
𝒎 𝒎 𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐
𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒓𝒎𝒔

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13
Power Associated – Pure Inductive Circuit
𝑃 𝑡 Instantaneous power,
𝑣 𝑡 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
Amplitude

= 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90 °)
𝑖 𝑡 𝑉 𝐼
=− sin 2𝜔𝑡
2

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝑻
𝟎

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14
Power Associated – Pure capacitive Circuit
Amplitude

Instantaneous power,
𝑃 𝑡
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡)
𝑣 𝑡
= 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90 °)
𝑉 𝐼
𝑖 𝑡 = sin 2𝜔𝑡
2

0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒂𝒗𝒈
𝑻
𝟎

Wednesday, December 29, 2021 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 15
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.3)

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Summary of previous classes
 Comparison of DC & AC
 How is AC generated?
 Terminologies of AC
 Average value of an alternating waveform
 RMS value of an alternating waveform
 Complex numbers
 Representing AC
 R, L, C circuit response with AC supply
 Power associated with a pure R, L, C

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
Topics covered today
 RL, RC, RLC circuit response with AC supply
 Power associated with a series RL, RC circuits
 Loads in parallel

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
RL circuit analysis
𝑳 Graphical Representation
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹
𝒗(𝒕)
𝑉 𝑉

Amplitude →
𝒗(𝒕) 𝒊(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑰 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∅ ∅ ∅

̅
V = IR
̅ Time →
V = 𝑗IX
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑽𝑳 = |𝑽|∠∅ Phasor Representation Impedance
𝑉 I(̅ R + 𝑗X )
= = R + 𝑗X = |𝑍|∠∅
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐼̅ I̅
Mathematical Representation 𝑉
𝑍 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡) ∴ 𝑹 = |𝒁| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑿𝑳 = |𝒁| 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 + ∅ ∅ 𝑿𝑳
𝟏
Ref. 𝒁 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝑳 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
∅ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑉 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑹

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Power associated - RL circuit
𝑃 𝑡
PR (t) Active Power
PL (t) Reactive Power
𝑣 𝑡
Amplitude

P (t)  Apparent Power

𝑃 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡

 0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)
𝑃 𝑡

Instantaneous power, 𝑻
𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝑻 𝟐
= 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) 𝟎

=𝑉 𝐼 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 + ∅)]

𝐚𝐯𝐠 𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐫𝐦𝐬
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
RC circuit analysis
C Graphical Representation
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹
𝒗(𝒕)

Amplitude →
𝒗(𝒕) 𝒊(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz
∅ ∅ ∅

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑰 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

̅
V = IR
̅ Time →
V = −𝑗IX
Impedance
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑹 + 𝑽𝑪 = 𝑽 ∠ − ∅ Phasor Representation
𝑉 I(̅ R − 𝑗X )
= = R − 𝑗X = 𝑍 ∠ − ∅
Ref. 𝐼̅ I̅
Mathematical Representation ∅ 𝑉 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑍 − 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡) ∴ 𝑹 = |𝒁| 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ 𝑿𝑪 = |𝒁| 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∅
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 − ∅ 𝑉
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟏
𝑿𝑪
𝒁 = 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝟐𝑪 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
∅ − 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑹

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Power associated - RC circuit
Amplitude
𝑃 𝑡 PR (t) Active Power
PL (t) Reactive Power
𝑣 𝑡 P (t) Apparent Power

𝑃 𝑡 𝑃 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡

 0.02 0.04 0.06

Time(sec)

𝑻
Instantaneous power, 𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∅
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑻 𝟐
𝟎
= 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 . sin(𝜔𝑡 − ∅)
=𝑉 𝐼 [cos ∅ − cos(2𝜔𝑡 − ∅)] 𝐚𝐯𝐠 𝐫𝐦𝐬 𝐫𝐦𝐬

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
RLC circuit
L C
𝒊(𝒕) 𝑹

𝒗(𝒕)
f = 50 Hz

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑳 𝒄

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Illustration 1
A resistance of 50 is connected in series with an inductance of 200mH and capacitance of
101.321 F across a 230V, 50 Hz, single phase AC supply. Obtain,
a) Impedance of the circuit
b) Current drawn V VL
c) Power factor
50Ω 200mH 101.321𝜇F
d) Power consumed
e) Phasor diagram 32.14º
230V, 50 Hz
VR I
𝑋 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 0.2 = 62.8315Ω VC
1
𝑋 = = 31.4159Ω 𝑃𝐹 = cos 32.14 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒍𝒂𝒈
2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 101.321𝜇
𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 − 𝑗𝑋 = 𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋𝟑𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝜴 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟎∠𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒° 𝜴
230∠0 𝑃= 𝑉 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝐼= = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟗𝟖∠ − 𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟒°𝑨
59.05∠32.14 = 230 × 3.898 × 0.846 = 𝟕𝟓𝟗. 𝟏𝟓𝑾

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
Illustration 2
Determine the impedance of the circuit shown and the power consumed in each branch

Tuesday, January 4, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
𝑍 = 0.5 − 𝑗1Ω 𝑍 = 1Ω 100∠0
𝐼̅ = = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟐𝟖𝟓∠ − 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓𝑨 = 𝐼
𝑍 = 2 + 𝑗5Ω 𝑍 = 0.4 + 𝑗0.8Ω 1.12∠29.5

𝑍 = 𝑍 | 𝑍 |𝑍 + 𝑍 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐∠𝟐𝟗. 𝟓°𝛀 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝟒 × 𝒁𝟒 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟓∠𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟑𝟒 𝑽

𝑉 = 𝑉 +𝑉 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟏∠ − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝑽

𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟎∠𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟓 𝑨 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖∠ − 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝑨 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟏∠ − 𝟓𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝑨
𝒁𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑰 𝟏 𝟐 × 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑾 𝑃 = 0.215 𝑘𝑊 𝑃 = 3.125 𝑘𝑊 𝑃 = 3.188 𝑘𝑊

0.5 -j1
𝟏

j0.8
𝟐 2 𝟒 0.4
j5

𝟑 𝟐

1
𝟏
100V AC
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.4)

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Topics covered today
 Loads in parallel
 AC circuit equations and solving
 Tutorial 1

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
Impedance in parallel
𝐼 𝐼 Let Z = R + 𝑗X Z = R + 𝑗X
𝐼
1 1 1 Z Z
= + I =I∗ I =I∗
𝑉∠0° 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 Z +Z Z +Z

