Chapter 3 (Partial)

Topics: Logic Gates (Basic Logic gates)

 Definition of a Logic Gate:

A logic gate is a basic building block of a digital circuit, which is used to implement a Boolean
function. It is an electronic circuit which makes logical decisions based on the combination of digital
signals present on its inputs. It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one inputs and only
one output.

 Types of Logic Gates:

Figure 1: Types of Logic Gates.

Note: Read X-OR as Exclusive OR and X-NOR as exclusive NOR.

 Basic Gates:

Basic gates which implement the basic operation of Boolean Algebra. All Compound gates and any
logic circuit can be implemented using basic gates.

There are three types of basic gates in digital electronics. They are:

1) NOT gate
2) AND gate
3) OR gate

 NOT gate:
 is used to perform compliment of an input signal applied to it.
 takes only one input.
 gives a high or logic 1 output if low or logic 0 is applied to the NOT gate and vice-versa.

 Symbol and logical expression:

Figure 2: Logic Symbol of NOT Gate

Note: The Boolean expression of NOT is F= Ā. Where, the bar over the input variable A
represents the inversion operation.
  Truth Table:

Table 1: Truth Table of NOT Gate

 Switching Circuit:

Figure 3: Switching Circuit of NOT Gate

Note: The switch of NOT gate’s switching circuit is connected with the bulb in parallel
connection. As a result, Bulb will be lighten if switch is OFF but Bulb will not be lighten if
switch is ON.

 AND gate:
 is used to perform the logical multiplication of inputs applied to it.
 can accept two or more than two input values at a time.
 gives a high or logic 1 output when all the inputs are high or logic 1. Otherwise, the
output is low or logic 0.

 Symbol and logical expression:

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Logic Symbol of (a) 2-Input AND Gate & (b) 3-Input AND gate

Note: For two-input AND gate, the Boolean expression is given by, F=A.B. Where, A and B are
inputs to the AND gate, while F denotes the output of the AND gate. We can extend this
expression to any number of input variables, such as, for three -input AND gate, the
expression is F=A.B.C.

 Truth Table:
 (a)

(b)

Table 2: Truth Table of (a) 2-Input AND Gate & (b) 3-Input AND Gate

 Switching Circuit:

Figure 5: Switching Circuit of AND Gate

Note: The switches of AND gate’s switching circuit are connected in series connection. As a
result, if one of the switches is OFF (0) the bulb will not be lighten.

 OR gate:
 is used to perform the logical sum operation of inputs applied to it.
 can accept two or more than two input values at a time.
 gives a low or logic 0 output when all the inputs are low or logic 0. Otherwise, the output
is high or logic 1.

 Symbol and logical expression:

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Logic Symbol of (a) 2-Input OR Gate & (b) 3-Input OR gate

Note: For two-input OR gate, the Boolean expression is given by, F=A+B. Where, A and B are
inputs to the OR gate, while F denotes the output of the OR gate. We can extend this
expression to any number of input variables, such as, for three -input OR gate, the expression
is F=A+B+C.
  Truth Table:

(a)

(b)

Table 2: Truth Table of (a) 2-Input OR Gate & (b) 3-Input OR Gate

 Switching Circuit:

Figure 5: Switching Circuit of OR Gate

Note: The switches of OR gate’s switching circuit are connected in parallel connection. As a
result, if one of the switches is ON (1) the bulb will be lighten.

Assignment-01
 Knowledge Based Questions
1. What is logic gate?
2. What is basic logic gate?
3. What is compound logic gates?

****How to write answers to knowledge based questions?

The knowledgebase question is given to test the memory. That is, you can answer this part by
memorizing any information from the text book. Answers should be given in one sentence or a
maximum of three sentences as per the demand of the question. Mark allotted to this question is 1.

 Comprehension Based Questions

1. “If any one of the inputs is false in AND gate, Output becomes false”- Explain.
2. AND gate indicates logical multiplication. Explain.
3. “If any one of the inputs is true in OR gate, Output becomes true”- Explain.
4. OR gate indicates logical addition. Explain.
5. Output of a logic gate is logical inverse to the input. -Explain.
 6. Output is logical inverse to the input. -Explain.

****How to write answers to a comprehension based question?

⇒ ‘Comprehension’ refers to the ability to understand the meaning of a topic. It can be the ability to
understand any information, policy, formula, rule, procedure, process etc.

⇒ Perceptual level is the second level of thinking skills. This question is given in ‘b’. Such questions do
not directly ask for textbook-like details. So the student has to explain or describe the content in his
own way.

⇒ Marks of comprehension based question will be 2. Out of which 1 is for knowledge and 1 is for
comprehension.

⇒ Comprehension based questions should be answered in two paragraphs. Answers to knowledge

section in the first paragraph and understanding section in the second paragraph.

⇒ Answers to comprehension based questions should be written in a maximum of five sentences as

per the instruction of the Ministry of Education. But there is no problem if it is a little more or less.

⇒ In this case, irrelevant words, unnecessary information or redundant accusations cannot be made
in the answer to the question.

 Creative Questions

According to the stem answer the following questions:

1. Mr. Atiq uses a bed switch to run the fan in his bedroom. He turned off the bed switch as he
was feeling cold. As a result, the fan was shut down. The fan was switched off even though
the fan had a switch on, he thought how it is possible!

a) Explain the reason for the shutdown of fan by drawing the circuit of the stem.
b) What should be changed in circuit of the stem to run the fan even though a switch of the
fan is OFF? Analyze.

2. Two doors must be crossed to enter the room where the important files of a bank are kept.
When you switch one of the two switches on the first door, the door opens but the door is
not opened when two switches turned on or off at once. The door is not opened if there is a
switch off in the second door.

a) Explain the logic gate that indicates the second door of the stem.

 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Output of AND gate will be 1 if —

a) All inputs are 0 b) Any one inputs is 0 c) All inputs are 1 d) Any one inputs is 1
According to the stem answer the question No 2 and 3:

2. The truth table indicates which gate?

a) AND b) NAND c) OR d) NOR

3. The truth table indicates which Boolean function?

a) F=A.B b) F=(A.B)´ c) F=A+B d) F=(A+B)´

4. How many basic gates are in digital circuit?

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5

5. The basic logic gate are-

i.NOR ii. AND iii. NOT

Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii & iii

6. If any of the inputs is 1 in OR gate, then output will be —

a) 0 b) 10 c) 1 d) 11

7. Output of OR gate is equal to logical—- of inputs.

a) addition b) multiplication c) division d) subtraction

8. Output of AND gate is equal to logical—- of inputs.

a) addition b) multiplication c) division d) subtraction

9. Output of OR gate will be 1 if —

i. All inputs are 1 ii. Any one inputs is 1 iii. All inputs are 0

Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii & iii

10. Output of OR gate will be 0 if —

a) All inputs are 0 b) Any one inputs is 0 c) All inputs are 1 d) Any one inputs is 1

11. Output of AND gate will be 0 if —

i. All inputs are 1 ii. Any one inputs is 0 iii. All inputs are 0

Which one is correct?

a) i & ii b) i & iii c) ii & iii d) i, ii & iii

12. In which gate there is an input and an output?

a) AND b) NAND c) OR d) NOT

********THE END********

Prepared by___
Mahmuda Rahman
Lecturer, ICT
English Version, Boys Wings,
Mohammadpur Preparatory School and College.