The document describes the electric field as the region of space around a charged object where another charged object will experience a force. It defines electric field lines and how they behave. It also provides examples of calculating the electric field due to point charges using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle.
The document describes the electric field as the region of space around a charged object where another charged object will experience a force. It defines electric field lines and how they behave. It also provides examples of calculating the electric field due to point charges using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle.
The document describes the electric field as the region of space around a charged object where another charged object will experience a force. It defines electric field lines and how they behave. It also provides examples of calculating the electric field due to point charges using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle.
The document describes the electric field as the region of space around a charged object where another charged object will experience a force. It defines electric field lines and how they behave. It also provides examples of calculating the electric field due to point charges using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle.
Part 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ❖Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force
❖Draw electric field lines for isolated point charges
❖Calculate the electric field due to a system of point
charges using Coulomb’s law and the superposition principle
❖Describe the trajectory of a point charge in an electric
field LEARNING OBJECTIVES ❖Explain and calculate electric flux
❖Use Gauss’s law to calculate the electric field to a
uniformly distributed charges
❖Solve problems on electric field and electric flux
Electric Field
• Main Idea: A charged object is
surrounded by an electric field where another charged object will experience an electric force. Electric Field • CONCEPTS: • The space surrounding a charged body is called an electric field.
• Electric field causes any charged particle placed in it to
experience an electric force.
• Every charge has an electric field associated with it.
Electric Field • Electric Lines of Force • Michael Faraday, an English scientist who made important discoveries on electricity and magnetism, introduced the use of electric lines of force to map out an electric field. Electric Field • Properties of Electric Lines of Force : ❑1. Lines of force start from positively charged particles and end on negatively charged particles or continue toward infinity. ❑2. Lines of force neither intersect nor break as they pass from one charge to another. ❑3. The greater the number of lines of force, the stronger the electric field. Electric Field Electric Field • CONCEPTS: • The neutral point is the point where no lines of force pass.
• The electric field is zero at the neutral point.
• Neutral points are points where the resultant field is
subtractive, and the electric fields are equal but oppositely directed. Electric Field • CONT… • A neutral point between two like charges is a point between the two charges and nearer the smaller charge.
• For two unlike charges, lines of force can pass from positive to negative charge.
• The neutral point cannot be between them; it is an external
point along the line joining them and nearer the smaller charge. Electric Field Electric Field Due to a Point Charge • Electric field is defined as the force that a test charge will experience when placed at that point.
• Physicists use a unit positive charge as the test charge in
defining an electric field.
• This test charge and the electric field are usually represented by qo , and E, respectively. Electric Field • The electric field at any point is given by the equation
𝑘𝑞𝑞0 𝐹 𝑟2 𝑘𝑞 𝐸= = = 𝑞0 𝑞0 𝑟2 • Where: • E - electric field • F - electric force • q - point charge • k – Coulomb constant • r - distance • Notice the q0 does not affect the E-field Electric Field Sample Problem : • Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field 0.45 m from a +7.85 x 10-9 C point charge.
• Given: q = 7.85 x 10-9C , r = 0.45 m
• Solution: 𝑘ǀ𝑞ǀ • 𝐸= 𝑟2 Electric Field |7.85x10−9 C | • E = 9x109 Nm2/C2 (0.45m)2
• E = 348.89 N/C ≈ 350 N/C
• The charge q will repel the positive test charge q0. Hence, the electric field will be directed away from charge q. Electric Field Sample Problem : An electric dipole consists of two equal but unlike charges separated by a distance. Two point charges, q1 = +4.5x10-6 C and q2 = -4.5x10-6 C, are separated by 6.4x10-2 m, forming an electric dipole as shown in the figure. Find the electric field halfway between the dipole. Electric Field Given: q1= +4.5x10-6 C q2= -4.5x10-6 C r= 6.4x10-2 m Solution: Imagine a unit positive test charge qo placed halfway between the two charges. 𝑘 ǀ𝑞1ǀ E1= 𝑟12
= 9x109 Nm2/C2 +4.5 x 10−6 C
(3.2 x 10−2 m)2 E1 = 3.96 x 107 N/C Electric Field k ǀq2ǀ E2= r 22 |−4.5x10−6 C| = 9x109 Nm2/C2 (3.2x10−2m)2 E2 = 3.96 x107 N/C Charge q1 will repel qo. Hence, E1 will be directed to the right. Charge q2 will attract q0 Hence, E2 will be directed to the right. In accordance with the superposition principle, E = E1+ E2 = 3.96 x107 N/C + 3.96x107 N/C E = 7.92 x 107 N/C, directed to the right. Electric Field Sample Problem Two point charges are arranged on the x-y coordinate system as follows: q1 = 3.0x10-9 C at (0, 3 m) and q2= -9.0x10-9C at (4.5 m, 0). Find the electric field at origin (0,0).
Given: q1 = 3.0x10-9 C at (0,3 m)
q2 = -9.0X10-9 C at (4.5 m, 0) Electric Field
Solution: Imagine a unit positive test charge q0 at the origin. Charges q1 and q2 will repel and attract qo , respectively. Electric fields E1 (due to q1) and E2 (due to q2) are directed down and to the right, respectively. The electric field due to each charge is computed using: Electric Field |+3.0x10−9 C| E1 = 9x109 N.m2/C2 (3 m)2 = 3 N/C, directed downward
|−9.0 x 10 −9 C| E2 = (9x109 N.m2/C2 ) (4.5 m)2 = 4 N/C, directed to the right Electric Field The magnitude E of the resultant electric field is determined using the Pythagorean theorem.
E = (E1)2 +(E2)2 = (3 N/C)2 +(4 N/C)2 E = 5 N/C Electric Field The direction θ of the resultant electric field is calculated using the arc tangent function.