𝑌 =𝑌 +𝑌

1 1 1 (R − 𝑗X ) R X
Y = = = ∗ = − 𝑗 = G − 𝑗B
Z R + 𝑗X (R + 𝑗X ) (R − 𝑗X ) (R + X ) R +X

1 1 1 (R − 𝑗X ) R X
Y = = = ∗ = −𝑗 = G − 𝑗B
Z R + 𝑗X (R + 𝑗X ) (R − 𝑗X ) (R + X ) R +X

𝐞𝐪 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝐞𝐪 𝐞𝐪

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
Impedance in parallel
For ‘N’ impedances connected in parallel,

𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼

𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍

𝐞𝐪 𝐞𝐪 𝐞𝐪

𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼 + ⋯ + 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑌

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Network equations for AC circuits
𝑉 𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼
KVL Equation ⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉 𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼
(Matrix form)
𝑉 = 𝑍 𝐼

KCL Equation 𝐼 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 𝑉
⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
(Matrix form) 𝐼 𝑌 ⋯ 𝑌 𝑉

𝐼 = 𝑌 𝑉

All the other theorems are applicable to the AC circuits

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
Crammers rule
𝑉 𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼
⋮ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉 𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼

Solution for the linear simultaneous equations above is as follows

Step 1: finding the determinant
𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍
∆= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑍 ⋯ 𝑍
Step 2: finding the determinant after substituting first column with
RHS column matrix
𝑽𝟏 ⋯ 𝑍
∆ = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑽𝑵 ⋯ 𝑍
∆
Step 3 :Solution for I1 𝐼 =
∆

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Illustration 1
Assigning two mesh currents, find the voltage V across the capacitor in the following circuit

10

50 0 V
V -j5

j4

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
 10

50 0 V
V -j5

j4

𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝑉 = 22.36∠169.69° 𝑉

Wednesday,
DEPT.January
OF ELECTRICAL
5, 2022 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Illustration 2
Use node voltage method to obtain the current I in the network

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝐼 = 12.38∠ − 17.75° 𝐴

Wednesday,
DEPT.January
OF ELECTRICAL
5, 2022 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
Maximum power transfer theorem
𝑍 =𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋

𝒕𝒉 𝑍 =𝑅 ± 𝑗𝑋

Type of load Condition of maximum power transfer

Case 1 Load is purely resistive
𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑋

Case 2 Both RL & XL are variable 𝑍 = 𝑍∗

Case 3 XL is fixed & RL is variable
𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑋 +𝑋

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
 Tutorial Questions

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
Exercise 1
A resistance of 35Ω is connected in series with an inductive coil having an internal resistance
‘R’ and inductance ‘L’. When connected across 230V, 50Hz single phase supply, voltage across
the coil is 100V and the current drawn is 4 A. Find the unknowns ‘R’ and ‘L’.

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13
 140V

𝑉 𝑥 83.21
𝑹= = = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝜴
140 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 230 𝐼 𝐼 4
𝑉 𝑦 55.462
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 𝑋 = = = = 13.8655Ω
𝐼 𝐼 4
∴ 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝑯
Exercise 2
Three elements, a resistance of 100Ω, an inductance of 0.1H and a capacitance of 150µF are
connected in parallel to a 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the current in each element and the
supply current. Draw the phasor diagram.

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 15
 𝑋 = 31.4159Ω
𝑋 = 21.2206Ω

230∠0°
𝐼 = = 𝟐. 𝟑∠𝟎°𝑨
100
𝑰 = 𝑰𝑹 + 𝑰𝑳 + 𝑰𝑪
𝑉 230∠0°
𝐼 = = = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟏∠ − 𝟗𝟎°𝑨
𝑗𝑋 𝑗31.4159

𝑉 230∠0°
𝐼 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟑∠𝟗𝟎°𝑨
−𝑗𝑋 −𝑗21.2206
Exercise 3
A coil is in series with a 20µF capacitor across a 230 V 50 Hz supply. The current taken by the
circuit is 8A and power consumed is 200W.
Calculate the inductance of the coil if the power factor of the circuit is lagging.
Calculate the inductance of the coil if the power factor of the circuit is leading.
Draw the phasor diagram.

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 17
 coil
𝑃 200 𝑽𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑽
𝑅= = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝜴
𝐼 8
8
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋 = = 1273.2395 𝑉
2𝜋 × 50 × 20𝜇

Case 1 Case 2
(p.f. is lagging) (p.f. is leading)
𝑽𝑳 𝑽𝑳

𝑽
𝑽𝑪 25V
𝑽𝑹 𝑰(𝑹𝒆𝒇. )
𝒚
𝒚 𝑽𝑪
25V 𝑽

𝑽𝑹 𝑰(𝑹𝒆𝒇. )

25 + 𝑦 = 230 25 + 𝑦 = 230
𝑦 = 228.6372 𝑦 = 228.6372
∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑦 = 1501.8695 𝑉 ∴ 𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑦 = 1044.6023 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
𝑋 = = 187.7336Ω 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟓𝑯 𝑋 = = 130.575Ω 𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟔𝑯
𝐼 𝐼
Exercise 4
Find the supply voltage, total current and the value of the power consumed in each arm of the
series parallel circuit shown. The voltage across the 5Ω resistor is 15V.

Wednesday, January 5, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 19
 𝐼̅ 𝐼

𝐼
𝑉
𝑉

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

15 𝑋 12
𝐼 = = 3𝐴 tan = tan = 67.38°
5 𝑅 5
∴ 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟑∠ − 𝟔𝟕. 𝟑𝟖° 𝑨 𝑉 = 𝐼 ̅ × 10 = 14.15∠ − 35.3746° 𝐴
𝑉 = 𝐼 × 5 + 𝑗12 = 39∠0° 𝑉 𝑽 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟐∠ − 𝟗. 𝟐𝟎𝟕° 𝑽
𝑽𝟐
∴ 𝑰𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓∠𝟗𝟎° 𝑨 𝑷𝟓𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐𝟏 × 𝟓 = 𝟒𝟓𝑾
−𝒋𝟐𝟎
𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟓∠ − 𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟔° 𝑨 𝑷𝟏𝟎𝜴 = 𝑰𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝑾
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.5)

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 63
Exercise 5
Two impedances and are connected in parallel across a 115V, 50Hz supply. The total
current taken by the combination is 10A at unity p.f. has resistance of 10Ω and 200µF
capacitor connected in series. consists of a resistor and inductor is series. Find
(a) The current in each branch
(b) The resistance and inductance of

