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Lead Compensator Lab Report

The document discusses the design and analysis of a lead compensator for a control system using MATLAB. It describes the basic theory of compensators, objectives of the lab, procedures to design a lead compensator, observations made during analysis, and conclusions about how the lead compensator improved the system's performance.

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Kelvin Mutunga
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35 views8 pages

Lead Compensator Lab Report

The document discusses the design and analysis of a lead compensator for a control system using MATLAB. It describes the basic theory of compensators, objectives of the lab, procedures to design a lead compensator, observations made during analysis, and conclusions about how the lead compensator improved the system's performance.

Uploaded by

Kelvin Mutunga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 INTRODUCTION

Control systems are an integral part of many modern technologies, ranging from home
appliances to complex industrial processes. These systems are designed to manage, command,
direct, or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems. In many cases, a control system
may not meet the desired performance criteria in its original form. This is where compensators
come into play.
A compensator is a component of a control system that alters the system’s characteristics to
meet specific performance criteria. Compensators can be designed to improve various aspects
of a system’s performance, such as stability, speed of response, or steady-state error. There are
different types of compensators, including lead compensators, lag compensators, and lead-lag
compensators.
This lab report focuses on the design and analysis of a lead compensator. A lead compensator is
designed to improve the transient response of a system and increase the system’s stability
margin. It does this by adding phase lead to the system, which effectively advances the phase
of the system’s output signal relative to the input signal.

2 OBJECTIVES

1. To understand the theory and principles behind the lead compensator and its role in
control systems.
2. To design a lead compensator for a given system using MATLAB.
3. To analyze and compare the system’s performance with and without the compensator.
4. To effectively use MATLAB’s Control System Toolbox for system analysis and
compensator design.
5. To interpret the results obtained from the experiment and understand how the lead
compensator improves system performance and stability.

3 EQUIPMENTS
 Laptop with MATLAB software installed

4 BASIC THEORY

Control systems are used to manage, direct, or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.
In many cases, a control system may not meet the desired performance criteria in its original
form. This is where compensators come into play. A compensator is a component of a control
system that alters the system’s characteristics to meet specific performance criteria. There are
different types of compensators, including lead compensators, lag compensators, and lead-lag
compensators.

A lead compensator is designed to improve the transient response of a system and increase the
system’s stability margin. It does this by adding phase lead to the system, which effectively
advances the phase of the system’s output signal relative to the input signal. The transfer
function of a lead compensator is given by:

s+z
G(s)=K
s+p

where z is the zero, p is the pole, and K is the gain of the compensator.

5 PROCEDURE
 Open MATLAB software and type the following code:
G = tf(10, [1,1,0]); % Define the system
k = 2; % Set the gain
G = G * k; % Apply the gain to the system

% Design the compensator and analyze the system


sisotool(G);
margin(G);
 click ‘run’ command. It will generate the following graphs.

 The phase margin is obtained by subtracting 12.8 degrees (phase margin graph) from 50. This
gives 37.2 degrees.
 On the bode editor graph for the transfer function c , right click and on design requirements,
click new. On the corresponding table, add magnitude start=-0.2366 and end=-0.2366(0.2366 is
the value of omega)
 Calculate pole and zero.
 Determine overshoot, rise time, settling time and steady state.
6 OBSERVATION
 After you click ‘run’ command after entering the first code. It will generate the following graphs.

 Design requirements table for graph one is:

 After you enter the magnitude start and end a black horizontal line as shown is
displayed on graph one.
 Next we determine the angular frequency via the phase versus frequency graph denoted by the
dotted straight line.

 After right-clicking on the plot and selecting the edit compensator option, we insert the
calculated values of the poles and zeros on the compensator editor.
 The obtained result is as follows on the root locus editor for loop transfer C.
 A new step response is obtained as seen in the step response plot.

Overshoot= 23.5%
Rise time = 0.152 seconds
Settling time =0.67 seconds
Steady state = 1
7 ANALYSIS

In the MATLAB code you provided, a lead compensator is designed for a given system. The
system is first defined with a transfer function G=tf (10, [1,1,0]). The gain k=2 is then
applied to the system G=G*k. The sisotool(G) command is used to open the Control System
Designer for interactive design of compensators for G. The margin(G) command is used to
calculate the gain margin and phase margin of the system.

Calculating the phase margin:

Phase margin = 50-5.8 =44.2°

1−α
Sin 44.2 =
1+α

8 CONCLUSION

Before compensation, the following data is obtained:


Peak amplitude = 1.7
Overshoot= 70.2%, at 0.702 seconds
Rise time = 0.254 seconds
Settling time = 7.82 seconds
Steady state =1

After compensation, the following data is obtained:


Overshoot= 23.5% at 0.366 seconds
Rise time = 0.152 seconds
Settling time =0.67 seconds
Steady state = 1
Generally, the lead compensation results to an overall reduction in overshoot, rise time and
settling time. This means that the overall response of the system is improved and hence is faster
with addition of a lead compensator.
9 APPLICATIONS
1. Robotics:
o Lead compensators play a crucial role in robotic control systems. They improve transient
response, stabilize motion, and enhance accuracy in robot movements.
2. Satellite Control:
o In satellite systems, lead compensators help maintain precise positioning and stability.
They mitigate disturbances caused by external forces such as gravitational
perturbations.
3. Automobile Diagnostics:
o Lead compensators contribute to vehicle stability and control. They assist in maintaining
optimal performance, especially in electronic stability control (ESC) systems.

4. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs):


o LCDs require precise voltage control for optimal pixel switching. Lead compensators
help regulate the voltage supply, ensuring smooth display transitions.
5. Laser Frequency Stabilization:
o In laser systems, lead compensators improve frequency stability and reduce phase
noise. This is critical for applications like optical communication and precision
measurements.
6. Analog Control Systems:
o Lead compensators serve as essential building blocks in analog control systems. They
enhance stability margins, phase margins, and overall system robustness.
7. Digital Control Systems:
o While primarily associated with analog systems, lead compensators can also be adapted
for digital control. Their impact on stability and performance remains significant.

10 REFERENCES
i. https://electronicscoach.com/lead-compensator.html
ii. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/control_systems/control_systems_compensators.html
iii. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/lead-compensator

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