Subject-Control System

Thapathali Campus, Electronics Department

Lab No. 1
Topic Name Open loop control system in MATLAB (simulink)
Name & Roll UTSAB DAHAL (THA078BEI046)
Reqd. Tool 1.PC with MATLAB of any version
Theory Open Loop Control System
Introduction-
Control systems play a pivotal role in modern engineering by regulating and
maintaining desired outputs within a system. These systems are classified into two
primary categories: open-loop and closed-loop (feedback) control systems. In this lab
report, we focus on open-loop control systems and delve into their fundamental
concepts and characteristics.
Open-Loop Control System Overview:
An open-loop control system is a simple yet foundational type of control system in
which the control action is predetermined and not influenced by the system's output.
This type of system relies on the assumption that the relationship between the input and
the output remains constant, regardless of disturbances or changes in the system's
operating conditions.
Components of an Open-Loop Control System:
An open-loop control system comprises several key components that work together to
achieve the desired outcome. These components include:

a.Input: The input is the reference signal or setpoint that specifies the desired output of
the system.

b. Controller: The controller processes the input signal and generates a control signal
based on predetermined rules or algorithms.

c. Plant/Process: The plant or process represents the system being controlled, which
undergoes a transformation under the influence of the control signal.

d. Output: The output is the actual result produced by the plant in response to the
control signal.

e. Disturbances: Disturbances are external factors that can affect the system's behavior
and introduce uncertainty into the process.

Characteristics of Open-Loop Control Systems:

Open-loop control systems possess certain characteristics that distinguish them from
other types of control systems:

a. Simplicity: Open-loop systems are relatively simple to design and implement,

making them suitable for processes with well-defined relationships between input and
output.

b. Stability: The stability of an open-loop control system relies on the inherent stability
of the plant itself, as the control action is not adjusted based on the system's response.

c. No Feedback: Unlike closed-loop systems, open-loop systems lack feedback

mechanisms to correct errors or deviations from the desired output.
 d. Predictability: Open-loop control is effective when the relationship between input
and output is predictable and unaffected by external factors.

e. Limited Adaptability: Open-loop systems are less adaptable to changes in operating

conditions or disturbances since they do not actively adjust their control action.

Applications of Open-Loop Control Systems:

Open-loop control systems find application in various fields, such as industrial
processes, manufacturing, automotive engineering, and more. They are suitable for
tasks that require a straightforward and deterministic control strategy.
Open Loop Control System Block diagram

Theoretical
Graph

S.N Gain Time constant Output Amplitude Error

1 5 1 0.833 0.01
Observatio 2 10 1 0.909 0.01
n Table(step 3 15 1 0.9375 0.01
response 4 20 1 0.9523 0.01
Graph From
SCOPE

Conclusion

Conclusion:
In summary, the open-loop control system serves as a foundational concept in control
theory, offering simplicity and predictability in scenarios where the relationship
between input and output remains constant. By understanding the components,
characteristics, and applications of open-loop control systems, engineers can lay the
groundwork for more complex control strategies and explore the broader realm of
feedback-based control systems. This lab report sets the stage for further exploration
into the world of control theory and its practical implications.

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Subject-Control System
Thapathali Campus, Electronics Department
Lab No. 2 Close loop control system in MATLAB (simulink)
Topic Name
Name & Roll UTSAB DAHAL (THA078BEI046)
Reqd. Tool 1.PC with MATLAB of any version
Theory Close Loop 1st Order Control System
Introduction-
1. Introduction:
Closed-loop control systems, also known as feedback control systems, are designed
to regulate a system's output by continuously comparing it to a desired reference
signal. This report explores the dynamics of a first-order closed-loop control system,
elucidating its operational principles and highlighting its significance in engineering
applications.

2. Closed-Loop Control System Overview:

A closed-loop control system comprises interconnected components that work
together to maintain a desired output. In this system, the feedback loop continuously
adjusts the control action based on the difference between the desired output and the
actual output. This dynamic adjustment enhances the system's ability to handle
disturbances and uncertainties.

3. Components of a First-Order Closed-Loop Control System:

A first-order closed-loop control system is characterized by the following
components:

a. Plant/Process: The plant represents the system under control, which exhibits a
response to the control input. It may involve physical processes, chemical reactions,
or other dynamic behaviors.

b. Sensor/Transducer: The sensor measures the actual output of the plant and
converts it into a feedback signal.

c. Controller: The controller processes the feedback signal and generates a control
signal to adjust the plant's behavior. In a first-order system, the controller's action is
typically proportional to the error signal.

d. Reference Input: The reference input is the desired output or setpoint that the
system aims to achieve.

e. Summing Junction: The summing junction computes the error signal by taking the
difference between the reference input and the actual output.