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 64
Assume supply voltage as the reference

Given, supply current, 𝐼 ̅ = 10∠0° 𝐴

𝑋 = 15.9154 Ω 𝑍 = 10 − 𝑗15.9154 Ω

𝑽
𝑰𝑩 = = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟐∠𝟓𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟗° 𝑨
𝒁𝑩

𝐼̅ = 𝐼 + 𝐼

𝑰𝑨 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟖∠ − 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟏° 𝑨

𝑉
𝑍 = = 10.7237 + 𝑗8.2364 Ω
𝐼
𝑨 𝑨

𝑨
Topics covered
 Impedance, phasor & power triangles

 Concept of power factor and its significance

 Need for power factor improvement

 Tutorial 2a

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 66
Power associated in RL load
For RL load:

×𝐼 ×𝐼 𝟐
𝟐
𝐋 𝑳 𝐋 𝐋

𝐼 𝟐
𝑹

Impedance diagram Phasor diagram Power diagram

Where,
S = Apparent Power (VA)
P = Active Power (W)
Q = Reactive Power (var)

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 67
Power associated in RC load
For RC load:
𝐼 𝟐
𝑹

×𝐼 ×𝐼 𝟐
𝐂
𝐂 𝑳 𝐂 𝟐

Impedance diagram Phasor diagram Power diagram

Where,
S = Apparent Power (VA)
P = Active Power (W)
Q = Reactive Power (var)

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 68
Power in AC circuits
Power in AC circuit can be written as,

Q – Reactive
Power
For RL Load
∅
∗ P - Active Power

P - Active Power

Q – Reactive
∅

Power
For RC Load
∗

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑄

𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠: 𝑽𝑨 𝑾 𝒗𝒂𝒓

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 69
Complex Power Analogy

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 70
Power Factor

 For an impedance Z,
𝐼𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
cos 𝜃 = = =
𝑉 𝐼𝑍 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

 Power factor is lagging when the current lags the supply voltage
 Power factor is leading when the current leads the supply voltage
 For a resistive load, power factor is Unity

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 71
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
 Under utilisation of power system network
 Increased transmission losses
 Hence bulk consumers are advised to
maintain the power factor close to unity by
power utilities

Remedial Measures
o Reactive power demand of Inductive loads
can be compensated with capacitive loads
o It is possible to localise reactive power
requirement by connecting parallel capacitors
across the load

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 72
Power Triangle
 Practically, loads are in connected parallel
 Majority of the loads are inductive in nature

𝑺𝟐 𝑸𝟐
A.C. Mains

Load 2
Load 1

Load 2

∅
𝑺𝟏
𝑷𝟐
∅ 𝑸𝟏
∅ Load 1

𝑷𝟏
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

http://www.kptcl.com/save.htm

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 73
Power Factor Improvement
 Connect capacitor parallel to the load
 Energy stored by the capacitor provides the required reactive power by the load

𝒕 𝒄
A.C. Mains

Load 1

Load 2

capacitor 𝒏𝒆𝒘
∅
∅ 𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝒕 𝒄
∅

𝒕
Calculation of capacitor value

• Calculate 𝑄 needed to improve power factor to 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅

• Calculate 𝑋 = & C=

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 74
Illustration 1
A single-phase motor takes 8.3 A at a power factor of 0.866 lagging when connected to a 230
V, 50 Hz supply. Capacitance bank is now connected in parallel with the motor to raise the
power factor to unity. Determine the capacitance value

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 75
Illustration 2
A single-phase load of 5 kW operates at a power factor of 0.6 lagging. It is proposed to
improve this power factor to 0.95 lagging by connecting a capacitor across the load. Calculate
the kvar rating of the capacitor

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 76
Exercise 1
In the parallel circuit shown, Find the value of Capacitance C, necessary to correct the power
factor to 0.95 lagging

110 V ZL
C
60 Hz
20 30

Saturday, January 8, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 77
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.6)

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 79
Exercise 2
A 500 kVA transformer is at full load with power factor 0.6 lagging. What should be the kVAR
rating of the shunt capacitor needed to improve its operating power factor to 0.9 lagging?
What will be the percentage loading of the transformer after power factor correction?

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 80
Exercise 3
Obtain the complete power triangle for three parallel-connected loads:
(a) 250VA, 0.5 p.f lagging
(b) 180W ,0.8 p.f leading
(c) 300VA,100 var (inductive)

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 81
Homework 1
An inductive circuit supplied with 250V, 50Hz has an active power of 11.9 KW and apparent
power of 17 KVA
a) Find the power factor of the circuit
b) Draw the power triangle
c) Find the value of the capacitance required to improve the p.f. to unity, 0.9 lagging ,0.9
leading

Ans:
a) p.f = 0.7 lag
c) C= 618.3 F,
324.9 F,
911.6µF

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 82
Homework 2
Find the power factor of the circuit shown below. Also, find the value of the capacitor to be
connected in series with the circuit to increase the power factor to unity.

20Ω 0.5 𝐻

10Ω 10𝜇𝐹

100𝑉, 50 𝐻𝑧

Ans: 0.276 lag, 9.95μF

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 83

Topics covered
 Resonance in series RLC circuit
 Half power frequency & bandwidth
 Resonance in parallel circuits

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 84
Series Resonance
R, X, Z

v(t), variable frequency

R
o f
fo
1
𝑋 =−
𝜔𝐶
𝟐
𝟐

Z is capacitive Z is inductive

′𝒇𝟎 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚′

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal
Series Resonance
 When series RLC circuit is at resonance,
o Current is in phase with voltage
o Circuit power factor is unity
o
o

 Resonant frequency for a series RLC circuit is obtained as follows:

Imaginary p𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑍 =0
𝑋 =𝑋
1 v(t), variable frequency
𝜔 𝐿=
𝜔 𝐶
𝟏
𝒇𝟎 = 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 86
Current vs. Frequency in RLC Series Circuit
Variation of current with frequency
 Half Power Frequency
𝒊 ‘Frequency at which the power is half of the
power at resonant frequency’
𝑰𝟎
1 𝐼
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 𝑅
𝑰𝟎 2 2
𝟐 𝐼
𝐴𝑡 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 , 𝐼 =
2

