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Physics Lab Manual - Class 11 Experiment No. 4

The document describes an experiment to determine the effective length of a simple pendulum. A pendulum is constructed using a bob, thread, and clamp. The period of oscillation is measured for varying pendulum lengths and plotted on a graph of length vs. period squared. From the graph, the length of a seconds pendulum is determined.

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6K views4 pages

Physics Lab Manual - Class 11 Experiment No. 4

The document describes an experiment to determine the effective length of a simple pendulum. A pendulum is constructed using a bob, thread, and clamp. The period of oscillation is measured for varying pendulum lengths and plotted on a graph of length vs. period squared. From the graph, the length of a seconds pendulum is determined.

Uploaded by

masterjedi1008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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St.

John’s Public School


Jalladianpet ⚫ Medavakkam ⚫ Chennai – 600 100

Physics Practical – Class XI (2023 – 2024)


Experiment Number – 4: Simple Pendulum
Aim:
Using a simple pendulum, plot its L-T2 graph and use it to find the effective length of second’s
pendulum.
Apparatus:
A clamp with stand, a split cork, thread, bob, vernier callipers, stop clock/watch, metre scale
and a piece of chalk.
Theory:
1. Simple Pendulum. An ideal simple pendulum consists of a heavy point mass (called bob)
tied to one end of a perfectly in extensible, flexible and weightless string. There is no ideal
simple pendulum. In practice, we make a simple pendulum by tying a metallic spherical
bob to a fine cotton stitching thread.
2. Length of Simple Pendulum. The distance between the point of suspension of ,the
pendulum and its C.G. (which is C.G. of the bob), is called the length of the simple
pendulum. It is represented by the symbol l.
Length of simple pendulum = length of thread + length of hook of bob + mean radius of
the spherical bob
i.e., I = l’ + h + r
3. Time Period of the Simple Pendulum. Time taken by the bob of the simple pendulum to
make one complete vibration, is called the time period of the simple pendulum. It
is represented by the symbol T. The time period is given by the formula,
l 4π2 l gT2
T= 2π√g ; T2= ; l=
g 4π2

Knowing the value of T and g, l can be calculated.

Diagram

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Procedure:
1. Find the vernier constant and zero error of the vernier callipers and record it (as in
Experiment 1).
2. Determine the mean diameter of the spherical bob (as in Experiment 1A). Find the mean
radius (r) of the bob.
3. Find the length h of the hook attached to the bob by metre scale and record it.
4. Take cotton thread about 2 metre long and tie its one end with the hook.
5. Put ink marks, M1, M2, M3, on the thread as distance of 80 cm, 90 cm, 100 cm, 110 cm, 120
cm, 130 cm, from the centre of gravity of the bob. These distances give effective length (l)
of the simple pendulum.
6. Pass the thread through the two split parts of a cork with the thread coming out just from
80 cm mark.
7. Tight the two half cork pieces between the clamp.
8. Fix the clamp in a stand kept on a table at such a height that the bob is just 2 cm above the
laboratory floor.
9. Mark a point A on the floor just below the position of bob at rest (mean position).
10. Draw a straight line CAB, 10 cm long in direction along which bob will move when
oscillating. A is middle point of CB.
11. Find the least count and the zero error of the stop clock/watch. Bring its hands at zero
position.
12. Move the bob by hand to over position B on the right of A and leave. See that the bob
returns over line BC without spinning.
13. When the bob returns from C to A and starts moving to right of A, start the stop clock/
watch and count zero.
14. The bob goes towards B to right extreme, returns from right extreme and goes to-wards C
to left extreme. When bob crosses A from towards C, count one.
15. In this way count up to 19. Become alert when bob starts the 20th vibration.
16. Just when 20th vibration is completed, count 20 and at once stop the stop clock/watch.
17. Find total time noting positions of both the hands of the clock/watch. This time is time for
twenty vibrations.
18. Repeat steps 13 to 18 two times more for same length.
19. Move the clamp up by 10 cm.
20. Loose the cork pieces and pull the thread out to increase its length by 10 cm. Now
effective length of pendulum becomes 90 cm. Bob will be again 2 cm above the laboratory
floor.
21. Repeat steps 13 to 19 two times to take in all the two observations for this new length.
Repeat step 20.
22. Repeat step 21 and then steps 13 to 19 to take two observations each for lengths 90 cm, 100
cm, 110 cm, 120 cm and 130 cm.
23. Record all the observations as given ahead.

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Observations:
1. Vernier constant of vernier callipers (V.C.) = ……..cm.
Zero error of vernier callipers (e) :
(i)………cm, (ii)……..cm, (iii)……….cm.
Mean zero error, (e) = ……….cm
Mean zero correction (c) = – e =………..cm
Observed diameter of the bob :
(i)………cm, (ii)………cm, (iii)………..cm.
Mean observed diameter, d0 =…..cm
Mean corrected diameter, d=d0+c=……….cm
Mean radius of the bob, r=d/2=………….cm
Length of hook of the bob, h=……….cm
Standard value of g- 980 cm s-2.
2. Least count of stop clock/watch = ……………s
Zero error of stop clock/watch = ………s
Zero correction of stop clock/watch = ……………s.

Table for Length (l) and time (T)


Length of Time for 20 Oscillations
Time Period
S. No. Pendulum T = t / 20 T2 l/ T2
Thread l' Mean
l=l’+h+r t1 (s) t2 (s) (s) (s2) (cm/s2)
(cm) T (s)
(cm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculations
(a) With the table
For each length, write mean time for 20 vibrations
𝑡1 +𝑡2
𝑡= s
2
Write mean values of t in column (3) of above table.

For each length, find time period T =t/20 s and write


its value in column 7 and write value of T2 in column
8 of the above table. l- T2 graph. Plot a graph
between l (column, 2b) and T2 (column 8) by taking
l along X- axis and T2 along Y-axis. The graph comes
to be a straight line.

From this graph, for T2 = 4, l comes to be 100 cm.


Hence for seconds pendulum (T = 4s) length comes to be 100 cm.
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Result:
The graph L versus T2 is a straight line.
The effective length of the second’s pendulum from the L versus T2 graph is … cm.

Precautions:
1. Thread should be strong, weightless and in extensible.
2. Point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.
3. Lower faces of split cork should be in same level.
4. Splitting should be perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the pendulum.
5. Amplitude should be small to have sin 0 = 0. [when 0 < 18°]
6. The bob should move along a straight line.
7. The bob should not spin during vibration.
8. Place of experiment should be free from disturbances of building vibrations or air
current.
9. Laboratory fan should be switched off.
10. Length of pendulum should include length of hook and radius of bob.
11. Counting should be proper and started from zero.
12. Clock/watch should be accurate.
13. Length of pendulum should be increased in steps of 10 cm to bring appreciable change in
time period.
14. Metre scale used should be accurate.
Sources of Error:
1. The string may not be weightless and in extensible.
2. Point of suspension may not be rigid.
3. The amplitude may not be small.
4. The bob may spin.
5. The air currents may disturb vibrations.
6. There may be an error in counting.
7. The stop clock/watch may be inaccurate.

Kindly Note: Students are asked to bring the hardcopy of


this experiment on the day of reporting for the practical.

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