4. Characteristics of a First-Order Closed-Loop System:

The first-order closed-loop control system exhibits the following key characteristics:

a. Stability: Closed-loop systems tend to be more stable than open-loop systems due
to their ability to continuously adjust the control action based on feedback.

b. Reduced Sensitivity: Closed-loop systems are less sensitive to disturbances and

parameter variations compared to open-loop systems.

c. Settling Time: The settling time of a closed-loop system refers to the time it takes
for the system's response to reach and remain within a specified range of the desired
output.
 d. Overshoot: In certain cases, closed-loop systems may exhibit overshoot, where the
system's response temporarily exceeds the desired output before converging.

e. Damping Ratio: The damping ratio characterizes the rate at which the system
response oscillates before settling down to the desired output
Open Loop Control System Block diagram

Theoretical
Graph

Gain Time constant Output Amplitude Error

Observation S.N
Table(step 1 5 1.235 0.8335 0.1665
response
2 10 1.112 0.909 0.091
3 15 1.071 0.9375 0.0625
4 25 1.042 0.9615 0.0385
Graph From
SCOPE

Conclusion:
Conclusion This lab report comprehensively explores the principles and behavior of a first-order
closed-loop control system. By understanding its components, characteristics, and
experimental results, engineers can effectively design and optimize closed-loop
control systems for a wide range of applications, thereby enhancing precision and
stability in engineering processes. The report serves as a foundation for further
studies in advanced control systems and their real-world implementations.

Checked By--

Subject-Control System
Thapathali Campus, Electronics Department
Lab No. 3 Close loop control system in MATLAB (Simulink)
Topic Name
Name & Roll UTSAB DAHAL (THA078BEI046)
Reqd. Tool 1.PC with MATLAB of any version
Theory Close Loop 2nd Order Control System
Introduction-
The realm of control systems engineering stands as a cornerstone in modern engineering
applications, enabling the manipulation and optimization of diverse processes across
industries. Among the arsenal of control strategies, the closed-loop control system
emerges as a pivotal paradigm, offering an intricate interplay of sensors, controllers, and
actuators to regulate a system's behavior. In contrast to its open-loop counterpart, closed-
loop control systems harness feedback mechanisms to dynamically adjust and maintain
desired output conditions, endowing them with heightened stability, accuracy, and
adaptability. This experimentation delves into the intricate realm of second-order closed-
loop control systems, where the fundamental principles of dynamic behavior, transfer
function representations, and response characteristics are scrutinized. As industries
demand increasingly sophisticated control solutions, comprehending the nuances of
second-order systems becomes paramount. Thus, the objectives of this experiment
encompass unraveling the dynamics of second-order control systems, dissecting their
transient and steady-state behaviors, and deciphering the influence of controller
parameters on system responses. By embarking on this exploration, we aim not only to
deepen our theoretical understanding but also to pave the way for more refined and
effective control strategies across a spectrum of real-world scenarios.

Open Loop Control System Block diagram

2
k .W n1
In Transfer function as G ¿ 2
= comparing with eq.1 we can calculate
2
s + s+ 1 s + s +1
zeta(ξ) damping ratio .
1
If for 2
, the coeficient for s is 1 so 2ξWn =1 ,and Wn =1 comparing with eq.1
s + s +1
ξ= 1 / 2 or 0.5 which is under damped.

1
If 2 then 2ξWn =2 and ξ = 2/2 =1 so critical damping
s + 2 s+1

1
If 2 then 2ξWn =4 and ξ = 4/2 =2 so over damping
s + 4 s+1

1
If 2
then 2ξWn = 0 and ξ = 0 so undamp vondition where remain Wn as
s + 0 s +1
natural frequancy will continues.
Theoretical
Graph

Observatio
n Table
(step
response
Ts
Time Tr
Time (setting Mp(max. Delay
ζ ωn constant Error Rise
Oversoot) time
1/(ζωn ) constant(Observed)
S.N
Time
time)

1. 0.1 4 2.5 2.45 2% 9.81 0.294 0.39 1

2. 0.2 4 1.25 2.2 43% 8.1 0.311 0.315 1
 3. 0.3 4 0.83 1.475 43.7% 4.9 0.329 0.253 1
4. 0.5 4 0.5 0.56 11.7% 2.25 1.552 0.143 1
5. 1 4 0.25 0.35 28.6% 1.4 1.4 0.019 1
Graph From 6. 1.5 4 0.16 0.45 64% 1.8 1.8 0 1
SCOPE

Conclusion

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the comprehensive investigation into second-order closed-loop control
systems has provided invaluable insights into the intricate dynamics governing such
systems. Through meticulous experimentation and analysis, we have unearthed the
profound influence of controller parameters on the system's response characteristics.
The judicious selection of these parameters can drastically alter the system's behavior,
impacting crucial performance metrics such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and
steady-state error. By contrasting our empirical findings with theoretical expectations,
we have not only validated the underlying principles but also recognized the subtle
interplay between theory and practice. This endeavor has underscored the significance
of a nuanced understanding of control systems dynamics, as it lays the foundation for
designing and implementing more robust, efficient, and adaptive control strategies in a
myriad of practical applications. As industries continue to evolve, harnessing the
potential of second-order closed-loop control systems stands as a promising avenue for
enhancing productivity, precision, and reliability across diverse engineering domains.
Through this exploration, we have not only enriched our knowledge base but have also
contributed to the ever-evolving landscape of control systems engineering, driving us
toward more sophisticated and impactful solutions for the challenges that lie ahead.

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