𝜔 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝝎𝟏 𝝎𝟎 𝝎𝟐 𝝎 𝜔 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑉 𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 = 𝛚𝟐 − 𝛚𝟏
𝐼 =𝐼 =
𝑅
In practice the curve of |𝐼| against ω is not symmetrical about the resonant frequency

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 87
Half Power Frequency
𝑉
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 , |𝑍| = 𝐼 = 2𝑅
2
Below Resonant frequency 𝜔 , 𝑋 > |𝑋 | Above Resonant frequency 𝜔 , 𝑋 > |𝑋 |
At 𝜔 , At 𝜔 ,
𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 = 2𝑅 𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 = 2𝑅

𝑋 −𝑋 =𝑅 𝑋 −𝑋 =𝑅
1 1
−𝜔 𝐿 =R 𝜔 𝐿− =R
𝜔 𝐶 𝜔 𝐶

𝟐 𝟐
−𝑹 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝑹 𝟏
𝝎𝟏 = + + 𝝎𝟐 = + +
𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝑳𝑪 𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝑳𝑪

𝟏 𝑹
𝝎𝟐 𝝎𝟏 = = 𝝎𝟐𝟎 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 =
𝑳𝑪 𝑳

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 88
Quality Factor for series circuit
 At resonance, and can be very much greater than applied voltage
𝑉. 𝑋
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑋 = 𝟏 𝝎𝟎 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳
𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 𝑸= = =
𝝎𝟎 𝑪𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝑪
At resonance, 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑋
𝑅
𝑉
𝑉 = = 𝑸𝑉
𝜔 𝐶𝑅
Q is termed the Q factor or voltage magnification

 High value of Q can lead to component damage

 Careful design necessary
 Larger the value of Q, more symmetrical the curve
appears about the resonant frequency

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 89
Illustration 1
A circuit having a resistance of 4Ω and inductance of 0.5H and a variable capacitance in series,
is connected across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
a) The capacitance to give resonance
b) The voltages across the inductor and the capacitor
c) The Q factor of the circuit

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 90
Illustration 2
The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is 500 Hz. If the resonant frequency is 6000 Hz,
what is the value of Q? If R =10 Ω, what is the value of the inductive reactance at resonance?
Calculate the inductance and capacitance of the circuit

Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 91
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 3 - SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
(3.6)

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 92
Resonance in parallel circuits

Steps to obtain the expression of resonant frequency in parallel circuits

o Obtain the net admittance of the circuit ; 𝒆𝒒 𝟏 𝟐

o Equate the imaginary part (susceptance) to zero; Beq = 0 and obtain the expression
of
The expression for resonant frequency depends on circuit configuration

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 93
Current vs. Frequency in parallel Circuits
𝑰

o ωr 𝝎

 At resonance
o Impedance is maximum
o Resultant current minimum

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 94
Parallel resonance circuits

Rationalizing ;

Separating the real & imaginary terms ;

𝑦 = 𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 −𝑅 𝑋 −𝑋 𝑅 +𝒋 𝑅 𝑋 +𝑋 𝑋 −𝑋 𝑅 −𝑋 𝑋

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 95
Parallel resonance circuits
Equating the imaginary part to zero;

Solving for ;

𝟐
𝑳
𝟎 𝟐
𝑪

If RL = Rc :

𝟏
𝒇𝟎 =
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 96
Exercise 1
A parallel circuit with an RL series branch (R = 20 Ω and L = 50 mH) and an RC series branch
(R = 10 Ω and C = 100 µF) are connected to a variable frequency voltage source. Find at
what frequency the circuit will resonate?

Ans:

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 97
Exercise 2
Show that circuit given in figure will be at resonance at supply frequency
L=0.5H C=1F

5
vs=Cos(1.4t)

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 98
Exercise 3
Obtain the expression for resonant frequency for the given parallel circuit

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 99
Monday,DEPT.
JanuaryOF
31,ELECTRICAL
2022 & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 100
Homework 1
A series circuit comprises a 10 ohm resistance, a 5 μF capacitor and a variable inductance L.
The supply voltage is 20 0° volts at a frequency of 318.3 Hz. The inductance is adjusted until
the voltage drop across the 10ohm resistance is a maximum. Determine for this condition,
a) Value of inductance L
b) Voltage across each component and
c) Q-factor

Ans:
a) 50mH

c) 10
Homework 2
A coil of resistance R and inductance L is connected in series with a capacitor C across a
variable frequency source. The voltage is maintained constant at 100V and the frequency is
varied until a maximum current of 4A flows through the circuit at 10KHz. Under these
conditions, the Q factor of the circuit is 10. Calculate,
a) Voltage across the capacitor
b) The values of R, L and C

Ans:
a) 1000 V
b)

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 102
Homework 3
An R–L–C series circuit has a resonant frequency of 1.2 kHz and a Q-factor at resonance of
30. If the impedance of the circuit at resonance is 50ohm determine the values of,
(a) Inductance
(b) Capacitance
(c) Bandwidth

Ans:
198mH, 88nF, 40

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 103
Homework 4
and a variable capacitor are connected in parallel across a 100V, 50Hz
AC supply. Calculate the value of the capacitance for which the current taken from the supply
is in phase with the supply voltage

Ans:
506.61 F

Monday, January 31, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 104
Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
THREE PHASE AC CIRCUITS

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 1
Topics Covered
Generation of Three Phase Supply

Representation of Three Phase Excitation

Relationship between Phase and Line Voltages

3 Phase Supply & Loads

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 2
Generation of 3-Phase Power

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 3
Generation of 3-Phase Power

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 4
3 Phase Excitation (Phase Voltages) R
Phase Voltages,
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡) ZS
VRN
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 120°)
ERN
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 240°)
EBN N
EYN
ZS ZS
VBN
B VBN VYN
Y

120
120 VRN
Three Phase Source

VYN Summing up the phase voltages,

𝑉 +𝑉 +𝑉 =0

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 5
3 Phase Excitation (Phase Voltages)
R
R

ZS
VRN
VRN
ERN
N
EBN N VBN VYN
EYN
ZS ZS Y

B VBN VYN
Y
B

Three Phase Source Three Phase Source

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 6
3 Phase Excitation (Line Voltages)
R VBN VRY
-VYN

VRN 30
VRY
VRN
N VBR
VBN VYN

Y
VYN

VYB Line Voltages,

𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
B
= 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 120°)
Three Phase Source
= √3 × 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 30

Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 7
3 Phase Excitation (Line Voltages)…
Similarly,
VBR VBN VRY
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉
= 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 120 − 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 240°)

= √3 × 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 120 -VRN

120 120 VRN

VYN -VBN
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉

= √3 × 𝑉 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 120

VYB

Summing up the Line voltages,

𝑉 +𝑉 +𝑉 =0
In a Three Phase balanced Supply, the summation of Phase voltages and summation of
Line Voltages is zero.
Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 8
Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 9
Phase Sequence
1. RYB 2. RBY

VBR VBN VRY VYR VYN VRB

30 30

120 VRN 120 VRN

VYN VBN

VYB VBY

Phase Sequence is the order in which the three phases

attain their peak or maximum values
Monday, 31 January 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 10
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
Three Phase AC Circuits
L25– Star & Delta Connected Balanced Loads & Unbalanced loads

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Illustration-1
Three loads ZA = 1000 Ω; ZB = 15-300 Ω and ZC = 20450 are
connected in star across a balanced, 3 phase, 400 V, RYB supply.
Determine (a) line currents (b) Phase Voltages (c) Neutral shift voltage,
VON.
IR
R′
Solution:
The three phase load is supplied with a balanced
supply of 400V, hence the line voltages appearingVRY I1 ZR
across the load are:
O
IY
𝑉෠𝑅𝑌 = 400 0° (Reference Voltage) ZY ZB
Y′ B′
𝑉෠𝑌𝐵 = 400 − 120°
VYB
I2
𝑉෠𝐵𝑅 = 400 + 120° IB

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
Illustration-1…
Writing Mesh Equation in Matrix form,
100 + 15 − 30 −15 − 30 𝐼መ1 400 0°
=
−15 − 30 15 − 30 + 2045 𝐼መ2 400 − 120°

Using Cramer’s rule, IR

R′

𝐼መ1 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟖𝟑 − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝐴

VRY I1
𝐼መ2 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟗 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 𝐴 ZR

O
(i) The line currents are IY
ZY ZB
Y′ B′
𝐼መ𝑅 = 𝐼መ1 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟖𝟑 − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝐴
𝐼መ𝑌 = 𝐼መ2 − 𝐼መ1 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 𝐴 VYB
I2
IB
𝐼መ𝐵 = −𝐼መ2 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝐴

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
Illustration-1…
(ii) Phase Voltages are determined using the following
equations.
VBR
𝑉෠𝑅𝑂 = 𝐼መ𝑅 × 𝑍𝐴ҧ = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟑 − 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 V
VBN
𝑉෠𝑌𝑂 = 𝐼መ𝑌 × 𝑍𝐵ҧ = 𝟑𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 − 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟑 V

𝑉෠𝐵𝑂 = 𝐼መ𝐵 × 𝑍𝐶ҧ = 𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 V VRY

120
30
(c)Neutral Shift Voltage (Von)
VYN
𝑉෠𝑅𝑌 = 400 0° (Reference Voltage) VRN

400
𝑉෠𝑅𝑁 =  − 30°
3
VYB
400
𝑉෠𝑌𝑁 = (−30 − 120) 400
3 𝑉෠𝐵𝑁 = (−30° − 240)
3
Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Illustration-1 …
IR
R

R
VRO
VRN

VRN VON
ZR

N
VBN VYN
O
Y IY ZY ZB
Y B

B IB

Applying KVL, 𝑉෠𝑅𝑁 − 𝑉෠𝑅𝑂 − 𝑉෠𝑂𝑁 = 0

𝑉෠𝑂𝑁 = 𝑉෠𝑅𝑁 −𝑉෠𝑅𝑂 = 145.07 − 44.7 𝑉

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
3 , 4 Wire System with Y Load
Consider the 3 phase star load connected to a 4 wire balanced source.
IR
R R′

VRN VR′O
VRN
N IN
ZR
N
VBN VYN VY′O
O
Y IY ZB
ZY
VYN Y′ B′
VBN
VB′O
B IB

Phase Voltages of Load, Neutral Current:

𝑉෠𝑅′𝑂 = 𝑉෠𝑅𝑁 𝐼መ𝑁 = 𝐼መ𝑅 + 𝐼መ𝑌 + 𝐼መ𝐵
𝑉෠𝑌′𝑂 = 𝑉෠𝑌𝑁 𝐼መ𝑁 = 0; (If 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑍𝑌 = 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍𝜃° )
𝑉෠𝐵′𝑂 = 𝑉෠𝐵𝑁
Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
Illustration 1

Monday, February 7, 2022

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. OF of Electrical& &ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL ElectronicsENGG.,
Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 7 7
Illustration 2

Monday, February 7, 2022

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. OF of Electrical& &ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL ElectronicsENGG.,
Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 8 8
3 , 3 Wire System with  Load
Consider the 3 phase Delta load connected to a 3 wire balanced source.
R IR R′

VRN IR Y
VRN
VBR VRY ZRY ZBR
N
VBN VYN
IB R
Y IY
Y′ IY B B′
ZYB
VYB IB
B
Phase Currents, Line Currents,
𝑉෠ 𝑉෠ 𝑉෠𝐵𝑅 𝐼መ𝑅 = 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅
መ𝐼𝑅𝑌 = 𝑅𝑌 መ𝐼𝑌𝐵 = 𝑌𝐵 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 =
𝑍𝑅𝑌ҧ 𝑍𝑌𝐵ҧ ҧ
𝑍𝐵𝑅 𝐼መ𝑌 = 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 − 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌
𝐼መ𝐵 = 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 − 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵
Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
Balanced  Load
If 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑍𝑌 = 𝑍𝐵 = 𝑍θ
IR R

Then, 𝐼𝑅𝑌 = 𝐼𝑌𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵𝑅 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ IRY

VRY
Phase Currents: ZRY ZBR
VBR
𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ 0° IBR
IY
𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ  − 120° B
Y IYB
𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ  + 120° VYB
ZYB
IB

Line Currents:
𝐼መ𝑅 = 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅

= 𝐼𝑃ℎ 0° − 𝐼𝑃ℎ  + 120° = 3 × 𝐼 − 30°

𝐼መ𝑌 = 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 − 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 = 3 × 𝐼𝑃ℎ  − 150°

𝐼መ𝐵 = 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 − 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 = 3 × 𝐼𝑃ℎ 90°

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
Illustration-3
Three loads, ZR=50+j40 , ZY=100  and ZB=80-j60  are connected
in Delta across a balanced 3 phase, 415V, 50 Hz supply. Determine
(i) Phase Currents
(ii) Line Currents and hence draw the complete phasor diagram.
Assume a phase sequence of RYB.
Solution:
The three phase load is supplied with a balanced
IR R′
supply of 415V, hence the line voltages appearing
across the load are: IRY
VRY ZRY ZBR
𝑉෠𝑅𝑌 = 415 0° (Reference Voltage) VBR
IBR
𝑉෠𝑌𝐵 = 415 − 120° IY
B′
Y′ IYB ZYB
𝑉෠𝐵𝑅 = 415 + 120° VYB IB

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
Illustration-3…
(i) Calculating the phase currents,
IR R′
𝑉෠𝑅𝑌
𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 = = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟔° 𝐴
ҧ
𝑍𝑅𝑌 IRY
VRY ZRY ZBR
𝑉෠𝑌𝐵
𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎° 𝐴 VBR
ҧ
𝑍𝑌𝐵 IBR
IY IYB
𝑉෠𝐵𝑅 B′
Y′
𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 = = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟕° 𝐴 VYB
ZYB
IB
ҧ
𝑍𝐵𝑅

(iI) Calculating the Line currents,

𝐼መ𝑅 = 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟕 − 𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟏° 𝐴

𝐼መ𝑌 = 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 − 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟑𝟓° 𝐴

𝐼መ𝐵 = 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 − 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟒° 𝐴

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
Illustration-3…
(ii) Phasor Diagram, IR R′

VBR IRY

IB VRY ZRY ZBR

VBR
IBR
-IRY -IYB IY IYB
B′
Y′ ZYB
VYB IB
IBR VRY
IY -IBR
𝐼መ𝑅 = 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌 − 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅
IYB IRY
IR 𝐼መ𝑌 = 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵 − 𝐼መ𝑅𝑌

VYB
𝐼መ𝐵 = 𝐼መ𝐵𝑅 − 𝐼መ𝑌𝐵

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13
Illustration 4

Monday, February 7, 2022

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. OF of Electrical& &ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL ElectronicsENGG.,
Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 1414
Illustration 5
A star connected load is supplied from a symmetrical three phase, 440V
system.The branch impedances of the load are ,ZR = 530  , ZY =
1045  , ZB = 1060  . Find the active power supplied by the
source.

Monday, February 7, 2022

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. OF of Electrical& &ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICAL ElectronicsENGG.,
Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 1515
Summary

Analysis of balanced/unbalanced three phase

star/delta connected load with 3 phase balanced
excitation is performed.

• For Balanced Star connected load, the line

voltage = 3 x phase voltage.
• For Balanced Delta connected load, the line
current = 3 x phase current.

Monday, February 7, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 16
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]

Three Phase AC Circuits

L26– Power Measurement in Three Phase System and Power System
Components

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 2 2
 Measurement of 3 Ph. Active Power
1. Star Connected Load using 2 Wattmeter’s
W1
Wattmeter Reading, IR
R

 
ZR
VRY
 
O
IY
ZY ZB
B
Y
Total Active Power,
VBY

IB
    W2

  
  
Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
 Measurement of 3 Ph. Active Power
2. Balanced Load (Star Connected) using 2 Wattmeter's
Wattmeter Reading,
𝑊 =𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠( 𝑉 &𝐼 ) VBY = -VYB

= 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠(30° + 𝜃)
VBR VBO VRY
IB
𝑊 =𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠( 𝑉 &𝐼 )

= 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠(30° − 𝜃)
30
VR0

Total active power consumed, IY
IR
𝑃 =𝑊 +𝑊 VYO
= 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠 30° + 𝜃 + 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠(30° − 𝜃)
= 3 × 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
VYB

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Meas. of 3 Ph. Active Power…
Summation of two wattmeters,
𝑊 + 𝑊 = 3 × 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

Difference in the reading of two wattmeters,

𝑊 − 𝑊 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Hence,
𝑊 −𝑊 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
𝑊 +𝑊 3 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑊 −𝑊
𝜃 = tan √3 ×
𝑊 +𝑊

𝑊 −𝑊
Power factor of the Balanced Load = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 tan √3 ×
𝑊 +𝑊

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
 Measurement of 3 Ph. Active Power
3. Balanced Load (Star Connected) using 1 Wattmeter

Wattmeter Reading, W1
IR
𝑊 = 𝑉  𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠( 𝑉  & 𝐼 ) R

=𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
ZR V RO

Total active power consumed,

O
=3×𝑊
IY ZY ZB
=3×𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 B
Y
= √3 × 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 IB

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
 Measurement of 3 Ph. Active Power
4. Balanced Load (Delta Connected) using 1
Wattmeter
Wattmeter Reading,
IR R
𝑊 =𝑉 𝐼   𝐶𝑜𝑠( 𝑉 & 𝐼  )

=𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
ZBR
VRY
Total active power consumed, ZRY IBR
IY IRY
=3×𝑊
B
=3×𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 Y IYB ZYB
VYB
IB
= 3 × 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
Exercise-3
Three identical impedances of (8+j6)  are connected in delta across a
symmetrical 3 phase, 3 wire 400 V system. Calculate the power factor
using wattmeter readings.

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 9 9
Exercise-4
Three loads ZR = 530  , ZY = 1045  , ZB = 1060  are
connected in Star to R,Y and B Phase respectively.The current coils of the
two wattmeters are connected in R & Y lines. If the supply voltage is
415V, 50 Hz, determine the reading of the two wattmeters. Assume the
phase sequence is RBY.

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 11 11
Summary

Measurement of Active Power for a three phase Star/Delta connected

balanced/unbalanced load can be performed by using two wattmeters.

For a balanced Load, the Load Power factor can be measured by using
one or two wattmeter method.

Measurement of power for a balanced Star/Delta load can be

performed using one wattmeter.

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
Tutorial

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 13 13
Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 14 14
Wednesday, February 9, 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 15
Wednesday, February 9, 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 16
Wednesday, February 9, 2022 DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG., MIT - MANIPAL 17
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 5 – ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS & MACHINES

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 18
Topics covered…
 Electrical power system
o An overview
o Types of generation
o Loads
o Digital energy meter

 Electrical machines
o Transformer
o DC motor
o Induction motor
o Synchronous motor

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 19 19
Power system structure
GENERATION
3 Phase, 50 Hz
11 kV to 22 kV
Power system components
• Generation subsystem
TO OTHER TO OTHER • Transmission subsystem
POOL MEMBER POOL MEMBER

EHV AC: 765 kV, 400 kV

• Sub-transmission subsystem
TRANSMISSION
HV AC: 220 kV
NETWORK • Distribution subsystem
HVDC:  500 kV
• Protection and Control subsystem

Very large
Transmission networks - EHV AC
Customers or HVDC
132 kV, 110 kV, SUB TRANSMISSION ◦ Operates @765 kV/400 kV/220 kV
66 kV, 33 kV NETWORK AC or 500 kV DC.

Large
AC Sub-Transmission networks
Customers ◦ Operates @ 132 kV/110kV/66 kV/
Primary 11 kV
DISTRIBUTION 33 kV
Secondary 415 V
NETWORK
Medium AC Distribution Network
Customers
◦ Primary side: 11 kV
Small Customers
(3 Phase 415 V/ 1 Phase, 240 V)
Courtesy: Olle I Elgerd
◦ Secondary side: 415 V, 4 Wire

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 20 20
Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 21 21
Generation
Primary sources of energy
◦ Fossil fuel
◦ Coal, oil, natural gas
◦ Renewable energy
◦ Water, solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal etc.
◦ Nuclear energy
Thermal power stations Hydroelectric power station Nuclear power plant
◦ Coal fired o Salient pole alternators driven by o Fissile material
◦ Turbo alternators driven by steam turbine turbines o Moderator
◦ Oil fired o Turbines: Impulse turbine & o D2O, Graphite
◦ Crude oil or residual oil o Control rods
reaction turbine
◦ Gas fired o Pumped storage plants o Boron OR Cadmium
◦ Combined cycle- First stage: Gas turbine, o Fast breeder reactors
Second stage: Steam turbine
o Liquid metal (alloy of Na & K) is
◦ Diesel fired coolant
◦ Internal combustion engines as prime mover
◦ Standby power plants

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 22 22
Generation
Non-conventional power stations
◦ Wind power stations
◦ Solar power stations
◦ Micro-hydel power stations
◦ Bio-mass power stations
◦ Geothermal power stations

Wind Farm in 20 MW hydro plant, HP Bio-mass Plant, Chattisgarh Solar Park, Charanka Village,
Karnataka Gujarat

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 23 23
Substation
Substation components
◦ Lightning arrester
◦ Carrier line communication equipment (Wave trap)
◦ Instrument transformers (CT, PT)
◦ Circuit breakers
◦ Isolators
◦ Bus bars
◦ Power transformers
◦ Control room

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 24 24
Protection & Control Subsystem
 Fail free power is hypothetical
 Faults: Open circuit & short circuit
 Faults detection: Relays
 Fault Isolation: Circuit breakers
 Modern Trend: Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 25 25
Types of loads
Industrial Loads Domestic loads Typical power rating
◦ 3 Phase Incandescent lamps 5 W to 100 W
◦ Complex Tariff Structure Fluorescent lamps 20 W to 40 W
CFL 5 W to 25 W
Domestic Loads/Commercial Loads
◦ Single Phase LED Lamps 1W to 100 W
◦ Tariff based on energy consumed- kWH Air Conditioner (1.5 T) 1800 W
Electric Iron 750 W
Heaters/ Geysers 2000 W
Ceiling Fan 70 W
Washing Machine (with heater) 2500 W
Reduce Electricity bill by minimizing the use of
Refrigerator 160 W
heating / environmental conditioning gadgets
Desktop PC 200 W
Office Laptop 65 W

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 26 26
Exercise
Power transmission maps of India
◦ https://cea.nic.in/old/powermaps.html

Indian Power Sector – A Glance

Sector MW %
State
Central
Private
Total

◦ https://www.niti.gov.in/edm/
◦ https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 27 27
 Energy Meters

Wednesday, February 9, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 28
Working principle
 Energy is the total power delivered or consumed over a time interval,
Energy = Power x Time
 Electrical energy developed as work or dissipated as heat over an interval of time ‘t’ may be
expressed as:
v – Applied voltage in (volts)
i – current (A)
t – time (hr)
 Unit of Energy: kWh or Units

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 29 29
Digital energy meter

Single phase digital energy meter schematic Three phase digital energy meter schematic

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 30 30
Electricity tariff
Installation Power supply Tariff
Industries 11kV and above Demand Charges (per kVA)
Power Factor Surcharge (per unit)
Energy Charges (per kWh)
Hotels, Restaurant 400V Three Phase Sanctioned Load (per kW)
Cinemas 230V Single Phase Power Factor Surcharge (per unit)
Petrol Bunks Energy Charges (per kWh)
Banks
Commercial complexes
Residential 400V Three Phase Sanctioned Load (per kW)
230V Single Phase Energy Charges (per kWh)
Rebate for Solar Installations

Wednesday,Wednesday,
February February
9, 20229, 2022 Dept.
DEPT. of Electrical
OF ELECTRICAL & ElectronicsENGG.,
& ELECTRONICS Engg.,MIT
MIT - Manipal
- MANIPAL 31 31
 Basic Electrical Technology
[ELE 1051]
CHAPTER 5 – ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
Topics covered…
 Electrical machines
o Transformer
o DC motor
o Induction motor
o Synchronous motor

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
 Transformers

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
Introduction
 Static device with AC excitation
 Transfers energy between two or more magnetically
coupled circuits without change in frequency
 Principle of operation: Electromagnetic Induction
 Electric circuits are linked by a common ferromagnetic
core
Representation:
 Ferromagnetic core ensures maximum magnetic flux
linkage
Types
Based on Construction Based on Function Based on Windings
Core Type Step Up Single Winding
Shell Type Step Down 2 or 3 Windings

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
Core & shell type

Core type Shell type

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
Operation of transformer
𝑉 No-load phasor diagram
I1 I2 of an ideal transformer
Ø
𝐼 ∅
E1 E2 V2 LOAD
V1
𝐸 =𝑉
𝐸

 Magnetic core : Flux path

 Flux linkages : Primary & secondary
 Induced Emf :
◦ Primary – Self induced emf
◦ Secondary – Mutually induced emf
Circuit representation of a practical transformer

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
EMF equations of transformer
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟,

𝑽𝟏 𝑬𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝑵𝟏
≅ = = = 𝒂 = 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐
𝑽𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟐
∅

N2 > N1: Step Up N2 < N1: Step down

V1 V2
∅ ∅ N1 N2

E2 > E1 E2 < E1
V2 > V1 V2 < V1
I1 > I 2 I1 < I 2

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
Losses & Efficiency
Total loss = Core loss + copper loss

Core loss (constant) Copper loss (variable)

Hysteresis loss Eddy current loss Winding resistance

 Core loss depends on flux which is constant once core is designed

o Minimized using high graded core material and lamination
 Copper loss is Current (or load) dependent
 Efficiency: Very high 97% to 99% (since it is a static device)

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
Other types
Autotransformer Three phase transformer Power transformer
 One winding transformer  Possible connections of primary & ◦ Used in electric transmission network
 Secondary winding varied using secondary windings:
Distribution transformer
variable point • star/star ◦ Used in electric distribution networks
• star/delta
• delta/delta Instrument transformers (PT &
• delta/star
CT)
◦ Used for high voltage & current
 3 single-phase transformers of similar measurement
ratings can be connected to form a
3-phase transformer Isolation transformer
◦ 1:1 transformers used in circuits to
provide electrical isolation.

Constant voltage transformer

◦ Used as voltage regulators

High frequency transformer

◦ Transformers designed for operating
with high frequency – ferrite core

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
Problems
Q) An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 8:1 and the primary current is 3 A when supplied
at 240 V. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
Ans:
Hence, V

Refer MOOC video for rest of the numerical exercises

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
 DC Motors

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
Construction
Stator: Houses the field winding (consists of the yoke, poles, brushes, brush
holders, and end covers)
Rotor: Carries the armature winding (armature, commutator)

Yoke: Cast steel outer shell housing all the parts

Main poles: Field coils wound when excited with DC produces north
and south pole
Armature: Rotating part with the armature winding
Commutator: Mechanical rectifier with carbon brushes resting on it

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
Working principle
 Current carrying armature conductors placed in the magnetic
field experience a force that rotates the armature
 Induced emf in armature conductor regulates the current drawn
to match with the connected load

V = Voltage applied(Volts)
Eb = Induced Back e.m.f(Volts)
Ia = Armature current(Amperes)
Ra = Armature resistance(ohms)
N = Speed of the motor(r.p.m)
T = Torque developed(Nm)
Ø = Flux (Webers)

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13
Types of DC motors

Shunt DC motor Series DC motor

Compound DC motor Separately excited DC motor

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14
Types of DC motors
DC shunt motor
◦ Field and armature currents are independent of one another
◦ Torque proportional to armature current
◦ Excellent speed control

DC series motor Shunt DC motor

◦ Field and armature currents are equal
◦ Torque is proportional to the square of the armature current
◦ Starting torque is quite high and it gets regulated automatically as
speed increases
◦ Most preferred for traction

DC compound motor
◦ Loads that require large momentary torques (e.g. rolling mills) Series DC motor

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 15
 Three-phase induction motor

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 17
Construction

 Stator frame (cast iron) provides mechanical support to the stator core
 Cylindrical stator core laminated and slotted to carry the 3 phase windings
 The balanced windings are displaced in space by 120 degrees electrical
 Slots cut-out on the outer periphery of rotor to place the conductors

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 18
Rotor types
Squirrel cage rotor Slip ring rotor

◦ Skewed arrangement of copper or aluminium bars ◦ Rotor winding in star - uniformly distributed
◦ Conductors shorted by end rings – closed rotor ◦ The terminals of the winding are brought out to
circuit three slip rings
◦ Cheap, rugged, and needs little or no maintenance ◦ Slip rings in contact with brushes
◦ Brushes connected to external resistance for
higher starting torque

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 19
Working principle
 3-phase currents flowing in the stator winding produce a rotating
magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed
 Rotating magnetic field is cut by the rotor conductor
 EMF is induced in rotor conductor
 Current in the rotor conductor sets up a magnetic field which
opposes the rotation of the main field
 Main field is independent and hence rotor field tries to catch up
the speed of the main field to reduce the relative speed
 Rotor rotates in the same direction as that of rotating magnetic
field

Saturday, February 12, 2022 Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 20
Working principle
 Magnetic field rotates at a synchronous speed
120 f 𝑁 = Speed of Rotating magnetic field, rpm
NS  f = Frequency of ac supply, Hz
P P = No. of poles
 If rotor speed, is equal to
o No flux cut by rotor conductors
o No emf induced across rotor conductors
o No current flow, no torque

NS  N
 Slip speed, rpm %s x 100 %
NS

( – )
 Rotor frequency,

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Torque – slip characteristics

Applications: Pumping systems, refrigeration systems, compressors, fans & blowers,

industrial drives

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 Single-phase induction motor

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Double revolving field theory

∅ ∅
∅ = ∅ sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝛼 = sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼) + sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼)
2 2
Causes 𝑇 Causes 𝑇

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Capacitor start motor

𝑇 ∝ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐼 & 𝐼

 Auxiliary winding is placed perpendicular to the main winding

 Phase split is achieved by connecting a series capacitor with auxiliary winding
 Centrifugal switch opens the circuit when speed is near about rated speed
 High power factor, high efficiency
 Application: High starting torque appliances like compressors, AC, farm tools, lifts, etc.

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 Synchronous motor

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Construction
 Stator – accommodates armature windings
 Rotor – carries field windings excited using
DC
 Rotor types:
o Salient-pole: low speed applications
o Cylindrical: high speed applications

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Working principle
 Armature energized from a 3-phase AC source, the machine starts as an induction motor
 After achieving the full speed, the field winding is excited
 Stator and rotor field get magnetically locked

Rotor with damper winding

Magnetic locking near rated speed

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Features & applications
 Constant speed AC motor – runs at synchronous speed irrespective of connected load
 Power factor of operation is adjusted by controlling excitation – synchronous condenser

 Used for high power, low-speed applications

o Lift irrigation
o Reciprocating pumps
o Exhaust fans
o Synchronous condenser

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 Thank You!

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